Çobankale is a building located in the Altınova District of Yalova Province, a significant part o... more Çobankale is a building located in the Altınova District of Yalova Province, a significant part of which has survived to the present day. Clive Foss published the first research on the Çobankale. Archaeological excavations in the region were initiated in 2017 under the direction of the Bursa Archaeology Museum. During the excavations in 2017 and 2018, as a result of the complete cleaning of the inner castle, a cistern structure has been identified. In the 2019 season, excavations were carried out in the cistern and its surroundings, In this paper, the Byzantine Glazed Pottery recovered during these studies was analysed. 110 sherds were catalogued and 105 of them were classified under “Zeuxsippus Family Ware”. 3 bases and 1 amorphous body are polychrome incised decorated pieces, which resemble these ceramics but with differences in paste characteristics. These vessels exhibit some characteristics of both the Zeuksippus Family Ware and the group known as Polychrome Sgraffito Ware, suggesting that they may be transitional productions between the two groups. It is deemed possible to date them to the late 13th century or the beginning of the 14th century, and it is suggested that they should be subject to further discussion. Apart from this, only one ring base was found which is Glazed White Ware. It has been determined that the ceramics used between the early 12th and 14th centuries are abundant in the Çobankale ceramic findings
BYZANTINE GLAZED POTTERY IN BITHYNIA AND MYSIA: ACCORDİNG TO RECENT FINDINGS
Abstract
This s... more BYZANTINE GLAZED POTTERY IN BITHYNIA AND MYSIA: ACCORDİNG TO RECENT FINDINGS
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the trade and distribution of the Byzantine glazed pottery groups in the neighboring Ancient Bithynia and Mysia, in the southern Marmara, Turkey. Within this context, Çobankale and Zindankapı have been selected as two main research areas according to some important new findings. Çobankale, which is located in Altınova District of Yalova at present and thought to have been built in the 11th century and has been inhabited until the 14th century. A great number of Byzantine Glazed Pottery has been found in the excavation, which is carried out by Assoc.Dr. Selçuk Seçkin from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Faculty of Letters, Art History Department. The second group data which have been obtained from the excavation of Zindankapı under the direction of Bursa Archeology Museum in Bursa which is one of the five main gates of the ancient city of Prusa. In addition to these areas, the findings from Survey of Nilüfer District in Bursa by Prof.Dr. Mustafa Şahin and the findings from the excavation of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum in Bursa which is managed by the partnership with Bursa archeology Museum and Prof.Dr.Derya Şahin. After the pottery finds from these selected areas are compared with each other and the other settlements of Bithynia and Mysia, it has been seen that the distribution and amount of Byzantine glazed pottery groups in both regions could be increased. To date, as far as we know, another important point is the pottery trade in this region, because no data on ceramic production has not found during the research in Çobankale and Zindankapı or inner circle. Consequently, the classification of the Byzantine pottery groups used in these areas could be considered as demand points. Also, evaluation of pottery production centers in the areas have been discussed in this study. The majority of the pottery examined in this paper point to Nicaea, one of the most important production centers of this region.
Çobankale adıyla tanınan kale, Yalova İli, Altınova İlçesi'nde bulunmaktadır. 11. yüzyılda inşa e... more Çobankale adıyla tanınan kale, Yalova İli, Altınova İlçesi'nde bulunmaktadır. 11. yüzyılda inşa edilen yapının 14. yüzyıla kadar kullanıldığı düşünülmektedir. Çobankale'de 2017 yılında başlatılan kazı çalışmaları ve buluntuları, bölgedeki yüzey araştırmalarıyla sınırlı bilgiyi genişletmesi açısından son derece önemlidir. Makalemiz konusunu oluşturan seramik buluntuların tümü, yapının temizlenmesiyle ortaya çıkan sarnıç ve çevresinde 2018 yılı sezonunda ele geçmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Çobankale kazılarının ilk seramik buluntularının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmış ve bu değerlendirme sonucunda bu bölgede, yüzey araştırmalarında saptanan gruplardan fazlasının olduğu belgelenmiştir. Sarnıçta ele geçen seramikler Orta-Geç Ortaçağ dönemlerinin 12.-14. yüzyıllar arasına tarihlendirilen tanınmış Beyaz Hamurlu Seramikler, Astar Boyalı Seramikler, Zeuksippus Ailesi seramikleri ve Kazıma Dekorlu Seramiklerdir. Çalışmada değerlendirilen 52 adet sırlı seramik parçasının gruplar içindeki dağılımına bakıldığında, Zeuksippus Ailesi Seramiklerinin yoğunluğu dikkat çekmektedir. 44 kaide, ağız ve amorf gövde parçası Zeuksippus Ailesi seramikleri, 3 kaide parçası Beyaz Hamurlu Seramikler, 1 kaide parçası Astar Boyalı Seramik, 2 kazıma dekorlu kaide ve ağız parçası Kazıma Dekorlu Seramikler altında tasniflenmiştir. Ön değerlendirmede, Çobankale buluntuları içindeki başlıca grupların saptanmasına yönelinmiştir ancak devam eden kazılar sonucunda, belirlenen Ortaçağ seramiklerinin form ve kompozisyon özelliklerine yeni veriler eklenebileceğini öne sürmek mümkündür.
Çobankale, which is located in Altınova District
of Yalova, is thought to have been built in the ... more Çobankale, which is located in Altınova District of Yalova, is thought to have been built in the 11th century and was inhabited until the 14th century. The excavations and finds beginning in 2017 from Çobankale are highly important in terms of expanding the information previously limited to surveys in the region. Glazed pottery finds that form the main subject of this paper were found in a cistern and recovered when leveling the whole inner part of the castle. In this study, the aim is to evaluate the first finds from the Çobankale excavation, and as a preliminary result document that there were more pottery groups than idenfied in the surveys in this region.The pottery finds in the cistern from 2018 belong to the well known groups of the mid and late medieval ages, dated between the 12th and 14th centuries such as: Glazed White Ware, Slip Painted Ware, Zeuxippus Family Ware and Sgraffito Ware. In consideration of distribution of 52 potsherds in the catalogue, the quantity of Zeuxippus Family Ware is noteworthy. In the catalogue 44 pieces including ring bases, rims and body pieces are classed as Zeuxippus Family Ware, 3 ring bases are classified as Glazed White Ware, one ring base classified as Slip Painted Ware, one ring base and one rim as Sgraffito Ware. In this initial report, the main pottery groups of Çobankale are indicated, however it can be suggested that new data could be added to these concerning the form and repertoire of the medieval pottery to be identified as a result of the ongoing excavations.
