I am the head of Psychotherapy ward at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University Budapest. I am psychiatrist and psychotherapist. My research interest is personality disorders, affect- and self-regulation, social cognition, and core cognitive schemas.
Studies have shown that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have co-occurring dis... more Studies have shown that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have co-occurring disorders; literature has also suggested that BPD patients have impairments in neuropsychological functioning, as seen in a previous meta-analysis (Ruocco, 2005). This meta-analysis showed that neuropsychological functioning are marked areas of concern in BPD; however, this meta-analytic research did not assess the effects of co-occurring disorders on neuropsychological functioning in BPD patients. The current meta-analysis takes this into consideration and a systematic review of cross-sectional studies comparing neuropsychological performance of individuals with BPD with age-matched healthy comparison subjects was carried out. Potential moderators (i.e., age, gender, education level, and co-morbid mental disorders) were analyzed. Significant deficits were observed in the decision making, memory, executive functioning, processing speed, verbal intelligence, and visuospatial abilities. BPD patients with more education and with parents of a higher educational level had better neuropsychological functioning. Globally, BPD samples with a higher percentage of co-morbid personality disorders, major depression, eating disorders, or any substance abuse disorders performed worse than patients with a less percentage; however, anxiety disorders and PTSD co-morbidity did not affect the cognitive performance of the BPD group. Differences are seen dependent on neuropsychological domain and specific co-morbidity. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of characterizing cognitive functioning in BPD and the importance of considering demographic and clinical moderators in future analyses.
Disturbed interpersonal relationships specific to borderline personality disorder (BPD) suggest b... more Disturbed interpersonal relationships specific to borderline personality disorder (BPD) suggest biased processing of social information. The goal of this study was to examine alterations in mental state decoding (MSD) and their associations with early maladaptive schemas (EMS) that may lead to the misinterpretation of incoming information. In addition, the authors’ aim was to evaluate the effects of a co-occurring current major depressive episode (MDE) on the MSD performance of BPD patients. Seventy-eight BPD patients (34 with MDE) and 76 matched healthy controls (HC) were assessed for Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and the level of EMS. The authors found that impairment in the total RMET performance, as well as specific impairment regarding the recognition of positive and neutral items, was associated with EMS, and enhanced vigilance to negative mental states was characteristic to BPD with MDE. Results suggest that MSD ability is altered in two independent ways in BPD.
Studies have shown that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have co-occurring dis... more Studies have shown that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have co-occurring disorders; literature has also suggested that BPD patients have impairments in neuropsychological functioning, as seen in a previous meta-analysis (Ruocco, 2005). This meta-analysis showed that neuropsychological functioning are marked areas of concern in BPD; however, this meta-analytic research did not assess the effects of co-occurring disorders on neuropsychological functioning in BPD patients. The current meta-analysis takes this into consideration and a systematic review of cross-sectional studies comparing neuropsychological performance of individuals with BPD with age-matched healthy comparison subjects was carried out. Potential moderators (i.e., age, gender, education level, and co-morbid mental disorders) were analyzed. Significant deficits were observed in the decision making, memory, executive functioning, processing speed, verbal intelligence, and visuospatial abilities. BPD patients with more education and with parents of a higher educational level had better neuropsychological functioning. Globally, BPD samples with a higher percentage of co-morbid personality disorders, major depression, eating disorders, or any substance abuse disorders performed worse than patients with a less percentage; however, anxiety disorders and PTSD co-morbidity did not affect the cognitive performance of the BPD group. Differences are seen dependent on neuropsychological domain and specific co-morbidity. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of characterizing cognitive functioning in BPD and the importance of considering demographic and clinical moderators in future analyses.
