THE BISON SKIN WITH A ‘WAR SCENE’ FROM THE V.M. FLORINSKIY MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY OF SIBERIA (NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY), 2019
Here, for the first time, we publish on the unique bison skin, dated to the second
half of the n... more Here, for the first time, we publish on the unique bison skin, dated to the second half of the nineteenth century, from the Innokentiy P. Kuznetsov-Krasnoyarskiy collection at the TSU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberia named after Vasiliy M. Florinskiy. We provide some detailed information on when and how this item was transferred to the Museum, and, based on our analysis of the style and composition of the ‘war scene’ depicted on the skin, conclude that it is unlikely that the skin had ever been used in the culture of Native Americans. Most probably, it was produced directly for sale.
«Toyanov Gorodok» was a winter settlement of the Eushtin Knyaz Toyan and was an important politic... more «Toyanov Gorodok» was a winter settlement of the Eushtin Knyaz Toyan and was an important political center in the XV-XVII centuries. Due to the diplomacy of Knyaz Toyan, a new Russian city Tomsk was founded in 1604 in front of Toyan's Town, on the right bank of the river Tom. The article is devoted to the results of archaeological field and laboratory studies of this important site. The discovery of the cannonball correlates with written data on the use of artillery by the Tatars. The presence of muskets in the «Toyanov Gorodok» in the first half of the 17th century greatly strengthened the defense of the princely stakes and markedly distinguished these Tatars with the muskets against the background of the traditional armament of the local Siberian peoples. On the basis of archaeozoological studies, the economic type of the population of «Toyanov Gorodоk» was defined as a cattle breeding (with a predominance of the horse in the herd). The absence of Russian pottery on the site testifies to the fact that the replacement of local ceramic traditions with Russian ceramics happened after the Toyan's Town was abandoned. Radiocarbon dating together with numismatic material and archaeological finds allow us to date the main cultural layer by XV-XVII centuries. The conducted studies disproved the long-held opinion about the complete destruction of the site and outlined the prospect of further study.
The article is devoted to the archaeological iron slag. One of the most serious problems in russi... more The article is devoted to the archaeological iron slag. One of the most serious problems in russian archaeometallurgy is that iron slags have been ignored by russian archaeologists as a source of information. Russian researchers are too ready to draw conclusions about the function of the furnace (smelting or smithing), but the lack of knowledge about slag typology leads to confusing smelting and smithing waste, so many conclusions are no proof. Most russian articles don't contain the essential data such as: archaeological context, amount and weight of discovered slags, typology of slags, chemical composition etc. Unfortunately, many slags are thrown out in the field and are not included in the archaeological assemblage. For these reasons, purpose of the article is describe basic scientific knowledge which are «encrypted» in the archaeological slag. During the work the authors came to the following conclusions. Firstly, iron slags can be treated as reliable indicators of existing of iron smelting or smithing process on archaeological site. Slags prove ironmaking much better, than finds of iron artifacts or even blooms, because both iron tools and blooms theoretically could be imported while importing of slag on settlement is unlikely and senselessly. Secondly, the investigation of slag always begins in the field, therefore individual documentation of archaeometallurgical residues is preferred, because it helps identify the concentration of iron production on the site and date remains in some cases. Thirdly, the amount and weight of the discovered slags is also important, because it allows to determine the intensity of ironmaking and reconstruction the role of iron production in economy of ancient and medieval people. Fourthly, the slag typology plays an important role in the study of ancient metallurgy. There are different types of slag. Each of them represents a certain stage of iron production cycle (smelting and smithing). In some cases morphology of smelting slag can help in the reconstruction of the shapes and dimensions of destroyed furnaces and also can indicate a type of furnace, for example, slag blocks and tap slags are formed in different types of furnaces. Some slags allows to know about smithing operation. Thus, spheroid hammerscale can indicate welding technologies, and biggest concentration of hammerscale flakes in excavation area provide us with information on the exact location of the anvil. Finally, chemical and mineralogical composition may reflect a quality of produced iron and indicate iron ore source for ancient and medieval metallurgists.
In the reconstruction of historical and cultural processes in the south of Western Siberia, one o... more In the reconstruction of historical and cultural processes in the south of Western Siberia, one of the problems is that there are few nearly precisely dated and fully published early medieval complexes available. One of possible solutions to this problem is to introduce the academic community to the left-aside material kept in museum repositories. That can contribute to the preservation of collections and often has a significant information impact. The article represents a detailed publication and analysis of materials from the two ‘forgotten’ burial mounds of the Timiryazevo-1 burial site (excavations carried out by V.I. Matyushchenko in 1956) and a cultural and chronological interpretation of them. These two complexes from the most renowned V–X century archaeological burial site of Western Siberia have never been published before. The presence of a Chinese coin in one of them naturally raised one more issue – the need to introduce the academia to all of the numismatic finds from archaeological excavations of the Timiryazevo-1 burial site and to analyze these finds. The results produced during this research consist in the description, classification and dating of the two burial mounds. The presence of the coin in the non-looted burial mound 2 dating back to the second half of the VII–VIII centuries allowed include it in a currently small group of Siberia’s chronological reference complexes of the early Middle Ages. In the form of a catalogue, the article lists all of the known Chinese coins from the Timiryazevo-1 burial site: one of the Sui state with the Wu-Shu legend and the other three of the Tang state with the Kai Yuan Tong Bao legend. The authors suggest that these coins had been brought to the Tom Ob region via Semirechye by Sogdian merchants.
A 3D-recording project was introduced into practice in 2014 by Tomsk State University during inve... more A 3D-recording project was introduced into practice in 2014 by Tomsk State University during investigation of Timiryazevo burial site (5th–10th centuries AD). During the excavation, three-dimensional models of the whole archaeological site were made at each stage, as well as individual records of all artifacts. 3D recording was conducted by SFM technology. The data obtained was used for research and in work on the exhibition project ‖Secrets of Timiryazevo Burial Site: The Circle of Life and Death in Siberian Shamanism‖. The exposition centers on unveiling the meaning of the rite of burying lookalike dolls of the deceased, which was practiced by many indigenous peoples of Siberia. The exposition is designed to enable the visitor to pass through the whole cycle of knowledge extraction together with archaeologists, the ―detectives of the past‖: from a bunch of strange miniscule objects found in the sand to reconstruction of the whole sophisticated rite of the ―ultimate funeral‖ including the burial of the deceased's lookalike doll. The tools used to develop the topic included a stereoscopic video created with Autodesk 3D Studio MAX 2014 and displayed in the exhibition. Stereoscopic videos displayed by specialized museum equipment create a total participation effect, enabling any visitor to watch excavations step by step, in all their detail and from all perspectives.
A 3D recording of a 19-century wooden ship discovered on the bank of the river Ob (Western Siberi... more A 3D recording of a 19-century wooden ship discovered on the bank of the river Ob (Western Siberia) was performed in autumn 2015. The archaeologized ship was partly under water, partly lying ashore, buried under fluvial deposits. The 3D recording was performed in October, when the water level was at its lowest after clearing the area around the ship. A 3D recording at the place of discovery was required as part of the ship museumification and reconstruction project. The works performed were primarily aimed at preserving as much information about the object as possible. Given the location and peculiar features of the object, a combination of close-range photogrammetry and aerial photography was considered to be the best possible solution for creating a high-quality 3D model. The dismantled ship was delivered to Nizhnevartovsk Museum of Local History in October 2015. The ship is going to be reassembled using the created 3D model to be exhibited in the museum. The resulting models are also going to be used to make a virtual 3D reconstruction of the ship in the future. We shot a stereoscopic video for Nizhnevartovsk Museum of Local History to let visitors see the place of discovery and explore the ship in greater details. Besides, 3D printing allowed for creating a miniature of the ship, which is also going to be included in the exposition devoted to this unique discovery.
The extensive experimental studies were carried out for scanning archaeological artifacts of diff... more The extensive experimental studies were carried out for scanning archaeological artifacts of different types within the framework of the project aimed at establishing the virtual 3D museum of artifacts "Ancient Culture of Siberia" to be implemented by the Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research. The choice of specific equipment and scanning techniques was determined in each case by a research task and characteristics of objects to be scanned. The 3D scanning techniques for ceramic vessels of different sizes and ornamentation types, miniature anthropomorphic images, stone Turkic sculptures, and wooden ship details are described herein in detail. All of the generated 3D models are presented in the electronic supplement to this journal.