Öz Bizans Dönemi tasvirlerinde sıklıkla işlenen on iki yortudan biri olan "İsa'nın Mabede Takdimi... more Öz Bizans Dönemi tasvirlerinde sıklıkla işlenen on iki yortudan biri olan "İsa'nın Mabede Takdimi" sahnesinin uygulandığı mozaikler ve farklı teknikte işlenen, on iki eserdeki betimlemeler incelendiğinde, Batı üretimi eserlerle Bizans üretimlerinde temel kompozisyonun paylaşıldığı ancak imgelemede belli farklılıkların bulunduğu görülmektedir. Aynı anda gerçekleşen iki önemli olay olan İsa'nın Simeon ile buluşması ve Meryem'in arınmasını içinde barındıran törenlerin, Doğuda ve Batıda, farklı içerik ve tarihlerde kutlandığı izlenmektedir. Doğuda Epifani'den kırk gün sonra "İsa'nın Mabede Takdimi" olarak kutlanan bayram, Batıda "Meryem'in Arınması" onuruna kutlanılmaktadır. Çalışmamız kapsamında, bu sahnenin betimlendiği eserlerden seçilen bazı örnekler incelenerek, ikonografik açıdan ortaklıklarının ve farklılıklarının saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Abstract In Byzantine mosaics, frescoes and handicrafts, the scene of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple, which is one of the twelve feasts of Orthodoxy, was often depicted. It is seen that the basic composition of this scene is shared with western works, but some differences are observed in the imagery.
İznik / Nikaia, İstanbul Kapı Kazıları’ndan Pişmiş Toprak Kandiller Clay Lamps from the Excavation of Istanbul Gate in Iznik / Nicaea, 2020
Extended Summary
One of the four main gates of Iznik (Nicaea) is the Istanbul Gate and most of it... more Extended Summary One of the four main gates of Iznik (Nicaea) is the Istanbul Gate and most of it has survived until today. Before the restoration of the gate and the walls, this area was excavated between 2017 and 2018 under the direction of the Iznik Museum, and many findings have been brought to light. Among these findings, a group of clay lamps stands out for their decoration and shape. The aim of this study was to introduce these complete and almost complete clay lamps from the excavation of the İstanbul Gate of Nicaea. 23 clay lamps are catalogued, identified and dated in this study. One of these lamps is of Pontic production since it has common characteristic features of this type of production such as a biconical (with two cones) body, wide, round central part, two opposite-sharp protruding views of the handle and nozzle, a wide filling hole in the circle with a circumscribed circle in the center, vertical-conical knob handle, wideoval wick hole in the nozzle, and slightly raised straight bottom. It is known that this type started to be produced between the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th century. It is also the most commonly produced type of the 4th century, and its production continued in the second half of the 5th and even in the beginning of the 6th centuries. These types of lamps were unearthed in the ancient settlements of South Russia (Chersonessos, Panticapaion Tyra, Ilurat, Kitey) and Anatolia (Amorium, Nicaea, Isparta/Çünür, Edirne/Hadrianopolis). Among the clay lamps, there are two lamps, which show characteristic features of North Africa production. The most common features of this type are the knob handle without a groove, a flat edge band with relief, stamped or moulded decorations, a narrow and shallow canal extending from the discus to the nozzle, and a slightly expanding ring base towards the handle. It has been very well established that these lamps were dated to the 5th century, and they were brought from Africa to other settlements between the 4th and 7th centuries. Moreover, it has been determined that one of the clay lamps analysed is an Asia Minor production. It was probably imported into the city of Nicaea between the 4th and 6th centuries. The other 19 clay lamps and their production center are the main discussion of this study. Even though a workshop or a production center could not be determined precisely for these lamps, they were classified in the same group in terms of their paste (with mica), shape and decoration features. Their shape and decoration motifs are similar to many general features of Anatolian products and this group was most probably produced in Asia Minor. Additionally, very similar lamps to this group have been found in the Roman Theatre of Nicaea, as well. These lamps were classified as Iznik (Nicaea) local production. Due to these reasons, this study suggests that the 19 clay lamps obtained from the Istanbul Gate are linked to these lamps, and could be considered as local productions of Iznik. İnanan, Akçınar, Akçınar / İznik / Nikaia, İstanbul Kapı Kazıları’ndan Pişmiş Toprak Kandiller 161 These clay lamps have a rounded body, narrow and long nozzle, hollow discus, one filling hole in the center of discus, and a handle with one or two incised lines. The decoration repertoire generally consists of three or five concentric circles and geometric or floral motifs. In spite of apparent differences in the nozzle parts, they have some similarities with Delos dated to the 5th and 7th centuries. Supportively, the excavation finding in the Roman Theater of Nicaea was dated to the 5th and 7th centuries as well. Another remarkable point of this group defined by the current study is the “leaf” pattern, which is represented at the bottom of two clay lamps (Cat. No: 5, Cat. No: 21Kat. No 5). Generally, on the bottom of a lamp is an atelier’s mark place. However, the leaf pattern observed in these two clay lamps differs from an atelier’s mark. It could be suggested that these lamps are related to the ancient history of Nicaea. Some significant properties of Nicaea provide a basis for choosing the leaf, which looks like ivy, as a mark of potential local production of clay lamps. As the capital city of Bithynia and the accommodation center for several Roman emperors, Nicaea was an important cult area. Also, it was the sacred city where two ecumenical councils of the Christian world were gathered. These properties created a religiously and politically active history in Nicaea. Moreover, the city has been an important center of pottery production throughout history. Some stories found in the city are associated with the Pagan god Dionysus (Backhus), as also supported by depictions on ancient coins found in the city. As it is well known, ivy is one of the symbols of Dionysus. “Hederae/ivy” is a motif frequently used in many different works, including architecture, painting and small portable objects in the Roman and Early Christian Worlds. It is also widely used in discus and shoulder decoration of many clay lamps. It is associated with both Dionysus and the fertile soil of Nicaea, where pottery had been produced for centuries. Although the Istanbul Gate Excavation is finished, some excavations like the Roman Theater Excavation continue in Nicaea. Consequently, while the clay lamp production in the city is being reevaluated with new data, there is no doubt that the variety of lamp forms and decorations will be increased and updated, as well as workshop marks.