Background Patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder are characterised b... more Background Patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder are characterised by a distorted perception of other people’s intentions. Deficits in mental state decoding are thought to be the underlying cause of this clinical feature. Aims To examine, using meta-analysis, whether mental state decoding abilities in patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder differ from those of healthy controls. Method A systematic review of 13 cross-sectional studies comparing Reading in the Mind of the Eyes Test (RMET) accuracy performance of patients with major depression or borderline personality disorder and healthy age-matched controls (n=976). Valence scores, where reported, were also assessed. Results Large significant deficits were seen for global RMET performance in patients with major depression (d=70.751). The positive RMET valence scores of patients with depression were significantly worse; patients with borderline personality disorder had worse neutral scores. Both groups were worse than controls. Moderator analysis revealed that individuals with comorbid borderline personality disorder and major depression did better than those with borderline personality disorder alone on accuracy. Those with comorbid borderline personality disorder and any cluster B or C personality disorder did worse than borderline personality disorder alone. Individuals with both borderline personality disorder and major depression performed better then those with borderline personality disorder without major depression for positive valence. Conclusions These findings highlight the relevance of RMET performance in patients with borderline personality disorder and major depression, and the importance of considering comorbidity in future analysis.
Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibit impairment in labeling of facial emot... more Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibit impairment in labeling of facial emotional expressions. However, it is not clear whether these deficits affect the whole domain of basic emotions, are valence-specific, or specific to individual emotions. Whether BPD patients' errors in a facial emotion recognition task create a specific pattern also remains to be elucidated. Our study tested two hypotheses: first, we hypothesized, that the emotion perception impairment in borderline personality disorder is specific to the negative emotion domain. Second, we hypothesized, that BPD patients would show error patterns in a facial emotion recognition task more commonly and more systematically than healthy comparison subjects. Participants comprised 33 inpatients with BPD and 32 matched healthy control subjects who performed a computerized version of the Ekman 60 Faces test. The indices of emotion recognition and the direction of errors were processed in separate analyses. Clinical symptoms and personality functioning were assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and the Young Schema Questionnaire Long Form. Results showed that patients with BPD were less accurate than control participants in emotion recognition, in particular, in the discrimination of negative emotions, while they were not impaired in the recognition of happy facial expressions. In addition, patients over-attributed disgust and surprise and under-attributed fear to the facial expressions relative to controls. These findings suggest the importance of carefully considering error patterns, besides measuring recognition accuracy, especially among emotions with negative affective valence, when assessing facial affect recognition in BPD.
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiatriai Tarsasag tudomanyos folyoirata, 2009
Author's aim is to give a comprehensive review of the behavioural and cognitive-behavioural p... more Author's aim is to give a comprehensive review of the behavioural and cognitive-behavioural psychotherapeutic development in the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, on the base of the literature as well as on own clinical experiences. Behavioural therapies, currently applied as part of integrative therapies mainly, will be shown, and theoretical background and techniques of classical cognitive behavioural therapy of anorexia and bulimia nervosa will be shortly summarized. Theory and therapeutic techniques of the schema-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, applied in the treatment of eating disorders more frequently in the last few years, will be made acquainted in details. Indications and contraindications of classic cognitive behavioural therapy and schema-focused cognitive behavioural therapy in eating disorders will be discussed. Stress will be laid on the fact, that schema-focused cognitive behaviour therapy is to be chosen mostly in the cases where comorbid...
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2009
In this study we tried to explore whether there are any associations between symptom severity and... more In this study we tried to explore whether there are any associations between symptom severity and emotional facial expression recognition. Based on the literature and our earlier findings, we believe that the impairments of overall (not emotion specific) facial expression recognition is associated with a more general, non-specific psychiatric distress. Thus, first it was hypothesized that overall facial expression recognition would be correlated negatively with SCL-90 global severity index (GSI). Our second hypothesis was that the severity of the impairment in facial expression recognition would be correlated with symptom severity measured by the BECK Depression Inventory (BDI). One hundred and six depressed subjects participated in the study. We used a 'Virtual Human' for presenting the 35 emotional and neutral facial expressions. Subjects filled in the BDI and SCL-90 questionnaires after the facial expression recognition task. Significant negative association was found bet...
Page 1. Chapter 11 Attachment, affect-regulation and mentalization: The developmental origins of ... more Page 1. Chapter 11 Attachment, affect-regulation and mentalization: The developmental origins of the representational affective self György Gergely and Zsolt Unoka ... 463 Page 2. (apart from those of others) and show how this enables the functional use of mentalization for the ...
