Tribhuvan University

Age and sex structure of population of particular region is key determinants for development. The population of Nepal is in transition phase due to the decreasing trend of the birth and death rates; as a result, the situation of demographic windows of opportunity is started in the country. However, the demographic window of opportunity as human resources of Nepal is being magnetized and used by different foreign countries in the world. So to take advantage of economic growth, it needs to invest in the youth of the country with consideration of gender equality. This paper explores the working age population, dependency ratio, index of ageing and sex ratio by provinces which has not been studied yet in the country. The data for this study were drawn from National Report 2001 and 2011 censuses and calculated by using Microsoft Excel. The population was projected by using exponential growth function for 2031. The working age population is growing in Nepal in all provinces except provinc...

This study aims to examine how the cottage and small scale industries (CSIs)boosting the national economy of Nepal. As per various studies, CSIs play a great role for empowering Nepalese economy in terms of employment generation, resources mobilization, capital mobilization as well as import substitution of Nepalese foreign trade. The study has explored the contribution of these industries in the diversified areas. Development and promotion of cottage and small industries enhance significant impact on national economy having drastic effects on job creation and resources utilization in Nepal. Descriptive and analytical research design has been applied to analyse the data by using simple statistical tools. The results show that there have been positive influences on employment generation and capital mobilization in Nepalese economy. The study demands that there should be paid more attention toward the development of CSIs for increasing contribution of these industries boosting nationa...

It is a legal sample of case file as a syllabus content of L.L.B. Second year from Tribhuvan University Nepal. It comprises all the case files from F.I.R. to the police station along with all the legal papers prepared by police and documents submitted to court for jurisdiction. All the procedure done by court in presence of justice, lawyer, witness, suspectee all are taken under consideration and final judgement is then ordered by Judge. These all things are included in this sample case file called MOOT COURT.

This study attempts to analyze the effectiveness and relevance of Social Security Allowance (SSA) among the beneficiaries of Kirtipur Municipality 7, Kathmandu district. This study is based on primary data collection in terms of use of the allowance, sufficiency or insufficiency of the distributed amount and use of it to maintain the social status. The problems associated with the respondents along with the program were also purposively selected to verify the objectives. This study reveals that social security allowance have been used for the fulfillment of recipients basic personal needs. The effectiveness of this allow ace is highly appreciable.

 This research attempts to examine the customer response towards smart phone purchase in the Nepalese context. The aim of the study was to measure the important factors that affect to consumer purchase intention, brand extension attitude and pay premium price. Descriptive and causal research design was applied in this research. Structured questionnaires were administered for validating the measurement model and testing the structural model for customer response dimensions. It was found brand name, marketing activities, and subjective norms are the most influential factors for customer response of smart phones for purchase intention, brand extension attitude and premium price.

During the pre-monsoon months (March-May) in Nepal, severe thunder and hailstorms cause significant property and agricultural damage in addition to loss of life from lightening. Forecasting thunderstorm severity remains a challenge even in wealthy, developed countries that have modern meteorological data gathering infrastructure, such as Doppler Radar. This study attempts to isolate the specific and unique characteristics of a hailstorm that not only might explain its severity, but also suggest forecasting techniquees for future forecasting in Nepal. The primary data sources for this investigation included Infrared Satellite images, which illustrated the sequences of convective activity, and original archived ESRLIndia and China upper air data, which was used for synoptic and mesoscale analyses. On May 3, 2001 between the hours of 1100pm and midnight, a severe thunderstorm accompanied by hail stones estimated at 1kg, devastated the village of Thori (Southern border to India). 800 th...