XIth Congress AIECM3 and Modern Period Mediterranean Ceramics Proceedings Vol 1- /11. AIECM3 Uluslararası Orta Çağ ve Modern Akdeniz Dünyası Seramik Kongresi, 19-23 Ekim 2015, Suna İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, Antalya – Türkiye, Koç Üniversitesi VEKAM, Ankara 2018: Cilt 1, 2017
Uluslararası XIX. Ortaçağ ve Türk Dönemi Kazıları ve Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları Sempozyumu (21-24 ekim 2015), Bildiriler, XIX. International Symposium of the Middle Ages and the Turkish Period Excavations and History of Art Researches (October 21th-24th 2015), 2019
Abstract
Kadıkalesi located on the south coast of Kuşadası, is one of the most important middle a... more Abstract Kadıkalesi located on the south coast of Kuşadası, is one of the most important middle age settlements in the west of Anatolia. During the excavations in Kadıkalesi, started in 2001, it has been revealed that this is a harbour castle which was built on a proto-historical mound. In addition, the findings have also revealed that the castle was built not only for the defence of the area but also for the protection of inside the building which was a place for the residence of Anaian archiepiscopate in Laskarid period (1204-1261). It has been declared that the castle may have hosted a kommerkiarios owing to the function as a “custom station”. The ongoing excavations have presented that numerous and different pottery was dated to the Middle Age. One of these potteries was found that they were related with Zeuxippus Family Ware and a typology of these potteries. The series of chemical analysis were performed to be proved that some of these potteries were produced in the Kadıkalesi area or near of this area. Yet the kiln has not been unearthed, the local production of Kadıkalesi (or Anaia) was probably active in 13th century. Beside, many tripods and a few conics, straws, semi-finished fragments, the three fragments of Zeuxippus Ware were found out with the tripods adjacently. For this reason it could be considered that Zeuxippus Ware of Anaia is directly connected to the kiln equipment in Kadıkalesi. And some of the semi-finished fragments have the same form with bowl, deep bowl and plate findings. The findings of Zeuxippus Family Ware was examined in detail and classified into 11 different groups and the groups were compared with the test results. This study is aimed that determining the most common types of Kadıkalesi local production.
2.Uluslararası Avrasya Türk Sanatları Kongresi, 2018
The ancient city of Sinop has always been an important port and Balatlar Church is the only build... more The ancient city of Sinop has always been an important port and Balatlar Church is the only building from the Roman Period whose function could be determined in this area. The caldarium, tepidarium, apoditerium and palaestra of the Bath are still preserved at present. A group of buildings have been revealed during the first-five years of the still-continuing excavations. These buildings were used as a church and a graveyard from Byzantine to Ottoman periods, after being used as a bath-palestra first. Because of the localization, Sinop was always in contact with Black Sea costs and so many pottery, bone, metal and glass objects have been unearthed which attributed to medieval age. There have been Ottoman and European ceramics findings as well. Especially Canakkale Ware is the most common ware. Separately, England and France productions are abundant like Sarreguemines porcelain, Staffordshire pottery. The intensity of Byzantine, Ottoman and European ceramics found in the excavations at Balatlar Church indicate the additional importance for both internal and foreign trade.
In many civilizations, food provided by water sources is one of nutritional sources for human. Di... more In many civilizations, food provided by water sources is one of nutritional sources for human. Different fish species and water products such as lobster, crab, octopus and snail were caught with nets, harpoons and baskets covered by leaves and branches in the Byzantine Era. Activities of fishermen in the guild system, organization of the fish markets, competition and the impact of the individual enterprise are available. Both fish and some sea animals were used not just in the Byzantine cuisine but also in mining, pottery and textiles as well as in mosaics as a religious symbol. Considering the fisheries activities during the Byzantine period, the current study revealed that feeding fish in garden pools in Byzantium reflected to the aquarium fishery in today's context. Furthermore the effort on keeping the fish together improved feeding techniques, and supported the fundamental principles of aquaculture.
Nilüfer ve Mahalleleri Yüzey Araştırmalarında Ele Geçen Bizans ve Osmanlı Dönemi Seramik Buluntuları, 2017
With the permission of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and under the presidency of the presid... more With the permission of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and under the presidency of the president of the Department of Archaeology of the University of Uludağ, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şahin, a survey research was conducted in the district of Nilüfer of the province of Bursa and its neigh-bourhoods. Various categories of pottery from the Hellenistic, Classical, Roman, Byzantine and Late Ottoman periods were found in the neighbourhoods of Çatalağıl, Büyükbalıklı, Badırga, Konaklı, Gökçeköy, Çaylı, Kayapa, Çalı, Hasanağa, Özlüce, Karacaoba, Fadıllı and İrfaniye , located within the borders of the district of Nilüfer. In our study we will examine ware from among the findings orig-inating from the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. All wares from the Byzantine period consist of red clay pottery and can be divided into two main groups. The first is the group known as the “Zeuxip-pus Type”, while the second consists of examples we may classify as Byzantine period sgrafitto ware. On the other hand findings from the Ottoman period are limited to a small number of glazed grips of amorphous body and bottom parts of Çanakkale production type of late Ottoman period monochro-matic glazed ware. Apart from these, only one piece of underglaze technique pottery of İznik produc-tion was found.
It is necessary to supplement and update the chronological classification of medieval pottery ob-tained from excavations and surveys within the province of Bursa. On this point, conclusions from the survey research taking place in the district of Nilüfer will contribute to the designation of pottery categories used in Ottoman and Pre-Ottoman periods either in Bursa or in its distric
ABSTRACT
Many byzantine pottery findings have been unearthed and attributed to medieval age in th... more ABSTRACT Many byzantine pottery findings have been unearthed and attributed to medieval age in the building complex of Sinop- Balatlar Church, Turkey during the first-five years of the still-continuing excavations. According to the chronological classification of byzantine pottery, some of these findings could be dated between the 11th and 13th centuries. Besides Glazed White Wares , there have been the other Byzantine Pottery such as Aegean Wares, Slip Painted Wares, Fine- Sgrafitto and Champléve Wares in the findings. There are also some ceramic findings called as Zeuxippus Family Wares. However, the majority of the ceramic findings is classified as Late Byzantine Pottery. The aim of this study is the classification and demonstrations of Balatlar Church findings and the comparison them with the findings of other settlements in the Anatolia and and surrounding regions.
