Iranian Journal of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, Feb 1, 2014
Abortion traditionally means, "t... more Abortion traditionally means, "to miscarry" and is still known as a problem which societies has been trying to reduce its rate by using legal means. Despite the pregnant women and fetuses have being historically supported; abortion was firstly criminalized in 1926 in Iran, 20 years after establishment of modern legal system. During next 53 years this situation changed dramatically, so in 1979, the time of Islamic Revolution, aborting fetuses before 12 weeks and therapeutic abortion (TA) during all the pregnancy length was legitimate, based on regulations that used medical justification. After 1979 the situation changed into a totally conservative and restrictive approach and new Islamic concepts as "Blood Money" and "Ensoulment" entered the legal debates around abortion. During the next 33 years, again a trend of decriminalization for the act of abortion has been continuing. Reduction of punishments and omitting retaliation for criminal abortions, recognizing fetal and maternal medical indications including some immunologic problems as legitimate reasons for aborting fetuses before 4 months and omitting the fathers' consent as a necessary condition for TA are among these changes. The start point for this decriminalization process was public and professional need, which was responded by religious government, firstly by issuing juristic rulings (Fatwas) as a non-official way, followed by ratification of "Therapeutic Abortion Act" (TAA) and other regulations as an official pathway. Here, we have reviewed this trend of decriminalization, the role of public and professional request in initiating such process and the rule-based language of TAA.
Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility
Introduction: Reproductive ill-health related to the violation of sexual and reproductive rights ... more Introduction: Reproductive ill-health related to the violation of sexual and reproductive rights has accounted for a significant part of the global disease burden in women and men of reproductive ages. The novelty of concept, its large domain and the current challenges in realization of sexual and reproductive rights led to carrying out this review in order to look at its history, concept, and the most important structure to enhance health care providers' awareness on this concept. Methods: This review was carried out in the period of 1946–2013 by searching in PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as websites of various international relevant organizations using key words including "reproductive rights", "sexual rights", "reproductive health", "sexual health", and "human rights". Articles, reports, and official publications of World Health Organization, United Nations, International Planned Parenthood Federation, United Nations Fund fo...
All EMRO countries including Iran have adopted the concept of reproductive health as the main ele... more All EMRO countries including Iran have adopted the concept of reproductive health as the main element of the society health. Ethical and legal topics of reproductive health in Iran are important from various aspects. Designing new care and treatment programs and methods in reproductive health area has brought new choices for women in reproductive age whether new methods of screening or diagnosis and treatments and from other hand this technology improvement has brought various ethical debates for reproductive health providers, women and society to respond it. In this regard, a review with the purpose of study of reproductive health from ethic and law point of view was established which in this review by researching in SID, IRAN DOC, PUBMED, CINAHL websites from1990 to 2012 and by using keywords from reproductive health, ethics, law key words, 40 assays were retrieved and reviewed.in general it seems that despite the valuable historic and Islamic grounds in law and medical ethics in ...
Abstract: Background: Ethical capacity building in health care system is improving by health serv... more Abstract: Background: Ethical capacity building in health care system is improving by health services managers. Clients, health care providers and policy makers in health system need an ethical guideline in order to lead them in complex ethical situations. Ethical principles act as a barrier to challenge with providers’ medical malpractice and negligence. In worldwide they continuously face ethical difficulties. Communication skills, in service training and ethics committee guidelines are effective approaches for solving these problems. Providers’ malpractices, errors and breaching of clients rights may produce serious physical, psychological and socio-economic consequences. The aim of this study was assessment of an effective observer system in SRH malpractice. Methods: This study was an exploratory study. Mixed method approach was selected based on the study’s purpose. Forty five expert persons accepted participating in the study and completed informed consent. They were obstetric...
Introduction: Advancement in technology has brought notable changes in current methods of diagnos... more Introduction: Advancement in technology has brought notable changes in current methods of diagnosis and treatment in Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH), which itself has created ethical issues including confidentiality protection for the clients and health care professionals to deal with in SRH services. Objectives: To develop an ethical guideline regarding confidentiality in SRH services in Iran. Methods: This study was a modified three round Delphi of Iranian academics and clinicians which explored the perception and perspectives of 45 Iranian experts towards confidentiality in SRH services. Purposeful sampling was applied to data collection. Data were collected through sending a series of three questionnaires including a questionnaire contained open-ended questions in round 1. The data underwent three rounds of analysis until a consensus was reached. Results: The panelists’ views were organized to five categories related to confidentiality including 1) right to confidentiality ...
