The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the intrauterine insemination (IUI) in swi... more The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the intrauterine insemination (IUI) in swine, considering the conception rate, farrowing rate, litter size (alive born pigs). For the IUI, the females had been insemination at 24 and 48 hours after the estrus detection, and the inseminating doses of 500 million, 1 billion, 1.5 billion and 2 billion spermatozoa in 20 mL extender had been used. The procedure of catheter insertion through the cervical canal was successfully performed in 97.9% of the females. The conception rate was 6.3% in the IUI. The farrowing rate in IUI was 87.2% but the farrowing rate was 100% for the sperm concentration of 500 million. Regarding the number of born pigs and alive born pigs observed in females inseminated with IUI, no significant difference was observed (p > 0.05). The concentration of 500 x 106 spermatozoa in 20 mL extender in the intrauterine insemination resulted in an optimal reproductive performance.
The study was carried out with objective to test two swine semen cooling processes and verify the... more The study was carried out with objective to test two swine semen cooling processes and verify the effects of adding chloride of calcium (CaCl2) on semen dilutor BTS and also to test the evaluation method of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AAT) enzymatic profile on the cooled swine semen spermatic quality. Were used twelve samples of ejaculation of breeders supplied by the Swine Breeding section at the DZO/UFLA. The samples were diluted and received different concentrations of CaCl2 (A: 0.0; B: 2.5; C 5.0; D 7.5mM). The samples of ejaculation were submitted to three processes of cooling: 1 standard cooling (15º C); 2 slow cooling (15º C/ 5º C); 3 fast cooling (5º C), and each sample of ejaculation was stored for a period of 72 hours to evaluation of spermatic quality, over all experimental treatments. The seminal parameters evaluated were the spermatic motility and strength and enzymatic profile of the AAT. A meaningful difference was verified (P< 0.05) in the levels of CaCl2 for the parameters of spermatic motility, high levels of this salt showed better results in this parameter . The variables spermatic strength and AAT profile, shown no effects for any addition of CaCl2 . For the cooling process, a meaningful difference was verified (P<0.05) in the parameters of spermatic motility and strength. No effects were observed concerning the enzymatic profile of the AAT (P>0.05). It was concluded that the adding of CaCl2 did improve the spermatic motility of the samples of swine ejaculations and that the process of slow cooling is able to replace the standard process without affecting the spermatic quality of semen submitted to cooling. The assessment of AAT is not valid to cooled semen.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2009
The study was conducted with the objective of evaluate different types and volumes of diluents th... more The study was conducted with the objective of evaluate different types and volumes of diluents through the reproductive performance of 72 artificially inseminated sows. A randomized complete design was used in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three diluents and two semen volumes. The semen used was obtained from three boars of known fertility. The ejaculates were diluted in equal parts, with the commercial diluents A, B and C, constituting semen doses of 1.5 billion spermatozoids in volumes of 15 or 30 mL. The analyzed variables were farrowing rate, indexes of return to estrus, total number of piglets born, number of piglets born alive, mummified and stillborn piglets, and litter weight at birth. Differences were not observed between the farrowing rates and indexes of return to estrus. The greatest means of total number of piglets born, piglets born alive and litter weight at birth were from females inseminated with semen doses containing diluents B and C. There were no differences among the inseminating volumes within the diluents B and C for any of the variables. For diluent A, the volume that provided the largest litter size and number of piglets born alive was 15 mL. The number of stillborn and mummified piglets did not differ between the treatments. The intrauterine insemination of sows from two to five parities, with inseminating doses of 15 mL diluted in short term diluents (diluents B or C) give satisfactory indexes of reproductive performance.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2007
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary levels of crude protein (CP) and digestible ly... more Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary levels of crude protein (CP) and digestible lysine (LYSD) on the performance and nitrogen (N) excretion of piglets in the initial phase. In experiment 1, 80 barrows and females (initial weight of the 9.1 kg ± 1.2 kg and final weight of the 21.5 ± 4.8 kg), crossbred (Landrace x Large White), were distributed to a randomized blocks in factorial scheme 2 x 4 (two levels of CP 16 and 18% - and four levels of LYSD (0.7; 0.9; 1.1 and 1.3%) with five replications and two animals per experimental unit, during 35 days. The average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed:gain ratio (F:G) were evaluated. In experiment 2, 32 barrows (25.0 ± 1.3 kg), from experiment I, were individually allotted in metabolic cages (experimental unit), during 11 days, to evaluate the ingested N, N in feces and N in urine . The diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal and modified powder milk, supplemented with vitamins and minerals. The amino acids methionine and threonine were corrected in function of the lysine levels, following the ideal protein concept. No interaction LYSD x CP was observed for neither studied variable. Average daily gain and F:G showed a quadratic effect for the LYSD levels and were better in the animals fed diets with levels of 1.04 and 1.09%, respectively. The levels of N in the fezes showed crescent linear effect with the LYSD and CP levels, while the N levels in the urine showed quadratic effect with LYSD levels, with lower excretion for the level of 1.03% in the ration. No influence was observed for LYSD and CP level on ADFI and N in fezes. The level of 1.05% LYSD in diets with 16 and 18% CP provide best performance and lower excretion of de N in dejects of the swine.
