In this research, I studied on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (... more In this research, I studied on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (GH) in Salmo trutta caspius. GH gene in Salmo trutta caspius have been six exons and five introns the full length. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (GH) were compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST-NCBI-Network system. Following to BLAST program, were found three gaps in full length of GH gene, first gap originated to 960 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 1610 bp (Salmo salar), second gap originated to 2033 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 4206 bp (Salmo salar), third gap 1318 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 2637 bp (Salmo salar). The all of gaps were not math with together, but the similarity of nucleotides between gaps were high. In this study we found SNPs in full length of GH gene when compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST-NCBI-Network system. According my research were found 22 single nucleotide mutations in first gap and 12 single nucleotide mutations in second gap, however there were not any single nucleotide mutation in third gap. For generally similarity of GH gene between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar is high (98%).
Cytochrome C oxidase subunit II in Salmo trutta caspius were sequenced and
deposited in Genbank, ... more Cytochrome C oxidase subunit II in Salmo trutta caspius were sequenced and deposited in Genbank, accession number (LC 011387). The full length of CO II gene has 703 bp. In this study full length of CO II gene were compared between S. t. caspius, Salmo trutta, Salmo salar and Salmo trutta fario by NCBI Network system–BLAST program and DNAMAN computer program. Between S. t. caspius and S. trutta were found a high homology in nucleotides when compared by BLAST program and 100 % homology were found about amino acids when compared by DNAMAN program. CO II gene in S. t. caspius also were analysed with S. trutta, S. salar and S. t. fario. A high homology (99 %) was found between them when compared by BLAST program for nucleotides. About amino acids were compared with DNAMAN program, results were showed however between sequences of salmonids have been high homology but the location of mutation was important. Between S. t. caspius, S. salar and S. t. fario codon of methionine (start codon) were replaced. In generally between S. t. caspius and other salmonids that cited above have been low SNPs, hence there were high homology between COII genes in salmonid species.
Studies on human and nonhuman organisms have shown that the quality of gametes decreases with
inc... more Studies on human and nonhuman organisms have shown that the quality of gametes decreases with increasing of male age. Paradoxically, in many taxa, female prefer to mate with older males; however the adaptive significance of such preference is not clear until today due to lack of studies involving accessory gland proteins (Acps) and sperm traits. We used both cross sectional and longitudinal approaches to study male age effects on son’s mating success, accessory gland proteins and sperm traits in D. melanogaster. It was noticed that in D. melanogaster, females of all age classes discriminated between sons of different male age classes and preferred to mate with sons of young males more frequently than with the sons of middle aged and old males. In pairwise mating, sons of young males showed a significantly greater courtship act compared to sons of middle aged and old males. In turn, females showed least rejection responses to the sons of young males than towards the sons of middle aged and old males. Further, sons of young males with smaller accessory glands, with a few larger main cells in their accessory glands, had produced greater quantities of Acps and were able to transfer significantly greater quantities of Acps and sperms to the mated females. As a result, females mated with them had greater fecundity and fertility than those mated with sons of middle aged or old males. Further, the sons of young males lived longer but females mated with sons of young males shorter life. Thus, our study suggests that with increasing of male age, the quality of gametes increases, resulting in reduction of Acps, and sperm traits of sons. Thus females of D. melanogaster obtain indirect genetic benefits by mating with young males.
Age specific variations in mating, fecundity and reproductive performance occur in many organisms... more Age specific variations in mating, fecundity and reproductive performance occur in many organisms. Drosophila melanogaster represents a good model system for age-related studies and testing direct fitness benefits gained when females mate with specific male phenotypes. However, how male age related changes in male accessory glands and fitness traits are affected by rearing temperatures, has not been examined. Here we examined age-related mating of D. melanogaster in three age classes reared at three different temperatures. In all the rearing temperatures, young males with larger accessory glands containing a small number of large cells produced greater quantity of Acps than old males. Furthermore, young males transferred a greater quantity of Acps and sperms to mated females and as a result females that mated with young males produced significantly greater number of eggs and sperms than female mated with old males. This result was found to be similar in all the three temperatures in D. melanogaster. Together our data indicate that male age related changes in the accessory gland and sperm traits are independent of rearing temperatures
hormone gene (GH) in Salmo trutta caspius. GH gene in Salmo trutta caspius
have been six exons an... more hormone gene (GH) in Salmo trutta caspius. GH gene in Salmo trutta caspius have been six exons and five introns the full length. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (GH) were compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST- NCBI-Network system. Following to BLAST program, were found three gaps in full length of GH gene, first gap originated to 960 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 1610 bp (Salmo salar), second gap originated to 2033 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 4206 bp (Salmo salar), third gap 1318 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 2637 bp (Salmo salar). The all of gaps were not math with together, but the similarity of nucleotides between gaps were high. In this study we found SNPs in full length of GH gene when compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST- NCBI-Network system. According my research were found 22 single nucleotide mutations in first gap and 12 single nucleotide mutations in second gap, however there were not any single nucleotide mutation in third gap. For generally similarity of GH gene between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar is high (98%).
The cytochrome b gene in the salmo trutta fario (s.t. fario) has been
sequenced, characterized an... more The cytochrome b gene in the salmo trutta fario (s.t. fario) has been sequenced, characterized and deposited in GeneBank, Accession Number JN995186.1. We also analysed the three sequences from salmons (Salmo trutta fario, Salmo trutta and salmo trutta caspius) for finding the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). There were 10 % variation SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism). According our results there were no significant variation between sequences of salmons had reported in this study.
Male age effect on male fitness has been studied in rearing temperatures in D. melanogaster. It w... more Male age effect on male fitness has been studied in rearing temperatures in D. melanogaster. It was noticed that in all the three rearing temperatures females of all the three age classes preferred to mate with the younger of two competing males more frequently than with old males. Young males mated performed greater courtship acts and mated faster than middle aged and old males. However except at 29ºC±1ºC, no significant variation was noticed in duration of copulation among male age classes. Further young male inseminated more females and produced greater progeny numbers than middle aged and old males. This result was found to be similar in all the three rearing temperatures. Thus these studies suggests that in D. melanogaster male age has significant influence on age based female mate preference and age related changes in male courtship activities, male mating ability and progeny production were independent of rearing temperatures.
Age effect of male on male mating ability and progeny number has been studied in D. melanogaster.... more Age effect of male on male mating ability and progeny number has been studied in D. melanogaster. It was noticed that male at young age had inseminated more females and had produced greater number of progeny than middle aged and old males. Thus these studies suggest that in D. melanogaster remating of male increases male fitness. Further male at young age has greater fitness than middle and old aged males.
