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The topic of public schools or institutions versus private institutions in the country is an ongoing debate that is currently being argued in places from the local school board meetings, parent-teacher meetings and everywhere. This debate... more
The topic of public schools or institutions versus private institutions in the country is an ongoing debate that is currently being argued in places from the local school board meetings, parent-teacher meetings and everywhere. This debate primary consist of choice between public and private schools and are collectively referred to as “school choice” such that this allow parents to choose educational options for their children that are outside of the traditional public school system. A private school option cuts across all levels of education in the country Ghana, that is from basic to tertiary. The private institutions in the country Ghana are solely funded by their owners or entrepreneurs which means they are strictly fee paying because they do not receive any government subsidy. Public schools on the other hand are government funded schools that are strictly controlled by the state educational institutions at all levels.
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DEVELOPMENT. Connick (2002) states that the significance role of L1 in L2 learning or development has resulted in more than two decades of extensive research and has linguistically been proven that L1 is the underpinning mechanism for L2... more
DEVELOPMENT. Connick (2002) states that the significance role of L1 in L2 learning or development has resulted in more than two decades of extensive research and has linguistically been proven that L1 is the underpinning mechanism for L2 learning or acquisition. Cole (1989) posits that one must pay much attention to the immense role of L1 in L2 learning because it occupies a central position in Second language acquisition. Mahmoud (2012) captures it categorically that the principal role of L1 in L2 learning process has contributed to ongoing applied linguistics academic discourse. Most studies on Bilingual development have focused on influence of L1 in L2 learning which has also been extensively explored. The focus of this work is to explore the role of L1 in L2 learning. This would establish a firm position that L1 plays most important role at the early stage of L2 learning and its development. Hence this work seeks to critically examine the role of L1 in L2 learning from four linguistic domains: Lexicon/Semantics, grammar, phonology/phonetics and pragmatics.
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History is simply seen as the study of life in the society in the past, in all its aspect, in relations to present development s and future hopes. According to Collingwood (1945) history must be the attempt to re-think the past. History... more
History is simply seen as the study of life in the society in the past, in all its aspect, in relations to present development s and future hopes. According to Collingwood (1945) history must be the attempt to re-think the past. History deals with the analysis and interpretation of human past enabling us to study continuity and changes that are taking over time. Historian’s use all forms of evidence to examine, interpret, revisit and reinterpret the past. This does not capture written documents only but also oral communication and objects such as buildings, artifacts, photographs and paintings. Discourse analysis as a discipline did not fall from the heaven as a discipline or course of study but also had a beginning or a starting point which needs to be explored. This paper seeks to throw more light on Historical interface of Discourse Analysis. Which would capture the Historical Background, Structure and the analysis of Texts, emergence of discourse analysis as a new discipline and conclusion.
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In many ways, pragmatics is the study of invisible meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written. In order for that to happen, speakers must be able to depend on a lot of shared assumptions and... more
In many ways, pragmatics is the study of invisible meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it isn’t actually said or written. In order for that to happen, speakers must be able to depend on a lot of shared assumptions and expectations when try to engage in discourse. (Yule, 2010). Pragmatic presuppositions are conditions which are necessary for a sentence to be appropriate in a given context. It is presumed that the context plays a crucial role in understanding the written or spoken text. The written text includes emails, letters, essays, passages, etc. but this paper has mainly concentrated on Christian sermon in the Anglican Church. If you take a close look at sermon delivery, the Priest becomes the centre of the attraction, which means the Parishioners are listen to him before they would also respond where necessarily. There are a lot of pragmatic features deployed in the sermon delivery among the Anglicans. Adedun and Mekiliuwa (2010) claims that the assumptions and expectations that underlie communicative behaviour which give insight into how speakers communicate more than they say are therefore germane to the linguistic analysis of meaning.  The implication of this is that, a pragmatic consideration of language is triple faceted, focusing on functions, and contexts of language use as well as the social principles that underlie discourse varieties of language in society.  Often referred to as the “wastebasket of linguistics” (Mey, 2001), pragmatics does not easily limit itself to a definition and delimitation of its scope, though scholars such as Levinson (1983) Leech (1983), Horn (1988), Yule (1996), Coupland and Jaworski (2006) and Cutting (2008) all agree that major themes in micro and macro pragmatic analysis of language include speech acts, Grice’s Cooperative principle, Politeness principle and the contribution of context (implicatures, deixis, reference and presuppositions) to meaning.