Realizou-se este trabalho no setor de avicultura de DZO-UFLA, durante o período de junho a outubr... more Realizou-se este trabalho no setor de avicultura de DZO-UFLA, durante o período de junho a outubro de 2003. Foram utilizados 112 galos reprodutores da linhagem Lohmann- LSL, de 16 até 32 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuídas num delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3x2 + 1, com três tipos de óleo (Soja, Canola e Girassol), e dois níveis de vitamina E (200 e 400 mg/kg de ração) e o controle (sem óleo e 0 mg de suplementação de vitamina E). As rações experimentais foram elaboradas à base de milho e farelo de soja. Nas 28ª e 29ª semanas foram realizadas coletas de sêmen para avaliação da motilidade, volume do sêmen, concentração, número de células totais e a morfologia espermática. As análises foram realizadas com utilização do programa SAEG. Foi observada interação significativa (P=0,08) entre as fontes de óleos testadas e os níveis de vitamina E, para a motilidade espermática na 28ª semana de idade. Não foi observada diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre as fontes de óleo nem entre os níveis de vitamina E para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Conclui-se que qualquer fonte de óleo das utilizadas neste estudo pode ser adicionada à ração de galos reprodutores sem necessidade de elevados níveis de vitamina E.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2008
A total of 35 males of Nile tilapia, averaging initial weight of 205 g, were maintained in five 2... more A total of 35 males of Nile tilapia, averaging initial weight of 205 g, were maintained in five 250 L metabolism boxes to evaluate the lipid metabolism of Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus). The experiment lasted 30 days, from October to November 2006. The treatments were: control diet plus olive oil; control diet plus corn oil; control diet plus soybean oil; control diet plus linseed oil; control diet plus fish oil. The experiment was in a completely randomized design with five treatments and seven replicates. The evaluated parameters were: fatty acid profile of the muscle tissue and hepatic activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME). The data were submitted to variance analysis and the means of the treatments were compared by Scott-Knott's test (5% of significance). The fish fed on a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids presented increased contents of such fat acids in their lipid muscle composition. The hepatic activity of G6PD was superior to that of ME, being higher in the specimen fed rations containing olive, corn and soybean oil, thus, evidencing the highest lipid muscle deposition of these fish.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2004
The experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of 3 diluents BTS+KCl - D1, BTS+2KCL... more The experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of 3 diluents BTS+KCl - D1, BTS+2KCL - D2 and BTS+Sodium Citrate - D3) and three different times (hour 0, 72 hours and 144 hours) in Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) semen at 4°C. The assay aimed to test usefulness of BTS (Betsville Thawing Solution) diluent medium, added to Sodium citrate and Potassium clorate, in maintenance of spermatic immobility and of its conditions to conserve semen characteristics as spermatic motility rate and duration. Satisfactory results were found until at 144 hours of cooling for this specie. The mean spermatic motility in the in natura state was 94 ± 5.48% with mean duration of 55.6 ± 32.25 seconds (s). For diluted semen, motility and duration means were 76.00 ± 1.86% and 56.6 ± 6.54 s, 77.00 ± 1.86% and 54.6 ± 6.54 s, and 74.33 ± 1.86% and 75.0 ± 6.54 s, respectivaly, for diluents D1, D2 and D3, in this order. Significant differences were not observed among diluents and they showed similar effects in at different times. At 0 and 72 h of analysis showed higher spermatic motilities than that ones at 144 h, but durations of spermatic motility did not show differences in these times. The semen mean spermatic concentration was 8.21 ± 2.26 X 109 sptz/mL. Some samples showed spermatic motility before semen activation (fore-activation) principally after 96 hours of cooling. Thus, BTS medium diluent may be recommended for fish semen conservation, since its osmolarity is elevated.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect and interaction between supplementation of ... more The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect and interaction between supplementation of tocopherol acetate and ascorbyl palmitate, in the diet of dourado larvae (Salminus brasiliensis), during its initial development. The experimental design was completely randomized in split plot, as follows: in the plot, a factorial arrangement (2x3) with six diets, constituted by the combination between two concentrations of tocopherol acetate (0 and 250 mg kg-1) and three concentrations of ascorbyl palmitate (0, 100 and 1,000 mg kg-1); and in the subplot, with two periods of sampling (5 and 15 days of feeding). In the larvae, determinations were performed for the concentrations of the ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid, total length, weight and height of the head. Ascorbyl palmitate provided an increase in the total length and in the weight of the larvae after 15 days of feeding. For head height, differences were observed among the three doses of tested ascorbyl palmitate. The supplementation of ascorbyl palmitate increased the vitamin C concentrations. Although vitamin E has not influenced the development sizes, it acted as a metabolic pro-oxidant, which increased the dehydroascorbic acid.