This study tries to measure the job satisfaction level of managers working in saving and credit cooperative societies in Pokhara. It specially, ranks the managers' feelings about the general factors related to job satisfaction. It also considers gender, work experience and remuneration in relation to job satisfaction. It is based on the primary source of information and data collected through structured questionnaire. The data cover managers (office head) of 77 saving and credit cooperatives in Pokhara. Percentage, mean score, median, rank and chi-square test were used as analytical tools. The result of the study indicates that the five of the nine job satisfaction factors were under the satisfaction level. The result also points out that the female were more dissatisfied than male, and there was negative association between job experience and overall job satisfaction level and positive association between remuneration and overall job satisfaction.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to find the prevalence of mental health on adolescent girl students and the effect of sexual harassment on their mental health: depression, anxiety, and stress. A concurrent mixed method was used and the study was conducted at both community and institutional schools of Lalitpur and Rupendehi districts. A semi-structured questionnaire was used for quantitative data collection along with depression, anxiety and stress score test (DASS -42 points) to measure depression, anxiety, and stress. Focus group discussion (FGD), in-depth interviews (IDI), and key informant information (KII) were used for qualitative data collection. Poor and ill mental health were found among the respondents and the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress were 45%, 52%, and 35% respectively among the sexually harassed girls. As sexual harassment was found as one of the major factors that is responsible for the poor mental health status of girl students, it is necessar...

 Birth preparedness and complication readiness is the process planning for normal birth and anticipating the action needed in case of an emergency. Promoting birth and emergency planning helps to improve preventive behavior, increase awareness of mothers about danger signs and improvement in care seeking behavior in the case of obstetric complication. A cross sectional descriptive quantitative community-based study was conducted to assess knowledge and practice on birth preparedness and complication readiness among 150 pregnant women of 24 weeks gestation and above in selected wards of Biratnagar with non- probability purposive sampling. The findings of the study showed that 22.7% of the respondents had adequate knowledge on the birth preparedness and complication readiness and 19.8% of respondents had adequate practice. However, the only 9.3% of respondents were prepared for birth complications. Analysis using chi square test identified statistically significant association between...

This article is an attempt to present the concept of ethnography as a qualitative inquiry process in social science research. The paper begins with the introduction to ethnography followed by the discussion of ethnography both as an approach and a research method. It then illustrates how ethnographic research is carried out using various ethnographic methods that include participant observation, interviewing and collection of the documents and artifacts. Highlighting the different ways of organizing, analyzing and writing ethnographic data, the article suggests ways of writing the ethnographic research.

This paper explores the idea of romantic and modern painting with the reference of Delacroix’s painting “Liberty Leading the People” and Jackson Pollock’s painting “Moon Woman Cuts the Circle”. Both painters representing different era, portray different styles, background, color, tempo, and textures in their painting. Delacroix’s painting expresses inner emotions and realistic world. His painting is emotional, it seems to be natural and exotic. He has used arches, sculptures, and gray color dominantly. In contrast to Delacroix, Pollock’s painting is experimental. It has abstraction and two-dimensionality. It looks rational that represents the frustrated and chaotic world in abstract form. In this sense, Delacroix’s painting “Liberty Leading the People” represents the liberty, equality, and fraternity. A woman personifying the concept and the goddess of liberty leads the people forward over the bodies of the fallen men holding the flag of the French Revolution. On the other hand, Jac...

Sickle cell anemia is a serious genetic health problem dominated in Tharu community of western Nepal. Molecular methods like PCR and RFLP are the best method to identify Sickle c ell anemia trait. Molecular analysis needed many steps and expensive chemicals and Kits. The aim of this research was to develop a simple and cheapest method to process from whole blood sample for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) without the use of expensive reagents and Kits. In this study molecular identification of sickle cell traits is subjects using whole blood PCR and RFLP were carried out. Venous blood samples collected from 800 individuals were provided by Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC). All the obtained samples were frozen at –80°C, and then rapidly thawed at 37°C. Then the samples were transferred to 2 ml eppendrof tube and boiled for 10minutes in distilled water and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 2 minute. The supernatant was then used di...

Developing countries like Nepal are known to have significantly bias, insufficient and miss representation on the International Media. Previous studies have been focused on traditional outlets; Print, Radio, Television and Films. What is new about new media? Using multiple scientific research methodologies, this study identified some crucial facts which can help to understand Al Jazeera Online’s coverage on the issues of Nepal. This study concludes that Al Jazeera Online doesn’t promote all perspectives equally. Its content bears inherent bias and promotes marginalized communities and individuals. Situations like poverty, disasters, frustration, destruction, hopelessness are found widely covered. The findings also refer that majority of news stories bear subjective interpretation.