The article is devoted to the most important events in the history of Eushta knyaz Toyan and his ... more The article is devoted to the most important events in the history of Eushta knyaz Toyan and his subjects in the 17th–18th centuries. Although Tomsk emerged on the map of Siberia largely due to knyaz Toyan’s policies, Toyan’s Town never became a “place of memory” for citizens. It was severely damaged when the tuberculosis hospital was built on the spot. All of this makes it relevant to reconstruct the milestones of the history of Eushta Tatars. The history of knyaz Toyan’s stavka counts at least 300 years: from Toyan’s great-grandfather, who lived there even before the Russians came, until the very end of the 18th century, when the Town was almost abandoned due to various reasons named in the article. Information on Eushta Tatars collected from different sources demonstrates an extremely high level of stress in the region in the 17th century caused by permanent military threat coming from Kyrgyz people and Teleuts. This threat prompted consolidation of the Russians and Tatars very much, producing the ongoing mutual support, close cultural contacts and sharing the same territories as early as a few years after Tomsk was founded. Tatars and Russians participated jointly in at least 14 campaigns and battles during the first third of the 17th century. We also discuss the vital issues associated with origins of Tomsk Tatars and including their territories into the Khanate of Sibir. Considering the fact that “Tomsk Tatars” is constructed as an umbrella term covering various ethnicities (Chat, Eushta, Kalmak) and that the Pritomye Tatar culture developed with participation of Kazan Tatars and people of Central Asian descent in the 17th 19th centuries, we believe it to be impossible to trace the general origins of Tomsk Tatars. Each ethnic subgroup should be investigated individually. Another question discussed in the article is whether territories of Eushta Tatars were included into the Khanate of Sibir. The issue is challenging in that there is no evidence of Kuchum Khan having control over the territories. Besides, the article cites materials proving the subordinacy of Eushta Tatars to Kyrgyz people who said knyaz Toyan had been their best kholop (serf) before Russians came to the river Tom. Finally, the archaeological surveys carried out on Toyan’s Town in 2015 proved there is a preserved cultural layer, which brings back to light a lot of issues associated with preserving and studying one of the key monuments in the history of Tomsk.
Статья посвящена важнейшим событиям в истории эуштинского князя Тояна и его подданных в XVII-XVIII вв. Несмотря на то, что Томск своим появлением во многом обязан именно политике князя Тояна, его городок так и не стал «местом памяти» для горожан. Тоянов городок серьёзно пострадал при строительстве на его территории туберкулезной больницы. Всё это актуализирует воссоздание ключевых моментов в истории эуштинских татар. История укрепленной ставки князя Тояна насчитывает как минимум 300 лет: от «прадеда» Тояна, обитавшего здесь еще до появления русских, до самого конца XVIII века, когда в силу различных причин, озвученных в статье, городок был уже почти полностью заброшен. Собранные из разных источников сведения об эуштинских татарах демонстрируют крайнюю напряженность в регионе в XVII веке, вызванную постоянной военной опасностью, исходившей от киргизов и телеутов. Эта угроза во многом способствовала консолидации русского и татарского населения, приводя к постоянной взаимопомощи, тесным культурным контактам и совместному проживанию уже через несколько лет после освоения Томска. Только в первой трети XVII века эуштинские татары вместе с русскими приняли участие как минимум в 14 походах и сражениях. В статье также рассматриваются актуальные вопросы, связанные с проблемами происхождения томских татар и вхождения их территорий в состав Сибирского ханства. Учитывая, что понятие «томские татары» является сконструированным собирательным термином, объединяющим различные этнические группы (чаты, эуштинцы, калмаки), а также то, что в сложении культуры татарского населения Притомья на протяжении XVII-XIX вв. участвовали казанские татары, а также выходцы из Средней Азии, делается вывод о невозможности проследить общее происхождение томских татар. Необходимо рассматривать каждый из этнических компонентов в отдельности. Другая проблема, рассмотренная в статье, посвящена вопросу вхождения территорий эуштинских татар в состав Сибирского ханства. Сложность ее разрешения кроется в отсутствии надежных доказательств о распространении власти хана Кучума на эти земли. К тому же в статье приводятся материалы, свидетельствующие о зависимости эуштинских татар от киргизов, которые называли князя Тояна своим лучшим холопом до прихода русских на р. Томь.
The paper considers the problem of the time of Islam origin in the Tomsk Ob Region.
The lack of r... more The paper considers the problem of the time of Islam origin in the Tomsk Ob Region. The lack of reliable written evidence makes it necessary to involve archaeological data. The analysis of the obsequial rites enabled to suggest that Islam penetrated into the Tomsk Ob Region in early XIII– XIV centuries simultaneously with the spread of Islam across the Golden Horde. The graves arranged according to the Muslim rites were discovered in two necropolises located at the right riverside of the Ob – the Astrakhantsevsky and Shaitan II burial grounds. These facts make it possible to suggest that the Tomsk Ob Region was the part of the Golden Horde.
The article describes the features of the emergence and spread of iron in Tomsk Ob Region, which ... more The article describes the features of the emergence and spread of iron in Tomsk Ob Region, which located in the contact zone of the two great historical and cultural worlds: hunter-fishers in the taiga and nomads in steppe. Geological specialty of Tomsk Ob Region is the lack of deposits of copper ore and the presence of high-quality iron ore. Based on the analysis of archaeological data three stages of development of iron in Tomsk Ob Region are allocated: 1. Penetration of the first iron products while the traditions of bronze casting were remain general (VIII century BC-IV century AD); 2. Mass distribution of iron products and gradual replacement of bronze tools (V-X centuries AD); 3. Development of local iron ore deposits and flourishing of iron production (X-XVII centuries AD); The hypothesis that the development of local iron ore deposits became possible only with the beginning of the "Turkic" migration at the turn of I-II millennium AD is voiced. From this moment the population of Tomsk Ob Region acquired full commodity independence. Local iron ore deposits provided the flourishing of iron production, which was interrupted only in the XVII century BC during the Russian colonization.
Статья посвящена некоторым итогам вновь начавшихся комплексных исследований археологического памя... more Статья посвящена некоторым итогам вновь начавшихся комплексных исследований археологического памятника у поселка Зеленый Яр. Раскопки 1999–2002 гг. и 2013 г. дали
возможность провести антропологический и генетический анализ мумифицированных останков погребенных, изучить одежду и погребальный обряд средневекового населения
Северного Приобья. Благодаря комплексным исследованиям, в полевом сезоне 2013 г. удалось впервые на данном памятнике зафиксировать женские захоронения, которые не встречались ранее, а также создать трехмерные модели погребений и находок. Кроме этого, впервые на территории ЯНАО были опробованы инновационные технологии, которые не только внесли неоценимый вклад в изучение истории региона, но и показали перспективность внедрения этих методов в российскую археологию в целом.
Zaytseva O.V.
‘3D REVOLUTION’ IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDING IN RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Abstract. The p... more Zaytseva O.V. ‘3D REVOLUTION’ IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDING IN RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Abstract. The paper elaborates on the use of new ‘revolutionary’ 3D recording technologies for archaeological excavations. Herein, a comparison is drawn between the two alternative technologies – laser scanning and terrestrial photogrammetry. Based on these, realistic 3D models of archaeological objects studied at excavation sites are created. It is shown that photogrammetry is easier to master and, unlike scanning, does not require substantial investments. The paper studies the significance of using 3D recording in archaeology and education. The analysis of the current situation in Russian science shows that, for the time being, one can only state that the use of 3D recording and visualization of archaeological finds by separate scientific centres is at the initial stage. Key words: 3D scanning, terrestrial photogrammetry, recording of archaeological finds
The paper discusses some outcomes of the reopened comprehensive studies of the archeological comp... more The paper discusses some outcomes of the reopened comprehensive studies of the archeological complex Zeleny Yar. Past studies of 1999–2002 and the excavations of 2013 produced ample material for the anthropological and genetic analysis of the mummified remains from the burials, study of the clothes and funeral rites of the Middle Age population of the Northern Ob region. Owing to comprehensive research programs during the field season of 2013 the archeologists for the first time registered female burials in this site. In addition, the archeologists tested innovative site research techniques which signifi cantly enhanced the capabilities for the study of the history of
the region, as well as demonstrated the potential of application of these techniques in the Russian archeological research in general. Through the use of these methods the archeologists identified most promising locations for further research and created 3D models of the burials and the finds.