The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and deposited in GenBank, Accession number: AB828175.1. The resul... more The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and deposited in GenBank, Accession number: AB828175.1. The result of sequencing was compared by DNAMAN software. RNA structure analysis software was used for prediction and analysis of secondary structures of the 16S rRNA gene in three species of Uncultured Paenibacilus, including, clone T-168, clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10. It was designed to make algorithms accessible for a variety of user needs. These include both free energy and change parameters at 37ºC and enthalpy change parameters to allow prediction of conformation stability at an arbitrary temperature. The results for the minimum free energy (MFE) prediction in form of the secondary structure in dot bracket notation and the free energy and centroid secondary structure were revealed between sequences. The minimum free energy prediction was -205.00, -562.20, and -574.60 kcal/mol for clone T-168, clone SGR-280, and clone SGR-10 respectively. Furthermore, the ensemble diversity is 183.09, 380.21 and 284.80 for clone T-168, clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10, respectively. The centroid secondary structure in dot-bracket notation with a minimum free energy of -153.20, - 449.92 and -503.92 kcal/mol for clone T-168, clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10 were reported respectively. According to these results, high variation between clone T-168, clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10 were found, but there were high homology between both clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10.
The uncultured Paenibacillus species clone: T-168 were isolated from muscle tissue of salmo trutt... more The uncultured Paenibacillus species clone: T-168 were isolated from muscle tissue of salmo trutta caspius(fish species) for studies of their 16S rRNA gene. A one pair of 16S rRNA gene were designed by BLAST and DNAMAN computer program. After amplifying of RNA gene, were sequenced and deposited GenBank, accession number, AB828175.1. 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 were aligned between some species of bacteria specially Paenibacilus. The results showed that there was homology between 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 and 16S rRNA gene in other species of the bacteria.
The uncultured Paenibacillus species clone: T-168 was isolated from muscle
tissue of salmo trutta... more The uncultured Paenibacillus species clone: T-168 was isolated from muscle tissue of salmo trutta caspius (fish species) for studies of their 16S rRNA gene. A one pair of 16S rRNA gene was designed by BLAST and DNAMAN computer program. After amplifying of RNA gene, were sequenced and deposited GenBank, accession number, AB828175.1. 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 were aligned between some species of bacteria specially Paenibacilus. The results showed that there was homology between 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 and 16S rRNA gene in other species of bacteria.
16S rRNA gene in the salmo trutta fario and Salmo trutta caspius has been
polymerized, characteri... more 16S rRNA gene in the salmo trutta fario and Salmo trutta caspius has been polymerized, characterized and compared with within and between of salmonids species. The full lengths of 16S rRNA gene in species of salmons were sequenced approximately 1.7 kb and deposited in GenBank. We designed one pair of primer for amplification of 16S rRNA gene in species of s.t.caspius and s. t. fario. In present study, DNA extracted from muscles of s. t. fario and s.t.caspius for amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. After running PCR on the gel, against the PCR product had taken photo by Gel DOC. The results are shown there was high homology between solmonids, because we got PCR product around 1700bp equal of full length of 16S rRNA gene that reported in GenBank. However, the homology of PCR products were very high, but the shape of s. t. fario with s.t.caspius is different, s.t.fario has red to purple color dots on the skin but regards salmo salar and s.t. caspius have grey to black dots colors on the skin.
This study deals with evolutionary genetics of salmonids populations, with the
special emphasis o... more This study deals with evolutionary genetics of salmonids populations, with the special emphasis on the roles of migration, random genetic drift, mutation, and natural selection affecting the patterns of molecular variation across contemporary and historical time scales. Studies of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial genomic variation supported the hypothesis that salmonid populations differ from the geographical regions, indicating for genetic diversity between populations. This study were used some genes for nuclear DNA genomic and mitochondrial DNA genomic for evaluation of the rate diversity. We suggest that the region of geographically is important to rate of diversity between and within populations. Were used marker genetic techniques such as the microsatellites markers, SNPs, RFLP, and some genes from mitochondrial genomic that engaged on the rate of diversity in populations of salmonids. Between and within population of S. salar and S. trutta were found single mutation by SNPs technique. RFLP analysis by nuclear DNA genomic such as microsatellites and growth hormone gene and also mitochondrial DNA genomic as cytochrome b and 12S rRNA gene and markers also showed the low variation between and within salmonids populations
Salmo trutta caspius were collected from three regions of Iran, were studied for the rate homolog... more Salmo trutta caspius were collected from three regions of Iran, were studied for the rate homology between salmo trutta caspius with other salmonids by using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. The full length of this gene has around 1200 bp in length, that reported in Genebank. In this project were designed one pair of primers from cytochrome c oxidase gene by DNAMAN program and NCBI Network system. The PCR products indicated for determination of among homology between Salmo trutta caspius and other salmonids that compared with cytochrome c oxidase gene.
The cytochrome b gene in the salmo trutta fario has been sequenced and
characterized and deposite... more The cytochrome b gene in the salmo trutta fario has been sequenced and characterized and deposited in GeneBank, Accession Number (JN995186), the gene of cytochrome b approximately 1.2 kb. and consists of one exon from first to end of the gene, as found for all of salmonids including, salmo salar, salmo trutta caspius, salmo trutta fario that reported in GeneBank. There were the first to end of gene repetitive regions C-G that was unique for cytochrome b gene. At this study DNA extracted from muscles of salmo trutta fario, after running PCR on the gel, the PCR products purify and sequenced. The fragments aligned with BLAST Network system, the results are shown there were high homology between solmonids, the rate of homology between salmo salar 93%, salmo trutta caspius almost 95% and salmo fario (was reported in GeneBank) 93%. However, the homology of sequences were very high, but the shape of salmo trutta fario and other salmonids different, salmo trutta fario has red to purple color dots on the skin but regards salmo salar and salmo trutta caspius have grey to black dots colors on the skin.
In the present study, growth hormone (GH) gene and Cytochrome b gene in
Salmo trutta caspius and ... more In the present study, growth hormone (GH) gene and Cytochrome b gene in Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo trutta fario were discussed, the rate of relationships between salmonids were analyzed by GH and Cytochrome b gene. The GH gene is a genetics marker in nuclear DNA that expressed paternal traits in salmons, furthermore, Cytochrome b gene also is genetics marker that expressed maternal DNA in mitochondrial genomics. With two genes we documented that there were high homology between sequences of GH gene and Cytochrome b gene, hence the salmonids types, specially salmo trutta caspius, salmo salar and salmo trutta fario probably had similar ancient in bony fishes.
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has short time life span, these flies, are
particular advan... more The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has short time life span, these flies, are particular advantage for ageing work, including , life history which divided up into distinct, morphological stages so that the period growth and development can be readily distinguished from the sexual mature ageing adult phase. Sexual selection aging means differential reproduction owing variation in the ability to obtain mates and fertilized oocytes. A few experimental studies have shown that the optimum strategy for males is often to mate with as many females as possible, whereas the optimum strategy for females is likely to select the most attractive male. As a result the mating males to females, the repetitive of mating is very important on the rate of fertility of females, if males has been twice mating by females usually the fertility will be decreased, here the function some secretion from ejaculate of males is very important. Recently the performance of male accessory gland proteins (Acps) were found in Drosophila melanogaster. Acps have been observed cause of increasing female oviposition rates, also increasing the rate of fertility, hatchability, son mating ability, mediate sperm storage, cause part of the survival cost mating male to females, may protect reproductive tracts or gametes from microbial attack, and also hundreds function known and unknown on the reproductive performance in males and females. However, until to date were found almost 25 to 150 proteins in male accessory glands, but also still were not distinguished function of all those proteins. Supporting these hypotheses, here we study the function of ageing on the rate of male sexual secretion and reproductive performance in offspring fitness. The objective of the current study is two-fold: the first aim is to evaluate mechanisms of sexual selection on the age affective in parental traits and second aim, is to evaluate mechanisms of sexual selection on the offspring fitness traits for their potential explained by random mating in the species Drosophila melanogaster.