It was conducted an experiment in the Department of Animal Science at Lavras Federal University i... more It was conducted an experiment in the Department of Animal Science at Lavras Federal University in order to verify the influence of different crude protein levels (CP) and digestible lysine (DLys) in the diet on the organs weight, physiologic parameters and utilization of nitrogen in the diet for piglets. It was utilized a total of 83 barrows and females (initial weight = 9.1 kg ± 1.2 kg and final weight = 21.5 ± 4.8 kg), crossbred (Landrace x Large White), weaned at 28 days old, allotted in groups of two in nursery in a randomized block design (RBD) in time, in 2x4 factorial scheme (CP x DLys), with five repetitions, during 35 days. The diets were formulated with two levels of CP (16 and 18%) and four levels of true digestible lysine (0.7; 0.9; 1.1 and 1.3%) with correction of the values for methionine and threonine following the ideal protein concept. At the final of experiment, one animal (experimental unit) of each treatment was slaughtered and the pH of estomacal and cecal contents, weight relative of the liver, pancreas and kidney and height of villous and crypts depth of jejune were taken. In the Experiment II, 32 barrows (initial weight = 25 ± 1.3 kg) proceeding from previous experiment, were allotted individually in metabolism cages (experimental unit) in RBD in time, in 2x4 factorial scheme (CP x LYSD) with four repetitions in order to evaluate the nitrogen intake (NI), absorbed nitrogen (AN), retained nitrogen (RN) and NR/NA relations (%). There were no differences for the slaughtered variables analyzed. In the NR there was linear increasing effect (P<0.01) of the DLys levels in NI and quadratic effect (P<0.01) for RN and RN/AN, that showed increase until 1.05 and 1.06% DLys levels, respectively, independent of the CP levels. There were no differences (P>0.05) for AN for any treatments studied. It was conclude that the DLys and CP levels had any effect on organs weight, physiologic parameters and jejune morphometry, but they improve N Retention up to 25% with 1.05% of DLys in diets with reduced levels of CP.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2003
A total of 192 weaning crossbred Landrace x Large White piglets weighing 6.9 kg and 23 days old w... more A total of 192 weaning crossbred Landrace x Large White piglets weighing 6.9 kg and 23 days old was used to determine the effect of addition of flavours in simple or complex diet on the performance, blood parameters and the organs weight of piglets. A randomized block design, in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, with two diets (simple or complex) and addition or not of two flavours (F1 and F2), was used. It was observed that the flavour addition did not affect weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. The complex diet showed better feed conversion than the simple diet. The blood glucose concentration was higher in the pos-prandial period. The simple diet showed higher effect on the glucose levels. The blood glucose concentration was not influenced by the tested flavours. The insulin showed higher levels in the pos-prandial period, although it was also not influenced by both diets, as well as the tested flavours. The weight of liver, pancreas and kidneys was not affected by the addition of flavours, therefore, simple diet showed higher weight, when compared to the complex diet. It was concluded that the used flavours showed no effects on the piglet performance, blood parameters and organs weight.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the intrauterine insemination (IUI) in swi... more The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the intrauterine insemination (IUI) in swine, considering the conception rate, farrowing rate, litter size (alive born pigs). For the IUI, the females had been insemination at 24 and 48 hours after the estrus detection, and the inseminating doses of 500 million, 1 billion, 1.5 billion and 2 billion spermatozoa in 20 mL extender had been used. The procedure of catheter insertion through the cervical canal was successfully performed in 97.9% of the females. The conception rate was 6.3% in the IUI. The farrowing rate in IUI was 87.2% but the farrowing rate was 100% for the sperm concentration of 500 million. Regarding the number of born pigs and alive born pigs observed in females inseminated with IUI, no significant difference was observed (p > 0.05). The concentration of 500 x 106 spermatozoa in 20 mL extender in the intrauterine insemination resulted in an optimal reproductive performance.