The article presents research materials of the two historical Muslim cemeteries of XVII–XIX centu... more The article presents research materials of the two historical Muslim cemeteries of XVII–XIX centuries in the suburbs of the city Tomsk – Old Muslim Cemetery and the Cemetery on the Yurt Mountain. For the first time, A.P. Dulzons’ field diaries introduced into scientific circulation., containing important information about the Muslim funeral rites. The burial rites is analyzed, also chronology of the cemeteries is refined. The authors came to the conclusion that the burial rites are fully met the Muslim canon. The paper analyzes funeral rites of two Tomsk necropolises – the Old Muslim Cemetery and the Cemetery on the Yurtochnaya Mountain. By now, these historical cemeteries have been completely destroyed by the urban development. The paper analyzes the Muslim burial grounds on the Yurtochnaya Mountain investigated by S.M. Chugunov in 1898. The dating of necropolises is based on historical maps, numismatic materials, and written sources. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was established in the early XVIII century. At the same time, the Tatarskaya Sloboda – the special historical district of Muslims in the neighborhood of Tomsk – was established. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was located on the eastern margin of Tatarskaya Sloboda. It existed until 1892 and was closed when places for new graves were not available anymore. Based on archaeological sources, it was concluded that the funeral rite of these Muslim necropolises was markedly different from the rite of the Tomsk Tatars of the previous period (XVI–XVII centuries). The occurrence of the funeral rites in strict compliance with the Muslim canon is associated with the migrations of the Kazan Tatars and the Bukharans. The Yurtochnaya Mountain and the Tatarskaya Sloboda are the first historical districts of Muslims. Taking into account that the Islam penetrated into the culture of the Tomsk Tatars in the XVII–XVIII centuries, the Muslim necropolises could be abandoned both by the Tatar migrants and local Tomsk Muslims. In the XVIII century they lived together in the neighborhood of Tomsk, which is well supported by evidence. The close cultural contacts, the similar languages and the shared territory facilitated the rapid propagation of the new religious doctrine into the community of the Tomsk Tatars.
The article tells about medieval burials in wooden coffins at the area of Tomsk Ob region. These ... more The article tells about medieval burials in wooden coffins at the area of Tomsk Ob region. These burials date solely by XIII-XIV cc. and aren’t present in earlier or later times. It means that the ceremony of laying deceased into the coffin existed there for a relatively short time. Only 17 medieval burials in coffins are found and described. They differ drastically from other burials as they had very rich and diverse grave goods (weapons, jewelry, rare pieces of art etc.). Half of these burials have “horse pelts” and harness. All this brings up a theory that the deceased buried in the wooden coffins were the members of military elite. Such “elite” interments in coffins were well known in XIII-XIV cc. in Altai, Transbaikal and South Urals where they appeared during the Mongol invasion. The appearance of this coffin burials are thought to be tied with Mongol traditions, that were widespread during the Mongol conquest in XIII-XIV cc. So it appears that the medieval interments in coffins aren’t local phenomenon in the Tomsk Ob region but the sign of “the Mongolian trail” in the history of the Region.
В статье рассматривается феномен средневековых захоронений в деревянных гробах на территории Томского Приобья. Эти захоронения датируются исключительно XIII-XV вв., и не известны ни в более раннее, ни в более позднее время. Таким образом, обряд укладывать умерших в гроб существовал здесь относительно недолгое время. Всего выявлено и описано 17 средневековых погребений в гробах. Все они резко выделяются на фоне остальных захоронений. Им сопутствует богатый и разнообразный погребальный инвентарь (оружие, украшения, редкие предметы искусства и др.). В половине случаев они также сопровождаются захоронением «шкуры лошади» и конским снаряжением. Всё это позволяет выдвинуть гипотезу о том, что умершие, захороненные в деревянных гробах, являлись представителями воинской знати. Подобные «элитные» захоронения в гробах известны в XIII-XIV вв. на Алтае, Забайкалье, Южном Урале, где они появились во время прихода туда монгольских войск. Появления захоронений в гробах в других регионах связываются с монгольскими традициями, которые широко распространились в ходе монгольских завоеваний XIII-XIV вв. Скорее всего, средневековые захоронения в гробах являются не локальным феноменом для Томского Приобья и не имеют местных истоков, а указывают на «монгольский след» в истории этого региона.
THE BISON SKIN WITH A ‘WAR SCENE’ FROM THE V.M. FLORINSKIY MUSEUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY OF SIBERIA (NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK STATE UNIVERSITY), 2019
Here, for the first time, we publish on the unique bison skin, dated to the second
half of the n... more Here, for the first time, we publish on the unique bison skin, dated to the second half of the nineteenth century, from the Innokentiy P. Kuznetsov-Krasnoyarskiy collection at the TSU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberia named after Vasiliy M. Florinskiy. We provide some detailed information on when and how this item was transferred to the Museum, and, based on our analysis of the style and composition of the ‘war scene’ depicted on the skin, conclude that it is unlikely that the skin had ever been used in the culture of Native Americans. Most probably, it was produced directly for sale.
«Toyanov Gorodok» was a winter settlement of the Eushtin Knyaz Toyan and was an important politic... more «Toyanov Gorodok» was a winter settlement of the Eushtin Knyaz Toyan and was an important political center in the XV-XVII centuries. Due to the diplomacy of Knyaz Toyan, a new Russian city Tomsk was founded in 1604 in front of Toyan's Town, on the right bank of the river Tom. The article is devoted to the results of archaeological field and laboratory studies of this important site. The discovery of the cannonball correlates with written data on the use of artillery by the Tatars. The presence of muskets in the «Toyanov Gorodok» in the first half of the 17th century greatly strengthened the defense of the princely stakes and markedly distinguished these Tatars with the muskets against the background of the traditional armament of the local Siberian peoples. On the basis of archaeozoological studies, the economic type of the population of «Toyanov Gorodоk» was defined as a cattle breeding (with a predominance of the horse in the herd). The absence of Russian pottery on the site testifies to the fact that the replacement of local ceramic traditions with Russian ceramics happened after the Toyan's Town was abandoned. Radiocarbon dating together with numismatic material and archaeological finds allow us to date the main cultural layer by XV-XVII centuries. The conducted studies disproved the long-held opinion about the complete destruction of the site and outlined the prospect of further study.
The article is devoted to the archaeological iron slag. One of the most serious problems in russi... more The article is devoted to the archaeological iron slag. One of the most serious problems in russian archaeometallurgy is that iron slags have been ignored by russian archaeologists as a source of information. Russian researchers are too ready to draw conclusions about the function of the furnace (smelting or smithing), but the lack of knowledge about slag typology leads to confusing smelting and smithing waste, so many conclusions are no proof. Most russian articles don't contain the essential data such as: archaeological context, amount and weight of discovered slags, typology of slags, chemical composition etc. Unfortunately, many slags are thrown out in the field and are not included in the archaeological assemblage. For these reasons, purpose of the article is describe basic scientific knowledge which are «encrypted» in the archaeological slag. During the work the authors came to the following conclusions. Firstly, iron slags can be treated as reliable indicators of existing of iron smelting or smithing process on archaeological site. Slags prove ironmaking much better, than finds of iron artifacts or even blooms, because both iron tools and blooms theoretically could be imported while importing of slag on settlement is unlikely and senselessly. Secondly, the investigation of slag always begins in the field, therefore individual documentation of archaeometallurgical residues is preferred, because it helps identify the concentration of iron production on the site and date remains in some cases. Thirdly, the amount and weight of the discovered slags is also important, because it allows to determine the intensity of ironmaking and reconstruction the role of iron production in economy of ancient and medieval people. Fourthly, the slag typology plays an important role in the study of ancient metallurgy. There are different types of slag. Each of them represents a certain stage of iron production cycle (smelting and smithing). In some cases morphology of smelting slag can help in the reconstruction of the shapes and dimensions of destroyed furnaces and also can indicate a type of furnace, for example, slag blocks and tap slags are formed in different types of furnaces. Some slags allows to know about smithing operation. Thus, spheroid hammerscale can indicate welding technologies, and biggest concentration of hammerscale flakes in excavation area provide us with information on the exact location of the anvil. Finally, chemical and mineralogical composition may reflect a quality of produced iron and indicate iron ore source for ancient and medieval metallurgists.