This study is an investigation of three different ages, 2-3 days aged old (young),
27-28 days age... more This study is an investigation of three different ages, 2-3 days aged old (young), 27-28 days aged old (middle) and 52-53 days aged old (high) in male to test influence of aging and temperature on male reproductive performance, female fitness traits and also offspring fitness traits. The male reproductive performance including male mating ability and mating success on the female fitness traits, that were examined patterns of age dependence on the temperature behavior when exposed to high (29°c) temperature. At 29°c, between three ages (young, middle and old) the among of female fecundity and fertility was significantly reduced, compared to normal temperature. There was a significant egg laid and egg hatchability between young, middle and old age females (young>middle>old), also, in females that mated with son flies obtained from male young, middle and old aged, the variation of fecundity and fertility between females was significant, but the among of females fecundity and fertility that were mated with son’s of male middle age was higher than young and old age: (middle>young> old).
Male Drosophila melanogaster, like males of many other animal species, male
age and temperature a... more Male Drosophila melanogaster, like males of many other animal species, male age and temperature affected the sperm number. Here we use Drosophila melanogaster males of different ages and decreasing temperature on the sperm number, to investigate the role of aging and temperature affected to sperm transferred to female during mating. The male ages were used to show that while maximize sperm number in young (2-3 days)and middle age (27-28 days) was contributed but mean value of sperm number between fifty replicate was different and also the results of one way ANOVA were significant between three age classes. Sperms after mating soon counted from female reproductive system, the results are shown, mean value of sperms when males exposed to cold temperature (15°c) in young and middle aged, sperm number was around 4000, and old male aged (952-53 days) around 2000, these results demonstrate that viability of sperm produce in males after 27- 28 days, will be reduced more than young to middle aged.
In this research, I studied on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (... more In this research, I studied on the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (GH) in Salmo trutta caspius. GH gene in Salmo trutta caspius have been six exons and five introns the full length. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (GH) were compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST-NCBI-Network system. Following to BLAST program, were found three gaps in full length of GH gene, first gap originated to 960 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 1610 bp (Salmo salar), second gap originated to 2033 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 4206 bp (Salmo salar), third gap 1318 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 2637 bp (Salmo salar). The all of gaps were not math with together, but the similarity of nucleotides between gaps were high. In this study we found SNPs in full length of GH gene when compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST-NCBI-Network system. According my research were found 22 single nucleotide mutations in first gap and 12 single nucleotide mutations in second gap, however there were not any single nucleotide mutation in third gap. For generally similarity of GH gene between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar is high (98%).
Cytochrome C oxidase subunit II in Salmo trutta caspius were sequenced and
deposited in Genbank, ... more Cytochrome C oxidase subunit II in Salmo trutta caspius were sequenced and deposited in Genbank, accession number (LC 011387). The full length of CO II gene has 703 bp. In this study full length of CO II gene were compared between S. t. caspius, Salmo trutta, Salmo salar and Salmo trutta fario by NCBI Network system–BLAST program and DNAMAN computer program. Between S. t. caspius and S. trutta were found a high homology in nucleotides when compared by BLAST program and 100 % homology were found about amino acids when compared by DNAMAN program. CO II gene in S. t. caspius also were analysed with S. trutta, S. salar and S. t. fario. A high homology (99 %) was found between them when compared by BLAST program for nucleotides. About amino acids were compared with DNAMAN program, results were showed however between sequences of salmonids have been high homology but the location of mutation was important. Between S. t. caspius, S. salar and S. t. fario codon of methionine (start codon) were replaced. In generally between S. t. caspius and other salmonids that cited above have been low SNPs, hence there were high homology between COII genes in salmonid species.
Studies on human and nonhuman organisms have shown that the quality of gametes decreases with
inc... more Studies on human and nonhuman organisms have shown that the quality of gametes decreases with increasing of male age. Paradoxically, in many taxa, female prefer to mate with older males; however the adaptive significance of such preference is not clear until today due to lack of studies involving accessory gland proteins (Acps) and sperm traits. We used both cross sectional and longitudinal approaches to study male age effects on son’s mating success, accessory gland proteins and sperm traits in D. melanogaster. It was noticed that in D. melanogaster, females of all age classes discriminated between sons of different male age classes and preferred to mate with sons of young males more frequently than with the sons of middle aged and old males. In pairwise mating, sons of young males showed a significantly greater courtship act compared to sons of middle aged and old males. In turn, females showed least rejection responses to the sons of young males than towards the sons of middle aged and old males. Further, sons of young males with smaller accessory glands, with a few larger main cells in their accessory glands, had produced greater quantities of Acps and were able to transfer significantly greater quantities of Acps and sperms to the mated females. As a result, females mated with them had greater fecundity and fertility than those mated with sons of middle aged or old males. Further, the sons of young males lived longer but females mated with sons of young males shorter life. Thus, our study suggests that with increasing of male age, the quality of gametes increases, resulting in reduction of Acps, and sperm traits of sons. Thus females of D. melanogaster obtain indirect genetic benefits by mating with young males.
Age specific variations in mating, fecundity and reproductive performance occur in many organisms... more Age specific variations in mating, fecundity and reproductive performance occur in many organisms. Drosophila melanogaster represents a good model system for age-related studies and testing direct fitness benefits gained when females mate with specific male phenotypes. However, how male age related changes in male accessory glands and fitness traits are affected by rearing temperatures, has not been examined. Here we examined age-related mating of D. melanogaster in three age classes reared at three different temperatures. In all the rearing temperatures, young males with larger accessory glands containing a small number of large cells produced greater quantity of Acps than old males. Furthermore, young males transferred a greater quantity of Acps and sperms to mated females and as a result females that mated with young males produced significantly greater number of eggs and sperms than female mated with old males. This result was found to be similar in all the three temperatures in D. melanogaster. Together our data indicate that male age related changes in the accessory gland and sperm traits are independent of rearing temperatures
hormone gene (GH) in Salmo trutta caspius. GH gene in Salmo trutta caspius
have been six exons an... more hormone gene (GH) in Salmo trutta caspius. GH gene in Salmo trutta caspius have been six exons and five introns the full length. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (GH) were compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST- NCBI-Network system. Following to BLAST program, were found three gaps in full length of GH gene, first gap originated to 960 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 1610 bp (Salmo salar), second gap originated to 2033 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 4206 bp (Salmo salar), third gap 1318 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 2637 bp (Salmo salar). The all of gaps were not math with together, but the similarity of nucleotides between gaps were high. In this study we found SNPs in full length of GH gene when compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST- NCBI-Network system. According my research were found 22 single nucleotide mutations in first gap and 12 single nucleotide mutations in second gap, however there were not any single nucleotide mutation in third gap. For generally similarity of GH gene between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar is high (98%).
