La participación ciudadana ha sido una palabra clave de las transiciones democráticas latinoameri... more La participación ciudadana ha sido una palabra clave de las transiciones democráticas latinoamericanas, incluida la chilena. Al mismo tiempo, a pesar de su omnipresencia en las políticas públicas y su recurrencia en la literatura académica chilena desde hace ya tres décadas, el concepto sigue siendo algo borroso, positivo en principio, pero difícil de abarcar.
Au Chili comme ailleurs, les luttes menées pour la justice spatiale et le droit à la ville s’éten... more Au Chili comme ailleurs, les luttes menées pour la justice spatiale et le droit à la ville s’étendent bien souvent au-delà du coeur des villes et fleurissent en particulier dans les zones périurbaines ou d’étalement urbain. Nous étudions le cas de Til Til, « zone de sacrifice » située dans la périphérie de la région métropolitaine de Santiago, où se sont développées un grand nombre d’activités polluantes, et où les habitants se mobilisent depuis une dizaine d’années pour manifester leur opposition à ce processus. L’analyse des termes constitutifs et de la généalogie du Plan stratégique pour le développement de Til Til 2015-2018, mis en place par le gouvernement régional dans le but de répondre à la situation de conflit sur ce territoire, ainsi que des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès des principales parties prenantes du sujet, nous permettent d’étudier le processus d’apparition d’une nouvelle prise de parole des acteurs, à travers la structuration de leur discours critique autour du droit à vivre dans un environnement sain et de leurs actions pour participer aux décisions concernant l’avenir de leur territoire. Dans un premier temps nous présentons le cas de Til Til et les conflits provoqués par l’installation controversée d’infrastructures polluantes dans la commune. Nous analysons ensuite le plan Til Til, sa méthode et ses résultats contestés, avant de montrer comment la mise en place de cet outil, qui a servi la stratégie de légitimation de l’action publique, s’est révélée inadaptée à la gestion du conflit socio-environnemental et a au contraire participé au renforcement de la résistance des populations locales, réinterrogeant ainsi les conditions d’émergence d’un droit à la ville dans le contexte néolibéral chilien.
In Chile, like in many other places, the grassroots struggles for spatial justice and the right to the city often extend beyond the heart of cities and especially rise up in suburbs or peri-urban areas. The Authors study the Til Til case, a “sacrifice zone” located in the periphery of Santiago (Metropolitan Region), where a large amount of polluting activities have been developed. For a decade, the residents have been mobilizing to show their opposition to this process. By studying the constituent terms and the genealogy of the 2015-2018 Strategic Plan for Til Til Development, set up by the Regional Governement to respond to the conflict situation, and the semi-directive interviews conducted with the main stakeholders of the project, they study how the local community progressively finds its voice by structuring its critical discourse about their right to live in a safe environment, and their to participate to in the decision-making processes concerning their territory’s future. The paper first introduces the case of Til Til and the conflicts generated by the disputed installation of polluting infrastructures in that municipal area. It then analyses the Til Til Plan, its method and contested outputs, before highlighting how the implementation of this instrument, which served the public action’s legitimation strategy, has proved to be inadequate for managing the socio-environmental conflict, yet rather contributed to reinforce the residents’resistance , which calls for a rethink as to the conditions that favour the emergence of the right to the city in the context of neoliberal Chile.