In the reconstruction of historical and cultural processes in the south of Western Siberia, one o... more In the reconstruction of historical and cultural processes in the south of Western Siberia, one of the problems is that there are few nearly precisely dated and fully published early medieval complexes available. One of possible solutions to this problem is to introduce the academic community to the left-aside material kept in museum repositories. That can contribute to the preservation of collections and often has a significant information impact. The article represents a detailed publication and analysis of materials from the two ‘forgotten’ burial mounds of the Timiryazevo-1 burial site (excavations carried out by V.I. Matyushchenko in 1956) and a cultural and chronological interpretation of them. These two complexes from the most renowned V–X century archaeological burial site of Western Siberia have never been published before. The presence of a Chinese coin in one of them naturally raised one more issue – the need to introduce the academia to all of the numismatic finds from archaeological excavations of the Timiryazevo-1 burial site and to analyze these finds. The results produced during this research consist in the description, classification and dating of the two burial mounds. The presence of the coin in the non-looted burial mound 2 dating back to the second half of the VII–VIII centuries allowed include it in a currently small group of Siberia’s chronological reference complexes of the early Middle Ages. In the form of a catalogue, the article lists all of the known Chinese coins from the Timiryazevo-1 burial site: one of the Sui state with the Wu-Shu legend and the other three of the Tang state with the Kai Yuan Tong Bao legend. The authors suggest that these coins had been brought to the Tom Ob region via Semirechye by Sogdian merchants.
A 3D-recording project was introduced into practice in 2014 by Tomsk State University during inve... more A 3D-recording project was introduced into practice in 2014 by Tomsk State University during investigation of Timiryazevo burial site (5th–10th centuries AD). During the excavation, three-dimensional models of the whole archaeological site were made at each stage, as well as individual records of all artifacts. 3D recording was conducted by SFM technology. The data obtained was used for research and in work on the exhibition project ‖Secrets of Timiryazevo Burial Site: The Circle of Life and Death in Siberian Shamanism‖. The exposition centers on unveiling the meaning of the rite of burying lookalike dolls of the deceased, which was practiced by many indigenous peoples of Siberia. The exposition is designed to enable the visitor to pass through the whole cycle of knowledge extraction together with archaeologists, the ―detectives of the past‖: from a bunch of strange miniscule objects found in the sand to reconstruction of the whole sophisticated rite of the ―ultimate funeral‖ including the burial of the deceased's lookalike doll. The tools used to develop the topic included a stereoscopic video created with Autodesk 3D Studio MAX 2014 and displayed in the exhibition. Stereoscopic videos displayed by specialized museum equipment create a total participation effect, enabling any visitor to watch excavations step by step, in all their detail and from all perspectives.
A 3D recording of a 19-century wooden ship discovered on the bank of the river Ob (Western Siberi... more A 3D recording of a 19-century wooden ship discovered on the bank of the river Ob (Western Siberia) was performed in autumn 2015. The archaeologized ship was partly under water, partly lying ashore, buried under fluvial deposits. The 3D recording was performed in October, when the water level was at its lowest after clearing the area around the ship. A 3D recording at the place of discovery was required as part of the ship museumification and reconstruction project. The works performed were primarily aimed at preserving as much information about the object as possible. Given the location and peculiar features of the object, a combination of close-range photogrammetry and aerial photography was considered to be the best possible solution for creating a high-quality 3D model. The dismantled ship was delivered to Nizhnevartovsk Museum of Local History in October 2015. The ship is going to be reassembled using the created 3D model to be exhibited in the museum. The resulting models are also going to be used to make a virtual 3D reconstruction of the ship in the future. We shot a stereoscopic video for Nizhnevartovsk Museum of Local History to let visitors see the place of discovery and explore the ship in greater details. Besides, 3D printing allowed for creating a miniature of the ship, which is also going to be included in the exposition devoted to this unique discovery.
The extensive experimental studies were carried out for scanning archaeological artifacts of diff... more The extensive experimental studies were carried out for scanning archaeological artifacts of different types within the framework of the project aimed at establishing the virtual 3D museum of artifacts "Ancient Culture of Siberia" to be implemented by the Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research. The choice of specific equipment and scanning techniques was determined in each case by a research task and characteristics of objects to be scanned. The 3D scanning techniques for ceramic vessels of different sizes and ornamentation types, miniature anthropomorphic images, stone Turkic sculptures, and wooden ship details are described herein in detail. All of the generated 3D models are presented in the electronic supplement to this journal.
The article is devoted to the most important events in the history of Eushta knyaz Toyan and his ... more The article is devoted to the most important events in the history of Eushta knyaz Toyan and his subjects in the 17th–18th centuries. Although Tomsk emerged on the map of Siberia largely due to knyaz Toyan’s policies, Toyan’s Town never became a “place of memory” for citizens. It was severely damaged when the tuberculosis hospital was built on the spot. All of this makes it relevant to reconstruct the milestones of the history of Eushta Tatars. The history of knyaz Toyan’s stavka counts at least 300 years: from Toyan’s great-grandfather, who lived there even before the Russians came, until the very end of the 18th century, when the Town was almost abandoned due to various reasons named in the article. Information on Eushta Tatars collected from different sources demonstrates an extremely high level of stress in the region in the 17th century caused by permanent military threat coming from Kyrgyz people and Teleuts. This threat prompted consolidation of the Russians and Tatars very much, producing the ongoing mutual support, close cultural contacts and sharing the same territories as early as a few years after Tomsk was founded. Tatars and Russians participated jointly in at least 14 campaigns and battles during the first third of the 17th century. We also discuss the vital issues associated with origins of Tomsk Tatars and including their territories into the Khanate of Sibir. Considering the fact that “Tomsk Tatars” is constructed as an umbrella term covering various ethnicities (Chat, Eushta, Kalmak) and that the Pritomye Tatar culture developed with participation of Kazan Tatars and people of Central Asian descent in the 17th 19th centuries, we believe it to be impossible to trace the general origins of Tomsk Tatars. Each ethnic subgroup should be investigated individually. Another question discussed in the article is whether territories of Eushta Tatars were included into the Khanate of Sibir. The issue is challenging in that there is no evidence of Kuchum Khan having control over the territories. Besides, the article cites materials proving the subordinacy of Eushta Tatars to Kyrgyz people who said knyaz Toyan had been their best kholop (serf) before Russians came to the river Tom. Finally, the archaeological surveys carried out on Toyan’s Town in 2015 proved there is a preserved cultural layer, which brings back to light a lot of issues associated with preserving and studying one of the key monuments in the history of Tomsk.
Статья посвящена важнейшим событиям в истории эуштинского князя Тояна и его подданных в XVII-XVIII вв. Несмотря на то, что Томск своим появлением во многом обязан именно политике князя Тояна, его городок так и не стал «местом памяти» для горожан. Тоянов городок серьёзно пострадал при строительстве на его территории туберкулезной больницы. Всё это актуализирует воссоздание ключевых моментов в истории эуштинских татар. История укрепленной ставки князя Тояна насчитывает как минимум 300 лет: от «прадеда» Тояна, обитавшего здесь еще до появления русских, до самого конца XVIII века, когда в силу различных причин, озвученных в статье, городок был уже почти полностью заброшен. Собранные из разных источников сведения об эуштинских татарах демонстрируют крайнюю напряженность в регионе в XVII веке, вызванную постоянной военной опасностью, исходившей от киргизов и телеутов. Эта угроза во многом способствовала консолидации русского и татарского населения, приводя к постоянной взаимопомощи, тесным культурным контактам и совместному проживанию уже через несколько лет после освоения Томска. Только в первой трети XVII века эуштинские татары вместе с русскими приняли участие как минимум в 14 походах и сражениях. В статье также рассматриваются актуальные вопросы, связанные с проблемами происхождения томских татар и вхождения их территорий в состав Сибирского ханства. Учитывая, что понятие «томские татары» является сконструированным собирательным термином, объединяющим различные этнические группы (чаты, эуштинцы, калмаки), а также то, что в сложении культуры татарского населения Притомья на протяжении XVII-XIX вв. участвовали казанские татары, а также выходцы из Средней Азии, делается вывод о невозможности проследить общее происхождение томских татар. Необходимо рассматривать каждый из этнических компонентов в отдельности. Другая проблема, рассмотренная в статье, посвящена вопросу вхождения территорий эуштинских татар в состав Сибирского ханства. Сложность ее разрешения кроется в отсутствии надежных доказательств о распространении власти хана Кучума на эти земли. К тому же в статье приводятся материалы, свидетельствующие о зависимости эуштинских татар от киргизов, которые называли князя Тояна своим лучшим холопом до прихода русских на р. Томь.