The cytochrome b gene in the salmo trutta fario (s.t. fario) has been
sequenced, characterized an... more The cytochrome b gene in the salmo trutta fario (s.t. fario) has been sequenced, characterized and deposited in GeneBank, Accession Number JN995186.1. We also analysed the three sequences from salmons (Salmo trutta fario, Salmo trutta and salmo trutta caspius) for finding the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). There were 10 % variation SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism). According our results there were no significant variation between sequences of salmons had reported in this study.
Male age effect on male fitness has been studied in rearing temperatures in D. melanogaster. It w... more Male age effect on male fitness has been studied in rearing temperatures in D. melanogaster. It was noticed that in all the three rearing temperatures females of all the three age classes preferred to mate with the younger of two competing males more frequently than with old males. Young males mated performed greater courtship acts and mated faster than middle aged and old males. However except at 29ºC±1ºC, no significant variation was noticed in duration of copulation among male age classes. Further young male inseminated more females and produced greater progeny numbers than middle aged and old males. This result was found to be similar in all the three rearing temperatures. Thus these studies suggests that in D. melanogaster male age has significant influence on age based female mate preference and age related changes in male courtship activities, male mating ability and progeny production were independent of rearing temperatures.
Age effect of male on male mating ability and progeny number has been studied in D. melanogaster.... more Age effect of male on male mating ability and progeny number has been studied in D. melanogaster. It was noticed that male at young age had inseminated more females and had produced greater number of progeny than middle aged and old males. Thus these studies suggest that in D. melanogaster remating of male increases male fitness. Further male at young age has greater fitness than middle and old aged males.
The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and deposited in GenBank, Accession number: AB828175.1. The resul... more The 16S rRNA gene was sequenced and deposited in GenBank, Accession number: AB828175.1. The result of sequencing was compared by DNAMAN software. RNA structure analysis software was used for prediction and analysis of secondary structures of the 16S rRNA gene in three species of Uncultured Paenibacilus, including, clone T-168, clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10. It was designed to make algorithms accessible for a variety of user needs. These include both free energy and change parameters at 37ºC and enthalpy change parameters to allow prediction of conformation stability at an arbitrary temperature. The results for the minimum free energy (MFE) prediction in form of the secondary structure in dot bracket notation and the free energy and centroid secondary structure were revealed between sequences. The minimum free energy prediction was -205.00, -562.20, and -574.60 kcal/mol for clone T-168, clone SGR-280, and clone SGR-10 respectively. Furthermore, the ensemble diversity is 183.09, 380.21 and 284.80 for clone T-168, clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10, respectively. The centroid secondary structure in dot-bracket notation with a minimum free energy of -153.20, - 449.92 and -503.92 kcal/mol for clone T-168, clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10 were reported respectively. According to these results, high variation between clone T-168, clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10 were found, but there were high homology between both clone SGR-280 and clone SGR-10.
The uncultured Paenibacillus species clone: T-168 were isolated from muscle tissue of salmo trutt... more The uncultured Paenibacillus species clone: T-168 were isolated from muscle tissue of salmo trutta caspius(fish species) for studies of their 16S rRNA gene. A one pair of 16S rRNA gene were designed by BLAST and DNAMAN computer program. After amplifying of RNA gene, were sequenced and deposited GenBank, accession number, AB828175.1. 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 were aligned between some species of bacteria specially Paenibacilus. The results showed that there was homology between 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 and 16S rRNA gene in other species of the bacteria.
The uncultured Paenibacillus species clone: T-168 was isolated from muscle
tissue of salmo trutta... more The uncultured Paenibacillus species clone: T-168 was isolated from muscle tissue of salmo trutta caspius (fish species) for studies of their 16S rRNA gene. A one pair of 16S rRNA gene was designed by BLAST and DNAMAN computer program. After amplifying of RNA gene, were sequenced and deposited GenBank, accession number, AB828175.1. 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 were aligned between some species of bacteria specially Paenibacilus. The results showed that there was homology between 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 and 16S rRNA gene in other species of bacteria.
16S rRNA gene in the salmo trutta fario and Salmo trutta caspius has been
polymerized, characteri... more 16S rRNA gene in the salmo trutta fario and Salmo trutta caspius has been polymerized, characterized and compared with within and between of salmonids species. The full lengths of 16S rRNA gene in species of salmons were sequenced approximately 1.7 kb and deposited in GenBank. We designed one pair of primer for amplification of 16S rRNA gene in species of s.t.caspius and s. t. fario. In present study, DNA extracted from muscles of s. t. fario and s.t.caspius for amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. After running PCR on the gel, against the PCR product had taken photo by Gel DOC. The results are shown there was high homology between solmonids, because we got PCR product around 1700bp equal of full length of 16S rRNA gene that reported in GenBank. However, the homology of PCR products were very high, but the shape of s. t. fario with s.t.caspius is different, s.t.fario has red to purple color dots on the skin but regards salmo salar and s.t. caspius have grey to black dots colors on the skin.
This study deals with evolutionary genetics of salmonids populations, with the
special emphasis o... more This study deals with evolutionary genetics of salmonids populations, with the special emphasis on the roles of migration, random genetic drift, mutation, and natural selection affecting the patterns of molecular variation across contemporary and historical time scales. Studies of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial genomic variation supported the hypothesis that salmonid populations differ from the geographical regions, indicating for genetic diversity between populations. This study were used some genes for nuclear DNA genomic and mitochondrial DNA genomic for evaluation of the rate diversity. We suggest that the region of geographically is important to rate of diversity between and within populations. Were used marker genetic techniques such as the microsatellites markers, SNPs, RFLP, and some genes from mitochondrial genomic that engaged on the rate of diversity in populations of salmonids. Between and within population of S. salar and S. trutta were found single mutation by SNPs technique. RFLP analysis by nuclear DNA genomic such as microsatellites and growth hormone gene and also mitochondrial DNA genomic as cytochrome b and 12S rRNA gene and markers also showed the low variation between and within salmonids populations
Salmo trutta caspius were collected from three regions of Iran, were studied for the rate homolog... more Salmo trutta caspius were collected from three regions of Iran, were studied for the rate homology between salmo trutta caspius with other salmonids by using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. The full length of this gene has around 1200 bp in length, that reported in Genebank. In this project were designed one pair of primers from cytochrome c oxidase gene by DNAMAN program and NCBI Network system. The PCR products indicated for determination of among homology between Salmo trutta caspius and other salmonids that compared with cytochrome c oxidase gene.