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The field of phonological theory is divided into different domains of research. These domains are based on phonological groupings that are set in a hierarchical order. The elements in the domains often interact and are influenced by one... more
The field of phonological theory is divided into different domains of research. These domains are based on phonological groupings that are set in a hierarchical order. The elements in the domains often interact and are influenced by one another, so that research, in the same manner, does not adhere strictly to the hierarchical separation. Yet, the distinction is very useful” (den Ouden, 1995).

If we delve even deeper into phonological structure, we enter the area of micro-phonology. Syllables consist of segments, or phonemes, the sounds of language. Syllabification is the process of dividing a word into its constituent syllables. Although some work has been done on syllabifying orthographic forms (Muller et al., 2000; Bouma, 2002; Marchand and Damper, 2007; Bartlett et al., 2008), syllables are, technically speaking, phonological entities that can only be composed of strings of phonemes. This work explores the role onset/rhythm and moraic in Fante phonological phenomena.
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Semantics is the branch of linguistics that focuses on the study of meaning (Lobner, 2002). According to Chambers Biographical Dictionary (1990:202) the word semantics was first used by Michael Bréal in the nineteenth century to mean a... more
Semantics is the branch of linguistics that focuses on the study of meaning (Lobner, 2002). According to Chambers Biographical Dictionary (1990:202) the word semantics was first used by Michael Bréal in the nineteenth century to mean a range of ideas often used in natural languages to explain the problem of understanding that is associated with word selection and connotation. The field of semantics has its origin from philosophy. When scholars began to make scientific enquiry into the study of language, it becomes imperative that semantics had a good share of their interests.
Contemporary philosophical semantics can he traced to the works of Carnap, Rudolf (1965), Alfred, Taski (1902) and Pierce, Charles (1914). The first person to start studying semantics as a distinct discipline, separate from philosophy was Alfred Korzbski, a program he referred to as general semantics.
He introduced a naming label for the items he describes. Korzybski started by describing all entities and realities by assigning labels to them. He went further to group the names into three. He had names for common objects such as chair, stone, cow and the like. He also had labels for groups and collections like nations, animals, people and the likes. Korzybski’s third group of labels do not have identifiable referents in the outside world.
Despite the centrality of Semantics in linguistics, a critical comprehensive survey of the basic tenets of this field was not available.  The major aim of this paper is to discuss copiously the ‘referential theory of meaning’, pointing out its high and low points.  It is not intended to explore the other theories of meaning in semantics.
Even though some efforts have been made to describe the vowels of Fante, the existing literature revealed no acoustic study of +ATR and -ATR of Ahanta West and Ajumako vowels a sub-dialect of Fante language. The aim of this study is to... more
Even though some efforts have been made to describe the vowels of Fante, the existing literature
revealed no acoustic study of +ATR and -ATR of Ahanta West and Ajumako vowels a sub-dialect
of Fante language. The aim of this study is to compare the formant values, duration and intensity
of advanced and unadvanced vowels of Ahanta West and Ajumako - Bisease.
Akan pronunciation distinguishes ten vowel qualities. These ten vowels are grouped into two
complementary sets, called harmony sets. Each harmony set comprises of five vowels. Harmony
set A: [i,e,u,o,æ] which is called [+ATR] and  Harmony set B: [ɔ,a,ɛ,ɪ,ʊ] which is called [-ATR].
The vowels of harmony set A are pronounced with the tongue root being pushed forward (+ATR
[= advanced tongue root position]) (Dolphyne, 1988).
Media discourse refers to interactions that take place through a broadcast platform, whether spoken or written, in which the discourse is oriented to a non-present reader, listener or viewer.
Saturation is basically explained or defined as the coverage of the inner ear and the auditory system of a person. The sensory neurons in the inner ear and the auditory nerve that respond to sound are physiological machines that run on... more
Saturation is  basically explained or defined as the coverage of the inner ear and the auditory system of a person.

The sensory neurons in the inner ear and the auditory nerve that respond to sound are physiological machines that run on chemical supplies.