RESUMEN El artículo analiza la gobernanza y sus nuevos mecanismos desde la perspectiva de la econ... more RESUMEN El artículo analiza la gobernanza y sus nuevos mecanismos desde la perspectiva de la economía política espacial, en el caso de Chile, abordando tres dimensiones clave: los contextos y proyectos socio-políticos, los dispositivos de territorialización y re-esca-lamiento, y las técnicas, prácticas e instrumentos de intervención territorial. Después de una revisión teórica y contextual, el articulo presenta dos casos de mecanismos de gobernanza territorial: la Mesa del Salmón (región de Los Lagos) y CREO Antofagasta (región de Antofagasta), demostrando que estos mecanismos no nacen para resolver problemas de fondo del proyecto neoliberal o repensar los territorios de forma colectiva, sino para dar continuidad al modelo de producción imperante y restaurar la legitimidad de sectores y empresas extractivistas, en situación de crisis. Concluye sobre la necesi-dad de dejar una mirada neutra y avanzar hacia una lectura crítica de la gobernanza que considere, en el análisis, el contexto y las relaciones de poder. ABSTRACT The paper analizes governance and its new mechanisms from the perspective of the spatial political economy for the case of Chile, examining three key dimensions» the context and its socio-political projects, the dispositifs (devices) of territorialization and re-scaling, and, the techniques, practices and tools of territorial intervention. After a theoretical and contextual review, the paper discusses two cases of territorial governance : the Salmon Task Force (Los Lagos Region) and CREO Antofagasta (Antofagasta Region), showing that these mechanisms are not created to solve the core problems of the neoliberal project, or to rethink in a collective manner the territories, but, to give continuity to the prevailing more of production and to restore legitimacy to extractive sectors and firms in times of crises. The paper concludes arguing the need to move away from a neutral understanding of governance toward a critical understanding that considers the context and power relations.
Depuis la naissance du terme « informel » au début des années 1970, des travaux, issus essentiell... more Depuis la naissance du terme « informel » au début des années 1970, des travaux, issus essentiellement de l'économie, mais également de la sociologie et de l'anthropologie ont étudié le commerce informel dans ce qui était alors appelé les pays du Tiers Monde puis les « pays en voie de développement ». La géographie s'est, quant à elle, intéressée principalement à l'expression visible du commerce informel, c'est-à-dire au commerce de rue ou ambulant au travers d'études souvent monographiques et empiriques. Plus récemment, des analyses ont renouvelé ces travaux dans le cadre des transformations urbaines contemporaines en abordant les effets des politiques patrimoniales, néo-modernistes et néo-libérales sur le commerce de rue dans les centres, ainsi que les effets de la métropolisation sur le commerce et sur les consommateurs. Enfin, de rares études ont été menées sur les liens entre commerce informel, mondialisation et NTIC.
Abstract Since the introduction of the term " informal " in the early 1970s, research work, deriving mainly from the economy, but also from sociology and anthropology, has examined informal trade in what was then called the Third World and now the " developing countries ". Geography, on the other hand, has focused mainly on the visible expression of informal trade, that is to say, on street or itinerant vending through often monographic and empirical studies. More recent analyses have renewed this work in the context of contemporary urban transformation by addressing the effects of heritage, neo-modernist and neo-liberal policies on street vending in the centres, and the effects of metropolisation on trade and consumers. Finally, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between informal trade, globalization and NTIC.
The Andean foothills found on the outskirts of Santiago are mainly private property. The manageme... more The Andean foothills found on the outskirts of Santiago are mainly private property. The management of this area has been an issue of conflict between residents and developers. Using the example of the municipality of La Florida, this article focuses on how conflict over the Andean foothills goes beyond simple land-use issues to create a new relationship with the “mountain” and new forms of land management. Combining ethnography and geography, this text highlights the role of the Andean foothills’ peculiar characteristics in the collective demands of citizens committed to their protection and conservation. It also discusses the role of conflict in creating and amplifying territoriality and as a process of (concrete as well as abstract) territorialisation and innovation in itself. The development of a community park that is neither private nor public highlights how innovative solutions can emerge from these citizen mobilisations.
This paper proposes a social geography of environmental conflicts in Santiago de Chile, from the ... more This paper proposes a social geography of environmental conflicts in Santiago de Chile, from the perspective of political ecology. For this purpose, a series of conflicts were identified and localized through consultation of three sources: judicial decisions, print media, and social networks, sources which were then cross-referenced with specialized socioeconomic information. The results show a trend towards concentration of socio-environmental conflicts in the most privileged socioeconomic sectors of the city, a phenomenon which is not consistent with their conditions of deterioration or environmental quality. Based on this finding, it discusses whether socio-environmental conflicts are a new form of social exclusion or solely a matter of the elites.