The paper considers the problem of the time of Islam origin in the Tomsk Ob Region.
The lack of r... more The paper considers the problem of the time of Islam origin in the Tomsk Ob Region. The lack of reliable written evidence makes it necessary to involve archaeological data. The analysis of the obsequial rites enabled to suggest that Islam penetrated into the Tomsk Ob Region in early XIII– XIV centuries simultaneously with the spread of Islam across the Golden Horde. The graves arranged according to the Muslim rites were discovered in two necropolises located at the right riverside of the Ob – the Astrakhantsevsky and Shaitan II burial grounds. These facts make it possible to suggest that the Tomsk Ob Region was the part of the Golden Horde.
The article describes the features of the emergence and spread of iron in Tomsk Ob Region, which ... more The article describes the features of the emergence and spread of iron in Tomsk Ob Region, which located in the contact zone of the two great historical and cultural worlds: hunter-fishers in the taiga and nomads in steppe. Geological specialty of Tomsk Ob Region is the lack of deposits of copper ore and the presence of high-quality iron ore. Based on the analysis of archaeological data three stages of development of iron in Tomsk Ob Region are allocated: 1. Penetration of the first iron products while the traditions of bronze casting were remain general (VIII century BC-IV century AD); 2. Mass distribution of iron products and gradual replacement of bronze tools (V-X centuries AD); 3. Development of local iron ore deposits and flourishing of iron production (X-XVII centuries AD); The hypothesis that the development of local iron ore deposits became possible only with the beginning of the "Turkic" migration at the turn of I-II millennium AD is voiced. From this moment the population of Tomsk Ob Region acquired full commodity independence. Local iron ore deposits provided the flourishing of iron production, which was interrupted only in the XVII century BC during the Russian colonization.
Статья посвящена некоторым итогам вновь начавшихся комплексных исследований археологического памя... more Статья посвящена некоторым итогам вновь начавшихся комплексных исследований археологического памятника у поселка Зеленый Яр. Раскопки 1999–2002 гг. и 2013 г. дали
возможность провести антропологический и генетический анализ мумифицированных останков погребенных, изучить одежду и погребальный обряд средневекового населения
Северного Приобья. Благодаря комплексным исследованиям, в полевом сезоне 2013 г. удалось впервые на данном памятнике зафиксировать женские захоронения, которые не встречались ранее, а также создать трехмерные модели погребений и находок. Кроме этого, впервые на территории ЯНАО были опробованы инновационные технологии, которые не только внесли неоценимый вклад в изучение истории региона, но и показали перспективность внедрения этих методов в российскую археологию в целом.
Zaytseva O.V.
‘3D REVOLUTION’ IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDING IN RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Abstract. The p... more Zaytseva O.V. ‘3D REVOLUTION’ IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDING IN RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Abstract. The paper elaborates on the use of new ‘revolutionary’ 3D recording technologies for archaeological excavations. Herein, a comparison is drawn between the two alternative technologies – laser scanning and terrestrial photogrammetry. Based on these, realistic 3D models of archaeological objects studied at excavation sites are created. It is shown that photogrammetry is easier to master and, unlike scanning, does not require substantial investments. The paper studies the significance of using 3D recording in archaeology and education. The analysis of the current situation in Russian science shows that, for the time being, one can only state that the use of 3D recording and visualization of archaeological finds by separate scientific centres is at the initial stage. Key words: 3D scanning, terrestrial photogrammetry, recording of archaeological finds
The paper discusses some outcomes of the reopened comprehensive studies of the archeological comp... more The paper discusses some outcomes of the reopened comprehensive studies of the archeological complex Zeleny Yar. Past studies of 1999–2002 and the excavations of 2013 produced ample material for the anthropological and genetic analysis of the mummified remains from the burials, study of the clothes and funeral rites of the Middle Age population of the Northern Ob region. Owing to comprehensive research programs during the field season of 2013 the archeologists for the first time registered female burials in this site. In addition, the archeologists tested innovative site research techniques which signifi cantly enhanced the capabilities for the study of the history of
the region, as well as demonstrated the potential of application of these techniques in the Russian archeological research in general. Through the use of these methods the archeologists identified most promising locations for further research and created 3D models of the burials and the finds.
The article presents research materials of the two historical Muslim cemeteries of XVII–XIX centu... more The article presents research materials of the two historical Muslim cemeteries of XVII–XIX centuries in the suburbs of the city Tomsk – Old Muslim Cemetery and the Cemetery on the Yurt Mountain. For the first time, A.P. Dulzons’ field diaries introduced into scientific circulation., containing important information about the Muslim funeral rites. The burial rites is analyzed, also chronology of the cemeteries is refined. The authors came to the conclusion that the burial rites are fully met the Muslim canon. The paper analyzes funeral rites of two Tomsk necropolises – the Old Muslim Cemetery and the Cemetery on the Yurtochnaya Mountain. By now, these historical cemeteries have been completely destroyed by the urban development. The paper analyzes the Muslim burial grounds on the Yurtochnaya Mountain investigated by S.M. Chugunov in 1898. The dating of necropolises is based on historical maps, numismatic materials, and written sources. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was established in the early XVIII century. At the same time, the Tatarskaya Sloboda – the special historical district of Muslims in the neighborhood of Tomsk – was established. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was located on the eastern margin of Tatarskaya Sloboda. It existed until 1892 and was closed when places for new graves were not available anymore. Based on archaeological sources, it was concluded that the funeral rite of these Muslim necropolises was markedly different from the rite of the Tomsk Tatars of the previous period (XVI–XVII centuries). The occurrence of the funeral rites in strict compliance with the Muslim canon is associated with the migrations of the Kazan Tatars and the Bukharans. The Yurtochnaya Mountain and the Tatarskaya Sloboda are the first historical districts of Muslims. Taking into account that the Islam penetrated into the culture of the Tomsk Tatars in the XVII–XVIII centuries, the Muslim necropolises could be abandoned both by the Tatar migrants and local Tomsk Muslims. In the XVIII century they lived together in the neighborhood of Tomsk, which is well supported by evidence. The close cultural contacts, the similar languages and the shared territory facilitated the rapid propagation of the new religious doctrine into the community of the Tomsk Tatars.
The article tells about medieval burials in wooden coffins at the area of Tomsk Ob region. These ... more The article tells about medieval burials in wooden coffins at the area of Tomsk Ob region. These burials date solely by XIII-XIV cc. and aren’t present in earlier or later times. It means that the ceremony of laying deceased into the coffin existed there for a relatively short time. Only 17 medieval burials in coffins are found and described. They differ drastically from other burials as they had very rich and diverse grave goods (weapons, jewelry, rare pieces of art etc.). Half of these burials have “horse pelts” and harness. All this brings up a theory that the deceased buried in the wooden coffins were the members of military elite. Such “elite” interments in coffins were well known in XIII-XIV cc. in Altai, Transbaikal and South Urals where they appeared during the Mongol invasion. The appearance of this coffin burials are thought to be tied with Mongol traditions, that were widespread during the Mongol conquest in XIII-XIV cc. So it appears that the medieval interments in coffins aren’t local phenomenon in the Tomsk Ob region but the sign of “the Mongolian trail” in the history of the Region.
В статье рассматривается феномен средневековых захоронений в деревянных гробах на территории Томского Приобья. Эти захоронения датируются исключительно XIII-XV вв., и не известны ни в более раннее, ни в более позднее время. Таким образом, обряд укладывать умерших в гроб существовал здесь относительно недолгое время. Всего выявлено и описано 17 средневековых погребений в гробах. Все они резко выделяются на фоне остальных захоронений. Им сопутствует богатый и разнообразный погребальный инвентарь (оружие, украшения, редкие предметы искусства и др.). В половине случаев они также сопровождаются захоронением «шкуры лошади» и конским снаряжением. Всё это позволяет выдвинуть гипотезу о том, что умершие, захороненные в деревянных гробах, являлись представителями воинской знати. Подобные «элитные» захоронения в гробах известны в XIII-XIV вв. на Алтае, Забайкалье, Южном Урале, где они появились во время прихода туда монгольских войск. Появления захоронений в гробах в других регионах связываются с монгольскими традициями, которые широко распространились в ходе монгольских завоеваний XIII-XIV вв. Скорее всего, средневековые захоронения в гробах являются не локальным феноменом для Томского Приобья и не имеют местных истоков, а указывают на «монгольский след» в истории этого региона.
