Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data man... more Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data management, networking models, distributed system, agricultural aspects, military supervision etc. With the increasing number of applications, an increment in sensor network vulnerabilities has also become noticeably higher. Thus securing the WSN has become a great challenge for the researchers. In this paper we explore the security issues and challenges regarding WSN by classifying security attacks such as Sybil, HELLO, Wormhole and Sinkhole attacks, reviewing proposed security mechanisms and clarifying essential security requirements for specific security schemes. At last, a comparison table is presented which illustrates the various properties held by these security protocols, including authentication characteristics.
–This paper presents the advantages of using Audio amplifiers-class-D which has an important role... more –This paper presents the advantages of using Audio amplifiers-class-D which has an important role in every mobile system involving an audible sound. General power amplifiers till recently have been very inefficient, bulky and unreliable. Though Class AB amplifiers have major market share in the audio industry because of their efficiency compared to previous classes of amplifiers such as Class A and Class B, recent demand for smaller devices with longer battery life has resulted in replacement of class AB amplifiers (linear amplifiers) with Class D (switching amplifiers). Class D amplifiers provide the balance between efficiency and distortion required by portable devices, hi-fi audio systems, as they utilize the switching operation where the transistors are either fully on or fully off resulting in amplification with zero power dissipation ideally. The main focus of this thesis is to analyze various design issues involved in the implementation of class D amplifiers. As many designers in the future will be switching to Class D amplifiers because of the recent advances in switching amplifiers, an effort was made to develop the thesis so as to be able to serve as a basic reference guide which gives them a good understanding of existing architectures, challenges in efficient power amplifier design, modulation methods, power stage topologies and implementation of class D amplifiers. A detailed study of parameters and parasitic that affect the performance of class D amplifiers has been carried out with design, implementation, and simulation of various stages. Various component selection decisions and layout issues have been discussed for an efficient, low distortion class D amplifier.
The process of interpreting raw information from the data set to valuable information can be used... more The process of interpreting raw information from the data set to valuable information can be used to forecast new Engineering Knowledge. Clustering technique is used to determine the similarity in the informatics engineer' dataset based on the nature of the personality traits and Engineering Knowledge, Each cluster reveals the identity based on its learning by observation such as extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and Engineering Knowledge, which are categorized based on descriptive modeling. The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) technique classifies the personality traits of engineers and their Engineering Knowledge based on learning by example. This paper determines the relationship between personality traits and Engineering Knowledge, using mapping or function. The relationship derived could help the industry to fit the right personality candidate for the right post.
A novel design for a low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is presented and dedicated to power many... more A novel design for a low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is presented and dedicated to power many sections of a typical cellular handset. However, these baseband, RF, and audio sections have different requirements that influence which LDO is most appropriate. After discussion of the specific requirements, different LDOs are recommended. Also, some LDO design techniques are briefly discussed to demonstrate how an LDO may be optimized for a specific level of performance. Cellular phone designs require linear regulators with low-dropout, low-noise, high PSRR, low quiescent current (Iq), and low-cost. They need to deliver a stable output and use small-value output capacitors. Ideally, one device would have all these characteristics and one low-dropout linear regulator (LDO) could be used anywhere in the phone without worry. But in practice, the various cell phone blocks are best powered by LDOs with different performance characteristics. This paper provides a new design methodology to choosing the right LDO to power each cell phone and especially for the Voltage Phase-Locked loops (VPLLs) blocks. Fabricated in a 0.18 µm CMOS process, the measured results show the adopted topology achieves a better phase noise than the conventional saturation current source. and the spread of the current limitation (without matching) is 100mA, the VPLLs system demonstrates a phase noise of 782 nv/sqrtHz at 100-kHz, and 33 nv/sqrtHz at 1 MHz, while quiescent current 33 µA from a 2.6 V supply voltage.
This paper presents the design and modeling of DC/DC boost (step-up) converter for Advanced Intel... more This paper presents the design and modeling of DC/DC boost (step-up) converter for Advanced Intelligent Systems using Matlab/Simulink. The steady-state and average-value models for the proposed converter are developed and simulated. This work offers modeling and simulation techniques to analyze and design for an overall efficiency optimization of standard synchronous and asynchronous boost converter topologies including variable switching frequency and load resistance. Loss equations are developed, modeled, and simulated along with common power electronic components using Matlab/Simulink.
Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data man... more Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data management, networking models, distributed system, agricultural aspects, military supervision etc. With the increasing number of applications, an increment in sensor network vulnerabilities has also become noticeably higher. Thus securing the WSN has become a great challenge for the researchers. In this paper we explore the security issues and challenges regarding WSN by classifying security attacks such as Sybil, HELLO, Wormhole and Sinkhole attacks, reviewing proposed security mechanisms and clarifying essential security requirements for specific security schemes. At last, a comparison table is presented which illustrates the various properties held by these security protocols, including authentication characteristics.
In the late decades, a global movement started calling for women's political empowerment through ... more In the late decades, a global movement started calling for women's political empowerment through increasing their visibility in political power positions by using gender quotas. The implementation of an electoral gender quota in Morocco started in the legislative elections of 2002 which gave access to 30 women to the parliament. This paper's thesis sets out to prove whether the introduction of the quota system in the 2002 elections in Morocco was really empowering to these quota women, or it has merely resulted in tokenism, manipulation and an unsustainable representation of women. The paper argues that while gender quotas do well in fast-tracking women's political representation numerically, they do very little to enhance women's substantive political empowerment except in the presence of certain favourable circumstances and the usage of certain enabling strategies. Engaging the attitudes of male and female MPs in Morocco, this paper sheds light on the various strategies women MPs use to enhance their political performances/empowerment in the parliament.
— this paper presents comparative performance between Analog controller and Proportional Integral... more — this paper presents comparative performance between Analog controller and Proportional Integral Derivative controller (PIDC) on DC/DC Buck Converter. The steady-state and average-value models for buck converter are analyzed. The evaluation of the output has been carried out and compared by software simulation using Matlab/Simulink. The controllers performance are compared based on dynamic respond of the controllers in term of rise time, settling time and peak time ,also the goal of the designer is ensure that the output voltage matches the reference voltage, with the used input voltage is 5 volt, reference voltage from 0.5 V to 3Volt and switching frequency is 50 MHz .
Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data man... more Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data management, networking models, distributed system, agricultural aspects, military supervision etc. With the increasing number of applications, an increment in sensor network vulnerabilities has also become noticeably higher. Thus securing the WSN has become a great challenge for the researchers. In this paper we explore the security issues and challenges regarding WSN by classifying security attacks such as Sybil, HELLO, Wormhole and Sinkhole attacks, reviewing proposed security mechanisms and clarifying essential security requirements for specific security schemes. At last, a comparison table is presented which illustrates the various properties held by these security protocols, including authentication characteristics.
This paper presents the design and modeling of DC/DC boost (step-up) converter for Advanced Intel... more This paper presents the design and modeling of DC/DC boost (step-up) converter for Advanced Intelligent Systems using Matlab/Simulink. The steady-state and average-value models for the proposed converter are developed and simulated. This work offers modeling and simulation techniques to analyze and design for an overall efficiency optimization of standard synchronous and asynchronous boost converter topologies including variable switching frequency and load resistance. Loss equations are developed, modeled, and simulated along with common power electronic components using Matlab/Simulink.
A novel design for a low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is presented and dedicated to power many... more A novel design for a low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is presented and dedicated to power many sections of a typical cellular handset. However, these baseband, RF, and audio sections have different requirements that influence which LDO is most appropriate. After discussion of the specific requirements, different LDOs are recommended. Also, some LDO design techniques are briefly discussed to demonstrate how an LDO may be optimized for a specific level of performance. Cellular phone designs require linear regulators with low-dropout, low-noise, high PSRR, low quiescent current (Iq), and low-cost. They need to deliver a stable output and use small-value output capacitors. Ideally, one device would have all these characteristics and one low-dropout linear regulator (LDO) could be used anywhere in the phone without worry. But in practice, the various cell phone blocks are best powered by LDOs with different performance characteristics. This paper provides a new design methodology to choosing the right LDO to power each cell phone and especially for the Voltage Phase-Locked loops (VPLLs) blocks. Fabricated in a 0.18 µm CMOS process, the measured results show the adopted topology achieves a better phase noise than the conventional saturation current source. and the spread of the current limitation (without matching) is 100mA, the VPLLs system demonstrates a phase noise of 782 nv/sqrtHz at 100-kHz, and 33 nv/sqrtHz at 1 MHz, while quiescent current 33 µA from a 2.6 V supply voltage.