Los conflictos socio-ambientales tienen una estrecha relación con el espacio, la que en general h... more Los conflictos socio-ambientales tienen una estrecha relación con el espacio, la que en general ha sido olvidada o relegada muchas veces a un segundo plano en los estudios sobre la materia, privilegiando frecuentemente el análisis de su dimensión social. A partir de los años noventa, la geografía social francófona se ha interesado en el tema de los conflictos y ha desarrollado un enfoque territorial de gran valor para la observación de los fenómenos socio-ambientales, combinando articuladamente las dimensiones social y espacial. Basándonos en la literatura producida por esta corriente de la geografía, y adoptando la concepción simmeliana del conflicto, discutimos en este artículo los conceptos de territorio, territorialidad y territorialización, para proponer elementos de reflexión sobre el aporte de un enfoque territorial al estudio de los conflictos socio-ambientales.
... de origen occidental al mercado mexicano y analiza los itinerarios de los grandes grupos come... more ... de origen occidental al mercado mexicano y analiza los itinerarios de los grandes grupos comerciales nacionales, de su creación hasta el 2000 ... Caroline Stamm, « Le commerce au Mexique à l'heure de la libéralisation économique », Trace [En línea], 51 | 2007, Puesto en línea ...
La participación ciudadana ha sido una palabra clave de las transiciones democráticas latinoameri... more La participación ciudadana ha sido una palabra clave de las transiciones democráticas latinoamericanas, incluida la chilena. Al mismo tiempo, a pesar de su omnipresencia en las políticas públicas y su recurrencia en la literatura académica chilena desde hace ya tres décadas, el concepto sigue siendo algo borroso, positivo en principio, pero difícil de abarcar.
Au Chili comme ailleurs, les luttes menées pour la justice spatiale et le droit à la ville s’éten... more Au Chili comme ailleurs, les luttes menées pour la justice spatiale et le droit à la ville s’étendent bien souvent au-delà du coeur des villes et fleurissent en particulier dans les zones périurbaines ou d’étalement urbain. Nous étudions le cas de Til Til, « zone de sacrifice » située dans la périphérie de la région métropolitaine de Santiago, où se sont développées un grand nombre d’activités polluantes, et où les habitants se mobilisent depuis une dizaine d’années pour manifester leur opposition à ce processus. L’analyse des termes constitutifs et de la généalogie du Plan stratégique pour le développement de Til Til 2015-2018, mis en place par le gouvernement régional dans le but de répondre à la situation de conflit sur ce territoire, ainsi que des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès des principales parties prenantes du sujet, nous permettent d’étudier le processus d’apparition d’une nouvelle prise de parole des acteurs, à travers la structuration de leur discours critique autour du droit à vivre dans un environnement sain et de leurs actions pour participer aux décisions concernant l’avenir de leur territoire. Dans un premier temps nous présentons le cas de Til Til et les conflits provoqués par l’installation controversée d’infrastructures polluantes dans la commune. Nous analysons ensuite le plan Til Til, sa méthode et ses résultats contestés, avant de montrer comment la mise en place de cet outil, qui a servi la stratégie de légitimation de l’action publique, s’est révélée inadaptée à la gestion du conflit socio-environnemental et a au contraire participé au renforcement de la résistance des populations locales, réinterrogeant ainsi les conditions d’émergence d’un droit à la ville dans le contexte néolibéral chilien.
In Chile, like in many other places, the grassroots struggles for spatial justice and the right to the city often extend beyond the heart of cities and especially rise up in suburbs or peri-urban areas. The Authors study the Til Til case, a “sacrifice zone” located in the periphery of Santiago (Metropolitan Region), where a large amount of polluting activities have been developed. For a decade, the residents have been mobilizing to show their opposition to this process. By studying the constituent terms and the genealogy of the 2015-2018 Strategic Plan for Til Til Development, set up by the Regional Governement to respond to the conflict situation, and the semi-directive interviews conducted with the main stakeholders of the project, they study how the local community progressively finds its voice by structuring its critical discourse about their right to live in a safe environment, and their to participate to in the decision-making processes concerning their territory’s future. The paper first introduces the case of Til Til and the conflicts generated by the disputed installation of polluting infrastructures in that municipal area. It then analyses the Til Til Plan, its method and contested outputs, before highlighting how the implementation of this instrument, which served the public action’s legitimation strategy, has proved to be inadequate for managing the socio-environmental conflict, yet rather contributed to reinforce the residents’resistance , which calls for a rethink as to the conditions that favour the emergence of the right to the city in the context of neoliberal Chile.
