Ginger

In the present study, the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of an essential oil of ginger rhizomes from Ecuador was elucidated. The analysis of the essential oil by GC/FID/MS resulted in identification of 71 compounds, of which the main are citral (geranial 10.5% and neral 9.1%), α-zingiberene (17.4%), camphene (7.8%), α-farnesene (6.8%) and β-sesquiphellandrene (6.7%). The in vitro antioxidant activity of the essential oil expressed by IC50 in descending order is: hydroxyl radical (OH*) scavenging (0.0065 μg/mL) > chelating capacity (0.822 μg/mL) > 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS*+) scavenging (3.94 μg/mL) > xanthine oxidase inhibition (138.0 μg/mL) > oxygen radical (O2*) scavenging (404.0 μg/mL) > 2,2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) scavenging (675 μg/mL). Lipid peroxidation inhibition of the essential oil was less efficient than butylhydroxytoluol (BHT) in both stages, i.e. hydroperoxide and malondia...

Obesity, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, are major risk factors. However, natural therapies, dietary components, and physical activity may effect on these concerns. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic exercise and consumption of liquid ginger extract on lipid profile of Male rats with a high-fat fed diet. 32 rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) aerobic exercise, 2) Ginger extract, 3) combined aerobic exercise and Ginger extract, and 4) the control. Subjects of the first three groups received ginger extract via gavage feeding of 250 mg/kg. The exercise program was 3 sessions per week on 3 different days over 4 weeks. Total cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), HDL and LDL were measured 24-h before the first session and 24-h after the final training session. The concentration of TG in the control group was significantly higher than other groups. In addition, the mean concentration of TG in the aerobic exercise group was significantly lower than Ginger ext...

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of mefenamic acid and ginger on pain management in primary dysmenorrhea. One hundred and twenty-two female students with moderate to severe primary dysmenorrhea were randomly allocated to the ginger and mefenamic groups in a randomized clinical trial. The mefenamic group received 250 mg capsules every 8 h, and the ginger group received 250 mg capsules (zintoma) every 6 h from the onset of menstruation until pain relief lasted 2 cycles. The intensity of pain was assessed by the visual analog scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t test, Chi-square, Fisher exact test and repeated measurement. The pain intensity in the mefenamic and ginger group was 39.01 ± 17.77 and 43.49 ± 19.99, respectively, in the first month, and 33.75 ± 17.71 and 38.19 ± 20.47, respectively, in the second month (p > 0.05). The severity of dysmenorrhea, pain duration, cycle duration and bleeding volume was not significantly different between groups ...

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberacae) is a medicinal plant that has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurvedic and Tibb-Unani herbal medicines all over the world, since antiquity, for a wide array of unrelated ailments that include arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, sore throats, cramps, constipation, indigestion, vomiting, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases and helminthiasis.Currently, there is a renewed interest

Ginger (from the rizhome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has been widely used in ethnomedicine for the cure of several ailments. Main active ingredients include phenolic compounds named gingerols. In modern phytotherapy, ginger preparations are predominantly used to counteract nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. However, a number of other pharmacological actions of potential therapeutic interest, which might broaden the spectrum of its clinical use, have been reported. This focused review aims at giving a shot on the antinflammatory, analgesic, and metabolic actions of Zingiber officinale preparations, with a discussion on the clinical applications in knee osteoarthritis, dysmenorrhea, type‐2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, overweight, and obesity.