Bizanslı Ustalar Latin Patronlar Kuşadası Yakınındaki Kadıkalesi Kazıları Işığında Anaia Ticari Üretiminden Yansımalar / BYZANTINE CRAFTSMEN-LATIN PATRONS, Reflections from the Anaian Commercial Production in the Light of the Excavations at Kadıkalesi nearby Kuşadası, 2013
Keywords: Zeuxippus ware, Anaia, Kadkalesi, local production.
ABSTRACT: This study aims to pres... more Keywords: Zeuxippus ware, Anaia, Kadkalesi, local production.
ABSTRACT: This study aims to present an introduction to medieval period of the Anaia-Kadikalesi and pottery
production of the type of ceramics known as Zeuxippus ware of Late Byzantine period in there. The castle is
located in the south of Ephesus, eight kilometres from Kusadas and on the west coast of Turkey and its strategic
position attracted attaction almost in every period.Ongoing excavations have presented numerous and different
pottery, glass, bone and metal findings which were dated from Bronze Age to the Middle Age. However, the most
abundant single pottery of the excavation is Zeuxippus Ware which is an important pottery class of the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries. Anaia-Kadkalesi excavations have produced evidence of pottery production, hitherto
unsuspected at or in the region of Anaia . The kiln has not been found in this area yet but some kiln materials
have been found out in the castle and they are directly connected to the Zeuxippus type ceramics.
Çobankale is a building located in the Altınova District of Yalova Province, a significant part o... more Çobankale is a building located in the Altınova District of Yalova Province, a significant part of which has survived to the present day. Clive Foss published the first research on the Çobankale. Archaeological excavations in the region were initiated in 2017 under the direction of the Bursa Archaeology Museum. During the excavations in 2017 and 2018, as a result of the complete cleaning of the inner castle, a cistern structure has been identified. In the 2019 season, excavations were carried out in the cistern and its surroundings, In this paper, the Byzantine Glazed Pottery recovered during these studies was analysed. 110 sherds were catalogued and 105 of them were classified under “Zeuxsippus Family Ware”. 3 bases and 1 amorphous body are polychrome incised decorated pieces, which resemble these ceramics but with differences in paste characteristics. These vessels exhibit some characteristics of both the Zeuksippus Family Ware and the group known as Polychrome Sgraffito Ware, suggesting that they may be transitional productions between the two groups. It is deemed possible to date them to the late 13th century or the beginning of the 14th century, and it is suggested that they should be subject to further discussion. Apart from this, only one ring base was found which is Glazed White Ware. It has been determined that the ceramics used between the early 12th and 14th centuries are abundant in the Çobankale ceramic findings
BYZANTINE GLAZED POTTERY IN BITHYNIA AND MYSIA: ACCORDİNG TO RECENT FINDINGS
Abstract
This s... more BYZANTINE GLAZED POTTERY IN BITHYNIA AND MYSIA: ACCORDİNG TO RECENT FINDINGS
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the trade and distribution of the Byzantine glazed pottery groups in the neighboring Ancient Bithynia and Mysia, in the southern Marmara, Turkey. Within this context, Çobankale and Zindankapı have been selected as two main research areas according to some important new findings. Çobankale, which is located in Altınova District of Yalova at present and thought to have been built in the 11th century and has been inhabited until the 14th century. A great number of Byzantine Glazed Pottery has been found in the excavation, which is carried out by Assoc.Dr. Selçuk Seçkin from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Faculty of Letters, Art History Department. The second group data which have been obtained from the excavation of Zindankapı under the direction of Bursa Archeology Museum in Bursa which is one of the five main gates of the ancient city of Prusa. In addition to these areas, the findings from Survey of Nilüfer District in Bursa by Prof.Dr. Mustafa Şahin and the findings from the excavation of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum in Bursa which is managed by the partnership with Bursa archeology Museum and Prof.Dr.Derya Şahin. After the pottery finds from these selected areas are compared with each other and the other settlements of Bithynia and Mysia, it has been seen that the distribution and amount of Byzantine glazed pottery groups in both regions could be increased. To date, as far as we know, another important point is the pottery trade in this region, because no data on ceramic production has not found during the research in Çobankale and Zindankapı or inner circle. Consequently, the classification of the Byzantine pottery groups used in these areas could be considered as demand points. Also, evaluation of pottery production centers in the areas have been discussed in this study. The majority of the pottery examined in this paper point to Nicaea, one of the most important production centers of this region.
Çobankale adıyla tanınan kale, Yalova İli, Altınova İlçesi'nde bulunmaktadır. 11. yüzyılda inşa e... more Çobankale adıyla tanınan kale, Yalova İli, Altınova İlçesi'nde bulunmaktadır. 11. yüzyılda inşa edilen yapının 14. yüzyıla kadar kullanıldığı düşünülmektedir. Çobankale'de 2017 yılında başlatılan kazı çalışmaları ve buluntuları, bölgedeki yüzey araştırmalarıyla sınırlı bilgiyi genişletmesi açısından son derece önemlidir. Makalemiz konusunu oluşturan seramik buluntuların tümü, yapının temizlenmesiyle ortaya çıkan sarnıç ve çevresinde 2018 yılı sezonunda ele geçmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, Çobankale kazılarının ilk seramik buluntularının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmış ve bu değerlendirme sonucunda bu bölgede, yüzey araştırmalarında saptanan gruplardan fazlasının olduğu belgelenmiştir. Sarnıçta ele geçen seramikler Orta-Geç Ortaçağ dönemlerinin 12.-14. yüzyıllar arasına tarihlendirilen tanınmış Beyaz Hamurlu Seramikler, Astar Boyalı Seramikler, Zeuksippus Ailesi seramikleri ve Kazıma Dekorlu Seramiklerdir. Çalışmada değerlendirilen 52 adet sırlı seramik parçasının gruplar içindeki dağılımına bakıldığında, Zeuksippus Ailesi Seramiklerinin yoğunluğu dikkat çekmektedir. 44 kaide, ağız ve amorf gövde parçası Zeuksippus Ailesi seramikleri, 3 kaide parçası Beyaz Hamurlu Seramikler, 1 kaide parçası Astar Boyalı Seramik, 2 kazıma dekorlu kaide ve ağız parçası Kazıma Dekorlu Seramikler altında tasniflenmiştir. Ön değerlendirmede, Çobankale buluntuları içindeki başlıca grupların saptanmasına yönelinmiştir ancak devam eden kazılar sonucunda, belirlenen Ortaçağ seramiklerinin form ve kompozisyon özelliklerine yeni veriler eklenebileceğini öne sürmek mümkündür.