Tanulmányunkban a Robbins és Kirmayer (1991) által kidolgozott Tünetinterpretáció Kérdőív pszicho... more Tanulmányunkban a Robbins és Kirmayer (1991) által kidolgozott Tünetinterpretáció Kérdőív pszichometriai jellemzőit mutatjuk be. Vizsgálatainkban összesen 660 fő (345 egyetemi hallgató, 98 egészségügyi alapellátásban megjelenő páciens, 217 „egészséges ...
Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibit impairment in labeling of facial emot... more Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibit impairment in labeling of facial emotional expressions. However, it is not clear whether these deficits affect the whole domain of basic emotions, are valence-specific, or specific to individual emotions. Whether BPD patients' errors in a facial emotion recognition task create a specific pattern also remains to be elucidated. Our study tested two hypotheses: first, we hypothesized, that the emotion perception impairment in borderline personality disorder is specific to the negative emotion domain. Second, we hypothesized, that BPD patients would show error patterns in a facial emotion recognition task more commonly and more systematically than healthy comparison subjects. Participants comprised 33 inpatients with BPD and 32 matched healthy control subjects who performed a computerized version of the Ekman 60 Faces test. The indices of emotion recognition and the direction of errors were processed in separate analyses. Clinical symptoms and personality functioning were assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and the Young Schema Questionnaire Long Form. Results showed that patients with BPD were less accurate than control participants in emotion recognition, in particular, in the discrimination of negative emotions, while they were not impaired in the recognition of happy facial expressions. In addition, patients over-attributed disgust and surprise and under-attributed fear to the facial expressions relative to controls. These findings suggest the importance of carefully considering error patterns, besides measuring recognition accuracy, especially among emotions with negative affective valence, when assessing facial affect recognition in BPD.
Studies have shown that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have co-occurring dis... more Studies have shown that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have co-occurring disorders; literature has also suggested that BPD patients have impairments in neuropsychological functioning, as seen in a previous meta-analysis (Ruocco, 2005). This meta-analysis showed that neuropsychological functioning are marked areas of concern in BPD; however, this meta-analytic research did not assess the effects of co-occurring disorders on neuropsychological functioning in BPD patients. The current meta-analysis takes this into consideration and a systematic review of cross-sectional studies comparing neuropsychological performance of individuals with BPD with age-matched healthy comparison subjects was carried out. Potential moderators (i.e., age, gender, education level, and co-morbid mental disorders) were analyzed. Significant deficits were observed in the decision making, memory, executive functioning, processing speed, verbal intelligence, and visuospatial abilities. BPD patients with more education and with parents of a higher educational level had better neuropsychological functioning. Globally, BPD samples with a higher percentage of co-morbid personality disorders, major depression, eating disorders, or any substance abuse disorders performed worse than patients with a less percentage; however, anxiety disorders and PTSD co-morbidity did not affect the cognitive performance of the BPD group. Differences are seen dependent on neuropsychological domain and specific co-morbidity. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of characterizing cognitive functioning in BPD and the importance of considering demographic and clinical moderators in future analyses.
Disturbed interpersonal relationships specific to borderline personality disorder (BPD) suggest b... more Disturbed interpersonal relationships specific to borderline personality disorder (BPD) suggest biased processing of social information. The goal of this study was to examine alterations in mental state decoding (MSD) and their associations with early maladaptive schemas (EMS) that may lead to the misinterpretation of incoming information. In addition, the authors’ aim was to evaluate the effects of a co-occurring current major depressive episode (MDE) on the MSD performance of BPD patients. Seventy-eight BPD patients (34 with MDE) and 76 matched healthy controls (HC) were assessed for Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) and the level of EMS. The authors found that impairment in the total RMET performance, as well as specific impairment regarding the recognition of positive and neutral items, was associated with EMS, and enhanced vigilance to negative mental states was characteristic to BPD with MDE. Results suggest that MSD ability is altered in two independent ways in BPD.
