Giri Tripathi

Several techniques for using lasers to study core excited energy levels in the spectral region between 10 eV and 100 eV are described. Levels that are metastable against autoionization and, in some cases, against both autoionization and radiation are investigated.

Bananas and plantains are one of the major fruit crops and a staple food in the developing world. Most of the edible bananas are triploid, highly sterile and hence integration of in vitro techniques banana improvement becomes crucial. In this milieu, technique of somatic ...

Sickle cell anemia is a serious genetic health problem dominated in Tharu community of western Nepal. Molecular methods like PCR and RFLP are the best method to identify Sickle c ell anemia trait. Molecular analysis needed many steps and expensive chemicals and Kits. The aim of this research was to develop a simple and cheapest method to process from whole blood sample for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) without the use of expensive reagents and Kits. In this study molecular identification of sickle cell traits is subjects using whole blood PCR and RFLP were carried out. Venous blood samples collected from 800 individuals were provided by Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC). All the obtained samples were frozen at –80°C, and then rapidly thawed at 37°C. Then the samples were transferred to 2 ml eppendrof tube and boiled for 10minutes in distilled water and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 2 minute. The supernatant was then used di...

Mistletoes are being used for food or beverage and for variety of medicinal purposes. In Nepal, mistletoes are traditionally used as fodder and as remedy to cure various ailments. In this study, methnolic extracts of seven common mistletoe species (Helixanthera ligustrina, Macrosolen cochinchinensis, Scurrula elata, S. parasitica, Viscum album, V. articulatum and V. liquidambaricola) were analyzed for their phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential. The total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenol content (TPC) were quantitatively determined by aluminum chloride colorimetric and folin-cioalteau reagent methods, respectively. The TFC was found highest for V. album (31.5 ± 2.3 mg QE/g) and lowest for M. cochinchinensis (24.9 ± 2.3 mg QE/g). Similarly, highest total phenolic content was found in S. parasitica (32.9 ± 2.5 mg GAE/g) and lowest in V. album (20.6 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g). The antioxidant activity measured by DPPH radical scavenging assay was found best for S. parasitic...

Ganoderma lucidum has been extensively studied for its valuable medicinal importance. In this study, the artificial cultivation of G. lucidum strain Philippine in different culture media, including sawdust substrate, was performed and optimized on the Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media. Phytochemical, antibacterial, and antioxidant analyses were performed and compared between the ethanol extracts prepared from two different cultures (fruit from synthetic log culture and mycelia from PDA media culture). Both the 200 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL concentrations of extracts inhibited all the tested bacteria, and the results were promising than the corresponding control using antibiotics. The fruit extract showed higher antioxidant potential (150.6 ± 56.92 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract) than mycelial extract (144.28 ± 81.72 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g extract). The results indicate that fruiting bodies of G. lucidum cultivated in a complex dust medium possess higher antioxidant properties...

^Äëíê~Åí= Pine needle (máåìë=ÇÉåëáÑäçê~ Sieb. et Zucc.) extract has been used to improve cardiovascular disorders, detoxification of nicotine, the infirmities of age and curing diseases of unidentified symptoms in folk medicine. To determine the facts behind the traditional belief, we tried to investigate the effects of fresh and self-fermented pine needle extracts of different aging. Fi-brinolytic activities of the extract indicated that activity depends on time and also with aging of the product. It was also found that the extract can lower the blood plasma cholesterol and triglyceride in cholesterol fed rat. Also, Self-Fermented Pine Needle Extracts 7 years old (SFPE 7) (200 µg/mL) reduce the frequency and amplitude of pacemaker currents in Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) of murine small intestine by modulating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Therefore, the investigation indicated that self-fermentation improves efficacy of the pine needle extracts reducing risk of cardio-vascular related disorders and would be an important source in nutraceutics. © KSBB hÉóïçêÇëW=éáåÉ=åÉÉÇäÉ=Éñíê~ÅíëI=ëÉäÑJÑÉêãÉåí~íáçåI=ÑáÄêáåçäóíáÅ=~ÅíáîáíóI=ÅÜçäÉëíÉêçä=~åÇ=íêáÖäóÅÉêáÇÉI=f``= = = = = =

Shoot branching and growth are controlled by phytohormones such as auxin and other components in Arabidopsis. We identified a mutant (igi1) showing decreased height and bunchy branching patterns. The phenotypes reverted to the wild type in response to RNA interference with the IGI1 gene. Histochemical analysis by GUS assay revealed tissue-specific gene expression in the anther and showed that the expression levels of the IGI1 gene in apical parts, including flowers, were higher than in other parts of the plants. The auxin biosynthesis component gene, CYP79B2, was up-regulated in igi1 mutants and the IGI1 gene was down-regulated by IAA treatment. These results indicated that there is an interplay regulation between IGI1 and phytohormone auxin. Moreover, the expression of the auxin-related shoot branching regulation genes, MAX3 and MAX4, was down-regulated in igi1 mutants. Taken together, these results indicate that the overexpression of the IGI1 influenced MAX pathway in the shoot branching regulation.