Neurodegerative diseases have been linked to oxidative stress arising from peroxidation of membrane biomolecules and high levels of Fe have been reported to play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and other brain disorder. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is the end-product of lipid peroxidation and the production of this aldehyde is used as a biomarker to measure the level of oxidative stress in an organism. The present study compares the protective properties of two varieties of ginger [red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) and white ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)] on Fe2+ induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro. Incubation of the brain tissue homogenate in the presence of Fe caused a significant increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents of the brain. However, the aqueous extract from both varieties of ginger caused a significant decrease in the MDA contents of the brain in a dose-dependent manner. However, the aqueous extract of red ginger had a significantly higher inhibitory effect on both Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat brain homogenates than that of white ginger. This higher inhibitory effect of red ginger could be attributed to its significantly higher phytochemical content, Fe2+ chelating ability, OH

The high interest of farmers to cultivate red ginger requires high quality of red ginger seeds. Healthy seeds with high viability are one of important inputs determining plant productivity beside fertilizers and pesticides. Thus, the sustainability of high quality seed provision should be ensured. This study aimed to determine the potentials and
constraints of ginger seed provision through cultivation in polybags, certification and seed quality system. Financial feasibility analysis was conducted on agribusiness of red ginger seeds. The study was conducted in Seed Resources Management Unit (UPBS), Indonesian Spices and Medicinal Crops Research Institute (ISMCRI) Bogor, West Java. Qualitative analysis was conducted using SWOTchart.xls software based on Microsoft Excel. A quantitative approach was used to determine feasibility level including cost structure calculations, analysis of R/C Ratio, B/C Ratio, and Net
Present Value (NPV). Results indicated factors involved in red ginger seed provision through cultivation in polybag can maximize strength and opportunities, while minimize weaknesses and threats. Financial analysis result showed red
ginger seeds provision in polybags was profitable, indicated by it R/C ratio and B/C ration 2.13 and 1.13 respectively. In addition NPV (13%) was also positive. Based on composition and total cost, red ginger seeds provision through cultivation in polybag required capital higher than conventional farming systems.
Keywords: Zingiber officinale, feasibility and financial analysis, seeds provision, polybag

Adada site reconnaissance visit on 19th Septemebr,2020 located at Uzo-Uwani local government area, Nkpologwu Area, Enugu state, Nigeria soils profile suitable for ginger cultivation from the site visit (see section two plates 1-4) with a landmass area of 1850 hectares and soil sample was collected for preliminary laboratory analyses. The decision to plant ginger at the location is a function of the ginger agronomic soil physiology parameter for ginger cultivation. Adani site soil
the profile is waterlogged and will require erosion and drainage management for ginger cultivation, see section two, plates 6 and 7 respectively.
Soils:  Adada soil falls into the category of the interior zone of laterite soil is a red tropical soil -a reddish mixture of clayey iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides formed by the weathering of basalt under humid, tropical conditions. Laterite is a dense, porous, iron-bearing soil that can be quarried like stone and capable of withstanding intensive development. This is also the soil type found at the project site.
Vegetation: The vegetation in Enugu state lies in two main vegetation zones: The Woodland and
Tall Grass Savannah and the Rain Forest. Most common, are dumps of 20 feet tall trees commonly
isoberline, locust bean, Shea butter, almond tree and oil bean trees that lose their leaves in the dry season and elephant trees covered the plains between the trees.
Added Value - Value co-creation and service science in agriculture with the application of
environmental and agriculture biotechnology to Adada and Adani sites for crop cultivation.
Agribusiness Strategy - The development of Adada Agro-Corridor (section six).
Organization - Ensure clients organizations are resilient for value stream creation.
Capability Building - Our capability-building team provides customized learning experiences led by experts who combine deep domain knowledge with real-world perspectives and innovations.
Sustainable agricultural intensification - Develop food security policies for resilient and productive agricultural systems, agroecology/corridor development for sustainable agriculture.
Agro Corridor – Agriculture facilities, value chain development, credit schemes, especially for smallholders and agro-dealers powered by agro-ecology sustainable agricultural intensification by easing farmers' access to regional and international markets and deployment of climate-smart agriculture. A strategy, incentives are provided to promote diversified agro-industries based on local agricultural production for export and food security. Converged academia, government and
industries to commercial doctoral research outcome to create wealth.
Smart agriculture - Smart agriculture using data on likely crop output where farmers can more
effectively utilize organic farm inputs (biofertilizer, biopesticide, bioherbicide, and post-harvest) improves soil health and quality www.aratibiotech.com.There is no better time than now to
strengthen farmer ecosystems. Advancements in technology can facilitate data-driven agriculture
digitization, driven by four disruptors:
i. Rise in data volumes, computational power, and connectivity, especially new low-power
wide-area networks www.huetzmobile.com ;
ii. The emergence of analytics and business-intelligence capabilities via artificial
intelligence;
iii. New forms of human-machine interaction such as augmented-reality systems and internet of things (IoT) ; and
iv. Improvements in transferring digital instructions to the physical world, such as advanced robotics.
v. Adada livestock and organic agriculture training institute (proposed).