RESUMEN El artículo analiza la gobernanza y sus nuevos mecanismos desde la perspectiva de la econ... more RESUMEN El artículo analiza la gobernanza y sus nuevos mecanismos desde la perspectiva de la economía política espacial, en el caso de Chile, abordando tres dimensiones clave: los contextos y proyectos socio-políticos, los dispositivos de territorialización y re-esca-lamiento, y las técnicas, prácticas e instrumentos de intervención territorial. Después de una revisión teórica y contextual, el articulo presenta dos casos de mecanismos de gobernanza territorial: la Mesa del Salmón (región de Los Lagos) y CREO Antofagasta (región de Antofagasta), demostrando que estos mecanismos no nacen para resolver problemas de fondo del proyecto neoliberal o repensar los territorios de forma colectiva, sino para dar continuidad al modelo de producción imperante y restaurar la legitimidad de sectores y empresas extractivistas, en situación de crisis. Concluye sobre la necesi-dad de dejar una mirada neutra y avanzar hacia una lectura crítica de la gobernanza que considere, en el análisis, el contexto y las relaciones de poder. ABSTRACT The paper analizes governance and its new mechanisms from the perspective of the spatial political economy for the case of Chile, examining three key dimensions» the context and its socio-political projects, the dispositifs (devices) of territorialization and re-scaling, and, the techniques, practices and tools of territorial intervention. After a theoretical and contextual review, the paper discusses two cases of territorial governance : the Salmon Task Force (Los Lagos Region) and CREO Antofagasta (Antofagasta Region), showing that these mechanisms are not created to solve the core problems of the neoliberal project, or to rethink in a collective manner the territories, but, to give continuity to the prevailing more of production and to restore legitimacy to extractive sectors and firms in times of crises. The paper concludes arguing the need to move away from a neutral understanding of governance toward a critical understanding that considers the context and power relations.
Depuis la naissance du terme « informel » au début des années 1970, des travaux, issus essentiell... more Depuis la naissance du terme « informel » au début des années 1970, des travaux, issus essentiellement de l'économie, mais également de la sociologie et de l'anthropologie ont étudié le commerce informel dans ce qui était alors appelé les pays du Tiers Monde puis les « pays en voie de développement ». La géographie s'est, quant à elle, intéressée principalement à l'expression visible du commerce informel, c'est-à-dire au commerce de rue ou ambulant au travers d'études souvent monographiques et empiriques. Plus récemment, des analyses ont renouvelé ces travaux dans le cadre des transformations urbaines contemporaines en abordant les effets des politiques patrimoniales, néo-modernistes et néo-libérales sur le commerce de rue dans les centres, ainsi que les effets de la métropolisation sur le commerce et sur les consommateurs. Enfin, de rares études ont été menées sur les liens entre commerce informel, mondialisation et NTIC.
Abstract Since the introduction of the term " informal " in the early 1970s, research work, deriving mainly from the economy, but also from sociology and anthropology, has examined informal trade in what was then called the Third World and now the " developing countries ". Geography, on the other hand, has focused mainly on the visible expression of informal trade, that is to say, on street or itinerant vending through often monographic and empirical studies. More recent analyses have renewed this work in the context of contemporary urban transformation by addressing the effects of heritage, neo-modernist and neo-liberal policies on street vending in the centres, and the effects of metropolisation on trade and consumers. Finally, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between informal trade, globalization and NTIC.