Çobankale, which is located in Altınova District
of Yalova, is thought to have been built in the ... more Çobankale, which is located in Altınova District of Yalova, is thought to have been built in the 11th century and was inhabited until the 14th century. The excavations and finds beginning in 2017 from Çobankale are highly important in terms of expanding the information previously limited to surveys in the region. Glazed pottery finds that form the main subject of this paper were found in a cistern and recovered when leveling the whole inner part of the castle. In this study, the aim is to evaluate the first finds from the Çobankale excavation, and as a preliminary result document that there were more pottery groups than idenfied in the surveys in this region.The pottery finds in the cistern from 2018 belong to the well known groups of the mid and late medieval ages, dated between the 12th and 14th centuries such as: Glazed White Ware, Slip Painted Ware, Zeuxippus Family Ware and Sgraffito Ware. In consideration of distribution of 52 potsherds in the catalogue, the quantity of Zeuxippus Family Ware is noteworthy. In the catalogue 44 pieces including ring bases, rims and body pieces are classed as Zeuxippus Family Ware, 3 ring bases are classified as Glazed White Ware, one ring base classified as Slip Painted Ware, one ring base and one rim as Sgraffito Ware. In this initial report, the main pottery groups of Çobankale are indicated, however it can be suggested that new data could be added to these concerning the form and repertoire of the medieval pottery to be identified as a result of the ongoing excavations.
Öz Bizans Dönemi tasvirlerinde sıklıkla işlenen on iki yortudan biri olan "İsa'nın Mabede Takdimi... more Öz Bizans Dönemi tasvirlerinde sıklıkla işlenen on iki yortudan biri olan "İsa'nın Mabede Takdimi" sahnesinin uygulandığı mozaikler ve farklı teknikte işlenen, on iki eserdeki betimlemeler incelendiğinde, Batı üretimi eserlerle Bizans üretimlerinde temel kompozisyonun paylaşıldığı ancak imgelemede belli farklılıkların bulunduğu görülmektedir. Aynı anda gerçekleşen iki önemli olay olan İsa'nın Simeon ile buluşması ve Meryem'in arınmasını içinde barındıran törenlerin, Doğuda ve Batıda, farklı içerik ve tarihlerde kutlandığı izlenmektedir. Doğuda Epifani'den kırk gün sonra "İsa'nın Mabede Takdimi" olarak kutlanan bayram, Batıda "Meryem'in Arınması" onuruna kutlanılmaktadır. Çalışmamız kapsamında, bu sahnenin betimlendiği eserlerden seçilen bazı örnekler incelenerek, ikonografik açıdan ortaklıklarının ve farklılıklarının saptanması amaçlanmıştır. Abstract In Byzantine mosaics, frescoes and handicrafts, the scene of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple, which is one of the twelve feasts of Orthodoxy, was often depicted. It is seen that the basic composition of this scene is shared with western works, but some differences are observed in the imagery.
İznik / Nikaia, İstanbul Kapı Kazıları’ndan Pişmiş Toprak Kandiller Clay Lamps from the Excavation of Istanbul Gate in Iznik / Nicaea, 2020
Extended Summary
One of the four main gates of Iznik (Nicaea) is the Istanbul Gate and most of it... more Extended Summary One of the four main gates of Iznik (Nicaea) is the Istanbul Gate and most of it has survived until today. Before the restoration of the gate and the walls, this area was excavated between 2017 and 2018 under the direction of the Iznik Museum, and many findings have been brought to light. Among these findings, a group of clay lamps stands out for their decoration and shape. The aim of this study was to introduce these complete and almost complete clay lamps from the excavation of the İstanbul Gate of Nicaea. 23 clay lamps are catalogued, identified and dated in this study. One of these lamps is of Pontic production since it has common characteristic features of this type of production such as a biconical (with two cones) body, wide, round central part, two opposite-sharp protruding views of the handle and nozzle, a wide filling hole in the circle with a circumscribed circle in the center, vertical-conical knob handle, wideoval wick hole in the nozzle, and slightly raised straight bottom. It is known that this type started to be produced between the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th century. It is also the most commonly produced type of the 4th century, and its production continued in the second half of the 5th and even in the beginning of the 6th centuries. These types of lamps were unearthed in the ancient settlements of South Russia (Chersonessos, Panticapaion Tyra, Ilurat, Kitey) and Anatolia (Amorium, Nicaea, Isparta/Çünür, Edirne/Hadrianopolis). Among the clay lamps, there are two lamps, which show characteristic features of North Africa production. The most common features of this type are the knob handle without a groove, a flat edge band with relief, stamped or moulded decorations, a narrow and shallow canal extending from the discus to the nozzle, and a slightly expanding ring base towards the handle. It has been very well established that these lamps were dated to the 5th century, and they were brought from Africa to other settlements between the 4th and 7th centuries. Moreover, it has been determined that one of the clay lamps analysed is an Asia Minor production. It was probably imported into the city of Nicaea between the 4th and 6th centuries. The other 19 clay lamps and their production center are the main discussion of this study. Even though a workshop or a production center could not be determined precisely for these lamps, they were classified in the same group in terms of their paste (with mica), shape and decoration features. Their shape and decoration motifs are similar to many general features of Anatolian products and this group was most probably produced in Asia Minor. Additionally, very similar lamps to this group have been found in the Roman Theatre of Nicaea, as well. These lamps were classified as Iznik (Nicaea) local production. Due to these reasons, this study suggests that the 19 clay lamps obtained from the Istanbul Gate are linked to these lamps, and could be considered as local productions of Iznik. İnanan, Akçınar, Akçınar / İznik / Nikaia, İstanbul Kapı Kazıları’ndan Pişmiş Toprak Kandiller 161 These clay lamps have a rounded body, narrow and long nozzle, hollow discus, one filling hole in the center of discus, and a handle with one or two incised lines. The decoration repertoire generally consists of three or five concentric circles and geometric or floral motifs. In spite of apparent differences in the nozzle parts, they have some similarities with Delos dated to the 5th and 7th centuries. Supportively, the excavation finding in the Roman Theater of Nicaea was dated to the 5th and 7th centuries as well. Another remarkable point of this group defined by the current study is the “leaf” pattern, which is represented at the bottom of two clay lamps (Cat. No: 5, Cat. No: 21Kat. No 5). Generally, on the bottom of a lamp is an atelier’s mark place. However, the leaf pattern observed in these two clay lamps differs from an atelier’s mark. It could be suggested that these lamps are related to the ancient history of Nicaea. Some significant properties of Nicaea provide a basis for choosing the leaf, which looks like ivy, as a mark of potential local production of clay lamps. As the capital city of Bithynia and the accommodation center for several Roman emperors, Nicaea was an important cult area. Also, it was the sacred city where two ecumenical councils of the Christian world were gathered. These properties created a religiously and politically active history in Nicaea. Moreover, the city has been an important center of pottery production throughout history. Some stories found in the city are associated with the Pagan god Dionysus (Backhus), as also supported by depictions on ancient coins found in the city. As it is well known, ivy is one of the symbols of Dionysus. “Hederae/ivy” is a motif frequently used in many different works, including architecture, painting and small portable objects in the Roman and Early Christian Worlds. It is also widely used in discus and shoulder decoration of many clay lamps. It is associated with both Dionysus and the fertile soil of Nicaea, where pottery had been produced for centuries. Although the Istanbul Gate Excavation is finished, some excavations like the Roman Theater Excavation continue in Nicaea. Consequently, while the clay lamp production in the city is being reevaluated with new data, there is no doubt that the variety of lamp forms and decorations will be increased and updated, as well as workshop marks.