Keywords:
Livestock, Ginger, Biofertilizer, Organic Ginger, Nigeria, ADADA Cattle Ranch, Survey Report, Agro Corridor, Agriculture,
Agribusiness Strategy, Vegetation, Soil

Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum (ZOR) is cultivated for its medicinal value despite the constraints of longer life cycle. The study has established an efficient and reproducible protocol to micropropagate ZOR using buds generated on the surface of the ginger. Surface sterilized young buds of 0.5-1 cm and 2-4 cm cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) supplemented with BAP showed the highest survival rate (55-65%) and produced the highest average number of microshoots per explant (3.2±0.06) respectively. MS medium supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of auxin and cytokinin were used to evaluate shoot multiplication and root induction. BAP concentrations between 3.0-5.0 mg/L was very effective in promoting microshoots and resulted in 100% of microshoot propagation. Microshoots cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L BAP and 0.5 mg/L NAA produced the highest number of shoots while 0-0.5 mg/L BAP enhanced shoot length and 3mg/L NAA in combination with BAP produced highest number of roots. Microshoots maintained on MS medium supplemented with 4.5% sucrose produced the highest number of plantlets (23±2.5) and roots per explants (15.4±2.4) meanwhile reducing the length of lateral roots (2.6±0.2).

Lozenges have the requisite tablets hardness value 7-14 Kgf, to achieve it using gelatin as suitable binder. Gelatin can result granules with bad flow time. PVP can result granules with better flow time but it takes large quantity to reach hardness lozenges. This study aims determining the effect of the concentration ratio of gelatin and PVP as binder on the physical properties of red ginger extract lozenges. Lozenges made using wet granulation method in variation of the concentration of gelatin and PVP 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5. Hardness test results obtained from the formula 1 to formula 5 are 9, 14, 16, 13 and 12 Kgf and friabiliity test results are 0,4%, 0,7%, 0,2%, 0,3% and 0,6%. The combination of gelatin and PVP as binder can provide meaningful difference in hardness and friability tablet.

Banana is a major cash crop of tropical and subtropical regions generating vast agricultural waste after harvest. After harvest of the fruit, the pseudostems are cut and abandoned in the fields to become organic waste because it cannot be used for next harvest. Banana Pseudostem contains almost 90% water and a vast range of medicinal uses. Also, it takes excessive amount of energy and time to be processed into biogas, pulp and paper. This indicates utilizing banana pseudostem juice in the form of drink is the efficient method for managing banana stem wastage. The objective of this study was to develop an herbal drink with the incorporation of plantain stem juice and herbal extracts (Ginger, Lemon and Spearmint) and to study its Physico-chemical and sensory characteristics in order to determine the quality and consumer acceptability of the drink. Variation 1 (V1) consists of banana stem juice, lemon juice, mint leaves extract, water and sugar. Variation 2 (V2) consists of banana stem juice, ginger rhizome extract, mint leaves extract, water and sugar. V1 and V2 were analyzed for physicochemical tests (pH, titrable acidity, total soluble solids, total sugars and reducing sugars) and sensory attributes (Appearance, Colour, Aroma, Consistency, Flavour, Astringency and Overall acceptability) The sensory analysis was conducted using 9-point hedonic scale with 30 semi trained panellists. The result of its overall acceptability was favourable for both the variations. So, the herbal drink utilizing banana pseudostem juice is economical, beneficial and medicinal in use.

