Irrigation

This study is an approach to assign the land area of Kirkuk city [ a city located in the northern of Iraq, 236 kilometers north of Baghdad and 83 kilometers south of Erbil [ Climatic atlas of Iraq, 1941-1970 ] into different multi zones by using Satellite image and Arc Map10.3, zones of different traffic noise pollutions. Land zonings process like what achieved in this paper will help and of it's of a high interest point for the future of Kirkuk city especially urban planning and economic issues of the city. Also, it may be considered as a reference in solving the traffic jam problems in the city. Transportations and sounds of horn of vehicles are the major sources of traffic noise pollutions .Vehicular traffic noise problems are contributed by various types of vehicles such as heavy and medium trucks or buses or automobiles. During this study, six major regions within the city were selected (Governorate region, Baghdad road, Al Wasti, Al Askary, Al Nasir and North garage). A survey for all those six regions were taken place and noise measurements were captured at points or near to the intersections for a duration of three different periods days per a week [ Sunday 3 rd , Monday 4 th , and Tuesday 5 th ] of January 2016. The results showed a high level of noise pollution and super passing on many occasions to the prescribed levels by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) , maximum level noise pollution value was 94.6 dB(A) in AlWasti region near to the road that leading to Kirkuk university , while minimum level noise pollution value was 48 dB(A) in AlNasir region. As a result, a noise map zoning was prepared for Kirkuk City for top peak working three days. The prepared noise distribution map will help and could be used as a considerable point for the future during designing projects related to transportations. Also in another hand, the map reflected indirectly the amount of regional air pollutions. High distributed noise pollution zones means a zone of a high air pollutions levels specially Cox and Nox gaseous pollutions.

ABSTRACT
A proposed engineering gypsiferous soil classification is given using: soil texture,
mineralogy, geochemistry, engineering properties, and chemical analyses of soils waterextract.
The results reflect that these soils consist of different percentages of sand, silt, clay,
and some gravel. Analyses also detected secondary gypsum, quartz, calcite, feldspar and
different types of rock fragments and different types of heavy minerals in trace amounts. Clay
minerals are dominated by palygorskite. Hydrochemical analyses results of soils water-extract
show that the calcium and sulphate ions are most common, followed by sodium, bicarbonate,
chloride, magnesium and potassium. Bicarbonate and chloride show high values in Karbala
area. Gypsum content ranges from (0.9 – 67.5) % in Samarra area, while in Karbala it ranges
from (0.4 – 28.9) %. The physical and engineering properties of the studied soils were
determined, such as specific gravity, density, shear strength parameters, unconfined
compressive strength, and compression and shear wave velocities, compression index,
swelling index, initial void ratio, and collapse potential. Samples, which were allowed to soak
water show a sudden drop in unconfined compressive strength and compression and shear
values immediately after soaking, then were decreased gradually.
The proposed engineering classification of gypsiferous soils includes two classes:
“Gypsiferous Soil” and “Highly Gypsiferous Soil”; according to the gypsum content
(< 25% and > 25%, respectively), initial void ratio, coefficient of curvature, coefficient of
uniformity, collapse potential, compressive strength, cohesion, plasticity index, content of
fines, and the T.D.S of the soils water-extract. It is believed that this proposed classification
for Iraqi soils can be applied to other locations, therefore, will be useful for other soil
scientists and engineers as well, worldwide.

Coagulation-Flocculation processes play an important role in the treatment of water and wastewater. Aluminum sulfate (alum) and polyelectrolyte (polymer) are the common chemical coagulants which are used in this process. The produced leachate in waste disposal places is considered to be one of the highly contaminated resources from the physical, chemical, and biological point of view. In Sulaimaniah, Tanjaro was found to be one of those solid waste landfill areas. Okra is used for the treatment of raw leachate samples that obtained directly from Sulaimaniah – Iraq solid waste sanitary landfill area. Fresh solid waste samples of the leachates were taken and tested for their heavy metals concentrations contents. It was found that the leachate contains a high amount of heavy metals of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc. By using conventional coagulants of alum, polymer and natural indigenous okra (as a primary coagulant or in combination with the other two primary coagulants) and by the jar testing, the best concentrations and pH values of the coagulants were determined. Analyzing the results, it was found that the optimal pH values were 6.65, 9.00 and 7.00 for alum, polymer and okra, respectively. In addition, the best dose of alum was1400 mg/L in which a removal of heavy metals yielded 45-80 %, while the best dose of polymer was 500 mg/L in which a removal of 70-95% was achieved. For okra, the best dose was 500 mg/L in which a removal of heavy metals yielded 20-100%. It was found that okra has an efficient coagulation power with respect to alum and polymer in removing heavy metals elements in solid waste leachates.

This paper falls into the studying of an aerated grit chamber (AGCs) within the Al-Rustamyah sewage treatment plant-third extension (50 km south of Baghdad). This treatment plant is suffering some troubles associated with inefficient grit chambers due to lack of continuous maintenance resulting in abnormal grit deposits in the subsequent units of the treatment plant, especially digesters tanks. Field tests on these AGCs were conducted for evaluating their operating performance and their efficiency of removing TSS and oil and grease content during 30 days. Samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each AGCs every 48 hour and were analyzed. The performance of these AGCs was also re-evaluated again by plotting the velocity distribution across a chosen chamber, at four sections perpendicular to the flow in the AGC. Certain operating problems were observed in the existing AGCs as a result of the experiments.