XIth Congress AIECM3 and Modern Period Mediterranean Ceramics Proceedings Vol 1- /11. AIECM3 Uluslararası Orta Çağ ve Modern Akdeniz Dünyası Seramik Kongresi, 19-23 Ekim 2015, Suna İnan Kıraç Akdeniz Medeniyetleri Araştırma Enstitüsü, Antalya – Türkiye, Koç Üniversitesi VEKAM, Ankara 2018: Cilt 1, 2017
Uluslararası XIX. Ortaçağ ve Türk Dönemi Kazıları ve Sanat Tarihi Araştırmaları Sempozyumu (21-24 ekim 2015), Bildiriler, XIX. International Symposium of the Middle Ages and the Turkish Period Excavations and History of Art Researches (October 21th-24th 2015), 2019
Abstract
Kadıkalesi located on the south coast of Kuşadası, is one of the most important middle a... more Abstract Kadıkalesi located on the south coast of Kuşadası, is one of the most important middle age settlements in the west of Anatolia. During the excavations in Kadıkalesi, started in 2001, it has been revealed that this is a harbour castle which was built on a proto-historical mound. In addition, the findings have also revealed that the castle was built not only for the defence of the area but also for the protection of inside the building which was a place for the residence of Anaian archiepiscopate in Laskarid period (1204-1261). It has been declared that the castle may have hosted a kommerkiarios owing to the function as a “custom station”. The ongoing excavations have presented that numerous and different pottery was dated to the Middle Age. One of these potteries was found that they were related with Zeuxippus Family Ware and a typology of these potteries. The series of chemical analysis were performed to be proved that some of these potteries were produced in the Kadıkalesi area or near of this area. Yet the kiln has not been unearthed, the local production of Kadıkalesi (or Anaia) was probably active in 13th century. Beside, many tripods and a few conics, straws, semi-finished fragments, the three fragments of Zeuxippus Ware were found out with the tripods adjacently. For this reason it could be considered that Zeuxippus Ware of Anaia is directly connected to the kiln equipment in Kadıkalesi. And some of the semi-finished fragments have the same form with bowl, deep bowl and plate findings. The findings of Zeuxippus Family Ware was examined in detail and classified into 11 different groups and the groups were compared with the test results. This study is aimed that determining the most common types of Kadıkalesi local production.
2.Uluslararası Avrasya Türk Sanatları Kongresi, 2018
The ancient city of Sinop has always been an important port and Balatlar Church is the only build... more The ancient city of Sinop has always been an important port and Balatlar Church is the only building from the Roman Period whose function could be determined in this area. The caldarium, tepidarium, apoditerium and palaestra of the Bath are still preserved at present. A group of buildings have been revealed during the first-five years of the still-continuing excavations. These buildings were used as a church and a graveyard from Byzantine to Ottoman periods, after being used as a bath-palestra first. Because of the localization, Sinop was always in contact with Black Sea costs and so many pottery, bone, metal and glass objects have been unearthed which attributed to medieval age. There have been Ottoman and European ceramics findings as well. Especially Canakkale Ware is the most common ware. Separately, England and France productions are abundant like Sarreguemines porcelain, Staffordshire pottery. The intensity of Byzantine, Ottoman and European ceramics found in the excavations at Balatlar Church indicate the additional importance for both internal and foreign trade.
In many civilizations, food provided by water sources is one of nutritional sources for human. Di... more In many civilizations, food provided by water sources is one of nutritional sources for human. Different fish species and water products such as lobster, crab, octopus and snail were caught with nets, harpoons and baskets covered by leaves and branches in the Byzantine Era. Activities of fishermen in the guild system, organization of the fish markets, competition and the impact of the individual enterprise are available. Both fish and some sea animals were used not just in the Byzantine cuisine but also in mining, pottery and textiles as well as in mosaics as a religious symbol. Considering the fisheries activities during the Byzantine period, the current study revealed that feeding fish in garden pools in Byzantium reflected to the aquarium fishery in today's context. Furthermore the effort on keeping the fish together improved feeding techniques, and supported the fundamental principles of aquaculture.