This study evaluated the effect of ground ginger and garlic on the growth performance, carcass quality and economics of
production of broiler chickens. 100 broiler chickens were randomly allotted to five treatments identified as T1, T2, T3, T4
and T5. Each treatment was replicated four times with five birds per replicate. Birds on T1 served as control, those on T2
and T3 received ground ginger and garlic in powder form at 14g/kg of the diet respectively, while those on T4 and T5 were
given ground ginger and garlic in water-based infusion at 50ml/liter of drinking water respectively. Significant variations
(p<0.05) existed between the control and other treatments in mean final body weight, daily body weight gain, daily feed
intake and feed conversion ratio (FBW, WBWG, DFI and FCR respectively). The birds fed with garlic had better FCR
(2.17) than those fed ginger (2.42) or control (2.53). The birds fed the powder form showed better performance (p<0.05) in
FBW, WBWG, DFI and FCR of 2493.75g, 340.00g, 105.96g and 2.19 respectively than those fed the water-based infusion.
The usage of the test ingredients had a significant effect (p<0.05) on abdominal fat weight and dressing percentage. A
better performance was observed when they were given in powder form. T3 had the highest revenue and net return, and
also gave the least cost-benefit ratio. The inclusion of the test ingredients in the diets of broiler chicks boosted the traits
monitored without any adverse effect and is recommended in the diets of broiler chicks.

Depuis des millénaires, les personnes à la chevelure rousse subissent toutes sortes de préjugés qui en ont fait des individus associés au mal, à Satan et même aux vampires à certaines époques. Mais qui sait que l’origine de la malédiction et des idées reçues qui, encore aujourd’hui, gâchent la vie de bon nombre d’entre eux, remonte à l’antique Égypte ?

Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, species of the ginger family Zingiberaceae has a long history of medicinal use for more than 2000 years as one of the most versatile medicinal plants having a wide spectrum of biological activity and a common condiment for various foods and beverages. Currently, there is a renewed interest in ginger, and several scientific investigations aimed at isolation, identification of active constituents, scientific verification of its pharmacological actions for treatment of several diseases and conditions. The chemicals responsible for medicinal properties of ginger are considerably variable, main components are gingerol, paradol, shogaols and their homologous which are responsible for its pungent taste. Ginger is used as a food and medicine and as an aromatic, carminative, expectorant in cough and cold, antiemetic and digestive and as common herbal remedy. It is also useful in sore throat and other infectious diseases. Chewable tablets are among the convenient dosage forms which patients prefer due to their advantages. Chewable tablets are the tablets which are required to be chewed or broken in between the teeth before ingestion. This study was aimed at formulating the aqueous extract of ginger rhizome to chewable tablet using syrup (66.7%). In the present research work, the chewable tablets of ginger were prepared by wet granulation. Compression of chewable tablets was done by Karnavati lab scale tablet compression machine. The pre-compression parameters assessed for the granules produced include angle of repose, bulk and tapped density, Carr's index, Housner's ratio. Compressed tablets were evaluated for thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution time.

Ginger is an important export crop in Nigeria and it is produced mainly by smallholder farmers. The economics of ginger production in the study area is not empirically established. The study assessed the economics of ginger production in Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the selection of 80 respondents for the study. Primary data were collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Net Farm Income analysis and Ordinary Least Square Regression. Results showed that the farmers were in their active age (41 years), had basic education and were married with average land holdings of 0.25 hectares. Return on capital invested was 2.78 indicating that ginger production is profitable. Age, farm size, membership of cooperative, household size and farming experience significantly influenced the net returns of ginger farmers. The farmers were constrained by low prices and inadequate market for the product. It is recommended that farmers should form cooperatives to enable them pool their resources together, access markets and command better prices for their products.