The status of reproductive health services has depended on economic, justice and ethics issues. T... more The status of reproductive health services has depended on economic, justice and ethics issues. The sexual and reproductive health of women is often violated, not necessarily because of inadequate of medical knowledge, but rather as a result of essential infringements of women’s human rights despite of universally agreement on. Nowadays there has been increasing public concern regarding the ethical performance of health care professionals, so professional codes of ethics should provide several principles including ethical responsibility and obligation, consequences of performance, values, attitudes and cultural backgrounds in health care services. Developing and updating professional codes of ethics is a necessity and it could draw an appropriate ethical guideline in reproductive health services. Keywords: Reproductive health, professional codes of ethics, development
Introduction: Despite the considerable research documented regarding spiritual health through the... more Introduction: Despite the considerable research documented regarding spiritual health through the last decades, there is still the lack of a comprehensive and acceptable definition for the term. Measuring spiritual health in Iranian populations initially requires a definition of spiritual health that meets the cultural, social and religious norms of our society. Hence designation and evaluation of an appropriate questionnaire to measure its conceptual constructs is essential. As one of the first efforts, this study aimed to explore the concept of spiritual health and to design and assess a comprehensive spiritual health questionnaire in an Iranian population. Methods: In this methodological cross-sectional study, a spiritual health questionnaire was developed based on three constructs, including “insight”, “tendency” and “behaviors” based on a review of Islamic literature approved by the spiritual health department of academy of medical sciences Islamic republic of Iran. Overall 506...
Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology, 2014
Abortion traditionally means, "to miscarry" and is still known as a problem which socie... more Abortion traditionally means, "to miscarry" and is still known as a problem which societies has been trying to reduce its rate by using legal means. Despite the pregnant women and fetuses have being historically supported; abortion was firstly criminalized in 1926 in Iran, 20 years after establishment of modern legal system. During next 53 years this situation changed dramatically, so in 1979, the time of Islamic Revolution, aborting fetuses before 12 weeks and therapeutic abortion (TA) during all the pregnancy length was legitimate, based on regulations that used medical justification. After 1979 the situation changed into a totally conservative and restrictive approach and new Islamic concepts as "Blood Money" and "Ensoulment" entered the legal debates around abortion. During the next 33 years, again a trend of decriminalization for the act of abortion has been continuing. Reduction of punishments and omitting retaliation for criminal abortions, recog...
There has been a recent shift in the field of sexual health, representing a move away from biomed... more There has been a recent shift in the field of sexual health, representing a move away from biomedical concerns to sexual rights frameworks. However, few studies on sexuality are based on a rights framework. The unspoken nature of sexuality in Iranian culture has led to a lack of national studies on the topic. The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of married Iranian women on sexual rights in their sexual relationships. In this grounded theory study, 37 participants (25 married women, 5 husbands, and 7 midwives) were selected. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding using MAXQDA software version 2007. The analysis revealed the core category of "sexual interaction in the shadow of silence." The interrelated categories subsumed under the core category included adopting a strategy of silence, trying to negotiate sex, seeking help, and sexual adjustment. The silence originating fr...
Research in reproductive health (RH) has been located in the core of women's health research.... more Research in reproductive health (RH) has been located in the core of women's health research. Providing accurate information through conducting scientific and controlled research is essential, but increased number of research in the world especially in developing countries in RH area in order to introduce advanced technologies has been resulted in much unethical, illegal and abusive research on women, which needs particular attention to ethical issues by the practitioners who are involved in RH research. This study was conducted to develop a practical ethical framework for RH research. 45 expert academics and clinicians in various disciplines included in a three rounds Delphi study through purposeful sampling method. In round 1 Delphi data were gathered using open-ended questions by e-mail and answers were analyzed by conventional content analysis and the findings merged and validated with the results of a thorough literature review. Face and content validity index were determin...
The study found that although nature of obligation of the owners of medical and dependent careers... more The study found that although nature of obligation of the owners of medical and dependent careers to the jurists did not mansion explicitly, this issue is clear. The majority Emamyeh jurisprudence is that the obligations of allowed treating skilful medicine can be accomplished only if he has received his acquittal. But unlike the majority of jurists in the Sunni jurisprudence that believe the obligation of medicine is obligation that not leads to specific result. In Islamic countries law, France, and the legal system's Common law, the ...
Although apparently in the Iranian's legal system following the major of Emamyeh's juri... more Although apparently in the Iranian's legal system following the major of Emamyeh's jurisprudence, the nature of medical obligations has been introduced as the obligation to results. In most legal systems and even in Islamic countries whose codes are drawn from Sunni jurisprudence, the nature of medical obligations is the obligation to means. But in some special cases and according justifiable reasons in accordance with the requirements and the new order ruling the society and regarding to a simultaneous attention to the order ...