The study was carried out with objective to test two swine semen cooling processes and verify the... more The study was carried out with objective to test two swine semen cooling processes and verify the effects of adding chloride of calcium (CaCl2) on semen dilutor BTS and also to test the evaluation method of Aspartate Aminotransferase (AAT) enzymatic profile on the cooled swine semen spermatic quality. Were used twelve samples of ejaculation of breeders supplied by the Swine Breeding section at the DZO/UFLA. The samples were diluted and received different concentrations of CaCl2 (A: 0.0; B: 2.5; C 5.0; D 7.5mM). The samples of ejaculation were submitted to three processes of cooling: 1 standard cooling (15º C); 2 slow cooling (15º C/ 5º C); 3 fast cooling (5º C), and each sample of ejaculation was stored for a period of 72 hours to evaluation of spermatic quality, over all experimental treatments. The seminal parameters evaluated were the spermatic motility and strength and enzymatic profile of the AAT. A meaningful difference was verified (P< 0.05) in the levels of CaCl2 for the parameters of spermatic motility, high levels of this salt showed better results in this parameter . The variables spermatic strength and AAT profile, shown no effects for any addition of CaCl2 . For the cooling process, a meaningful difference was verified (P<0.05) in the parameters of spermatic motility and strength. No effects were observed concerning the enzymatic profile of the AAT (P>0.05). It was concluded that the adding of CaCl2 did improve the spermatic motility of the samples of swine ejaculations and that the process of slow cooling is able to replace the standard process without affecting the spermatic quality of semen submitted to cooling. The assessment of AAT is not valid to cooled semen.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2009
The study was conducted with the objective of evaluate different types and volumes of diluents th... more The study was conducted with the objective of evaluate different types and volumes of diluents through the reproductive performance of 72 artificially inseminated sows. A randomized complete design was used in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, with three diluents and two semen volumes. The semen used was obtained from three boars of known fertility. The ejaculates were diluted in equal parts, with the commercial diluents A, B and C, constituting semen doses of 1.5 billion spermatozoids in volumes of 15 or 30 mL. The analyzed variables were farrowing rate, indexes of return to estrus, total number of piglets born, number of piglets born alive, mummified and stillborn piglets, and litter weight at birth. Differences were not observed between the farrowing rates and indexes of return to estrus. The greatest means of total number of piglets born, piglets born alive and litter weight at birth were from females inseminated with semen doses containing diluents B and C. There were no differences among the inseminating volumes within the diluents B and C for any of the variables. For diluent A, the volume that provided the largest litter size and number of piglets born alive was 15 mL. The number of stillborn and mummified piglets did not differ between the treatments. The intrauterine insemination of sows from two to five parities, with inseminating doses of 15 mL diluted in short term diluents (diluents B or C) give satisfactory indexes of reproductive performance.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2007
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary levels of crude protein (CP) and digestible ly... more Two experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary levels of crude protein (CP) and digestible lysine (LYSD) on the performance and nitrogen (N) excretion of piglets in the initial phase. In experiment 1, 80 barrows and females (initial weight of the 9.1 kg ± 1.2 kg and final weight of the 21.5 ± 4.8 kg), crossbred (Landrace x Large White), were distributed to a randomized blocks in factorial scheme 2 x 4 (two levels of CP 16 and 18% - and four levels of LYSD (0.7; 0.9; 1.1 and 1.3%) with five replications and two animals per experimental unit, during 35 days. The average daily weight gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed:gain ratio (F:G) were evaluated. In experiment 2, 32 barrows (25.0 ± 1.3 kg), from experiment I, were individually allotted in metabolic cages (experimental unit), during 11 days, to evaluate the ingested N, N in feces and N in urine . The diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal and modified powder milk, supplemented with vitamins and minerals. The amino acids methionine and threonine were corrected in function of the lysine levels, following the ideal protein concept. No interaction LYSD x CP was observed for neither studied variable. Average daily gain and F:G showed a quadratic effect for the LYSD levels and were better in the animals fed diets with levels of 1.04 and 1.09%, respectively. The levels of N in the fezes showed crescent linear effect with the LYSD and CP levels, while the N levels in the urine showed quadratic effect with LYSD levels, with lower excretion for the level of 1.03% in the ration. No influence was observed for LYSD and CP level on ADFI and N in fezes. The level of 1.05% LYSD in diets with 16 and 18% CP provide best performance and lower excretion of de N in dejects of the swine.