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Papers by Olga Zaytseva
half of the nineteenth century, from the Innokentiy P. Kuznetsov-Krasnoyarskiy collection at
the TSU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberia named after Vasiliy M. Florinskiy. We provide some detailed information on when and how this item was transferred to the
Museum, and, based on our analysis of the style and composition of the ‘war scene’ depicted
on the skin, conclude that it is unlikely that the skin had ever been used in the culture of
Native Americans. Most probably, it was produced directly for sale.
For these reasons, purpose of the article is describe basic scientific knowledge which are «encrypted» in the archaeological slag.
During the work the authors came to the following conclusions. Firstly, iron slags can be treated as reliable indicators of existing of iron smelting or smithing process on archaeological site. Slags prove ironmaking much better, than finds of iron artifacts or even blooms, because both iron tools and blooms theoretically could be imported while importing of slag on settlement is unlikely and senselessly. Secondly, the investigation of slag always begins in the field, therefore individual documentation of archaeometallurgical residues is preferred, because it helps identify the concentration of iron production on the site and date remains in some cases. Thirdly, the amount and weight of the discovered slags is also important, because it allows to determine the intensity of ironmaking and reconstruction the role of iron production in economy of ancient and medieval people. Fourthly, the slag typology plays an important role in the study of ancient metallurgy. There are different types of slag. Each of them represents a certain stage of iron production cycle (smelting and smithing). In some cases morphology of smelting slag can help in the reconstruction of the shapes and dimensions of destroyed furnaces and also can indicate a type of furnace, for example, slag blocks and tap slags are formed in different types of furnaces. Some slags allows to know about smithing operation. Thus, spheroid hammerscale can indicate welding technologies, and biggest concentration of hammerscale flakes in excavation area provide us with information on the exact location of the anvil.
Finally, chemical and mineralogical composition may reflect a quality of produced iron and indicate iron ore source for ancient and medieval metallurgists.
the academic community to the left-aside material kept in museum repositories. That can contribute to the preservation of collections and often has a significant information impact. The article represents a detailed publication and analysis of materials from the two ‘forgotten’
burial mounds of the Timiryazevo-1 burial site (excavations carried out by V.I. Matyushchenko in 1956) and a cultural and chronological interpretation of them. These two complexes from the most renowned V–X century archaeological burial site of Western Siberia have never
been published before. The presence of a Chinese coin in one of them naturally raised one more issue – the need to introduce the academia to all of the numismatic finds from archaeological excavations of the Timiryazevo-1 burial site and to analyze these finds. The results
produced during this research consist in the description, classification and dating of the two burial mounds. The presence of the coin in the non-looted burial mound 2 dating back to the second half of the VII–VIII centuries allowed include it in a currently small group of Siberia’s
chronological reference complexes of the early Middle Ages. In the form of a catalogue, the article lists all of the known Chinese coins from the Timiryazevo-1 burial site: one of the Sui state with the Wu-Shu legend and the other three of the Tang state with the Kai Yuan Tong
Bao legend. The authors suggest that these coins had been brought to the Tom Ob region via Semirechye by Sogdian merchants.
3D museum of artifacts "Ancient Culture of Siberia" to be implemented by the Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research. The choice of specific equipment and scanning
techniques was determined in each case by a research task and characteristics of objects to be scanned. The 3D scanning techniques for ceramic vessels of different sizes and ornamentation types, miniature anthropomorphic images, stone Turkic sculptures, and wooden ship details are described herein in detail. All of the generated 3D models are presented in the electronic supplement to this journal.
The history of knyaz Toyan’s stavka counts at least 300 years: from Toyan’s great-grandfather, who lived there even before the Russians came, until the very end of the 18th century, when the Town was almost abandoned due to various reasons named in the article.
Information on Eushta Tatars collected from different sources demonstrates an extremely high level of stress in the region in the 17th century caused by permanent military threat coming from Kyrgyz people and Teleuts. This threat prompted consolidation of the Russians and Tatars very much, producing the ongoing mutual support, close cultural contacts and sharing the same territories as early as a few years after Tomsk was founded. Tatars and Russians participated jointly in at least 14 campaigns and battles during the first third of the 17th century.
We also discuss the vital issues associated with origins of Tomsk Tatars and including their territories into the Khanate of Sibir. Considering the fact that “Tomsk Tatars” is constructed as an umbrella term covering various ethnicities (Chat, Eushta, Kalmak) and that the Pritomye Tatar culture developed with participation of Kazan Tatars and people of Central Asian descent in the 17th 19th centuries, we believe it to be impossible to trace the general origins of Tomsk Tatars. Each ethnic subgroup should be investigated individually.
Another question discussed in the article is whether territories of Eushta Tatars were included into the Khanate of Sibir. The issue is challenging in that there is no evidence of Kuchum Khan having control over the territories. Besides, the article cites materials proving the subordinacy of Eushta Tatars to Kyrgyz people who said knyaz Toyan had been their best kholop (serf) before Russians came to the river Tom.
Finally, the archaeological surveys carried out on Toyan’s Town in 2015 proved there is a preserved cultural layer, which brings back to light a lot of issues associated with preserving and studying one of the key monuments in the history of Tomsk.
Статья посвящена важнейшим событиям в истории эуштинского князя Тояна и его подданных в XVII-XVIII вв. Несмотря на то, что Томск своим появлением во многом обязан именно политике князя Тояна, его городок так и не стал «местом памяти» для горожан. Тоянов городок серьёзно пострадал при строительстве на его территории туберкулезной больницы. Всё это актуализирует воссоздание ключевых моментов в истории эуштинских татар.
История укрепленной ставки князя Тояна насчитывает как минимум 300 лет: от «прадеда» Тояна, обитавшего здесь еще до появления русских, до самого конца XVIII века, когда в силу различных причин, озвученных в статье, городок был уже почти полностью заброшен.
Собранные из разных источников сведения об эуштинских татарах демонстрируют крайнюю напряженность в регионе в XVII веке, вызванную постоянной военной опасностью, исходившей от киргизов и телеутов. Эта угроза во многом способствовала консолидации русского и татарского населения, приводя к постоянной взаимопомощи, тесным культурным контактам и совместному проживанию уже через несколько лет после освоения Томска. Только в первой трети XVII века эуштинские татары вместе с русскими приняли участие как минимум в 14 походах и сражениях.
В статье также рассматриваются актуальные вопросы, связанные с проблемами происхождения томских татар и вхождения их территорий в состав Сибирского ханства. Учитывая, что понятие «томские татары» является сконструированным собирательным термином, объединяющим различные этнические группы (чаты, эуштинцы, калмаки), а также то, что в сложении культуры татарского населения Притомья на протяжении XVII-XIX вв. участвовали казанские татары, а также выходцы из Средней Азии, делается вывод о невозможности проследить общее происхождение томских татар. Необходимо рассматривать каждый из этнических компонентов в отдельности.
Другая проблема, рассмотренная в статье, посвящена вопросу вхождения территорий эуштинских татар в состав Сибирского ханства. Сложность ее разрешения кроется в отсутствии надежных доказательств о распространении власти хана Кучума на эти земли. К тому же в статье приводятся материалы, свидетельствующие о зависимости эуштинских татар от киргизов, которые называли князя Тояна своим лучшим холопом до прихода русских на р. Томь.
The lack of reliable written evidence makes it necessary to involve archaeological data. The analysis of the
obsequial rites enabled to suggest that Islam penetrated into the Tomsk Ob Region in early XIII–
XIV centuries simultaneously with the spread of Islam across the Golden Horde. The graves arranged
according to the Muslim rites were discovered in two necropolises located at the right riverside of the Ob –
the Astrakhantsevsky and Shaitan II burial grounds. These facts make it possible to suggest that the Tomsk
Ob Region was the part of the Golden Horde.
1. Penetration of the first iron products while the traditions of bronze casting were remain general (VIII century BC-IV century AD);
2. Mass distribution of iron products and gradual replacement of bronze tools (V-X centuries AD);
3. Development of local iron ore deposits and flourishing of iron production (X-XVII centuries AD);
The hypothesis that the development of local iron ore deposits became possible only with the beginning of the "Turkic" migration at the turn of I-II millennium AD is voiced. From this moment the population of Tomsk Ob Region acquired full commodity independence. Local iron ore deposits provided the flourishing of iron production, which was interrupted only in the XVII century BC during the Russian colonization.