The Andean foothills found on the outskirts of Santiago are mainly private property. The manageme... more The Andean foothills found on the outskirts of Santiago are mainly private property. The management of this area has been an issue of conflict between residents and developers. Using the example of the municipality of La Florida, this article focuses on how conflict over the Andean foothills goes beyond simple land-use issues to create a new relationship with the “mountain” and new forms of land management. Combining ethnography and geography, this text highlights the role of the Andean foothills’ peculiar characteristics in the collective demands of citizens committed to their protection and conservation. It also discusses the role of conflict in creating and amplifying territoriality and as a process of (concrete as well as abstract) territorialisation and innovation in itself. The development of a community park that is neither private nor public highlights how innovative solutions can emerge from these citizen mobilisations.
This paper proposes a social geography of environmental conflicts in Santiago de Chile, from the ... more This paper proposes a social geography of environmental conflicts in Santiago de Chile, from the perspective of political ecology. For this purpose, a series of conflicts were identified and localized through consultation of three sources: judicial decisions, print media, and social networks, sources which were then cross-referenced with specialized socioeconomic information. The results show a trend towards concentration of socio-environmental conflicts in the most privileged socioeconomic sectors of the city, a phenomenon which is not consistent with their conditions of deterioration or environmental quality. Based on this finding, it discusses whether socio-environmental conflicts are a new form of social exclusion or solely a matter of the elites.
Los conflictos socio-ambientales tienen una estrecha relación con el espacio, la que en general h... more Los conflictos socio-ambientales tienen una estrecha relación con el espacio, la que en general ha sido olvidada o relegada muchas veces a un segundo plano en los estudios sobre la materia, privilegiando frecuentemente el análisis de su dimensión social. A partir de los años noventa, la geografía social francófona se ha interesado en el tema de los conflictos y ha desarrollado un enfoque territorial de gran valor para la observación de los fenómenos socio-ambientales, combinando articuladamente las dimensiones social y espacial. Basándonos en la literatura producida por esta corriente de la geografía, y adoptando la concepción simmeliana del conflicto, discutimos en este artículo los conceptos de territorio, territorialidad y territorialización, para proponer elementos de reflexión sobre el aporte de un enfoque territorial al estudio de los conflictos socio-ambientales.
... de origen occidental al mercado mexicano y analiza los itinerarios de los grandes grupos come... more ... de origen occidental al mercado mexicano y analiza los itinerarios de los grandes grupos comerciales nacionales, de su creación hasta el 2000 ... Caroline Stamm, « Le commerce au Mexique à l'heure de la libéralisation économique », Trace [En línea], 51 | 2007, Puesto en línea ...
El artículo propone una geografía social de los conflictos ambientales en Santiago de Chile, desd... more El artículo propone una geografía social de los conflictos ambientales en Santiago de Chile, desde el enfoque de la ecología política. Para ello, se realizó un levantamiento y localización de conflictos reflejados en tres fuentes, a saber: poder judicial, medios de prensa escrita y redes sociales, fuentes que luego se cruzan con información de carácter socioeconómico espacializado. El resultado muestra una tendencia a la concentración de los conflictos socioambientales en los sectores socioeconómicamente más favorecidos de la ciudad, lo que no se relaciona con las condiciones de deterioro o calidad ambiental de la misma. A partir de ello, se discute si los conflictos socioambientales son una nueva forma de exclusión social, o bien, un asunto de las élites.
This paper proposes a social geography of environmental conflicts in Santiago de Chile, from the perspective of political ecology. For this purpose, a series of conflicts were identified and localized through consultation of three sources: judicial decisions, print media, and social networks, sources which were then cross-referenced with specialized socioeconomic information. The results show a trend towards concentration of socio-environmental conflicts in the most privileged socioeconomic sectors of the city, a phenomenon which is not consistent with their conditions of deterioration or environmental quality. Based on this finding, it discusses whether socio-environmental conflicts are a new form of social exclusion or solely a matter of the elites.