Realizou-se este trabalho no setor de avicultura de DZO-UFLA, durante o período de junho a outubr... more Realizou-se este trabalho no setor de avicultura de DZO-UFLA, durante o período de junho a outubro de 2003. Foram utilizados 112 galos reprodutores da linhagem Lohmann- LSL, de 16 até 32 semanas de idade. As aves foram distribuídas num delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 3x2 + 1, com três tipos de óleo (Soja, Canola e Girassol), e dois níveis de vitamina E (200 e 400 mg/kg de ração) e o controle (sem óleo e 0 mg de suplementação de vitamina E). As rações experimentais foram elaboradas à base de milho e farelo de soja. Nas 28ª e 29ª semanas foram realizadas coletas de sêmen para avaliação da motilidade, volume do sêmen, concentração, número de células totais e a morfologia espermática. As análises foram realizadas com utilização do programa SAEG. Foi observada interação significativa (P=0,08) entre as fontes de óleos testadas e os níveis de vitamina E, para a motilidade espermática na 28ª semana de idade. Não foi observada diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre as fontes de óleo nem entre os níveis de vitamina E para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Conclui-se que qualquer fonte de óleo das utilizadas neste estudo pode ser adicionada à ração de galos reprodutores sem necessidade de elevados níveis de vitamina E.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2008
A total of 35 males of Nile tilapia, averaging initial weight of 205 g, were maintained in five 2... more A total of 35 males of Nile tilapia, averaging initial weight of 205 g, were maintained in five 250 L metabolism boxes to evaluate the lipid metabolism of Nile tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus). The experiment lasted 30 days, from October to November 2006. The treatments were: control diet plus olive oil; control diet plus corn oil; control diet plus soybean oil; control diet plus linseed oil; control diet plus fish oil. The experiment was in a completely randomized design with five treatments and seven replicates. The evaluated parameters were: fatty acid profile of the muscle tissue and hepatic activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme (ME). The data were submitted to variance analysis and the means of the treatments were compared by Scott-Knott's test (5% of significance). The fish fed on a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids presented increased contents of such fat acids in their lipid muscle composition. The hepatic activity of G6PD was superior to that of ME, being higher in the specimen fed rations containing olive, corn and soybean oil, thus, evidencing the highest lipid muscle deposition of these fish.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2004
The experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of 3 diluents BTS+KCl - D1, BTS+2KCL... more The experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of 3 diluents BTS+KCl - D1, BTS+2KCL - D2 and BTS+Sodium Citrate - D3) and three different times (hour 0, 72 hours and 144 hours) in Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) semen at 4°C. The assay aimed to test usefulness of BTS (Betsville Thawing Solution) diluent medium, added to Sodium citrate and Potassium clorate, in maintenance of spermatic immobility and of its conditions to conserve semen characteristics as spermatic motility rate and duration. Satisfactory results were found until at 144 hours of cooling for this specie. The mean spermatic motility in the in natura state was 94 ± 5.48% with mean duration of 55.6 ± 32.25 seconds (s). For diluted semen, motility and duration means were 76.00 ± 1.86% and 56.6 ± 6.54 s, 77.00 ± 1.86% and 54.6 ± 6.54 s, and 74.33 ± 1.86% and 75.0 ± 6.54 s, respectivaly, for diluents D1, D2 and D3, in this order. Significant differences were not observed among diluents and they showed similar effects in at different times. At 0 and 72 h of analysis showed higher spermatic motilities than that ones at 144 h, but durations of spermatic motility did not show differences in these times. The semen mean spermatic concentration was 8.21 ± 2.26 X 109 sptz/mL. Some samples showed spermatic motility before semen activation (fore-activation) principally after 96 hours of cooling. Thus, BTS medium diluent may be recommended for fish semen conservation, since its osmolarity is elevated.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect and interaction between supplementation of ... more The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect and interaction between supplementation of tocopherol acetate and ascorbyl palmitate, in the diet of dourado larvae (Salminus brasiliensis), during its initial development. The experimental design was completely randomized in split plot, as follows: in the plot, a factorial arrangement (2x3) with six diets, constituted by the combination between two concentrations of tocopherol acetate (0 and 250 mg kg-1) and three concentrations of ascorbyl palmitate (0, 100 and 1,000 mg kg-1); and in the subplot, with two periods of sampling (5 and 15 days of feeding). In the larvae, determinations were performed for the concentrations of the ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid, total length, weight and height of the head. Ascorbyl palmitate provided an increase in the total length and in the weight of the larvae after 15 days of feeding. For head height, differences were observed among the three doses of tested ascorbyl palmitate. The supplementation of ascorbyl palmitate increased the vitamin C concentrations. Although vitamin E has not influenced the development sizes, it acted as a metabolic pro-oxidant, which increased the dehydroascorbic acid.