возможность провести антропологический и генетический анализ мумифицированных останков погребенных, изучить одежду и погребальный обряд средневекового населения
Северного Приобья. Благодаря комплексным исследованиям, в полевом сезоне 2013 г. удалось впервые на данном памятнике зафиксировать женские захоронения, которые не встречались ранее, а также создать трехмерные модели погребений и находок. Кроме этого, впервые на территории ЯНАО были опробованы инновационные технологии, которые не только внесли неоценимый вклад в изучение истории региона, но и показали перспективность внедрения этих методов в российскую археологию в целом.
‘3D REVOLUTION’ IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDING IN RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Abstract. The paper elaborates on the use of new ‘revolutionary’ 3D recording technologies
for archaeological excavations. Herein, a comparison is drawn between the two alternative
technologies – laser scanning and terrestrial photogrammetry. Based on these, realistic 3D
models of archaeological objects studied at excavation sites are created. It is shown that photogrammetry
is easier to master and, unlike scanning, does not require substantial investments.
The paper studies the significance of using 3D recording in archaeology and education.
The analysis of the current situation in Russian science shows that, for the time being, one can
only state that the use of 3D recording and visualization of archaeological finds by separate
scientific centres is at the initial stage.
Key words: 3D scanning, terrestrial photogrammetry, recording of archaeological finds
the region, as well as demonstrated the potential of application of these techniques in the Russian archeological research in general. Through the use of these methods the archeologists identified most promising locations for further research and created 3D models of the burials and the finds.
historical cemeteries have been completely destroyed by the urban development. The paper analyzes the Muslim burial grounds on the Yurtochnaya Mountain investigated by S.M. Chugunov in 1898. The dating of necropolises is based on historical maps, numismatic materials, and written sources. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was established in the early XVIII century. At the same time, the Tatarskaya Sloboda – the special historical district of Muslims in the neighborhood of Tomsk – was established. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was located on the eastern margin of Tatarskaya Sloboda. It existed until 1892 and was closed when places for new graves were not available anymore. Based on archaeological sources, it was concluded that the funeral rite of these Muslim necropolises was markedly different from the rite of the Tomsk Tatars of the previous period (XVI–XVII centuries). The occurrence of the funeral rites in strict compliance with the Muslim canon is associated with the migrations of the Kazan Tatars and the Bukharans. The Yurtochnaya Mountain and the Tatarskaya Sloboda are the first historical districts of Muslims. Taking into account that the Islam penetrated into the culture of the Tomsk Tatars in the XVII–XVIII centuries, the Muslim necropolises could be abandoned both by the Tatar migrants and local Tomsk Muslims. In the XVIII century they lived together in the neighborhood of Tomsk, which is well supported by evidence. The close cultural contacts, the similar languages and the shared territory facilitated the rapid propagation of the new religious doctrine into the community of the Tomsk Tatars.
В статье рассматривается феномен средневековых захоронений в деревянных гробах на территории Томского Приобья. Эти захоронения датируются исключительно XIII-XV вв., и не известны ни в более раннее, ни в более позднее время. Таким образом, обряд укладывать умерших в гроб существовал здесь относительно недолгое время. Всего выявлено и описано 17 средневековых погребений в гробах. Все они резко выделяются на фоне остальных захоронений. Им сопутствует богатый и разнообразный погребальный инвентарь (оружие, украшения, редкие предметы искусства и др.). В половине случаев они также сопровождаются захоронением «шкуры лошади» и конским снаряжением. Всё это позволяет выдвинуть гипотезу о том, что умершие, захороненные в деревянных гробах, являлись представителями воинской знати. Подобные «элитные» захоронения в гробах известны в XIII-XIV вв. на Алтае, Забайкалье, Южном Урале, где они появились во время прихода туда монгольских войск. Появления захоронений в гробах в других регионах связываются с монгольскими традициями, которые широко распространились в ходе монгольских завоеваний XIII-XIV вв. Скорее всего, средневековые захоронения в гробах являются не локальным феноменом для Томского Приобья и не имеют местных истоков, а указывают на «монгольский след» в истории этого региона.
half of the nineteenth century, from the Innokentiy P. Kuznetsov-Krasnoyarskiy collection at
the TSU Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberia named after Vasiliy M. Florinskiy. We provide some detailed information on when and how this item was transferred to the
Museum, and, based on our analysis of the style and composition of the ‘war scene’ depicted
on the skin, conclude that it is unlikely that the skin had ever been used in the culture of
Native Americans. Most probably, it was produced directly for sale.
For these reasons, purpose of the article is describe basic scientific knowledge which are «encrypted» in the archaeological slag.
During the work the authors came to the following conclusions. Firstly, iron slags can be treated as reliable indicators of existing of iron smelting or smithing process on archaeological site. Slags prove ironmaking much better, than finds of iron artifacts or even blooms, because both iron tools and blooms theoretically could be imported while importing of slag on settlement is unlikely and senselessly. Secondly, the investigation of slag always begins in the field, therefore individual documentation of archaeometallurgical residues is preferred, because it helps identify the concentration of iron production on the site and date remains in some cases. Thirdly, the amount and weight of the discovered slags is also important, because it allows to determine the intensity of ironmaking and reconstruction the role of iron production in economy of ancient and medieval people. Fourthly, the slag typology plays an important role in the study of ancient metallurgy. There are different types of slag. Each of them represents a certain stage of iron production cycle (smelting and smithing). In some cases morphology of smelting slag can help in the reconstruction of the shapes and dimensions of destroyed furnaces and also can indicate a type of furnace, for example, slag blocks and tap slags are formed in different types of furnaces. Some slags allows to know about smithing operation. Thus, spheroid hammerscale can indicate welding technologies, and biggest concentration of hammerscale flakes in excavation area provide us with information on the exact location of the anvil.
Finally, chemical and mineralogical composition may reflect a quality of produced iron and indicate iron ore source for ancient and medieval metallurgists.
the academic community to the left-aside material kept in museum repositories. That can contribute to the preservation of collections and often has a significant information impact. The article represents a detailed publication and analysis of materials from the two ‘forgotten’
burial mounds of the Timiryazevo-1 burial site (excavations carried out by V.I. Matyushchenko in 1956) and a cultural and chronological interpretation of them. These two complexes from the most renowned V–X century archaeological burial site of Western Siberia have never
been published before. The presence of a Chinese coin in one of them naturally raised one more issue – the need to introduce the academia to all of the numismatic finds from archaeological excavations of the Timiryazevo-1 burial site and to analyze these finds. The results
produced during this research consist in the description, classification and dating of the two burial mounds. The presence of the coin in the non-looted burial mound 2 dating back to the second half of the VII–VIII centuries allowed include it in a currently small group of Siberia’s
chronological reference complexes of the early Middle Ages. In the form of a catalogue, the article lists all of the known Chinese coins from the Timiryazevo-1 burial site: one of the Sui state with the Wu-Shu legend and the other three of the Tang state with the Kai Yuan Tong
Bao legend. The authors suggest that these coins had been brought to the Tom Ob region via Semirechye by Sogdian merchants.
3D museum of artifacts "Ancient Culture of Siberia" to be implemented by the Laboratory for Social and Anthropological Research. The choice of specific equipment and scanning
techniques was determined in each case by a research task and characteristics of objects to be scanned. The 3D scanning techniques for ceramic vessels of different sizes and ornamentation types, miniature anthropomorphic images, stone Turkic sculptures, and wooden ship details are described herein in detail. All of the generated 3D models are presented in the electronic supplement to this journal.
The history of knyaz Toyan’s stavka counts at least 300 years: from Toyan’s great-grandfather, who lived there even before the Russians came, until the very end of the 18th century, when the Town was almost abandoned due to various reasons named in the article.
Information on Eushta Tatars collected from different sources demonstrates an extremely high level of stress in the region in the 17th century caused by permanent military threat coming from Kyrgyz people and Teleuts. This threat prompted consolidation of the Russians and Tatars very much, producing the ongoing mutual support, close cultural contacts and sharing the same territories as early as a few years after Tomsk was founded. Tatars and Russians participated jointly in at least 14 campaigns and battles during the first third of the 17th century.