—This paper targets heterogeneous low power communication circuits and Systems that will be used ... more —This paper targets heterogeneous low power communication circuits and Systems that will be used in the future genera-tions'hand-held devices (PDA's, mobile phones). Those platforms will probably contain a few studies have emerged and considerable amount of on-chip memories. An optimized communication architecture will be required to interconnect them efficiently. Many communication architectures have been proposed in the literature: shared buses, bridged buses, segmented buses and more recently, Networks-on-Chip. Being battery-powered devices, the energy consumption of the platform is a critical issue. However, with the exception of buses, power consumption has been mostly neglected in interconnection networks. Only very recently have a few studies emerged in that domain. The Power Aware Wireless Sensors (PAWiS) simulation framework becomes an essential tool to evaluate design models of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) including SoftWare (SW) and HardWare (HW) platforms. PAWiS is an OMNeT++ based discrete event simulator written in C++. It captures the node internals (modules) as well as the node surroundings (network, environment) and provides specific features critical to WSNs like capturing power consumption at various levels of granularity, support for mobility, and environmental dynamics as well as the simulation of timing effects. The design of integrated low-power wireless sensor nodes involves the convergence of many technologies and disciplines. Submicron complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, micro-electro-mechanical system filters, on and off chip electromagnetic elements, sensors and dc-dc converters are some of the technologies that will enable pervasive systems such as wireless sensor networks. High system complexity requires the use of many simulation environments during design: algorithm simulators, behavioural and transistorlevel circuit simulators, electromagnetic (EM) simulators and network simulators. It is shown that highly integrated, selfcontained systems require multiple-domain simulations to uncover complex interactions between domains. In this paper we present a flexible and ex-tensible simulation framework to estimate power consumption of sensor network applications for arbitrary HW platforms. Specific examples of block and system level design methodologies used in low-power wireless systems are presented here.
The process of interpreting raw information from the data set to valuable information can be used... more The process of interpreting raw information from the data set to valuable information can be used to forecast new Engineering Knowledge. Clustering technique is used to determine the similarity in the informatics engineer' dataset based on the nature of the personality traits and Engineering Knowledge, Each cluster reveals the identity based on its learning by observation such as extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and Engineering Knowledge, which are categorized based on descriptive modeling. The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) technique classifies the personality traits of engineers and their Engineering Knowledge based on learning by example. This paper determines the relationship between personality traits and Engineering Knowledge, using mapping or function. The relationship derived could help the industry to fit the right personality candidate for the right post.
This paper presents a novel organization of switch capacitor charge pump circuits based on voltag... more This paper presents a novel organization of switch capacitor charge pump circuits based on voltage doubler structures. Each voltage doubler takes a DC input and outputs a doubled DC voltage. By cascading voltage doublers the output voltage increases up to 2 times. A two-phase voltage doubler and a multiphase voltage doubler structures are discussed and design considerations are presented. A simulator working in the Q–V realm was used for simplified circuit level simulation. In order to evaluate the power delivered by a charge pump, a resistive load is attached to the output of the charge pump and an equivalent capacitance is evaluated. To avoid the short circuit during switching, a clock pair generator is used to achieve multi-phase non-overlapping clock pairs. This paper also identifies optimum loading conditions for different configurations of the charge pumps. The proposed charge-pump circuit is designed and simulated by SPICE with TSMC 0.35-m CMOS technology and operates with a 2.7 to 3.6 V supply voltage. It has an area of 0.4 mm 2 ; it was designed with a frequency regulation of 1 MHz and internal current mode to reduce power consumption.
Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data man... more Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data management, networking models, distributed system, agricultural aspects, military supervision etc. With the increasing number of applications, an increment in sensor network vulnerabilities has also become noticeably higher. Thus securing the WSN has become a great challenge for the researchers. In this paper we explore the security issues and challenges regarding WSN by classifying security attacks such as Sybil, HELLO, Wormhole and Sinkhole attacks, reviewing proposed security mechanisms and clarifying essential security requirements for specific security schemes. At last, a comparison table is presented which illustrates the various properties held by these security protocols, including authentication characteristics.
–This paper presents the advantages of using Audio amplifiers-class-D which has an important role... more –This paper presents the advantages of using Audio amplifiers-class-D which has an important role in every mobile system involving an audible sound. General power amplifiers till recently have been very inefficient, bulky and unreliable. Though Class AB amplifiers have major market share in the audio industry because of their efficiency compared to previous classes of amplifiers such as Class A and Class B, recent demand for smaller devices with longer battery life has resulted in replacement of class AB amplifiers (linear amplifiers) with Class D (switching amplifiers). Class D amplifiers provide the balance between efficiency and distortion required by portable devices, hi-fi audio systems, as they utilize the switching operation where the transistors are either fully on or fully off resulting in amplification with zero power dissipation ideally. The main focus of this thesis is to analyze various design issues involved in the implementation of class D amplifiers. As many designers in the future will be switching to Class D amplifiers because of the recent advances in switching amplifiers, an effort was made to develop the thesis so as to be able to serve as a basic reference guide which gives them a good understanding of existing architectures, challenges in efficient power amplifier design, modulation methods, power stage topologies and implementation of class D amplifiers. A detailed study of parameters and parasitic that affect the performance of class D amplifiers has been carried out with design, implementation, and simulation of various stages. Various component selection decisions and layout issues have been discussed for an efficient, low distortion class D amplifier.
The process of interpreting raw information from the data set to valuable information can be used... more The process of interpreting raw information from the data set to valuable information can be used to forecast new Engineering Knowledge. Clustering technique is used to determine the similarity in the informatics engineer' dataset based on the nature of the personality traits and Engineering Knowledge, Each cluster reveals the identity based on its learning by observation such as extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and Engineering Knowledge, which are categorized based on descriptive modeling. The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) technique classifies the personality traits of engineers and their Engineering Knowledge based on learning by example. This paper determines the relationship between personality traits and Engineering Knowledge, using mapping or function. The relationship derived could help the industry to fit the right personality candidate for the right post.
A novel design for a low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is presented and dedicated to power many... more A novel design for a low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is presented and dedicated to power many sections of a typical cellular handset. However, these baseband, RF, and audio sections have different requirements that influence which LDO is most appropriate. After discussion of the specific requirements, different LDOs are recommended. Also, some LDO design techniques are briefly discussed to demonstrate how an LDO may be optimized for a specific level of performance. Cellular phone designs require linear regulators with low-dropout, low-noise, high PSRR, low quiescent current (Iq), and low-cost. They need to deliver a stable output and use small-value output capacitors. Ideally, one device would have all these characteristics and one low-dropout linear regulator (LDO) could be used anywhere in the phone without worry. But in practice, the various cell phone blocks are best powered by LDOs with different performance characteristics. This paper provides a new design methodology to choosing the right LDO to power each cell phone and especially for the Voltage Phase-Locked loops (VPLLs) blocks. Fabricated in a 0.18 µm CMOS process, the measured results show the adopted topology achieves a better phase noise than the conventional saturation current source. and the spread of the current limitation (without matching) is 100mA, the VPLLs system demonstrates a phase noise of 782 nv/sqrtHz at 100-kHz, and 33 nv/sqrtHz at 1 MHz, while quiescent current 33 µA from a 2.6 V supply voltage.
This paper presents the design and modeling of DC/DC boost (step-up) converter for Advanced Intel... more This paper presents the design and modeling of DC/DC boost (step-up) converter for Advanced Intelligent Systems using Matlab/Simulink. The steady-state and average-value models for the proposed converter are developed and simulated. This work offers modeling and simulation techniques to analyze and design for an overall efficiency optimization of standard synchronous and asynchronous boost converter topologies including variable switching frequency and load resistance. Loss equations are developed, modeled, and simulated along with common power electronic components using Matlab/Simulink.
Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data man... more Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data management, networking models, distributed system, agricultural aspects, military supervision etc. With the increasing number of applications, an increment in sensor network vulnerabilities has also become noticeably higher. Thus securing the WSN has become a great challenge for the researchers. In this paper we explore the security issues and challenges regarding WSN by classifying security attacks such as Sybil, HELLO, Wormhole and Sinkhole attacks, reviewing proposed security mechanisms and clarifying essential security requirements for specific security schemes. At last, a comparison table is presented which illustrates the various properties held by these security protocols, including authentication characteristics.
In the late decades, a global movement started calling for women's political empowerment through ... more In the late decades, a global movement started calling for women's political empowerment through increasing their visibility in political power positions by using gender quotas. The implementation of an electoral gender quota in Morocco started in the legislative elections of 2002 which gave access to 30 women to the parliament. This paper's thesis sets out to prove whether the introduction of the quota system in the 2002 elections in Morocco was really empowering to these quota women, or it has merely resulted in tokenism, manipulation and an unsustainable representation of women. The paper argues that while gender quotas do well in fast-tracking women's political representation numerically, they do very little to enhance women's substantive political empowerment except in the presence of certain favourable circumstances and the usage of certain enabling strategies. Engaging the attitudes of male and female MPs in Morocco, this paper sheds light on the various strategies women MPs use to enhance their political performances/empowerment in the parliament.
— this paper presents comparative performance between Analog controller and Proportional Integral... more — this paper presents comparative performance between Analog controller and Proportional Integral Derivative controller (PIDC) on DC/DC Buck Converter. The steady-state and average-value models for buck converter are analyzed. The evaluation of the output has been carried out and compared by software simulation using Matlab/Simulink. The controllers performance are compared based on dynamic respond of the controllers in term of rise time, settling time and peak time ,also the goal of the designer is ensure that the output voltage matches the reference voltage, with the used input voltage is 5 volt, reference voltage from 0.5 V to 3Volt and switching frequency is 50 MHz .
Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data man... more Wireless Sensor Network has opened several research criteria related to social security, data management, networking models, distributed system, agricultural aspects, military supervision etc. With the increasing number of applications, an increment in sensor network vulnerabilities has also become noticeably higher. Thus securing the WSN has become a great challenge for the researchers. In this paper we explore the security issues and challenges regarding WSN by classifying security attacks such as Sybil, HELLO, Wormhole and Sinkhole attacks, reviewing proposed security mechanisms and clarifying essential security requirements for specific security schemes. At last, a comparison table is presented which illustrates the various properties held by these security protocols, including authentication characteristics.
This paper presents the design and modeling of DC/DC boost (step-up) converter for Advanced Intel... more This paper presents the design and modeling of DC/DC boost (step-up) converter for Advanced Intelligent Systems using Matlab/Simulink. The steady-state and average-value models for the proposed converter are developed and simulated. This work offers modeling and simulation techniques to analyze and design for an overall efficiency optimization of standard synchronous and asynchronous boost converter topologies including variable switching frequency and load resistance. Loss equations are developed, modeled, and simulated along with common power electronic components using Matlab/Simulink.
A novel design for a low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is presented and dedicated to power many... more A novel design for a low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is presented and dedicated to power many sections of a typical cellular handset. However, these baseband, RF, and audio sections have different requirements that influence which LDO is most appropriate. After discussion of the specific requirements, different LDOs are recommended. Also, some LDO design techniques are briefly discussed to demonstrate how an LDO may be optimized for a specific level of performance. Cellular phone designs require linear regulators with low-dropout, low-noise, high PSRR, low quiescent current (Iq), and low-cost. They need to deliver a stable output and use small-value output capacitors. Ideally, one device would have all these characteristics and one low-dropout linear regulator (LDO) could be used anywhere in the phone without worry. But in practice, the various cell phone blocks are best powered by LDOs with different performance characteristics. This paper provides a new design methodology to choosing the right LDO to power each cell phone and especially for the Voltage Phase-Locked loops (VPLLs) blocks. Fabricated in a 0.18 µm CMOS process, the measured results show the adopted topology achieves a better phase noise than the conventional saturation current source. and the spread of the current limitation (without matching) is 100mA, the VPLLs system demonstrates a phase noise of 782 nv/sqrtHz at 100-kHz, and 33 nv/sqrtHz at 1 MHz, while quiescent current 33 µA from a 2.6 V supply voltage.