Iranian Journal of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, Feb 1, 2014
Abortion traditionally means, "t... more Abortion traditionally means, "to miscarry" and is still known as a problem which societies has been trying to reduce its rate by using legal means. Despite the pregnant women and fetuses have being historically supported; abortion was firstly criminalized in 1926 in Iran, 20 years after establishment of modern legal system. During next 53 years this situation changed dramatically, so in 1979, the time of Islamic Revolution, aborting fetuses before 12 weeks and therapeutic abortion (TA) during all the pregnancy length was legitimate, based on regulations that used medical justification. After 1979 the situation changed into a totally conservative and restrictive approach and new Islamic concepts as "Blood Money" and "Ensoulment" entered the legal debates around abortion. During the next 33 years, again a trend of decriminalization for the act of abortion has been continuing. Reduction of punishments and omitting retaliation for criminal abortions, recognizing fetal and maternal medical indications including some immunologic problems as legitimate reasons for aborting fetuses before 4 months and omitting the fathers' consent as a necessary condition for TA are among these changes. The start point for this decriminalization process was public and professional need, which was responded by religious government, firstly by issuing juristic rulings (Fatwas) as a non-official way, followed by ratification of "Therapeutic Abortion Act" (TAA) and other regulations as an official pathway. Here, we have reviewed this trend of decriminalization, the role of public and professional request in initiating such process and the rule-based language of TAA.
Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility
Introduction: Reproductive ill-health related to the violation of sexual and reproductive rights ... more Introduction: Reproductive ill-health related to the violation of sexual and reproductive rights has accounted for a significant part of the global disease burden in women and men of reproductive ages. The novelty of concept, its large domain and the current challenges in realization of sexual and reproductive rights led to carrying out this review in order to look at its history, concept, and the most important structure to enhance health care providers' awareness on this concept. Methods: This review was carried out in the period of 1946–2013 by searching in PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as websites of various international relevant organizations using key words including "reproductive rights", "sexual rights", "reproductive health", "sexual health", and "human rights". Articles, reports, and official publications of World Health Organization, United Nations, International Planned Parenthood Federation, United Nations Fund fo...
All EMRO countries including Iran have adopted the concept of reproductive health as the main ele... more All EMRO countries including Iran have adopted the concept of reproductive health as the main element of the society health. Ethical and legal topics of reproductive health in Iran are important from various aspects. Designing new care and treatment programs and methods in reproductive health area has brought new choices for women in reproductive age whether new methods of screening or diagnosis and treatments and from other hand this technology improvement has brought various ethical debates for reproductive health providers, women and society to respond it. In this regard, a review with the purpose of study of reproductive health from ethic and law point of view was established which in this review by researching in SID, IRAN DOC, PUBMED, CINAHL websites from1990 to 2012 and by using keywords from reproductive health, ethics, law key words, 40 assays were retrieved and reviewed.in general it seems that despite the valuable historic and Islamic grounds in law and medical ethics in ...
Abstract: Background: Ethical capacity building in health care system is improving by health serv... more Abstract: Background: Ethical capacity building in health care system is improving by health services managers. Clients, health care providers and policy makers in health system need an ethical guideline in order to lead them in complex ethical situations. Ethical principles act as a barrier to challenge with providers’ medical malpractice and negligence. In worldwide they continuously face ethical difficulties. Communication skills, in service training and ethics committee guidelines are effective approaches for solving these problems. Providers’ malpractices, errors and breaching of clients rights may produce serious physical, psychological and socio-economic consequences. The aim of this study was assessment of an effective observer system in SRH malpractice. Methods: This study was an exploratory study. Mixed method approach was selected based on the study’s purpose. Forty five expert persons accepted participating in the study and completed informed consent. They were obstetric...
Introduction: Advancement in technology has brought notable changes in current methods of diagnos... more Introduction: Advancement in technology has brought notable changes in current methods of diagnosis and treatment in Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH), which itself has created ethical issues including confidentiality protection for the clients and health care professionals to deal with in SRH services. Objectives: To develop an ethical guideline regarding confidentiality in SRH services in Iran. Methods: This study was a modified three round Delphi of Iranian academics and clinicians which explored the perception and perspectives of 45 Iranian experts towards confidentiality in SRH services. Purposeful sampling was applied to data collection. Data were collected through sending a series of three questionnaires including a questionnaire contained open-ended questions in round 1. The data underwent three rounds of analysis until a consensus was reached. Results: The panelists’ views were organized to five categories related to confidentiality including 1) right to confidentiality ...