Nilüfer ve Mahalleleri Yüzey Araştırmalarında Ele Geçen Bizans ve Osmanlı Dönemi Seramik Buluntuları, 2017
With the permission of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and under the presidency of the presid... more With the permission of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and under the presidency of the president of the Department of Archaeology of the University of Uludağ, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Şahin, a survey research was conducted in the district of Nilüfer of the province of Bursa and its neigh-bourhoods. Various categories of pottery from the Hellenistic, Classical, Roman, Byzantine and Late Ottoman periods were found in the neighbourhoods of Çatalağıl, Büyükbalıklı, Badırga, Konaklı, Gökçeköy, Çaylı, Kayapa, Çalı, Hasanağa, Özlüce, Karacaoba, Fadıllı and İrfaniye , located within the borders of the district of Nilüfer. In our study we will examine ware from among the findings orig-inating from the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. All wares from the Byzantine period consist of red clay pottery and can be divided into two main groups. The first is the group known as the “Zeuxip-pus Type”, while the second consists of examples we may classify as Byzantine period sgrafitto ware. On the other hand findings from the Ottoman period are limited to a small number of glazed grips of amorphous body and bottom parts of Çanakkale production type of late Ottoman period monochro-matic glazed ware. Apart from these, only one piece of underglaze technique pottery of İznik produc-tion was found.
It is necessary to supplement and update the chronological classification of medieval pottery ob-tained from excavations and surveys within the province of Bursa. On this point, conclusions from the survey research taking place in the district of Nilüfer will contribute to the designation of pottery categories used in Ottoman and Pre-Ottoman periods either in Bursa or in its distric
ABSTRACT
Many byzantine pottery findings have been unearthed and attributed to medieval age in th... more ABSTRACT Many byzantine pottery findings have been unearthed and attributed to medieval age in the building complex of Sinop- Balatlar Church, Turkey during the first-five years of the still-continuing excavations. According to the chronological classification of byzantine pottery, some of these findings could be dated between the 11th and 13th centuries. Besides Glazed White Wares , there have been the other Byzantine Pottery such as Aegean Wares, Slip Painted Wares, Fine- Sgrafitto and Champléve Wares in the findings. There are also some ceramic findings called as Zeuxippus Family Wares. However, the majority of the ceramic findings is classified as Late Byzantine Pottery. The aim of this study is the classification and demonstrations of Balatlar Church findings and the comparison them with the findings of other settlements in the Anatolia and and surrounding regions.
Bizanslı Ustalar Latin Patronlar Kuşadası Yakınındaki Kadıkalesi Kazıları Işığında Anaia Ticari Üretiminden Yansımalar / BYZANTINE CRAFTSMEN-LATIN PATRONS, Reflections from the Anaian Commercial Production in the Light of the Excavations at Kadıkalesi nearby Kuşadası, 2013
Keywords: Zeuxippus ware, Anaia, Kadkalesi, local production.
ABSTRACT: This study aims to pres... more Keywords: Zeuxippus ware, Anaia, Kadkalesi, local production.
ABSTRACT: This study aims to present an introduction to medieval period of the Anaia-Kadikalesi and pottery
production of the type of ceramics known as Zeuxippus ware of Late Byzantine period in there. The castle is
located in the south of Ephesus, eight kilometres from Kusadas and on the west coast of Turkey and its strategic
position attracted attaction almost in every period.Ongoing excavations have presented numerous and different
pottery, glass, bone and metal findings which were dated from Bronze Age to the Middle Age. However, the most
abundant single pottery of the excavation is Zeuxippus Ware which is an important pottery class of the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries. Anaia-Kadkalesi excavations have produced evidence of pottery production, hitherto
unsuspected at or in the region of Anaia . The kiln has not been found in this area yet but some kiln materials
have been found out in the castle and they are directly connected to the Zeuxippus type ceramics.
Byzantine Glazed Pottery from Thrace (in Thrace through the Ages, Ed.Zeynep Koçel Erdem, 2023
This paper aims to assess the Byzantine glazed pottery finds
that were found in Tekirdağ and Mou... more This paper aims to assess the Byzantine glazed pottery finds
that were found in Tekirdağ and Mount Ganos. The survey was
carried out in this area under the direction of Professor Zeynep
Koçel Erdem, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Department
of Archaeology. Many different cultures were identified
during the survey, and important groups of ceramics were
found in different districts, especially in the Şarköy district of
Tekirdağ. The majority of the Byzantine glazed pottery finds
recovered during the survey belong to the group identified
as ‘Zeuxippus ware’. This group was unearthed for the first
time near the Baths of Zeuxippus, İstanbul. After that, many
ceramics were uncovered in different settlements in Anatolia
and beyond. They had some similarities to and differences
from this group, and they were generally named Zeuxippus
family ware. The finds from the survey included a fragment
of incised sgrafitto, painted sgrafitto, two fragments of slip
painted pottery and a few fragments of glazed white ware.
In addition, a clay tripod attracted the attention. It is not
possible to assume pottery production in this region by using
this one piece as evidence. However, the possibility should
not be overlooked.
Ongoing excavation in Sinop Balatlar Church Building Complex some Byzantine Pottery have been une... more Ongoing excavation in Sinop Balatlar Church Building Complex some Byzantine Pottery have been unearthed. Besides Glazed White Wares, there have been the other Byzantine Pottery such as Fine Sgrafitto, Painted Sgraffito, Aegean Wares, Slip Painted Wares and Champléve Wares in the findings. The most known pottery group of Byzantine Era is Zeuxippus Family Ware and they also take place in the findings of Balatlar Church. However, the majority of the ceramic findings is classified as Late/Post Byzantine Pottery in this paper. The aim of this study is determining the relation between the findings and excavated area. Because of the finds do not provide a clear stratigraphical context, this is necessary.
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Papers by Filiz İnanan
present day. Clive Foss published the first research on the Çobankale. Archaeological excavations in the region were
initiated in 2017 under the direction of the Bursa Archaeology Museum. During the excavations in 2017 and 2018, as a
result of the complete cleaning of the inner castle, a cistern structure has been identified. In the 2019 season, excavations
were carried out in the cistern and its surroundings, In this paper, the Byzantine Glazed Pottery recovered during these
studies was analysed. 110 sherds were catalogued and 105 of them were classified under “Zeuxsippus Family Ware”.