—This paper targets heterogeneous low power communication circuits and Systems that will be used ... more —This paper targets heterogeneous low power communication circuits and Systems that will be used in the future genera-tions'hand-held devices (PDA's, mobile phones). Those platforms will probably contain a few studies have emerged and considerable amount of on-chip memories. An optimized communication architecture will be required to interconnect them efficiently. Many communication architectures have been proposed in the literature: shared buses, bridged buses, segmented buses and more recently, Networks-on-Chip. Being battery-powered devices, the energy consumption of the platform is a critical issue. However, with the exception of buses, power consumption has been mostly neglected in interconnection networks. Only very recently have a few studies emerged in that domain. The Power Aware Wireless Sensors (PAWiS) simulation framework becomes an essential tool to evaluate design models of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) including SoftWare (SW) and HardWare (HW) platforms. PAWiS is an OMNeT++ based discrete event simulator written in C++. It captures the node internals (modules) as well as the node surroundings (network, environment) and provides specific features critical to WSNs like capturing power consumption at various levels of granularity, support for mobility, and environmental dynamics as well as the simulation of timing effects. The design of integrated low-power wireless sensor nodes involves the convergence of many technologies and disciplines. Submicron complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, micro-electro-mechanical system filters, on and off chip electromagnetic elements, sensors and dc-dc converters are some of the technologies that will enable pervasive systems such as wireless sensor networks. High system complexity requires the use of many simulation environments during design: algorithm simulators, behavioural and transistorlevel circuit simulators, electromagnetic (EM) simulators and network simulators. It is shown that highly integrated, selfcontained systems require multiple-domain simulations to uncover complex interactions between domains. In this paper we present a flexible and ex-tensible simulation framework to estimate power consumption of sensor network applications for arbitrary HW platforms. Specific examples of block and system level design methodologies used in low-power wireless systems are presented here.
The process of interpreting raw information from the data set to valuable information can be used... more The process of interpreting raw information from the data set to valuable information can be used to forecast new Engineering Knowledge. Clustering technique is used to determine the similarity in the informatics engineer' dataset based on the nature of the personality traits and Engineering Knowledge, Each cluster reveals the identity based on its learning by observation such as extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism and Engineering Knowledge, which are categorized based on descriptive modeling. The Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) technique classifies the personality traits of engineers and their Engineering Knowledge based on learning by example. This paper determines the relationship between personality traits and Engineering Knowledge, using mapping or function. The relationship derived could help the industry to fit the right personality candidate for the right post.
This paper presents a novel organization of switch capacitor charge pump circuits based on voltag... more This paper presents a novel organization of switch capacitor charge pump circuits based on voltage doubler structures. Each voltage doubler takes a DC input and outputs a doubled DC voltage. By cascading voltage doublers the output voltage increases up to 2 times. A two-phase voltage doubler and a multiphase voltage doubler structures are discussed and design considerations are presented. A simulator working in the Q–V realm was used for simplified circuit level simulation. In order to evaluate the power delivered by a charge pump, a resistive load is attached to the output of the charge pump and an equivalent capacitance is evaluated. To avoid the short circuit during switching, a clock pair generator is used to achieve multi-phase non-overlapping clock pairs. This paper also identifies optimum loading conditions for different configurations of the charge pumps. The proposed charge-pump circuit is designed and simulated by SPICE with TSMC 0.35-m CMOS technology and operates with a 2.7 to 3.6 V supply voltage. It has an area of 0.4 mm 2 ; it was designed with a frequency regulation of 1 MHz and internal current mode to reduce power consumption.
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