Studies have shown that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have co-occurring dis... more Studies have shown that patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) have co-occurring disorders; literature has also suggested that BPD patients have impairments in neuropsychological functioning, as seen in a previous meta-analysis (Ruocco, 2005). This meta-analysis showed that neuropsychological functioning are marked areas of concern in BPD; however, this meta-analytic research did not assess the effects of co-occurring disorders on neuropsychological functioning in BPD patients. The current meta-analysis takes this into consideration and a systematic review of cross-sectional studies comparing neuropsychological performance of individuals with BPD with age-matched healthy comparison subjects was carried out. Potential moderators (i.e., age, gender, education level, and co-morbid mental disorders) were analyzed. Significant deficits were observed in the decision making, memory, executive functioning, processing speed, verbal intelligence, and visuospatial abilities. BPD patients with more education and with parents of a higher educational level had better neuropsychological functioning. Globally, BPD samples with a higher percentage of co-morbid personality disorders, major depression, eating disorders, or any substance abuse disorders performed worse than patients with a less percentage; however, anxiety disorders and PTSD co-morbidity did not affect the cognitive performance of the BPD group. Differences are seen dependent on neuropsychological domain and specific co-morbidity. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of characterizing cognitive functioning in BPD and the importance of considering demographic and clinical moderators in future analyses.
Background Patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder are characterised b... more Background Patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder are characterised by a distorted perception of other people’s intentions. Deficits in mental state decoding are thought to be the underlying cause of this clinical feature. Aims To examine, using meta-analysis, whether mental state decoding abilities in patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder differ from those of healthy controls. Method A systematic review of 13 cross-sectional studies comparing Reading in the Mind of the Eyes Test (RMET) accuracy performance of patients with major depression or borderline personality disorder and healthy age-matched controls (n=976). Valence scores, where reported, were also assessed. Results Large significant deficits were seen for global RMET performance in patients with major depression (d=70.751). The positive RMET valence scores of patients with depression were significantly worse; patients with borderline personality disorder had worse neutral scores. Both groups were worse than controls. Moderator analysis revealed that individuals with comorbid borderline personality disorder and major depression did better than those with borderline personality disorder alone on accuracy. Those with comorbid borderline personality disorder and any cluster B or C personality disorder did worse than borderline personality disorder alone. Individuals with both borderline personality disorder and major depression performed better then those with borderline personality disorder without major depression for positive valence. Conclusions These findings highlight the relevance of RMET performance in patients with borderline personality disorder and major depression, and the importance of considering comorbidity in future analysis.
Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibit impairment in labeling of facial emot... more Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibit impairment in labeling of facial emotional expressions. However, it is not clear whether these deficits affect the whole domain of basic emotions, are valence-specific, or specific to individual emotions. Whether BPD patients' errors in a facial emotion recognition task create a specific pattern also remains to be elucidated. Our study tested two hypotheses: first, we hypothesized, that the emotion perception impairment in borderline personality disorder is specific to the negative emotion domain. Second, we hypothesized, that BPD patients would show error patterns in a facial emotion recognition task more commonly and more systematically than healthy comparison subjects. Participants comprised 33 inpatients with BPD and 32 matched healthy control subjects who performed a computerized version of the Ekman 60 Faces test. The indices of emotion recognition and the direction of errors were processed in separate analyses. Clinical symptoms and personality functioning were assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and the Young Schema Questionnaire Long Form. Results showed that patients with BPD were less accurate than control participants in emotion recognition, in particular, in the discrimination of negative emotions, while they were not impaired in the recognition of happy facial expressions. In addition, patients over-attributed disgust and surprise and under-attributed fear to the facial expressions relative to controls. These findings suggest the importance of carefully considering error patterns, besides measuring recognition accuracy, especially among emotions with negative affective valence, when assessing facial affect recognition in BPD.