We also discuss the vital issues associated with origins of Tomsk Tatars and including their territories into the Khanate of Sibir. Considering the fact that “Tomsk Tatars” is constructed as an umbrella term covering various ethnicities (Chat, Eushta, Kalmak) and that the Pritomye Tatar culture developed with participation of Kazan Tatars and people of Central Asian descent in the 17th 19th centuries, we believe it to be impossible to trace the general origins of Tomsk Tatars. Each ethnic subgroup should be investigated individually.
Another question discussed in the article is whether territories of Eushta Tatars were included into the Khanate of Sibir. The issue is challenging in that there is no evidence of Kuchum Khan having control over the territories. Besides, the article cites materials proving the subordinacy of Eushta Tatars to Kyrgyz people who said knyaz Toyan had been their best kholop (serf) before Russians came to the river Tom.
Finally, the archaeological surveys carried out on Toyan’s Town in 2015 proved there is a preserved cultural layer, which brings back to light a lot of issues associated with preserving and studying one of the key monuments in the history of Tomsk.
Статья посвящена важнейшим событиям в истории эуштинского князя Тояна и его подданных в XVII-XVIII вв. Несмотря на то, что Томск своим появлением во многом обязан именно политике князя Тояна, его городок так и не стал «местом памяти» для горожан. Тоянов городок серьёзно пострадал при строительстве на его территории туберкулезной больницы. Всё это актуализирует воссоздание ключевых моментов в истории эуштинских татар.
История укрепленной ставки князя Тояна насчитывает как минимум 300 лет: от «прадеда» Тояна, обитавшего здесь еще до появления русских, до самого конца XVIII века, когда в силу различных причин, озвученных в статье, городок был уже почти полностью заброшен.
Собранные из разных источников сведения об эуштинских татарах демонстрируют крайнюю напряженность в регионе в XVII веке, вызванную постоянной военной опасностью, исходившей от киргизов и телеутов. Эта угроза во многом способствовала консолидации русского и татарского населения, приводя к постоянной взаимопомощи, тесным культурным контактам и совместному проживанию уже через несколько лет после освоения Томска. Только в первой трети XVII века эуштинские татары вместе с русскими приняли участие как минимум в 14 походах и сражениях.
В статье также рассматриваются актуальные вопросы, связанные с проблемами происхождения томских татар и вхождения их территорий в состав Сибирского ханства. Учитывая, что понятие «томские татары» является сконструированным собирательным термином, объединяющим различные этнические группы (чаты, эуштинцы, калмаки), а также то, что в сложении культуры татарского населения Притомья на протяжении XVII-XIX вв. участвовали казанские татары, а также выходцы из Средней Азии, делается вывод о невозможности проследить общее происхождение томских татар. Необходимо рассматривать каждый из этнических компонентов в отдельности.
Другая проблема, рассмотренная в статье, посвящена вопросу вхождения территорий эуштинских татар в состав Сибирского ханства. Сложность ее разрешения кроется в отсутствии надежных доказательств о распространении власти хана Кучума на эти земли. К тому же в статье приводятся материалы, свидетельствующие о зависимости эуштинских татар от киргизов, которые называли князя Тояна своим лучшим холопом до прихода русских на р. Томь.
The lack of reliable written evidence makes it necessary to involve archaeological data. The analysis of the
obsequial rites enabled to suggest that Islam penetrated into the Tomsk Ob Region in early XIII–
XIV centuries simultaneously with the spread of Islam across the Golden Horde. The graves arranged
according to the Muslim rites were discovered in two necropolises located at the right riverside of the Ob –
the Astrakhantsevsky and Shaitan II burial grounds. These facts make it possible to suggest that the Tomsk
Ob Region was the part of the Golden Horde.
1. Penetration of the first iron products while the traditions of bronze casting were remain general (VIII century BC-IV century AD);
2. Mass distribution of iron products and gradual replacement of bronze tools (V-X centuries AD);
3. Development of local iron ore deposits and flourishing of iron production (X-XVII centuries AD);
The hypothesis that the development of local iron ore deposits became possible only with the beginning of the "Turkic" migration at the turn of I-II millennium AD is voiced. From this moment the population of Tomsk Ob Region acquired full commodity independence. Local iron ore deposits provided the flourishing of iron production, which was interrupted only in the XVII century BC during the Russian colonization.
возможность провести антропологический и генетический анализ мумифицированных останков погребенных, изучить одежду и погребальный обряд средневекового населения
Северного Приобья. Благодаря комплексным исследованиям, в полевом сезоне 2013 г. удалось впервые на данном памятнике зафиксировать женские захоронения, которые не встречались ранее, а также создать трехмерные модели погребений и находок. Кроме этого, впервые на территории ЯНАО были опробованы инновационные технологии, которые не только внесли неоценимый вклад в изучение истории региона, но и показали перспективность внедрения этих методов в российскую археологию в целом.
‘3D REVOLUTION’ IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDING IN RUSSIAN PERSPECTIVE
Abstract. The paper elaborates on the use of new ‘revolutionary’ 3D recording technologies
for archaeological excavations. Herein, a comparison is drawn between the two alternative
technologies – laser scanning and terrestrial photogrammetry. Based on these, realistic 3D
models of archaeological objects studied at excavation sites are created. It is shown that photogrammetry
is easier to master and, unlike scanning, does not require substantial investments.
The paper studies the significance of using 3D recording in archaeology and education.
The analysis of the current situation in Russian science shows that, for the time being, one can
only state that the use of 3D recording and visualization of archaeological finds by separate
scientific centres is at the initial stage.
Key words: 3D scanning, terrestrial photogrammetry, recording of archaeological finds
the region, as well as demonstrated the potential of application of these techniques in the Russian archeological research in general. Through the use of these methods the archeologists identified most promising locations for further research and created 3D models of the burials and the finds.
historical cemeteries have been completely destroyed by the urban development. The paper analyzes the Muslim burial grounds on the Yurtochnaya Mountain investigated by S.M. Chugunov in 1898. The dating of necropolises is based on historical maps, numismatic materials, and written sources. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was established in the early XVIII century. At the same time, the Tatarskaya Sloboda – the special historical district of Muslims in the neighborhood of Tomsk – was established. The Tomsk Muslim Cemetery was located on the eastern margin of Tatarskaya Sloboda. It existed until 1892 and was closed when places for new graves were not available anymore. Based on archaeological sources, it was concluded that the funeral rite of these Muslim necropolises was markedly different from the rite of the Tomsk Tatars of the previous period (XVI–XVII centuries). The occurrence of the funeral rites in strict compliance with the Muslim canon is associated with the migrations of the Kazan Tatars and the Bukharans. The Yurtochnaya Mountain and the Tatarskaya Sloboda are the first historical districts of Muslims. Taking into account that the Islam penetrated into the culture of the Tomsk Tatars in the XVII–XVIII centuries, the Muslim necropolises could be abandoned both by the Tatar migrants and local Tomsk Muslims. In the XVIII century they lived together in the neighborhood of Tomsk, which is well supported by evidence. The close cultural contacts, the similar languages and the shared territory facilitated the rapid propagation of the new religious doctrine into the community of the Tomsk Tatars.
В статье рассматривается феномен средневековых захоронений в деревянных гробах на территории Томского Приобья. Эти захоронения датируются исключительно XIII-XV вв., и не известны ни в более раннее, ни в более позднее время. Таким образом, обряд укладывать умерших в гроб существовал здесь относительно недолгое время. Всего выявлено и описано 17 средневековых погребений в гробах. Все они резко выделяются на фоне остальных захоронений. Им сопутствует богатый и разнообразный погребальный инвентарь (оружие, украшения, редкие предметы искусства и др.). В половине случаев они также сопровождаются захоронением «шкуры лошади» и конским снаряжением. Всё это позволяет выдвинуть гипотезу о том, что умершие, захороненные в деревянных гробах, являлись представителями воинской знати. Подобные «элитные» захоронения в гробах известны в XIII-XIV вв. на Алтае, Забайкалье, Южном Урале, где они появились во время прихода туда монгольских войск. Появления захоронений в гробах в других регионах связываются с монгольскими традициями, которые широко распространились в ходе монгольских завоеваний XIII-XIV вв. Скорее всего, средневековые захоронения в гробах являются не локальным феноменом для Томского Приобья и не имеют местных истоков, а указывают на «монгольский след» в истории этого региона.