Utapiamlo
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Utapiamlo | |
---|---|
Mwainisho na taarifa za nje | |
Kundi Maalumu | Endocrinology, intensive care medicine, Lishe ![]() |
ICD-9 | 263.9 |
MedlinePlus | 000404 |
eMedicine | ped/1360 |
MeSH | D044342 |
Utapiamlo ni hali ambayo hutokana na kupata chakula ambacho virutubishi vyake havitoshi au viko vingi hadi kusababisha matatizo upande wa afya.[1][2]
Hutumika mara kwa mara kurejelea hasa ukosefu wa lishe ambapo hakuna kalori, proteni au lishe vya kutosha; hata hivyo, hujumuisha pia kupata lishe kupita kiasi.[3][4]
Chanzo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kwa njia ya chakula mwili unapokea virutubishi vya lazima kama vileː
Uhaba au wingi mkubwa wa vitu hivyo kwa muda fulani unasababisha utapiamlo.
Hivyo kuna aina mbili za utapiamlo: kukosa kiwango cha kutosha cha chakula na kukosa uwiano wa virutubishi katika chakula.
Utapiamlo
- hutokea kama mtu hana chakula cha kutosha, yaani uhaba wa chakula kwa jumla na kuwa na hali ya njaa ya kudumu
- hutokea kama mtu anakosa sehemu muhimu za vyakula kwa mfano protini, vitamini au minerali hata kama vinginevyo anakula chakula kingi
- hutokea kama mtu anazoea kushiba vyakula bila kujali uwiano wa virutubishi ndani ya chakula.
Kukosa lishe ya kutosha hutokana na kukosa chakula kizuri cha kutosha.[5] Hii hutokana na bei ya juu ya chakula na umaskini.[2][5] Kukosa kunyonya matiti mapema kunaweza kuchangia, pia maradhi ya kuambukiza kama vile: homa ya matumbo, nimonia, malaria na ukambi ambao huongeza mahitaji ya lishe.[5]
Ikiwa ukosefu wa lishe utatokea wakati wa ujauzito au kabla ya umri wa miaka miwili huenda ukasababisha matatizo ya kudumu katika ukuaji wa mwili au akili.[2] Ukosefu mkali wa lishe, unaojulikana kama kukosa chakula, unaweza kuwa na dalili ambazo zinajumuisha: kimo cha chini; wembamba; viwango vya chini sana vya nguvu; na miguu na tumbo kuvimba.[2][3] Watu hawa hugonjeka na kuwa baridi mara kwa mara. Dalili za ukosefu wa lishe hutegemea lishe ambayo inakosekana.[3]
Aina
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kuna aina mbili kuu za ukosefu wa lishe: ukosefu wa lishe ya protini inayoleta nguvu na ukosefu wa lishe.[4] Ukosefu wa protini inayoleta nguvu ni ya aina mbili: nyongea (ukosefu wa protini na kalori) na unyafuzi (ukosefu wa protini tu).[3]
Ukosefu wa kawaida wa lishe ni pamoja na: madini, aidini na vitamini A.[3] Wakati wa ujauzito, kwa sababu ya hitaji lililoongezeka, ukosefu huo hutokea sana.[6]
Katika baadhi ya nchi zinazoendelea lishe kupita kiasi kwa njia ya unene imeanza kutokea katika jamii sawa kama za walio na upungufu wa lishe.[7]
Sababu nyingine za utapiamlo hujumuisha anorexia nervosa na bariatric surgery.[8][9]
Kwa wazee utapiamlo hutokea zaidi kwa sababu ya mambo ya kimwili, kisaikolojia na ya kijamii.[10]
Tiba
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Juhudi za kuboresha lishe ni kati ya njia nzuri zaidi za kusaidia kukua.[11] Kunyonyesha kunaweza kupunguza viwango vya utapiamlo na vifo katika watoto,[2] na juhudi za kukuza tabia hii hupunguza viwango vya utapiamlo.[12]
Katika watoto wadogo kuwapa chakula kwa kuongezea maziwa ya matiti kati ya miezi sita na miaka miwili huboresha matokeo.[12] Kuna pia ushahidi mzuri unaounga mkono virutubishi vya lishe kadhaa wakati wa ujauzito na kati ya watoto wadogo katika nchi zinazoendelea.[12] Njia zinazofaa ni kuwapa chakula watu wanachokihitaji sana, kuwasilisha chakula na kutoa pesa ili watu waweze kununua chakula katika masoko yao.[11][13]
Kuwalisha watu shuleni tu hakutoshi.[11] Kudhibiti utapiamlo mkali mtu akiwa nyumbani kwa kutumia vyakula vya matibabu ambavyo viko tayari kutumiwa]] inawezekana wakati mwingi.[12]
Kwa wale ambao wana utapiamlo mkali unosababishwa na matatizo mengine ya afya wanapendekezwa kupata matibabu hospitalini.[12] Mara kwa mara hii uhusisha kudhibiti kiwango cha chini cha sukari kwenye damu, halijoto ya mwili, ukosefu wa maji, na kupata lishe polepole.[12][14]
Viuavijasumu vya mara kwa mara vinapendekezwa kwa sababu ya hatari ya juu ya maambukizo.[14]
Hatua za muda mrefu zinajumuisha: kuboresha kilimo,[15] kupunguza ufukara, kuondoa uchafu katika mazingira, na kuwawezesha wanawake.[11]
Uenezi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kulikuwa na watu milioni 925 waliokuwa na utapiamlo duniani katika mwaka wa 2010, ongezeko la milioni 80 tangu 1990.[16][17]
Watu wengine bilioni moja wanakadiriwa kukosa vitamini na madini.[11]
Katika mwaka wa 2010 utapiamlo wa protini inayoleta nguvu ulikadiriwa kusababisha vifo 600,000, vilivyo chini kutoka vifo 883,000 katika mwaka wa 1990.[18]
Ukosefu mwingine wa lishe, ambao unaweza kujumuisha ukosefu wa aidini na anemia kutokana na ukosefu wa madini, ulisababisha vifo vingine 84,000.[18]
Ukosefu wa lishe hadi mwaka wa 2010 ulikuwa sababu ya 1.4% ya miaka ya maisha iliyobadilika kwa sababu ya ulemavu.[11][19]
Takriban theluthi moja ya vifo katika watoto huaminika kutokana na utapiamlo; hata hivyo, vifo havisemekani kutokana na hiyo.[5]
Katika mwaka wa 2010 ilikadiriwa kwamba ilichangia takriban vifo milioni 1.5 katika wanawake na watoto,[20] ijapokuwa baadhi ya makadirio ya idadi hiyo huenda yanatakiwa kuwa zaidi ya milioni 3.[12]
Watoto wengine milioni 165 wana matatizo ya kukua kutokana na ugonjwa huu.[12]
Ukosefu wa lishe ni wa kawaida sana katika nchi zinazoendelea.[21] Takwimu zaonyesha kwamba Afrika ni mojawapo ya bara ambazo watoto wachanga wako na shida ya kurefuka pamoja na kuwanda kupindukia kwa sababu ya utapiamlo. Kulingana na Global Nutrition report Archived 23 Januari 2018 at the Wayback Machine., bara la Afrika lakumbana na shida nyingi za lishe. Licha ya shida ya kutorefuka kupiganwa nayo, watoto millioni sitini wa bara hili hawakui vizuri. Lishe anayopata mtu hutegemea na umri wake kwa sababu watoto wachanga hawawezi kula chakula kinacholiwa na wazee.