^Äëíê~Åí= Pine needle (máåìë=ÇÉåëáÑäçê~ Sieb. et Zucc.) extract is being used for millennia in treatment of multiple ailments in Asia Pacific region. The extract is a composite mixture of a number of organic compounds. Terpenoid is one of such complex compounds that exhibit useful effects. To remove harmful substances with improving functionality of the extract, people adopt traditional spontaneous fermentation followed by aging. To assess the fermentation induced effectiveness we analyzed composition of the volatile terpenoid in fresh to the 7 years old self-fermented extracts along with their anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant properties. Simultaneously, we also analyzed the effect of remarkably changed 1,8-cineole and camphor. SFPEs (self-fermented pine needle extracts), 1,8-cineole, and camphor inhibited growth of bacterial strains like p~äãçåÉää~ íóéÜáJ ãìêáìã, pí~éÜóäçÅçÅÅìë=~ìêÉìë, bëÅÜÉêáÅÜá~=Åçäá, mëÉìÇçãçå~ë=~ÉêìÖáåçë~, and _~Åáääìë=ëìÄíáäáë. Comparative studies between pine needle extracts, 1,8-cineole and camphor showed that the self-fermented pine needle extracts retard the bacterial growth effectively and have relatively higher antioxidant activities. PE (pine needle extract) and SFPEs showed nearly 95% DPPH radical scavenging activities, 1,8-cineole 84% while camphor showed no scavenging activities. The results showed that self-fermentation and aging improves the effects of the extract therefore it could be a good source for nutraceu-tical product. © KSBB hÉóïçêÇëW=éáåÉ=åÉÉÇäÉ=Éñíê~ÅíëI=ëÉäÑJÑÉêãÉåí~íáçåI=íÉêéÉåçáÇëI=~åíáçñáÇ~åíI=~åíáÄ~ÅíÉêá~ä= = = = =

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Pine needle (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) extract has been used to improve cardiovascular disorders, detoxification of nicotine, the infirmities of age and curing diseases of unidentified symptoms in folk medicine. To determine the facts behind the traditional belief, we tried to investigate the effects of fresh and self-fermented pine needle extracts of different aging. Fibrinolytic activities of the extract indicated that activity depends on time and also with aging of the product. It was also found that the extract can lower the blood plasma cholesterol and triglyceride in cholesterol fed rat. Also, Self-Fermented Pine Needle Extracts 7 years old (SFPE 7) (200 μg/mL) reduce the frequency and amplitude of pacemaker currents in Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) of murine small intestine by modulating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Therefore, the investigation indicated that self-fermentation improves efficacy of the pine needle extracts reducing risk of cardio-vascular related disorders and would be an important source in nutraceutics.

Pine needle (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) extract is being used for millennia in treatment of multiple ailments in Asia Pacific region. The extract is a composite mixture of a number of organic compounds. Terpenoid is one of such complex compounds that exhibit useful effects. To remove harmful substances with improving functionality of the extract, people adopt traditional spontaneous fermentation followed by aging. To assess the fermentation induced effectiveness we analyzed composition of the volatile terpenoid in fresh to the 7 years old self-fermented extracts along with their anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant properties. Simultaneously, we also analyzed the effect of remarkably changed 1,8-cineole and camphor. SFPEs (self-fermented pine needle extracts), 1,8-cineole, and camphor inhibited growth of bacterial strains like Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. Comparative studies between pine needle extracts, 1,8-cineole and camphor showed that the self-fermented pine needle extracts retard the bacterial growth effectively and have relatively higher antioxidant activities. PE (pine needle extract) and SFPEs showed nearly 95% DPPH radical scavenging activities, 1,8-cineole 84% while camphor showed no scavenging activities. The results showed that self-fermentation and aging improves the effects of the extract therefore it could be a good source for nutraceutical product.

Shoot branching and growth are controlled by phytohormones such as auxin and other components in Arabidopsis. We identified a mutant (igi1) showing decreased height and bunchy branching patterns. The phenotypes reverted to the wild type in response to RNA interference with the IGI1 gene. Histochemical analysis by GUS assay revealed tissue-specific gene expression in the anther and showed that the expression levels of the IGI1 gene in apical parts, including flowers, were higher than in other parts of the plants. The auxin biosynthesis component gene, CYP79B2, was up-regulated in igi1 mutants and the IGI1 gene was down-regulated by IAA treatment. These results indicated that there is an interplay regulation between IGI1 and phytohormone auxin. Moreover, the expression of the auxin-related shoot branching regulation genes, MAX3 and MAX4, was down-regulated in igi1 mutants. Taken together, these results indicate that the overexpression of the IGI1 influenced MAX pathway in the shoot branching regulation.

A PVYO virus-resistant potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Golden Valley) was identified, and further, from its tubers, a small (5.57 kDa) antiviral peptide potide-G was isolated. Application of potide-G on virus susceptible potato (cv. Winter valley) expressed robust resistance to PVYO infection and showed no virus infected morphology. We found that PVYO infection spreads up completely within 3 days post inoculation (dpi) in susceptible cultivar. PVYO was more accumulated toward the basal leaves,
when infection occurred longer. Combined results of morphology of PVYO infection, ELISA, RT-PCR, and real-time PCR showed the resistance to the PVYO infection depends on the expression of Ry gene. Indeed, the real-time PCR result showed that the Ry gene up-regulated to 3 times higher in PVYO infected cv. Golden valley. Golden crude protein was found to be active against PVYO infection in the in vivo test. In addition, application of potide-G in a virus susceptible potato potently reduced
the viral infection actively with 50 times lower concentration than that of the Golden protein. Further identification of a host-specific resistant gene in a plant and the peptide derived from it offers new
opportunities for the development of novel bio-pesticides against plant virus.