Consequently, when they run low on supplies, or are running at maximum capacity, they may fail to respond to sound as vigorously as usual.
Research is defined as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or a problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist, Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe,... more
Research is defined as a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or a problem using scientific methods. According to the American sociologist, Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon.
Framework explains the path of a research and grounds it firmly in theoretical constructs. The overall aim of frameworks is to make research findings more meaningful, acceptable to the theoretical constructs in the research field and ensures generalizability.
There are many view points about the meaning of coinage. Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from seemingly... more
There are many view points about the meaning of coinage. Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from seemingly nothing
Al-Anisi (2013) argues that Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is relatively young field because it only goes back about 40-50 years. As stated by Gass (2008), it is now handled as an applied linguistic discipline which completes with its... more
Al-Anisi (2013) argues that Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is relatively young field because it only goes back about 40-50 years. As stated by Gass (2008), it is now handled as an applied linguistic discipline which completes with its own research agenda. This can be reflected in the increase of linguistics conferences number, the journals devoted exclusively to research in the field that is (Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Language Learning, Second Language Research) as well as others in which reports of second language studies comprise a major part ( Applied Linguistics and The Modern Language Journal). Moreover, there are many edited volumes considering the subareas of the field according to Al-Anisi (2013) such as Language transfer, language input, language variation, Universal Grammar, Critical Period and others. The adoption of an inter-disciplinary approach led scholars to approach the field from a wide range of backgrounds, i.e. sociology, psychology, education, and linguistics. This reflects the complex nature of adult language learning and use. The content of this paper limits itself to the discussion of Krashen’s comprehension hypothesis and its implication to both L1 and L2 teaching in the classroom. The topics investigated in the present paper include: A. Brief historical background B. Krashen’s approaches to SLA.  C. Implications to both L1 and  L2 teaching in the classroom.
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This research is quantitative research which is intended to study the factors that are responsible for banishing Ahanta language and given way to Fante and English. It also seems to discussion language shift from the perspective of... more
This research is quantitative research which is intended to study the factors that are responsible for
banishing Ahanta language and given way to Fante and English. It also seems to discussion
language shift from the perspective of Ahanta communities in Western Region of Ghana. The
focus of this research is to do a study on Ahanta language to see whether the hypothesis of the
researcher on language shift exist in Ahanta language, identify factors that are responsible for
language shift of Ahanta speech communities under study, and how their language (Ahanta)
language could be maintained for posterity to continue to meet the language live. The
sociolinguistics data was collected through interview, participant and non-participant observation.
The researcher will use a pie chart, frequency table and bar graph to illustrate data collected.
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This work seeks to copiously explain the theoretical approaches in second language acquisition. Second Language Acquisition is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, the investigation of a given aspect requires a specific theoretical... more
This work seeks to copiously explain the theoretical approaches in second language acquisition.
Second Language Acquisition is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, the investigation of a
given aspect requires a specific theoretical approach.
There are some basic theories advanced to describe how language is acquired, learnt and taught.
The behaviorist theory, Mentalist theory (Innatism), Rationalist theory (otherwise called Cognitive
theory), and Interactionism are some of these theories.
Of these, behaviorist theory and mentalist theory are mainly applicable to the acquisition of native
languages while the rest can account for foreign language acquisition. Yet, these four fundamental
theories of language acquisition cannot be totally divorced from each other, for "the objectives of
second language learning are not necessarily entirely determined by native language competence
inevitably serves as a foil against which to set second language learning." (H.H. Stem, .1983; 30). 
This paper is limits itself to Behaviorist and Mentalist theoretical approaches in second language
acquisition. Behaviorist and mentalist theory of language and language learning fails to account
for the innovative and creative nature of language use, the mentalists say, is internal, rule governed,
and abstract. Spino and Loewen (2018) argues that the human organism has innate predisposition
towards language acquisition, being in the sense programmed for language. This predisposition
accounts for the rapidity and uniformity with which the child learns native language. I will firstly
explain Behaviorist theoretical approach and later explain mentalist approach in second language
acquisition.