The status of reproductive health services has depended on economic, justice and ethics issues. T... more The status of reproductive health services has depended on economic, justice and ethics issues. The sexual and reproductive health of women is often violated, not necessarily because of inadequate of medical knowledge, but rather as a result of essential infringements of women’s human rights despite of universally agreement on. Nowadays there has been increasing public concern regarding the ethical performance of health care professionals, so professional codes of ethics should provide several principles including ethical responsibility and obligation, consequences of performance, values, attitudes and cultural backgrounds in health care services. Developing and updating professional codes of ethics is a necessity and it could draw an appropriate ethical guideline in reproductive health services. Keywords: Reproductive health, professional codes of ethics, development
Introduction: Despite the considerable research documented regarding spiritual health through the... more Introduction: Despite the considerable research documented regarding spiritual health through the last decades, there is still the lack of a comprehensive and acceptable definition for the term. Measuring spiritual health in Iranian populations initially requires a definition of spiritual health that meets the cultural, social and religious norms of our society. Hence designation and evaluation of an appropriate questionnaire to measure its conceptual constructs is essential. As one of the first efforts, this study aimed to explore the concept of spiritual health and to design and assess a comprehensive spiritual health questionnaire in an Iranian population. Methods: In this methodological cross-sectional study, a spiritual health questionnaire was developed based on three constructs, including “insight”, “tendency” and “behaviors” based on a review of Islamic literature approved by the spiritual health department of academy of medical sciences Islamic republic of Iran. Overall 506...
Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology, 2014
Abortion traditionally means, "to miscarry" and is still known as a problem which socie... more Abortion traditionally means, "to miscarry" and is still known as a problem which societies has been trying to reduce its rate by using legal means. Despite the pregnant women and fetuses have being historically supported; abortion was firstly criminalized in 1926 in Iran, 20 years after establishment of modern legal system. During next 53 years this situation changed dramatically, so in 1979, the time of Islamic Revolution, aborting fetuses before 12 weeks and therapeutic abortion (TA) during all the pregnancy length was legitimate, based on regulations that used medical justification. After 1979 the situation changed into a totally conservative and restrictive approach and new Islamic concepts as "Blood Money" and "Ensoulment" entered the legal debates around abortion. During the next 33 years, again a trend of decriminalization for the act of abortion has been continuing. Reduction of punishments and omitting retaliation for criminal abortions, recog...
There has been a recent shift in the field of sexual health, representing a move away from biomed... more There has been a recent shift in the field of sexual health, representing a move away from biomedical concerns to sexual rights frameworks. However, few studies on sexuality are based on a rights framework. The unspoken nature of sexuality in Iranian culture has led to a lack of national studies on the topic. The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of married Iranian women on sexual rights in their sexual relationships. In this grounded theory study, 37 participants (25 married women, 5 husbands, and 7 midwives) were selected. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding using MAXQDA software version 2007. The analysis revealed the core category of "sexual interaction in the shadow of silence." The interrelated categories subsumed under the core category included adopting a strategy of silence, trying to negotiate sex, seeking help, and sexual adjustment. The silence originating fr...
Research in reproductive health (RH) has been located in the core of women's health research.... more Research in reproductive health (RH) has been located in the core of women's health research. Providing accurate information through conducting scientific and controlled research is essential, but increased number of research in the world especially in developing countries in RH area in order to introduce advanced technologies has been resulted in much unethical, illegal and abusive research on women, which needs particular attention to ethical issues by the practitioners who are involved in RH research. This study was conducted to develop a practical ethical framework for RH research. 45 expert academics and clinicians in various disciplines included in a three rounds Delphi study through purposeful sampling method. In round 1 Delphi data were gathered using open-ended questions by e-mail and answers were analyzed by conventional content analysis and the findings merged and validated with the results of a thorough literature review. Face and content validity index were determin...
The study found that although nature of obligation of the owners of medical and dependent careers... more The study found that although nature of obligation of the owners of medical and dependent careers to the jurists did not mansion explicitly, this issue is clear. The majority Emamyeh jurisprudence is that the obligations of allowed treating skilful medicine can be accomplished only if he has received his acquittal. But unlike the majority of jurists in the Sunni jurisprudence that believe the obligation of medicine is obligation that not leads to specific result. In Islamic countries law, France, and the legal system's Common law, the ...
Although apparently in the Iranian's legal system following the major of Emamyeh's juri... more Although apparently in the Iranian's legal system following the major of Emamyeh's jurisprudence, the nature of medical obligations has been introduced as the obligation to results. In most legal systems and even in Islamic countries whose codes are drawn from Sunni jurisprudence, the nature of medical obligations is the obligation to means. But in some special cases and according justifiable reasons in accordance with the requirements and the new order ruling the society and regarding to a simultaneous attention to the order ...
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Papers by mahmoud abbasi