The cytochrome b gene in the salmo trutta fario has been sequenced and
characterized and deposite... more The cytochrome b gene in the salmo trutta fario has been sequenced and characterized and deposited in GeneBank, Accession Number (JN995186), the gene of cytochrome b approximately 1.2 kb. and consists of one exon from first to end of the gene, as found for all of salmonids including, salmo salar, salmo trutta caspius, salmo trutta fario that reported in GeneBank. There were the first to end of gene repetitive regions C-G that was unique for cytochrome b gene. At this study DNA extracted from muscles of salmo trutta fario, after running PCR on the gel, the PCR products purify and sequenced. The fragments aligned with BLAST Network system, the results are shown there were high homology between solmonids, the rate of homology between salmo salar 93%, salmo trutta caspius almost 95% and salmo fario (was reported in GeneBank) 93%. However, the homology of sequences were very high, but the shape of salmo trutta fario and other salmonids different, salmo trutta fario has red to purple color dots on the skin but regards salmo salar and salmo trutta caspius have grey to black dots colors on the skin.
In the present study, growth hormone (GH) gene and Cytochrome b gene in
Salmo trutta caspius and ... more In the present study, growth hormone (GH) gene and Cytochrome b gene in Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo trutta fario were discussed, the rate of relationships between salmonids were analyzed by GH and Cytochrome b gene. The GH gene is a genetics marker in nuclear DNA that expressed paternal traits in salmons, furthermore, Cytochrome b gene also is genetics marker that expressed maternal DNA in mitochondrial genomics. With two genes we documented that there were high homology between sequences of GH gene and Cytochrome b gene, hence the salmonids types, specially salmo trutta caspius, salmo salar and salmo trutta fario probably had similar ancient in bony fishes.
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has short time life span, these flies, are
particular advan... more The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has short time life span, these flies, are particular advantage for ageing work, including , life history which divided up into distinct, morphological stages so that the period growth and development can be readily distinguished from the sexual mature ageing adult phase. Sexual selection aging means differential reproduction owing variation in the ability to obtain mates and fertilized oocytes. A few experimental studies have shown that the optimum strategy for males is often to mate with as many females as possible, whereas the optimum strategy for females is likely to select the most attractive male. As a result the mating males to females, the repetitive of mating is very important on the rate of fertility of females, if males has been twice mating by females usually the fertility will be decreased, here the function some secretion from ejaculate of males is very important. Recently the performance of male accessory gland proteins (Acps) were found in Drosophila melanogaster. Acps have been observed cause of increasing female oviposition rates, also increasing the rate of fertility, hatchability, son mating ability, mediate sperm storage, cause part of the survival cost mating male to females, may protect reproductive tracts or gametes from microbial attack, and also hundreds function known and unknown on the reproductive performance in males and females. However, until to date were found almost 25 to 150 proteins in male accessory glands, but also still were not distinguished function of all those proteins. Supporting these hypotheses, here we study the function of ageing on the rate of male sexual secretion and reproductive performance in offspring fitness. The objective of the current study is two-fold: the first aim is to evaluate mechanisms of sexual selection on the age affective in parental traits and second aim, is to evaluate mechanisms of sexual selection on the offspring fitness traits for their potential explained by random mating in the species Drosophila melanogaster.
This study is an investigation of three different ages, 2-3 days aged old (young),
27-28 days age... more This study is an investigation of three different ages, 2-3 days aged old (young), 27-28 days aged old (middle) and 52-53 days aged old (high) in male to test influence of aging and temperature on male reproductive performance, female fitness traits and also offspring fitness traits. The male reproductive performance including male mating ability and mating success on the female fitness traits, that were examined patterns of age dependence on the temperature behavior when exposed to high (29°c) temperature. At 29°c, between three ages (young, middle and old) the among of female fecundity and fertility was significantly reduced, compared to normal temperature. There was a significant egg laid and egg hatchability between young, middle and old age females (young>middle>old), also, in females that mated with son flies obtained from male young, middle and old aged, the variation of fecundity and fertility between females was significant, but the among of females fecundity and fertility that were mated with son’s of male middle age was higher than young and old age: (middle>young> old).
Male Drosophila melanogaster, like males of many other animal species, male
age and temperature a... more Male Drosophila melanogaster, like males of many other animal species, male age and temperature affected the sperm number. Here we use Drosophila melanogaster males of different ages and decreasing temperature on the sperm number, to investigate the role of aging and temperature affected to sperm transferred to female during mating. The male ages were used to show that while maximize sperm number in young (2-3 days)and middle age (27-28 days) was contributed but mean value of sperm number between fifty replicate was different and also the results of one way ANOVA were significant between three age classes. Sperms after mating soon counted from female reproductive system, the results are shown, mean value of sperms when males exposed to cold temperature (15°c) in young and middle aged, sperm number was around 4000, and old male aged (952-53 days) around 2000, these results demonstrate that viability of sperm produce in males after 27- 28 days, will be reduced more than young to middle aged.
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deposited in Genbank, accession number (LC 011387). The full length of CO II gene has 703 bp. In
this study full length of CO II gene were compared between S. t. caspius, Salmo trutta, Salmo salar
and Salmo trutta fario by NCBI Network system–BLAST program and DNAMAN computer
program. Between S. t. caspius and S. trutta were found a high homology in nucleotides when
compared by BLAST program and 100 % homology were found about amino acids when compared
by DNAMAN program. CO II gene in S. t. caspius also were analysed with S. trutta, S. salar and S.
t. fario. A high homology (99 %) was found between them when compared by BLAST program for
nucleotides. About amino acids were compared with DNAMAN program, results were showed
however between sequences of salmonids have been high homology but the location of mutation
was important. Between S. t. caspius, S. salar and S. t. fario codon of methionine (start codon)
were replaced. In generally between S. t. caspius and other salmonids that cited above have been
low SNPs, hence there were high homology between COII genes in salmonid species.
increasing of male age. Paradoxically, in many taxa, female prefer to mate with older males; however the adaptive
significance of such preference is not clear until today due to lack of studies involving accessory gland proteins
(Acps) and sperm traits. We used both cross sectional and longitudinal approaches to study male age effects on son’s
mating success, accessory gland proteins and sperm traits in D. melanogaster. It was noticed that in D.
melanogaster, females of all age classes discriminated between sons of different male age classes and preferred to
mate with sons of young males more frequently than with the sons of middle aged and old males. In pairwise
mating, sons of young males showed a significantly greater courtship act compared to sons of middle aged and old
males. In turn, females showed least rejection responses to the sons of young males than towards the sons of middle
aged and old males. Further, sons of young males with smaller accessory glands, with a few larger main cells in their
accessory glands, had produced greater quantities of Acps and were able to transfer significantly greater quantities
of Acps and sperms to the mated females. As a result, females mated with them had greater fecundity and fertility
than those mated with sons of middle aged or old males. Further, the sons of young males lived longer but females
mated with sons of young males shorter life. Thus, our study suggests that with increasing of male age, the quality of
gametes increases, resulting in reduction of Acps, and sperm traits of sons. Thus females of D. melanogaster obtain
indirect genetic benefits by mating with young males.