Despite the extensive availability and use of plant extracts as feed additives in various livestock species, peer-reviewed and scientific evidence of their usage in horses is lacking. This article dealt with the review of reports from recent studies investigating the usage of plant bioactives or extracts in horse nutrition. For the time being, several herbs, either alone or in composites, are being commercialized and openly available in horsemarket stores, which makes it difficult and confusing for horse owners and veterinarians to make a justifiable choice. Usage of ginger extract as a feed additive in sport horses is encourageable as it manages to attain quick recovery after exhaustion in racing and jumping events. Garlic, ginseng, primerose, and rose hip possess potent antioxidative properties, and their supplemen-tation in a regular diet may lessen the chance of occurrence of oxidative stress-related diseases. Owing to their cytoprotective and mucus-stimulatory effects, licorice and Aloe vera extracts have potentiality as feed additives in Standardbred and Thoroughbred racehorses, as they are more prone for equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Echinacea is able to stimulate the equine immunocompetence on addition to the regular diets of equine species. Besides the anti-inflammatory effect, devils claw possess anorexigenic effect, which can limit feed intake, thus keeping the body condition score in check and avoiding obese-related health problems in horses. Regularizing flaxseed meal or its extract as a dietary supplement may support healthy skin and coat condition due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids as an active component. Aloe vera, well known for cytoprotective and mucus-stimulatory effects, is found to be efficient in protecting the gastrointestinal tract against ulcers or other disorders on administering as a dietary supplement to equines, but the extent of effect depends on the dosage and extent of supplementation. Although, theoretically plant extracts application is safer compared with synthetic antibiotics or drugs, it does not mean they are completely safe, and few considerations should be given for dosage of the drug, period of administration, apart from monitoring parallel drugs given to prevent herb-drug interactions. The plant extracts with potent benefits, and not tested in horses have to be evaluated with a primary objective to verify the negative side effects, if any, followed by standardization of the dosage.

Poultry supplemented with ginger and garlic improved growth and feed conversion ratio and decreased mortality rate. Garlic supplementation also responsible for enhancing the activity of pancreatic enzymes and provides an environment for better absorption of nutrients. Dietary fermented garlic supplementation in poultry ration can increase the intestinal villus height, villus area, cell area and cell mitosis in the intestine and results in better feed conversion efficiency. The inclusion of ginger root powder at levels 0.5% and 1% in the diet had no significant (P>0.05) effect on Hb, PCV, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC percentage. The combined effect of garlic and ginger mixtures has greater influence as an anti-hypercholesterolemic agent that successfully reduced the cholesterol in the serum and also been used to prevent high blood pressure, high cholesterol level and cholesterol oxidation which are the primary causes of atherosclerosis, the precursor of cardiovascular diseases in poultry. It has been confirmed that garlic supplementation enhances immune system in poultry chicken due to rich aromatic oils which enhance digestion of birds due to modulation of intestinal microbiota. So, Japanese quail feed supplemented with ginger and garlic has resulted better production performance in terms of feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, disease resistant with enhanced immunity for better consumption by human being and animals.