 This paper attempts to explore the factors associated with individual investors’ stock investment decision in the context of stock market in Nepal. The study also aims to examine the relative importance of investment decision factors as perceived by investors based on their demographic characteristics. The study uses a sample responses of 106 individual investors obtained through structured questionnaire survey during the period January to April, 2019. The study employs exploratory factor analysis to extract the common factors affecting stock investment decisions of the sample investors. The results of factor analysis show that six factors, namely Earnings and Image Factors, Corporate Governance and Positioning Factors, Goodwill and Market Share Factors, Industry Competition and Size Factors, Fundamental Market Factors, and Decision Making Factors are the common factors affecting stock investment decision of the sample investors in Nepal. The results also show that among the six fa...

This article deals with the teaching of medical anthropology and research methodology under the newly reintroduced semester system at Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. It mainly consists of my experience of teaching anthropology under the semester-based education system in its Central Department of Anthropology for postgraduate anthropology students. In addition, it comprises of information acquired from students and colleagues from the Department and other colleges about the very subject. This paper does not provide any guideline for a better course of action for teaching anthropology. Instead, this paper emphasizes the imperativeness of the semester system that facilitates employing student-centred and interactive teaching and encourages elevating their potential through the effective teaching-learning mechanism. It portrays how the typical pedagogical approaches adopted under the semester system can contribute crucially to facilitate students to enhance their skills in crit...

 Along with right to food, shelter and education, children have also right to primary health regardless to their sex. Though the Government of Nepal has achieved the goal for reducing child mortality related to Millennium Development Goal. However still a large numbers of children especially girls are deprived of rights to health. This study is based on the oral reporting of purposively selected 269 parents including father and mother. Kathmandu Metropolitan city was taken into consideration during the year of 2013 to 2015. This study reveals that, more parents take their son to private health institutions and daughters to governmental health institutions. Similarly, this study has taken some socio-economic variables related to discrepancy of their son and daughter.

This paper aims to reveal the difficulties as experienced by graduate students while learning abstract algebra at master's degree in mathematics education in the first month of their enrollment. For, I adopted a case study of five students, interviewed them with the help of interview guidelines and observed their behaviors in the classroom, and triangulated this information with researcher’s experiences to explore the difficulties in learning abstract algebra. I used inductive method to analyze the information and concluded that graduate students have experienced several difficulties in learning abstract algebra including the difficulties in conceptualizing algebraic facts, constructing examples and non-examples; and proving theorems. Finally, the study suggests that graduate teaching need to focus on conceptual and procedural understanding of students, and emphasizing to construct examples and non-example as much as possible to improve students learning.

Tribhuvan University (TU), the oldest university in the country, was founded in 1959. It administered the first examinations in 1961. Since then it has come a long way and it has been conducting several examinations under both semester and annual systems. Nevertheless the standards of the examinations have raised questions among the stakeholders. Therefore, this article makes an attempt to find out what students and teachers have to say about the examinations conducted by TU. For this, a questionnaire based on the Likert Scale was used. The tool consisted of altogether 39 statements grouped under ten different constructs related to the standards of TU examinations. The tool was administered to 40 students and 10 teachers selected based on nonrandom sampling from the two campuses of TU located in Kathmandu. On the analysis of the responses, it was found that both students and teachers felt that there were shortcomings in TU examinations and that improvement were required in line with...

Supplementary resource materials are additional but more useful in English language teaching (ELT). The teacher needs to supplement materials to promote motivation, which is one of the key factors influencing learning. However, there is a lack of study what supporting materials the teachers are using in English language classrooms for teaching learning purposes. This paper attempts to explore the supplementary teaching materials selected and used in ELT classrooms of community schools in Nepal. The information was collected through observations, interviews and focus group discussion. It was found that non-technical visual supplementary teaching materials were used more than technical and audio/audio visual ones. Most of the materials were used for reading and writing purposes. Teachers’ knowledge about technology, carefulness in using appropriate instructional materials/techniques, infrastructure and existing facilities of schools, are the major factors that affect to use the supple...