Drosophila melanogaster represents a good model system for age-related studies and testing direct fitness benefits
gained when females mate with specific male phenotypes. However, how male age related changes in male
accessory glands and fitness traits are affected by rearing temperatures, has not been examined. Here we examined
age-related mating of D. melanogaster in three age classes reared at three different temperatures. In all the rearing
temperatures, young males with larger accessory glands containing a small number of large cells produced greater
quantity of Acps than old males. Furthermore, young males transferred a greater quantity of Acps and sperms to
mated females and as a result females that mated with young males produced significantly greater number of eggs
and sperms than female mated with old males. This result was found to be similar in all the three temperatures in D.
melanogaster. Together our data indicate that male age related changes in the accessory gland and sperm traits are
independent of rearing temperatures
have been six exons and five introns the full length. Single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (GH) were compared between Salmo trutta caspius and
Salmo salar by BLAST- NCBI-Network system. Following to BLAST program, were found
three gaps in full length of GH gene, first gap originated to 960 bp (Salmo trutta caspius)
and 1610 bp (Salmo salar), second gap originated to 2033 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and
4206 bp (Salmo salar), third gap 1318 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 2637 bp (Salmo
salar). The all of gaps were not math with together, but the similarity of nucleotides
between gaps were high. In this study we found SNPs in full length of GH gene when
compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST- NCBI-Network
system. According my research were found 22 single nucleotide mutations in first gap
and 12 single nucleotide mutations in second gap, however there were not any single
nucleotide mutation in third gap. For generally similarity of GH gene between Salmo
trutta caspius and Salmo salar is high (98%).
sequenced, characterized and deposited in GeneBank, Accession Number
JN995186.1. We also analysed the three sequences from salmons (Salmo
trutta fario, Salmo trutta and salmo trutta caspius) for finding the SNPs
(single nucleotide polymorphisms). There were 10 % variation SNPs (single
nucleotide polymorphism). According our results there were no significant
variation between sequences of salmons had reported in this study.
noticed that in all the three rearing temperatures females of all the three age classes preferred to mate with the
younger of two competing males more frequently than with old males. Young males mated performed greater
courtship acts and mated faster than middle aged and old males. However except at 29ºC±1ºC, no significant
variation was noticed in duration of copulation among male age classes. Further young male inseminated more
females and produced greater progeny numbers than middle aged and old males. This result was found to be similar
in all the three rearing temperatures. Thus these studies suggests that in D. melanogaster male age has significant
influence on age based female mate preference and age related changes in male courtship activities, male mating
ability and progeny production were independent of rearing temperatures.
was noticed that male at young age had inseminated more females and had produced greater number of progeny than
middle aged and old males. Thus these studies suggest that in D. melanogaster remating of male increases male
fitness. Further male at young age has greater fitness than middle and old aged males.
tissue of salmo trutta caspius (fish species) for studies of their 16S rRNA gene. A one
pair of 16S rRNA gene was designed by BLAST and DNAMAN computer program.
After amplifying of RNA gene, were sequenced and deposited GenBank, accession
number, AB828175.1. 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 were
aligned between some species of bacteria specially Paenibacilus. The results showed
that there was homology between 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone:
T-168 and 16S rRNA gene in other species of bacteria.
polymerized, characterized and compared with within and between of salmonids
species. The full lengths of 16S rRNA gene in species of salmons were sequenced
approximately 1.7 kb and deposited in GenBank. We designed one pair of primer for
amplification of 16S rRNA gene in species of s.t.caspius and s. t. fario. In present
study, DNA extracted from muscles of s. t. fario and s.t.caspius for amplification of
the 16S rRNA gene. After running PCR on the gel, against the PCR product had taken
photo by Gel DOC. The results are shown there was high homology between
solmonids, because we got PCR product around 1700bp equal of full length of 16S
rRNA gene that reported in GenBank. However, the homology of PCR products were
very high, but the shape of s. t. fario with s.t.caspius is different, s.t.fario has red to
purple color dots on the skin but regards salmo salar and s.t. caspius have grey to
black dots colors on the skin.
special emphasis on the roles of migration, random genetic drift, mutation, and natural
selection affecting the patterns of molecular variation across contemporary and
historical time scales.
Studies of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial genomic variation supported the
hypothesis that salmonid populations differ from the geographical regions, indicating
for genetic diversity between populations. This study were used some genes for
nuclear DNA genomic and mitochondrial DNA genomic for evaluation of the rate
diversity. We suggest that the region of geographically is important to rate of diversity
between and within populations. Were used marker genetic techniques such as the
microsatellites markers, SNPs, RFLP, and some genes from mitochondrial genomic
that engaged on the rate of diversity in populations of salmonids. Between and within
population of S. salar and S. trutta were found single mutation by SNPs technique.
RFLP analysis by nuclear DNA genomic such as microsatellites and growth hormone
gene and also mitochondrial DNA genomic as cytochrome b and 12S rRNA gene and
markers also showed the low variation between and within salmonids populations
caspius with other salmonids by using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. The full length of this gene has around 1200 bp in
length, that reported in Genebank. In this project were designed one pair of primers from cytochrome c oxidase gene by
DNAMAN program and NCBI Network system. The PCR products indicated for determination of among homology between
Salmo trutta caspius and other salmonids that compared with cytochrome c oxidase gene.
characterized and deposited in GeneBank, Accession Number (JN995186), the gene
of cytochrome b approximately 1.2 kb. and consists of one exon from first to end of
the gene, as found for all of salmonids including, salmo salar, salmo trutta caspius,
salmo trutta fario that reported in GeneBank. There were the first to end of gene
repetitive regions C-G that was unique for cytochrome b gene. At this study DNA
extracted from muscles of salmo trutta fario, after running PCR on the gel, the PCR
products purify and sequenced. The fragments aligned with BLAST Network system,
the results are shown there were high homology between solmonids, the rate of
homology between salmo salar 93%, salmo trutta caspius almost 95% and salmo
fario (was reported in GeneBank) 93%. However, the homology of sequences were
very high, but the shape of salmo trutta fario and other salmonids different, salmo
trutta fario has red to purple color dots on the skin but regards salmo salar and salmo
trutta caspius have grey to black dots colors on the skin.
Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo trutta fario were discussed, the rate of relationships
between salmonids were analyzed by GH and Cytochrome b gene. The GH gene is a
genetics marker in nuclear DNA that expressed paternal traits in salmons,
furthermore, Cytochrome b gene also is genetics marker that expressed maternal DNA
in mitochondrial genomics. With two genes we documented that there were high
homology between sequences of GH gene and Cytochrome b gene, hence the
salmonids types, specially salmo trutta caspius, salmo salar and salmo trutta fario
probably had similar ancient in bony fishes.
particular advantage for ageing work, including , life history which divided up into
distinct, morphological stages so that the period growth and development can be
readily distinguished from the sexual mature ageing adult phase. Sexual selection
aging means differential reproduction owing variation in the ability to obtain mates
and fertilized oocytes. A few experimental studies have shown that the optimum
strategy for males is often to mate with as many females as possible, whereas the
optimum strategy for females is likely to select the most attractive male. As a result
the mating males to females, the repetitive of mating is very important on the rate of
fertility of females, if males has been twice mating by females usually the fertility will
be decreased, here the function some secretion from ejaculate of males is very
important. Recently the performance of male accessory gland proteins (Acps) were
found in Drosophila melanogaster. Acps have been observed cause of increasing
female oviposition rates, also increasing the rate of fertility, hatchability, son mating
ability, mediate sperm storage, cause part of the survival cost mating male to females,
may protect reproductive tracts or gametes from microbial attack, and also hundreds
function known and unknown on the reproductive performance in males and females.