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ "malnutrition" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Facts for life (PDF) (toleo la 4th ed.). New York: United Nations Children's Fund. 2010. ku. 61 and 75. ISBN 978-92-806-4466-1. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2018-12-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-10-24.
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suggested) (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Young, E.M. (2012). Food and development. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ku. 36–38. ISBN 9781135999414.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Essentials of International Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2011. uk. 194. ISBN 9781449667719.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health". WHO. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Julai 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Konje, editor, Mala Arora ; co-editor, Justin C. (2007). Recurrent pregnancy loss (toleo la 2nd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers. ISBN 9788184480061.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Progress For Children: A Report Card On Nutrition" (PDF). UNICEF. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2021-01-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2015-10-24.
- ↑ Prentice, editor-in-chief, Benjamin Caballero ; editors, Lindsay Allen, Andrew (2005). Encyclopedia of human nutrition (toleo la 2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. uk. 68. ISBN 9780080454283.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Stoelting's anesthesia and co-existing disease (toleo la 6th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. uk. 324. ISBN 9781455738120.
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has extra text (help) - ↑ editors, Ronnie A. Rosenthal, Michael E. Zenilman, Mark R. Katlic, (2011). Principles and practice of geriatric surgery (toleo la 2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer. uk. 78. ISBN 9781441969996.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 "An update of 'The Neglected Crisis of Undernutrition: Evidence for Action'" (PDF). www.gov.uk. Department for International Development. Okt 2012. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Julai 2014.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Bhutta, ZA; Das, JK; Rizvi, A; Gaffey, MF; Walker, N; Horton, S; Webb, P; Lartey, A; Black, RE; Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review, Group; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study, Group (Ago 3, 2013). "Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?". Lancet. 382 (9890): 452–77. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60996-4. PMID 23746776.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "World Food Programme, Cash and Vouchers for Food" (PDF). WFP.org. Aprili 2012. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Julai 2014.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 14.0 14.1 Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003. ISBN 9241546093.
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(help) - ↑ Jonathan A. Foley, Navin Ramankutty, Kate A. Brauman, Emily S. Cassidy, James S. Gerber, Matt Johnston, Nathaniel D. Mueller, Christine O’Connell, Deepak K. Ray, Paul C. West, Christian Balzer, Elena M. Bennett, Stephen R. Carpenter, Jason Hill1, Chad Monfreda, Stephen Polasky1, Johan Rockström, John Sheehan, Stefan Siebert, David Tilman1, David P. M. Zaks (Oktoba 2011). "Solutions for a cultivated planet". Nature. 478 (7369): 337–342. doi:10.1038/nature10452. PMID 21993620.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "Kiwango cha njaa duniani kinapungua, lakini malengo ya juu sana ya njaa kimataifa ni ngumu kuyafikia" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Septemba 2010. Iliwekwa mnamo 1 Julai 2014.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Food; (FAO), Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2008). The state of food insecurity in the world, 2008 : high food prices and food security : threats and opportunities. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). uk. 2. ISBN 978-92-5-106049-0.
Makadirio ya FAO ya hivi karibuni yanaweka idadi ya watu wenye njaa [hawa, wenye utapiamlo] kuwa milioni 923 katika mwaka wa 2007, ongezeko la zaidi ya watu milioni 80 tangu kipindi cha 1990–92.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K; na wenz. (Desemba 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.
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: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Murray, CJ (Des 15, 2012). "Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2197–223. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61689-4. PMID 23245608.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD; na wenz. (Desemba 2012). "A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2224–60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8. PMID 23245609.
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: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=
(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Liz Young (2002). World Hunger Routledge Introductions to Development. uk. 20. ISBN 9781134774944.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- https://www.globalnutritionreport.org/files/2017/11/Report_2017.pdf Archived 23 Januari 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- https://qz.com/1121083/africas-malnutrition-problem-for-chi-is-the-only-continent-where-children-are-growing-both-stunted-and-fat/
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