Emergency workers carry a huge responsibility in Covid 19 pandemic. Emergency staff have to provide prehospital care, early triage and management of patients with suspected or confirmed infection. More importantly, emergency care givers have to do everything to prevent emergency room from spread of the infection, to other patients. Access blocks following increasing flow of patients with suspicion of infection, causes overwhelming patients leading to delayed care and resource shortage to patients with chronic and acute diseases. This surge has put emergency workers at risk: risk from a potential contamination and risk from the effect of extended shifts work in the hospital. At this stage, the major challenges while performing emergency service has been managing triage, human resources, limited stock of personal protective equipment (PPE), proper management of infection prevention and limited laboratories for testing. Due to lack of those requirements, certain guidelines and running ...

The proliferation of COVID-19 pandemic over the globe is anomalously hurting the world’s economy. The paper aims to reveal the possible loss in economic growth rate for FY 2020 due to plausible retardation in remittance/GDP size of Nepal under COVID- 19 regime by utilizing transmission approach, trend forecast, and ordinary least square method form 2000 to 2019. The study harvests two premises: first, remittance/GDP has a positive estimate to the economic growth rate and second, if the pandemic proliferates more, and if it downsizes the remittance/ GDP size by 25% to 75%, it reduces the projected GDP growth rate (6.95) up to 6.68 to 5.3% respectively for FY 2020. However, domestic literature also supports the strong role of remittance on the micro-level. Therefore, the microeconomic impact of the virus may be more appalling than the macro-economic ground.

 Zhang Yimou’s Hero presents an action hero, yet in a slightly different cinematic mode than that of Stephen Chow-directed Shaolin Soccer to blend myth and modernity. In Yimou’s martial arts cinema, Jet Li-starred Nameless hero uses martial arts to combat the king’s adversaries, including Donnie Yen-starred Long Sky, Maggie Cheung-starred Flying Snow and Tony Leung Chiu-Wai-starred Broken Sword in the service to the Qin Dynasty (221 BC – 207 BC). The warrior hero’s indigenous body art helps the Qin Dynasty transform the smaller warring kingdoms into a powerful Chinese Empire, a strong foundation of modern China with economic and military superpower. Like their western counterparts, including T1000 and Neo, the Hong Kong action heroes, such as the warrior hero and the Qin King have been refashioned in the Hollywood controlled twentieth-century popular culture. Different from their Hollywood counterparts in actions, the Hong Kong action heroes in Hero primarily use their trained bodie...

The study documents the discriminatory practices in different ethnic group. The study was designed as a descriptive study based on sample survey. The total of 200 women including Brahinss and Tamangs was selected randomly for this study. The study findings show that there is discriminatory practice against women in both communities. Women perceive more discrimination at the societal level comparing to household level. With compare to Tamang, Brahmin women experience more discrimination in marriage time and choice of partner. They consider gender and customary practices as major factors responsible for discrimination.

This study tries to measure the job satisfaction level of managers working in saving and credit cooperative societies in Pokhara. It specially, ranks the managers' feelings about the general factors related to job satisfaction. It also considers gender, work experience and remuneration in relation to job satisfaction. It is based on the primary source of information and data collected through structured questionnaire. The data cover managers (office head) of 77 saving and credit cooperatives in Pokhara. Percentage, mean score, median, rank and chi-square test were used as analytical tools. The result of the study indicates that the five of the nine job satisfaction factors were under the satisfaction level. The result also points out that the female were more dissatisfied than male, and there was negative association between job experience and overall job satisfaction level and positive association between remuneration and overall job satisfaction.