The present study was aimed to determine the variations in nutritional qualities of 15 mutant lines and two landraces of ginger (Zingiber officinale). Fifteen (15) gamma (γ)-ray induced mutants lines and two landraces of ginger were planted in 2017 early cropping season in the Teaching and Research Farm, Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Wildlife Resources Management, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. To evaluate the nutritional qualities of these seventeen ginger genotypes at maturity, proximate analysis was carried out in the Biochemistry Laboratory of the National Root Crop Research Institute Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Using standard and official protocols of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Results showed that the ginger lines varied significantly (P < 0.01) in all their proximate attributes. The moisture content ranged from 10.13% (UG1) to 12.95% (UG2). Mean dry matter was 88.89%; UG1 and UG2 had the highest (89.89%) and lowest (87.05%) dry matter content, respectively. Mean crude protein was 7.74%; UG2-9-01 and UG2-11-03 had the highest (8.25%) and lowest (7.29%) crude protein respectively. UG1-5-38 and UG1-5-22 had the highest (8.12%) Original Research Article Abua et al.; AJAAR, 12(2): 35-42, 2020; Article no.AJAAR.54370 36 and lowest (6.41%) crude fibre content respectively. The oleoresin content ranged from (6.25%) in UG2-9-01 to (9.09%) in UG1-11-07. UG1-5-04 and UG1-5-22 had the highest (2.88%) and lowest (2.22%) ash content respectively. UG2-9-01 had the highest carbohydrate content of (65.10%). While UG1-5-52 had the lowest (61.27%) The result showed that the ginger lines used in this study had high mean carbohydrate (62.85%) and protein (7.74%) contents as such can be used as supplementary sources of these nutrients for human and livestock. UG1-7-24, UG1-11-07 and UG1-5-18 with high oleoresin contents of 9.11%, 9.09% and 9.05% respectively are recommended to ginger breeders as useful genotypes for improving other ginger lines through micropropagation techniques especially when breeding for oleoresin quality, which is an important quality of ginger. In conclusion, further evaluation and testing of these ginger lines is recommended.

Budidaya jahe merah semakin membuka peluang usaha di Indonesia, Tapi kenali bagaimana cara menanam jahe merah yang benar. Budidaya jahe merah bisa dilakukan secara vertikultur dengan menggunakan polybag atau lahan luas atau kebun. Dan BONUS analisa usaha untung ruginya. Silakan membaca

In this work, we have successfully incorporated ginger particles into the sodium
montmorillonite (Na+
-MMT) structure. A new nanoparticles (G-MMT) were
characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultravioletvisible-near infrared (UV-VIS-NIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD),
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA). Also, the antimicrobial properties of G-MMT nanoparticles were
investigated using agar diffusion method. The results showed that the spherical
particles of ginger were placed between the layers, and also slightly on the
surface. Montmorillonite (MMT) layers, such as heat shields, protect the ginger
from degradation. The results of antibacterial test showed that G-MMT inhibits 8
lethal types of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, as well as one type of
yeast. Due to the antibacterial properties of G-MMT and the fact that ginger is
protected at high temperatures, this nanoparticle can have a suitable place in
various applications.

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of ginger and/or thyme aqueous extracts administration on the growth rate, caecum activity, reproductive performance and semen quality of rabbits. A total of 24 V‐line male rabbits at the age of 12 weeks were divided randomly into four equal groups (6/each) until 24 weeks of age. Treatments were as follows: drinking fresh water and served as control (G1); drinking water supplemented with 100 mg/kg b. wt. of ginger aqueous extract (G2); drinking water supplemented with 50 mg/kg b. wt. of thyme aqueous extract (G3); drinking water supplemented with 100 mg/kg b. wt. of ginger aqueous extract plus 50 mg/kg b. wt. of thyme aqueous extract (G4). Administration of aqueous thyme extract with 50 mg/kg b. wt. improved (p < 0.001) feed intake and growth performance compared to control. The highest average daily gain (p < 0.001) was found for G3 rabbits followed by G4, G2 and G1 respectively. While the most efficient feed conversion ratio was found in G4. Group 3 and group 4 had significant (p < 0.05) positive effect on caecum pH, ammonia and TVFAs concentration. Data indicated that treated groups had hastened the age with heavier body weight, larger testicular size and higher testosterone level. Also, most semen characteristics (volume, progressive motility, sperm concentration and normal spermatozoa) were higher in treated groups compared with the control group. Furthermore, gathering of the spermatozoa in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, expanded epithelial cells stature of the epididymis with stuffed lumens with sperms in treated groups. In conclusion, aqueous extracts of ginger and/or thyme can be used as a growth promoter for improving reproductive performance of V‐line male rabbits.