However, until to date were found almost 25 to 150 proteins in male accessory glands,
but also still were not distinguished function of all those proteins. Supporting these
hypotheses, here we study the function of ageing on the rate of male sexual secretion
and reproductive performance in offspring fitness. The objective of the current study
is two-fold: the first aim is to evaluate mechanisms of sexual selection on the age
affective in parental traits and second aim, is to evaluate mechanisms of sexual
selection on the offspring fitness traits for their potential explained by random mating
in the species Drosophila melanogaster.
27-28 days aged old (middle) and 52-53 days aged old (high) in male to test influence
of aging and temperature on male reproductive performance, female fitness traits and
also offspring fitness traits. The male reproductive performance including male
mating ability and mating success on the female fitness traits, that were examined
patterns of age dependence on the temperature behavior when exposed to high (29°c)
temperature. At 29°c, between three ages (young, middle and old) the among of
female fecundity and fertility was significantly reduced, compared to normal
temperature. There was a significant egg laid and egg hatchability between young,
middle and old age females (young>middle>old), also, in females that mated with son
flies obtained from male young, middle and old aged, the variation of fecundity and
fertility between females was significant, but the among of females fecundity and
fertility that were mated with son’s of male middle age was higher than young and old
age: (middle>young> old).
age and temperature affected the sperm number. Here we use Drosophila
melanogaster males of different ages and decreasing temperature on the sperm
number, to investigate the role of aging and temperature affected to sperm transferred
to female during mating. The male ages were used to show that while maximize
sperm number in young (2-3 days)and middle age (27-28 days) was contributed but
mean value of sperm number between fifty replicate was different and also the results
of one way ANOVA were significant between three age classes. Sperms after mating
soon counted from female reproductive system, the results are shown, mean value of
sperms when males exposed to cold temperature (15°c) in young and middle aged,
sperm number was around 4000, and old male aged (952-53 days) around 2000, these
results demonstrate that viability of sperm produce in males after 27- 28 days, will be
reduced more than young to middle aged.
deposited in Genbank, accession number (LC 011387). The full length of CO II gene has 703 bp. In
this study full length of CO II gene were compared between S. t. caspius, Salmo trutta, Salmo salar
and Salmo trutta fario by NCBI Network system–BLAST program and DNAMAN computer
program. Between S. t. caspius and S. trutta were found a high homology in nucleotides when
compared by BLAST program and 100 % homology were found about amino acids when compared
by DNAMAN program. CO II gene in S. t. caspius also were analysed with S. trutta, S. salar and S.
t. fario. A high homology (99 %) was found between them when compared by BLAST program for
nucleotides. About amino acids were compared with DNAMAN program, results were showed
however between sequences of salmonids have been high homology but the location of mutation
was important. Between S. t. caspius, S. salar and S. t. fario codon of methionine (start codon)
were replaced. In generally between S. t. caspius and other salmonids that cited above have been
low SNPs, hence there were high homology between COII genes in salmonid species.
increasing of male age. Paradoxically, in many taxa, female prefer to mate with older males; however the adaptive
significance of such preference is not clear until today due to lack of studies involving accessory gland proteins
(Acps) and sperm traits. We used both cross sectional and longitudinal approaches to study male age effects on son’s
mating success, accessory gland proteins and sperm traits in D. melanogaster. It was noticed that in D.
melanogaster, females of all age classes discriminated between sons of different male age classes and preferred to
mate with sons of young males more frequently than with the sons of middle aged and old males. In pairwise
mating, sons of young males showed a significantly greater courtship act compared to sons of middle aged and old
males. In turn, females showed least rejection responses to the sons of young males than towards the sons of middle
aged and old males. Further, sons of young males with smaller accessory glands, with a few larger main cells in their
accessory glands, had produced greater quantities of Acps and were able to transfer significantly greater quantities
of Acps and sperms to the mated females. As a result, females mated with them had greater fecundity and fertility
than those mated with sons of middle aged or old males. Further, the sons of young males lived longer but females
mated with sons of young males shorter life. Thus, our study suggests that with increasing of male age, the quality of
gametes increases, resulting in reduction of Acps, and sperm traits of sons. Thus females of D. melanogaster obtain
indirect genetic benefits by mating with young males.
Drosophila melanogaster represents a good model system for age-related studies and testing direct fitness benefits
gained when females mate with specific male phenotypes. However, how male age related changes in male
accessory glands and fitness traits are affected by rearing temperatures, has not been examined. Here we examined
age-related mating of D. melanogaster in three age classes reared at three different temperatures. In all the rearing
temperatures, young males with larger accessory glands containing a small number of large cells produced greater
quantity of Acps than old males. Furthermore, young males transferred a greater quantity of Acps and sperms to
mated females and as a result females that mated with young males produced significantly greater number of eggs
and sperms than female mated with old males. This result was found to be similar in all the three temperatures in D.
melanogaster. Together our data indicate that male age related changes in the accessory gland and sperm traits are
independent of rearing temperatures
have been six exons and five introns the full length. Single nucleotide polymorphism
(SNPs) of Growth hormone gene (GH) were compared between Salmo trutta caspius and
Salmo salar by BLAST- NCBI-Network system. Following to BLAST program, were found
three gaps in full length of GH gene, first gap originated to 960 bp (Salmo trutta caspius)
and 1610 bp (Salmo salar), second gap originated to 2033 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and
4206 bp (Salmo salar), third gap 1318 bp (Salmo trutta caspius) and 2637 bp (Salmo
salar). The all of gaps were not math with together, but the similarity of nucleotides
between gaps were high. In this study we found SNPs in full length of GH gene when
compared between Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo salar by BLAST- NCBI-Network
system. According my research were found 22 single nucleotide mutations in first gap
and 12 single nucleotide mutations in second gap, however there were not any single
nucleotide mutation in third gap. For generally similarity of GH gene between Salmo
trutta caspius and Salmo salar is high (98%).
sequenced, characterized and deposited in GeneBank, Accession Number
JN995186.1. We also analysed the three sequences from salmons (Salmo
trutta fario, Salmo trutta and salmo trutta caspius) for finding the SNPs
(single nucleotide polymorphisms). There were 10 % variation SNPs (single
nucleotide polymorphism). According our results there were no significant
variation between sequences of salmons had reported in this study.
noticed that in all the three rearing temperatures females of all the three age classes preferred to mate with the
younger of two competing males more frequently than with old males. Young males mated performed greater
courtship acts and mated faster than middle aged and old males. However except at 29ºC±1ºC, no significant
variation was noticed in duration of copulation among male age classes. Further young male inseminated more
females and produced greater progeny numbers than middle aged and old males. This result was found to be similar
in all the three rearing temperatures. Thus these studies suggests that in D. melanogaster male age has significant
influence on age based female mate preference and age related changes in male courtship activities, male mating
ability and progeny production were independent of rearing temperatures.
was noticed that male at young age had inseminated more females and had produced greater number of progeny than
middle aged and old males. Thus these studies suggest that in D. melanogaster remating of male increases male
fitness. Further male at young age has greater fitness than middle and old aged males.
tissue of salmo trutta caspius (fish species) for studies of their 16S rRNA gene. A one
pair of 16S rRNA gene was designed by BLAST and DNAMAN computer program.