This paper investigates the relationship between organizational justice and organizational commitment among the employees of different organizations from Kathmandu Valley. This research study analyzes the impact of organizational justice as encompassed by two components, namely distributive justice and procedural justice on employee’s commitment. This study is descriptive and analytical. The sample consists of managerial and non-managerial employees who have volunteered to participate in the study. This study reveals a positive and significant relationship showing that the foundation of an employee’s commitment is within the application of both distributive and procedural justice, with procedural justice having stronger effect. The findings in this study would offer insight to the managers and business organization in Nepal to formulate strategies that involve in work factors such as distributive and procedural justice for the improvement of the human resource development.

Since the global financial crisis, the economics profession has been more publicly visible—and more criticized—than at any other time in its history. Commentaries on the failure of mainstream economics to predict the crisis are ubiquitous, and some critics even place blame for the disaster on the application of misguided economic theories. These reactions have helped turn a spotlight on the role economists play in guiding public policy, and have revealed the underlying power of economic experts over the social and political life of nations. The subject of The Econocracy is a growing tension between economists and society at large that is caused by this power.

Fodder shortage (quality as well as quantity) has been found through outmid hills of Nepal. The tree fodder is particularly important as a green, nitrogen supplement to poor quality crop residues during the dry season when feeds are scarce. The nutritional values of fodders differ according to species and season therefore farmers prefer different species for different seasons to feed their livestock. The choice or preference of fodder species by farmers reflects their traditional knowledge on nutritional values, palatability, cultivation easiness and seasonal variability of tree fodder in local environment. The paper highlights an indigenous knowledge system that relates to the quality of tree fodder used by farmers in mid hills of Nepal. In total 69 plant species have been recorded as tree fodder and out of them ten best tree fodders have been listed on the basis of preferences and priority by farmers. Information was gathered through a semi structured open questionnaire by intervi...

 The technique of in vitro propagation of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been developed over the past few decades and opens up areas of studying plant-fungi interactions. It is a scientific break through, especially for the study of the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, since these obligate symbionts depend on host plant. The objective of this paper is to find out the in vitro culture of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi using Root Organ Culture technique. Ascertain of root colonization of these fungi could be affected in vitro without undertaking complex and complicated culture conditions. This could form an economically viable technique for root organ culture of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Arbitration is a contract-based form of binding dispute resolution. In other words, a party’s right to refer a dispute to arbitration depends on the existence of an agreement between them and the other parties to the dispute that the dispute may be referred to arbitration. Arbitration is a private process where disputing parties agree that one or several individuals can make a decision about the dispute after receiving evidence and hearing arguments. The arbitration process is similar to a trial in that the parties make opening statements and present evidence to the arbitrator. Conflicts have existed in all cultures, religions and societies since time immemorial, as long as human have walked the earth. Human society is a repertoire where differences arise and persist as salient features, but this is also a platform where varieties of disputes find management in the form of resolution to energize the society. As conflicts are an integral part of human interaction, one must learn to d...

This paper investigates the relationship between organizational justice and organizational commitment among the employees of different organizations from Kathmandu Valley. This research study analyzes the impact of organizational justice as encompassed by two components, namely distributive justice and procedural justice on employee’s commitment. This study is descriptive and analytical. The sample consists of managerial and non-managerial employees who have volunteered to participate in the study. This study reveals a positive and significant relationship showing that the foundation of an employee’s commitment is within the application of both distributive and procedural justice, with procedural justice having stronger effect. The findings in this study would offer insight to the managers and business organization in Nepal to formulate strategies that involve in work factors such as distributive and procedural justice for the improvement of the human resource development.

Physical and mechanical properties of seven ancient clay brick samples of Kathmandu valley consisting of quartz, feldspars, spinel, margarite, muscovite type of mica mineral and hematite were studied using ASTM standards. All the brick samples used in this study have the water absorption, apparent porosity and bulk density in the range of 10-28 percent, 17-33 percent and 1.2-1.8 g/cm3, respectively, while the compressive strength of all the brick samples is found to be in the range of 5-23 MPa. The bulk density of the tile samples is found to be increased with decreasing the water absorption and apparent porosity. The compressive strength of all the clay brick samples can be correlated with their physical properties. Consequently, durability of the ancient bricks is directly influenced by their physical properties of water absorption, apparent porosity and bulk density.