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiatriai Tarsasag tudomanyos folyoirata, 2009
Author's aim is to give a comprehensive review of the behavioural and cognitive-behavioural p... more Author's aim is to give a comprehensive review of the behavioural and cognitive-behavioural psychotherapeutic development in the treatment of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, on the base of the literature as well as on own clinical experiences. Behavioural therapies, currently applied as part of integrative therapies mainly, will be shown, and theoretical background and techniques of classical cognitive behavioural therapy of anorexia and bulimia nervosa will be shortly summarized. Theory and therapeutic techniques of the schema-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, applied in the treatment of eating disorders more frequently in the last few years, will be made acquainted in details. Indications and contraindications of classic cognitive behavioural therapy and schema-focused cognitive behavioural therapy in eating disorders will be discussed. Stress will be laid on the fact, that schema-focused cognitive behaviour therapy is to be chosen mostly in the cases where comorbid...
Psychiatria Hungarica : A Magyar Pszichiátriai Társaság tudományos folyóirata, 2009
In this study we tried to explore whether there are any associations between symptom severity and... more In this study we tried to explore whether there are any associations between symptom severity and emotional facial expression recognition. Based on the literature and our earlier findings, we believe that the impairments of overall (not emotion specific) facial expression recognition is associated with a more general, non-specific psychiatric distress. Thus, first it was hypothesized that overall facial expression recognition would be correlated negatively with SCL-90 global severity index (GSI). Our second hypothesis was that the severity of the impairment in facial expression recognition would be correlated with symptom severity measured by the BECK Depression Inventory (BDI). One hundred and six depressed subjects participated in the study. We used a 'Virtual Human' for presenting the 35 emotional and neutral facial expressions. Subjects filled in the BDI and SCL-90 questionnaires after the facial expression recognition task. Significant negative association was found bet...
Page 1. Chapter 11 Attachment, affect-regulation and mentalization: The developmental origins of ... more Page 1. Chapter 11 Attachment, affect-regulation and mentalization: The developmental origins of the representational affective self György Gergely and Zsolt Unoka ... 463 Page 2. (apart from those of others) and show how this enables the functional use of mentalization for the ...
Tanulmányunkban a Robbins és Kirmayer (1991) által kidolgozott Tünetinterpretáció Kérdőív pszicho... more Tanulmányunkban a Robbins és Kirmayer (1991) által kidolgozott Tünetinterpretáció Kérdőív pszichometriai jellemzőit mutatjuk be. Vizsgálatainkban összesen 660 fő (345 egyetemi hallgató, 98 egészségügyi alapellátásban megjelenő páciens, 217 „egészséges ...
Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibit impairment in labeling of facial emot... more Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibit impairment in labeling of facial emotional expressions. However, it is not clear whether these deficits affect the whole domain of basic emotions, are valence-specific, or specific to individual emotions. Whether BPD patients' errors in a facial emotion recognition task create a specific pattern also remains to be elucidated. Our study tested two hypotheses: first, we hypothesized, that the emotion perception impairment in borderline personality disorder is specific to the negative emotion domain. Second, we hypothesized, that BPD patients would show error patterns in a facial emotion recognition task more commonly and more systematically than healthy comparison subjects. Participants comprised 33 inpatients with BPD and 32 matched healthy control subjects who performed a computerized version of the Ekman 60 Faces test. The indices of emotion recognition and the direction of errors were processed in separate analyses. Clinical symptoms and personality functioning were assessed using the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised and the Young Schema Questionnaire Long Form. Results showed that patients with BPD were less accurate than control participants in emotion recognition, in particular, in the discrimination of negative emotions, while they were not impaired in the recognition of happy facial expressions. In addition, patients over-attributed disgust and surprise and under-attributed fear to the facial expressions relative to controls. These findings suggest the importance of carefully considering error patterns, besides measuring recognition accuracy, especially among emotions with negative affective valence, when assessing facial affect recognition in BPD.
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Papers by Zsolt Unoka
has also suggested that BPD patients have impairments in neuropsychological functioning, as seen in a previous
meta-analysis (Ruocco, 2005). This meta-analysis showed that neuropsychological functioning are marked
areas of concern in BPD; however, this meta-analytic research did not assess the effects of co-occurring disorders
on neuropsychological functioning in BPD patients. The current meta-analysis takes this into consideration and a
systematic review of cross-sectional studies comparing neuropsychological performance of individuals with BPD
with age-matched healthy comparison subjects was carried out. Potential moderators (i.e., age, gender, education
level, and co-morbid mental disorders) were analyzed. Significant deficits were observed in the decision
making, memory, executive functioning, processing speed, verbal intelligence, and visuospatial abilities. BPD patients
with more education and with parents of a higher educational level had better neuropsychological functioning.