After amplifying of RNA gene, were sequenced and deposited GenBank, accession
number, AB828175.1. 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone: T-168 were
aligned between some species of bacteria specially Paenibacilus. The results showed
that there was homology between 16S rRNA gene of uncultured Paenibacillus clone:
T-168 and 16S rRNA gene in other species of bacteria.
polymerized, characterized and compared with within and between of salmonids
species. The full lengths of 16S rRNA gene in species of salmons were sequenced
approximately 1.7 kb and deposited in GenBank. We designed one pair of primer for
amplification of 16S rRNA gene in species of s.t.caspius and s. t. fario. In present
study, DNA extracted from muscles of s. t. fario and s.t.caspius for amplification of
the 16S rRNA gene. After running PCR on the gel, against the PCR product had taken
photo by Gel DOC. The results are shown there was high homology between
solmonids, because we got PCR product around 1700bp equal of full length of 16S
rRNA gene that reported in GenBank. However, the homology of PCR products were
very high, but the shape of s. t. fario with s.t.caspius is different, s.t.fario has red to
purple color dots on the skin but regards salmo salar and s.t. caspius have grey to
black dots colors on the skin.
special emphasis on the roles of migration, random genetic drift, mutation, and natural
selection affecting the patterns of molecular variation across contemporary and
historical time scales.
Studies of nuclear DNA and mitochondrial genomic variation supported the
hypothesis that salmonid populations differ from the geographical regions, indicating
for genetic diversity between populations. This study were used some genes for
nuclear DNA genomic and mitochondrial DNA genomic for evaluation of the rate
diversity. We suggest that the region of geographically is important to rate of diversity
between and within populations. Were used marker genetic techniques such as the
microsatellites markers, SNPs, RFLP, and some genes from mitochondrial genomic
that engaged on the rate of diversity in populations of salmonids. Between and within
population of S. salar and S. trutta were found single mutation by SNPs technique.
RFLP analysis by nuclear DNA genomic such as microsatellites and growth hormone
gene and also mitochondrial DNA genomic as cytochrome b and 12S rRNA gene and
markers also showed the low variation between and within salmonids populations
caspius with other salmonids by using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. The full length of this gene has around 1200 bp in
length, that reported in Genebank. In this project were designed one pair of primers from cytochrome c oxidase gene by
DNAMAN program and NCBI Network system. The PCR products indicated for determination of among homology between
Salmo trutta caspius and other salmonids that compared with cytochrome c oxidase gene.
characterized and deposited in GeneBank, Accession Number (JN995186), the gene
of cytochrome b approximately 1.2 kb. and consists of one exon from first to end of
the gene, as found for all of salmonids including, salmo salar, salmo trutta caspius,
salmo trutta fario that reported in GeneBank. There were the first to end of gene
repetitive regions C-G that was unique for cytochrome b gene. At this study DNA
extracted from muscles of salmo trutta fario, after running PCR on the gel, the PCR
products purify and sequenced. The fragments aligned with BLAST Network system,
the results are shown there were high homology between solmonids, the rate of
homology between salmo salar 93%, salmo trutta caspius almost 95% and salmo
fario (was reported in GeneBank) 93%. However, the homology of sequences were
very high, but the shape of salmo trutta fario and other salmonids different, salmo
trutta fario has red to purple color dots on the skin but regards salmo salar and salmo
trutta caspius have grey to black dots colors on the skin.
Salmo trutta caspius and Salmo trutta fario were discussed, the rate of relationships
between salmonids were analyzed by GH and Cytochrome b gene. The GH gene is a
genetics marker in nuclear DNA that expressed paternal traits in salmons,
furthermore, Cytochrome b gene also is genetics marker that expressed maternal DNA
in mitochondrial genomics. With two genes we documented that there were high
homology between sequences of GH gene and Cytochrome b gene, hence the
salmonids types, specially salmo trutta caspius, salmo salar and salmo trutta fario
probably had similar ancient in bony fishes.
particular advantage for ageing work, including , life history which divided up into
distinct, morphological stages so that the period growth and development can be
readily distinguished from the sexual mature ageing adult phase. Sexual selection
aging means differential reproduction owing variation in the ability to obtain mates
and fertilized oocytes. A few experimental studies have shown that the optimum
strategy for males is often to mate with as many females as possible, whereas the
optimum strategy for females is likely to select the most attractive male. As a result
the mating males to females, the repetitive of mating is very important on the rate of
fertility of females, if males has been twice mating by females usually the fertility will
be decreased, here the function some secretion from ejaculate of males is very
important. Recently the performance of male accessory gland proteins (Acps) were
found in Drosophila melanogaster. Acps have been observed cause of increasing
female oviposition rates, also increasing the rate of fertility, hatchability, son mating
ability, mediate sperm storage, cause part of the survival cost mating male to females,
may protect reproductive tracts or gametes from microbial attack, and also hundreds
function known and unknown on the reproductive performance in males and females.
However, until to date were found almost 25 to 150 proteins in male accessory glands,
but also still were not distinguished function of all those proteins. Supporting these
hypotheses, here we study the function of ageing on the rate of male sexual secretion
and reproductive performance in offspring fitness. The objective of the current study
is two-fold: the first aim is to evaluate mechanisms of sexual selection on the age
affective in parental traits and second aim, is to evaluate mechanisms of sexual
selection on the offspring fitness traits for their potential explained by random mating
in the species Drosophila melanogaster.
27-28 days aged old (middle) and 52-53 days aged old (high) in male to test influence
of aging and temperature on male reproductive performance, female fitness traits and
also offspring fitness traits. The male reproductive performance including male
mating ability and mating success on the female fitness traits, that were examined
patterns of age dependence on the temperature behavior when exposed to high (29°c)
temperature. At 29°c, between three ages (young, middle and old) the among of
female fecundity and fertility was significantly reduced, compared to normal
temperature. There was a significant egg laid and egg hatchability between young,
middle and old age females (young>middle>old), also, in females that mated with son
flies obtained from male young, middle and old aged, the variation of fecundity and
fertility between females was significant, but the among of females fecundity and
fertility that were mated with son’s of male middle age was higher than young and old
age: (middle>young> old).
age and temperature affected the sperm number. Here we use Drosophila
melanogaster males of different ages and decreasing temperature on the sperm
number, to investigate the role of aging and temperature affected to sperm transferred
to female during mating. The male ages were used to show that while maximize
sperm number in young (2-3 days)and middle age (27-28 days) was contributed but
mean value of sperm number between fifty replicate was different and also the results
of one way ANOVA were significant between three age classes. Sperms after mating
soon counted from female reproductive system, the results are shown, mean value of
sperms when males exposed to cold temperature (15°c) in young and middle aged,
sperm number was around 4000, and old male aged (952-53 days) around 2000, these
results demonstrate that viability of sperm produce in males after 27- 28 days, will be
reduced more than young to middle aged.