The main objectives of this article is to explore how people use folklore for interaction, and how folklore is useful for managing social/cultural situations for identity making. Pedestal on qualitative secondary data were obtained from various literature, books, journals and articles. The conceptual frame of the study respite on four field approaches of anthropology which comprehend folklore at local, regional, national, and global scales and are supportive in reflecting the understandings in application and seeking ways to adjust with communities to assist them in preserving folklore or in bridging the knowledge-community dissection--understanding and analyzing ethnic behaviors, their identity and institutions, human-culture-nature relation, micro-macro structural relations. With a unique cultural heritage, Nepal is copious with diverse folklore based on legends, religion, popular beliefs etc. They are the traditions of ethnic cultures, subcultures, or groups to express feelings. ...

This study attempts to analyze the effectiveness and relevance of Social Security Allowance (SSA) among the beneficiaries of Kirtipur Municipality 7, Kathmandu district. This study is based on primary data collection in terms of use of the allowance, sufficiency or insufficiency of the distributed amount and use of it to maintain the social status. The problems associated with the respondents along with the program were also purposively selected to verify the objectives. This study reveals that social security allowance have been used for the fulfillment of recipients basic personal needs. The effectiveness of this allow ace is highly appreciable.

High money supply (M2) and high budget deficits (BD) both are equally responsible for higher rate of inflation. Moreover, inflationary pressure gets more momentum when money supply and budget deficits both increase together. The empirical evidence of Nepal also supports this hypothesis. Present paper re-examines this issue in the context of Nepal by using econometric analysis. The empirical results reveal that long run inflation is not only related with higher money supply but also to budget deficit. On the one hand, there is unidirectional causal relationship between money supply with inflation and similarly budget deficit with inflation. On the other, the supply of money has no causal connection with budget deficit. Hence the finding implies that both monetary and fiscal policies are important to control inflation in Nepal.

In recent years, considerable intellectual interest has arisen over the extent of illicit financial flows which may have development, governance or other consequences for both developed and developing countries. Illicit financial flows involve the cross-border transfer of the proceeds of corruption, trade in contraband goods, criminal activities, and tax evasion. The main objective of this article is to explore the current situation of illicit financial flows from the developing countries with special reference to south Asia and Nepal. The article also explains its causes, impact and measures to stem those flows. Although much effort and resources have been used to stem the illicit financial flows in the world, it is in increasing trend specially in case of developing world.

Nepal has a fairly high adolescent fertility rate and low use of contraception. Lack of contraceptive use is a major contributor to the high rates of unintended pregnancies amongst youth. There is also lack of specific studies dealing with contraceptive behavior among young married women. This study examines the use and determinants of contraceptive methods over the time period of 15 years (2001-2016) among young women in Nepal. Trend and bi-vatiate analysis of this study is based on the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 data. The multivariate analysis is based on NDHS 2016 data of 2059 currently married non-pregnant young women aged 15-24 years. Logistic regression is used to assess the net effect of independent variables on dependent variable. The study shows that the contraceptive prevalence rate of young women is only 34 percent. Number of living children, spousal separation, husband education, women, occupation, wealth status, caste/ethnic af...

 The study assesses the likely consequences of COVID-19 in the forest sector of Nepal, focusing on timber production and rural livelihoods. The study conducted telephone interviews along with a review of the secondary source of information and consultations. The timber production in 2020 is likely to decrease by 80% compared to previous years, resulting in a monetary loss of NRs 647.0 million. Furthermore, local community will lose 147,447 days of employment, amounting NRs 117.9 million. This will make livelihoods of the people more vulnerable. Returning of youths from abroad can further escalate biodiversity threats. Timber import is likely to increase in the country, thus impacting on local level employment opportunities. Both long-term and short-term strategies are necessary to revive the timber production and rural livelihoods, where priority should be on increasing investment in the forestry sector. However, public-sector investment is declining. Hence there is a need to expand...