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This paper tackles the topic Akan Serialization which comes under the umbrella of multiverb construction in Syntactic theory. Syntax is a central component of human language. Languages has often been characterised as a systematic... more
This paper tackles the topic Akan Serialization which comes under the umbrella of multiverb
construction in Syntactic theory. Syntax is a central component of human language. Languages
has often been characterised as a systematic correlation between certain types of gestures and
meaning. (Van Valin, Jr. 2001). According to Matthews (1982: 1), the term syntax is taken from a
Greek word s ý ntaxis, a verbal noun which literally means ‘arrangement’ or setting out together’.
He argues that traditionally it refers to the branch of grammar dealing with the ways in which
words, with or without appropriate inflections are arranged to show connections of meaning within
the sentence. 
Syntax deals with how sentences are constructed, and users of human language deploy a striking
variety of arrangements of element in sentences.
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Words have often been called slippery customers, and many scholars have been distressed by their tendency to shift their meanings and slide out from under any simple definition. A goal of some clear thinkers have used words in more... more
Words have often been called slippery customers, and many scholars have been distressed by their tendency to shift their meanings and slide out from under any simple definition. A goal of some clear thinkers have used words in more precise ways. But though this is an excellent and necessary step for technical jargon, it is a self-defeating program when applied to ordinary words. It is not only that words are shifters; the objects to which they must be applied shift with even greater rapidity. (Labov, 1973, p. 341).
Moloney (1993) says “two thousand years ago in Israel, the man who is God incarnate, Jesus of Nazareth, led his followers into a life-giving relationship with himself and his divine Father, and was executed for being a revolutionary.... more
Moloney (1993) says “two thousand years ago in Israel, the man who is God incarnate, Jesus of Nazareth, led his followers into a life-giving relationship with himself and his divine Father, and was executed for being a revolutionary. Raised from the dead, he charged his followers to make disciples throughout the world, promising that he would be with them and equip them for their missions with his Holy Spirit”. The New Testament presents the essential witness and teaching of Jesus’ first emissaries, the Apostles, who proclaimed his truth with his authority. The faith of Christians today, as in every age, is shaped and defined by this apostolic account of Jesus Christ.
According to the speech delivered by Pope John Paul (2000) he said that, “within a century of Jesus’ earthly ministry, Christian congregations could be found from Spain to Persia, and from North Africa to Britain. By this time, the catechumenate for would-be Christians (from the Greek katecheo: “to instruct” – a period of 1-3 years’ instruction leading to baptism at Easter) had become an established Christian practice. This pattern of Christian disciple-making continued for some centuries before falling into disuse, as nominal Christianity increasingly became a universal aspect of Western culture.
The Reformation era saw a vigorous renewal of catechesis (instruction within the catechumenate) for both adults and children among both Protestants and Roman Catholics. But catechesis has been in serious decline since the eighteenth century, and much of the discipline of discipling has been abandoned altogether in today’s churches.
The catechism (a text used for instruction of Christian disciples) is designed as a resource manual for the renewal of Anglican catechetical practice. It presents the essential building blocks of classic catechetical instruction: the Apostles’ Creed, the Lord’s Prayer, and the Ten Commandments (the Decalogue). To these is added an initial section especially intended for those with no prior knowledge of the Gospel. Each section is presented in a question-and-answer form that became standard in the sixteenth-century because of its proven effectiveness. Each section is also set out with its practical implications, together with biblical references and also includes teaching notes for catechists (instructors).
The catechism attempts to be a missional means by which God may bring about both conversion to Christ and formation in Christ. This vision of comprehensive usefulness has been before the minds of the Church Fathers and the Liturgist.
In one respect, this catechism breaks new ground for Anglicans. The historic Catechism in the English Book of Common Prayer is brief, and specifically designed to prepare young people for confirmation and church membership. However, the project work was intended to research into the impact of the catechetical lessons on the participation of the youth in the life of the Church.
Your life is in your hands. No matter where you are now, no matter what happens in your life, you can begin to consciously choose your thoughts, and you can change your life. There is no such as a hopeless situation. Every single... more
Your life is in your hands. No matter where you are now, no matter what happens in your life, you can begin to consciously choose your thoughts, and you can change your life. There is no such as a hopeless situation. Every single circumstance of your life can change. (Rhonda Byrne). Every thought of yours is a real thing – a human force
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