It was conducted an experiment in the Department of Animal Science at Lavras Federal University i... more It was conducted an experiment in the Department of Animal Science at Lavras Federal University in order to verify the influence of different crude protein levels (CP) and digestible lysine (DLys) in the diet on the organs weight, physiologic parameters and utilization of nitrogen in the diet for piglets. It was utilized a total of 83 barrows and females (initial weight = 9.1 kg ± 1.2 kg and final weight = 21.5 ± 4.8 kg), crossbred (Landrace x Large White), weaned at 28 days old, allotted in groups of two in nursery in a randomized block design (RBD) in time, in 2x4 factorial scheme (CP x DLys), with five repetitions, during 35 days. The diets were formulated with two levels of CP (16 and 18%) and four levels of true digestible lysine (0.7; 0.9; 1.1 and 1.3%) with correction of the values for methionine and threonine following the ideal protein concept. At the final of experiment, one animal (experimental unit) of each treatment was slaughtered and the pH of estomacal and cecal contents, weight relative of the liver, pancreas and kidney and height of villous and crypts depth of jejune were taken. In the Experiment II, 32 barrows (initial weight = 25 ± 1.3 kg) proceeding from previous experiment, were allotted individually in metabolism cages (experimental unit) in RBD in time, in 2x4 factorial scheme (CP x LYSD) with four repetitions in order to evaluate the nitrogen intake (NI), absorbed nitrogen (AN), retained nitrogen (RN) and NR/NA relations (%). There were no differences for the slaughtered variables analyzed. In the NR there was linear increasing effect (P<0.01) of the DLys levels in NI and quadratic effect (P<0.01) for RN and RN/AN, that showed increase until 1.05 and 1.06% DLys levels, respectively, independent of the CP levels. There were no differences (P>0.05) for AN for any treatments studied. It was conclude that the DLys and CP levels had any effect on organs weight, physiologic parameters and jejune morphometry, but they improve N Retention up to 25% with 1.05% of DLys in diets with reduced levels of CP.
Revista Brasileira De Zootecnia-brazilian Journal of Animal Science, 2003
A total of 192 weaning crossbred Landrace x Large White piglets weighing 6.9 kg and 23 days old w... more A total of 192 weaning crossbred Landrace x Large White piglets weighing 6.9 kg and 23 days old was used to determine the effect of addition of flavours in simple or complex diet on the performance, blood parameters and the organs weight of piglets. A randomized block design, in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, with two diets (simple or complex) and addition or not of two flavours (F1 and F2), was used. It was observed that the flavour addition did not affect weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. The complex diet showed better feed conversion than the simple diet. The blood glucose concentration was higher in the pos-prandial period. The simple diet showed higher effect on the glucose levels. The blood glucose concentration was not influenced by the tested flavours. The insulin showed higher levels in the pos-prandial period, although it was also not influenced by both diets, as well as the tested flavours. The weight of liver, pancreas and kidneys was not affected by the addition of flavours, therefore, simple diet showed higher weight, when compared to the complex diet. It was concluded that the used flavours showed no effects on the piglet performance, blood parameters and organs weight.
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