This paper falls into the studying of an aerated grit chamber (AGCs) within the Al-Rustamyah sewage treatment plant-third extension (50 km south of Baghdad). This treatment plant is suffering some troubles associated with inefficient grit chambers due to lack of continuous maintenance resulting in abnormal grit deposits in the subsequent units of the treatment plant, especially digesters tanks. Field tests on these AGCs were conducted for evaluating their operating performance and their efficiency of removing TSS and oil and grease content during 30 days. Samples were taken from the inlet and outlet of each AGCs every 48 hour and were analyzed. The performance of these AGCs was also re-evaluated again by plotting the velocity distribution across a chosen chamber, at four sections perpendicular to the flow in the AGC. Certain operating problems were observed in the existing AGCs as a result of the experiments.

Coagulation-Flocculation processes play an important role in the treatment of water and wastewater. Aluminum sulfate (alum) and polyelectrolyte (polymer) are the common chemical coagulants which are used in this process. The produced leachate in waste disposal places is considered to be one of the highly contaminated resources from the physical, chemical, and biological point of view. In Sulaimaniah, Tanjaro was found to be one of those solid waste landfill areas. Okra is used for the treatment of raw leachate samples that obtained directly from Sulaimaniah – Iraq solid waste sanitary landfill area. Fresh solid waste samples of the leachates were taken and tested for their heavy metals concentrations contents. It was found that the leachate contains a high amount of heavy metals of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc. By using conventional coagulants of alum, polymer and natural indigenous okra (as a primary coagulant or in combination with the other two primary coagulants) and by the jar testing, the best concentrations and pH values of the coagulants were determined. Analyzing the results, it was found that the optimal pH values were 6.65, 9.00 and 7.00 for alum, polymer and okra, respectively. In addition, the best dose of alum was1400 mg/L in which a removal of heavy metals yielded 45-80 %, while the best dose of polymer was 500 mg/L in which a removal of 70-95% was achieved. For okra, the best dose was 500 mg/L in which a removal of heavy metals yielded 20-100%. It was found that okra has an efficient coagulation power with respect to alum and polymer in removing heavy metals elements in solid waste leachates.

This study is an approach to assign the land area of Kirkuk city [ a city located in the northern of Iraq, 236 kilometers north of Baghdad and 83 kilometers south of Erbil [ Climatic atlas of Iraq, 1941-1970 ] into different multi zones by using Satellite image and Arc Map10.3, zones of different traffic noise pollutions. Land zonings process like what achieved in this paper will help and of it's of a high interest point for the future of Kirkuk city especially urban planning and economic issues of the city. Also, it may be considered as a reference in solving the traffic jam problems in the city. Transportations and sounds of horn of vehicles are the major sources of traffic noise pollutions .Vehicular traffic noise problems are contributed by various types of vehicles such as heavy and medium trucks or buses or automobiles. During this study, six major regions within the city were selected (Governorate region, Baghdad road, Al Wasti, Al Askary, Al Nasir and North garage). A survey for all those six regions were taken place and noise measurements were captured at points or near to the intersections for a duration of three different periods days per a week [ Sunday 3 rd , Monday 4 th , and Tuesday 5 th ] of January 2016. The results showed a high level of noise pollution and super passing on many occasions to the prescribed levels by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) , maximum level noise pollution value was 94.6 dB(A) in AlWasti region near to the road that leading to Kirkuk university , while minimum level noise pollution value was 48 dB(A) in AlNasir region. As a result, a noise map zoning was prepared for Kirkuk City for top peak working three days. The prepared noise distribution map will help and could be used as a considerable point for the future during designing projects related to transportations. Also in another hand, the map reflected indirectly the amount of regional air pollutions. High distributed noise pollution zones means a zone of a high air pollutions levels specially Cox and Nox gaseous pollutions.

This study is an approach to assign the land area of Kirkuk city [ a city located in the northern of Iraq, 236 kilometers north of Baghdad and 83 kilometers south of Erbil [ Climatic atlas of Iraq, 1941-1970 ] into different multi zones by using Satellite image and Arc Map10.3, zones of different traffic noise pollutions. Land zonings process like what achieved in this paper will help and of it's of a high interest point for the future of Kirkuk city especially urban planning and economic issues of the city. Also, it may be considered as a reference in solving the traffic jam problems in the city. Transportations and sounds of horn of vehicles are the major sources of traffic noise pollutions .Vehicular traffic noise problems are contributed by various types of vehicles such as heavy and medium trucks or buses or automobiles. During this study, six major regions within the city were selected (Governorate region, Baghdad road, Al Wasti, Al Askary, Al Nasir and North garage). A survey for all those six regions were taken place and noise measurements were captured at points or near to the intersections for a duration of three different periods days per a week [ Sunday 3 rd , Monday 4 th , and Tuesday 5 th ] of January 2016. The results showed a high level of noise pollution and super passing on many occasions to the prescribed levels by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) , maximum level noise pollution value was 94.6 dB(A) in AlWasti region near to the road that leading to Kirkuk university , while minimum level noise pollution value was 48 dB(A) in AlNasir region. As a result, a noise map zoning was prepared for Kirkuk City for top peak working three days. The prepared noise distribution map will help and could be used as a considerable point for the future during designing projects related to transportations. Also in another hand, the map reflected indirectly the amount of regional air pollutions. High distributed noise pollution zones means a zone of a high air pollutions levels specially Cox and Nox gaseous pollutions.