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Papers by Caroline Stamm
In Chile, like in many other places, the grassroots struggles for spatial justice and the right to the city often extend beyond the heart of cities and especially rise up in suburbs or peri-urban areas. The Authors study the Til Til case, a “sacrifice zone” located in the periphery of Santiago (Metropolitan Region), where a large amount of polluting activities have been developed. For a decade, the residents have been mobilizing to show their opposition to this process. By studying the constituent terms and the genealogy of the 2015-2018 Strategic Plan for Til Til Development, set up by the Regional Governement to respond to the conflict situation, and the semi-directive interviews conducted with the main stakeholders of the project, they study how the local community progressively finds its voice by structuring its critical discourse about their right to live in a safe environment, and their to participate to in the decision-making processes concerning their territory’s future. The paper first introduces the case of Til Til and the conflicts generated by the disputed installation of polluting infrastructures in that municipal area. It then analyses the Til Til Plan, its method and contested outputs, before highlighting how the implementation of this instrument, which served the public action’s legitimation strategy, has proved to be inadequate for managing the socio-environmental conflict, yet rather contributed to reinforce the residents’resistance , which calls for a rethink as to the conditions that favour the emergence of the right to the city in the context of neoliberal Chile.
Abstract Since the introduction of the term " informal " in the early 1970s, research work, deriving mainly from the economy, but also from sociology and anthropology, has examined informal trade in what was then called the Third World and now the " developing countries ". Geography, on the other hand, has focused mainly on the visible expression of informal trade, that is to say, on street or itinerant vending through often monographic and empirical studies. More recent analyses have renewed this work in the context of contemporary urban transformation by addressing the effects of heritage, neo-modernist and neo-liberal policies on street vending in the centres, and the effects of metropolisation on trade and consumers. Finally, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between informal trade, globalization and NTIC.
In Chile, like in many other places, the grassroots struggles for spatial justice and the right to the city often extend beyond the heart of cities and especially rise up in suburbs or peri-urban areas. The Authors study the Til Til case, a “sacrifice zone” located in the periphery of Santiago (Metropolitan Region), where a large amount of polluting activities have been developed. For a decade, the residents have been mobilizing to show their opposition to this process. By studying the constituent terms and the genealogy of the 2015-2018 Strategic Plan for Til Til Development, set up by the Regional Governement to respond to the conflict situation, and the semi-directive interviews conducted with the main stakeholders of the project, they study how the local community progressively finds its voice by structuring its critical discourse about their right to live in a safe environment, and their to participate to in the decision-making processes concerning their territory’s future. The paper first introduces the case of Til Til and the conflicts generated by the disputed installation of polluting infrastructures in that municipal area. It then analyses the Til Til Plan, its method and contested outputs, before highlighting how the implementation of this instrument, which served the public action’s legitimation strategy, has proved to be inadequate for managing the socio-environmental conflict, yet rather contributed to reinforce the residents’resistance , which calls for a rethink as to the conditions that favour the emergence of the right to the city in the context of neoliberal Chile.
Abstract Since the introduction of the term " informal " in the early 1970s, research work, deriving mainly from the economy, but also from sociology and anthropology, has examined informal trade in what was then called the Third World and now the " developing countries ". Geography, on the other hand, has focused mainly on the visible expression of informal trade, that is to say, on street or itinerant vending through often monographic and empirical studies. More recent analyses have renewed this work in the context of contemporary urban transformation by addressing the effects of heritage, neo-modernist and neo-liberal policies on street vending in the centres, and the effects of metropolisation on trade and consumers. Finally, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between informal trade, globalization and NTIC.
This paper proposes a social geography of environmental conflicts in Santiago de Chile, from the perspective of political ecology. For this purpose, a series of conflicts were identified and localized through consultation of three sources: judicial decisions, print media, and social networks, sources which were then cross-referenced with specialized socioeconomic information. The results show a trend towards concentration of socio-environmental conflicts in the most privileged socioeconomic sectors of the city, a phenomenon which is not consistent with their conditions of deterioration or environmental quality. Based on this finding, it discusses whether socio-environmental conflicts are a new form of social exclusion or solely a matter of the elites.