Globally, BPD samples with a higher percentage of co-morbid personality disorders, major depression,
eating disorders, or any substance abuse disorders performed worse than patients with a less percentage; however,
anxiety disorders and PTSD co-morbidity did not affect the cognitive performance of the BPD group. Differences
are seen dependent on neuropsychological domain and specific co-morbidity. These findings highlight the
clinical relevance of characterizing cognitive functioning in BPD and the importance of considering demographic
and clinical moderators in future analyses.
Aims To examine, using meta-analysis, whether mental state decoding abilities in patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder differ from those of healthy controls.
Method A systematic review of 13 cross-sectional studies comparing Reading in the Mind of the Eyes Test (RMET) accuracy performance of patients with major depression or borderline personality disorder and healthy age-matched controls (n=976). Valence scores, where reported, were also assessed.
Results Large significant deficits were seen for global RMET performance in patients with major depression (d=70.751). The positive RMET valence scores of patients with depression were significantly worse; patients with borderline
personality disorder had worse neutral scores. Both groups were worse than controls. Moderator analysis revealed that individuals with comorbid borderline personality disorder and major depression did better than those with borderline personality disorder alone on accuracy. Those with comorbid borderline personality disorder and any cluster B or C personality disorder did worse than borderline personality disorder alone. Individuals with both borderline personality disorder and major depression performed better then those with borderline personality disorder without major depression for positive valence.
Conclusions These findings highlight the relevance of RMET performance in patients with borderline personality disorder and major depression, and the importance of considering comorbidity in future analysis.
has also suggested that BPD patients have impairments in neuropsychological functioning, as seen in a previous
meta-analysis (Ruocco, 2005). This meta-analysis showed that neuropsychological functioning are marked
areas of concern in BPD; however, this meta-analytic research did not assess the effects of co-occurring disorders
on neuropsychological functioning in BPD patients. The current meta-analysis takes this into consideration and a
systematic review of cross-sectional studies comparing neuropsychological performance of individuals with BPD
with age-matched healthy comparison subjects was carried out. Potential moderators (i.e., age, gender, education
level, and co-morbid mental disorders) were analyzed. Significant deficits were observed in the decision
making, memory, executive functioning, processing speed, verbal intelligence, and visuospatial abilities. BPD patients
with more education and with parents of a higher educational level had better neuropsychological functioning.
Globally, BPD samples with a higher percentage of co-morbid personality disorders, major depression,
eating disorders, or any substance abuse disorders performed worse than patients with a less percentage; however,
anxiety disorders and PTSD co-morbidity did not affect the cognitive performance of the BPD group. Differences
are seen dependent on neuropsychological domain and specific co-morbidity. These findings highlight the
clinical relevance of characterizing cognitive functioning in BPD and the importance of considering demographic
and clinical moderators in future analyses.
Aims To examine, using meta-analysis, whether mental state decoding abilities in patients with major depression and borderline personality disorder differ from those of healthy controls.
Method A systematic review of 13 cross-sectional studies comparing Reading in the Mind of the Eyes Test (RMET) accuracy performance of patients with major depression or borderline personality disorder and healthy age-matched controls (n=976). Valence scores, where reported, were also assessed.
Results Large significant deficits were seen for global RMET performance in patients with major depression (d=70.751). The positive RMET valence scores of patients with depression were significantly worse; patients with borderline
personality disorder had worse neutral scores. Both groups were worse than controls. Moderator analysis revealed that individuals with comorbid borderline personality disorder and major depression did better than those with borderline personality disorder alone on accuracy. Those with comorbid borderline personality disorder and any cluster B or C personality disorder did worse than borderline personality disorder alone. Individuals with both borderline personality disorder and major depression performed better then those with borderline personality disorder without major depression for positive valence.
Conclusions These findings highlight the relevance of RMET performance in patients with borderline personality disorder and major depression, and the importance of considering comorbidity in future analysis.