3 bases and 1 amorphous body are polychrome incised decorated pieces, which resemble these ceramics but with
differences in paste characteristics. These vessels exhibit some characteristics of both the Zeuksippus Family Ware and
the group known as Polychrome Sgraffito Ware, suggesting that they may be transitional productions between the two
groups. It is deemed possible to date them to the late 13th century or the beginning of the 14th century, and it is suggested
that they should be subject to further discussion. Apart from this, only one ring base was found which is Glazed White
Ware. It has been determined that the ceramics used between the early 12th and 14th centuries are abundant in the
Çobankale ceramic findings
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the trade and distribution of the Byzantine glazed pottery groups in the neighboring Ancient Bithynia and Mysia, in the southern Marmara, Turkey. Within this context, Çobankale and Zindankapı have been selected as two main research areas according to some important new findings. Çobankale, which is located in Altınova District of Yalova at present and thought to have been built in the 11th century and has been inhabited until the 14th century. A great number of Byzantine Glazed Pottery has been found in the excavation, which is carried out by Assoc.Dr. Selçuk Seçkin from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Faculty of Letters, Art History Department. The second group data which have been obtained from the excavation of Zindankapı under the direction of Bursa Archeology Museum in Bursa which is one of the five main gates of the ancient city of Prusa. In addition to these areas, the findings from Survey of Nilüfer District in Bursa by Prof.Dr. Mustafa Şahin and the findings from the excavation of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum in Bursa which is managed by the partnership with Bursa archeology Museum and Prof.Dr.Derya Şahin. After the pottery finds from these selected areas are compared with each other and the other settlements of Bithynia and Mysia, it has been seen that the distribution and amount of Byzantine glazed pottery groups in both regions could be increased. To date, as far as we know, another important point is the pottery trade in this region, because no data on ceramic production has not found during the research in Çobankale and Zindankapı or inner circle. Consequently, the classification of the Byzantine pottery groups used in these areas could be considered as demand points. Also, evaluation of pottery production centers in the areas have been discussed in this study. The majority of the pottery examined in this paper point to Nicaea, one of the most important production centers of this region.
of Yalova, is thought to have been built in the 11th century
and was inhabited until the 14th century. The excavations
and finds beginning in 2017 from Çobankale are highly
important in terms of expanding the information previously limited to surveys in the region. Glazed pottery
finds that form the main subject of this paper were found
in a cistern and recovered when leveling the whole inner
part of the castle. In this study, the aim is to evaluate the
first finds from the Çobankale excavation, and as a preliminary result document that there were more pottery
groups than idenfied in the surveys in this region.The pottery finds in the cistern from 2018 belong to the well known groups of the mid and late medieval ages, dated between the 12th and 14th centuries such as: Glazed White
Ware, Slip Painted Ware, Zeuxippus Family Ware and
Sgraffito Ware. In consideration of distribution of 52 potsherds in the catalogue, the quantity of Zeuxippus Family
Ware is noteworthy. In the catalogue 44 pieces including
ring bases, rims and body pieces are classed as Zeuxippus
Family Ware, 3 ring bases are classified as Glazed White
Ware, one ring base classified as Slip Painted Ware, one
ring base and one rim as Sgraffito Ware. In this initial report, the main pottery groups of Çobankale are indicated,
however it can be suggested that new data could be added
to these concerning the form and repertoire of the medieval pottery to be identified as a result of the ongoing excavations.
One of the four main gates of Iznik (Nicaea) is the Istanbul Gate and most of it has
survived until today. Before the restoration of the gate and the walls, this area was excavated between 2017 and 2018 under the direction of the Iznik Museum, and many
findings have been brought to light. Among these findings, a group of clay lamps stands
out for their decoration and shape. The aim of this study was to introduce these complete
and almost complete clay lamps from the excavation of the İstanbul Gate of Nicaea.
23 clay lamps are catalogued, identified and dated in this study. One of these lamps
is of Pontic production since it has common characteristic features of this type of
production such as a biconical (with two cones) body, wide, round central part, two
opposite-sharp protruding views of the handle and nozzle, a wide filling hole in the
circle with a circumscribed circle in the center, vertical-conical knob handle, wideoval wick hole in the nozzle, and slightly raised straight bottom. It is known that this
type started to be produced between the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of
the 4th century. It is also the most commonly produced type of the 4th century, and its
production continued in the second half of the 5th and even in the beginning of the 6th
centuries. These types of lamps were unearthed in the ancient settlements of South
Russia (Chersonessos, Panticapaion Tyra, Ilurat, Kitey) and Anatolia (Amorium, Nicaea, Isparta/Çünür, Edirne/Hadrianopolis).
Among the clay lamps, there are two lamps, which show characteristic features of
North Africa production. The most common features of this type are the knob handle without a groove, a flat edge band with relief, stamped or moulded decorations,
a narrow and shallow canal extending from the discus to the nozzle, and a slightly
expanding ring base towards the handle. It has been very well established that these
lamps were dated to the 5th century, and they were brought from Africa to other settlements between the 4th and 7th centuries. Moreover, it has been determined that one of
the clay lamps analysed is an Asia Minor production. It was probably imported into
the city of Nicaea between the 4th and 6th centuries.
The other 19 clay lamps and their production center are the main discussion of
this study. Even though a workshop or a production center could not be determined
precisely for these lamps, they were classified in the same group in terms of their
paste (with mica), shape and decoration features. Their shape and decoration motifs
are similar to many general features of Anatolian products and this group was most
probably produced in Asia Minor. Additionally, very similar lamps to this group have
been found in the Roman Theatre of Nicaea, as well. These lamps were classified as
Iznik (Nicaea) local production. Due to these reasons, this study suggests that the 19
clay lamps obtained from the Istanbul Gate are linked to these lamps, and could be
considered as local productions of Iznik.
İnanan, Akçınar, Akçınar / İznik / Nikaia, İstanbul Kapı Kazıları’ndan Pişmiş Toprak Kandiller
161
These clay lamps have a rounded body, narrow and long nozzle, hollow discus, one
filling hole in the center of discus, and a handle with one or two incised lines. The decoration repertoire generally consists of three or five concentric circles and geometric
or floral motifs. In spite of apparent differences in the nozzle parts, they have some
similarities with Delos dated to the 5th and 7th centuries. Supportively, the excavation
finding in the Roman Theater of Nicaea was dated to the 5th and 7th centuries as well.
Another remarkable point of this group defined by the current study is the “leaf”
pattern, which is represented at the bottom of two clay lamps (Cat. No: 5, Cat. No:
21Kat. No 5). Generally, on the bottom of a lamp is an atelier’s mark place. However,
the leaf pattern observed in these two clay lamps differs from an atelier’s mark. It
could be suggested that these lamps are related to the ancient history of Nicaea.
Some significant properties of Nicaea provide a basis for choosing the leaf, which
looks like ivy, as a mark of potential local production of clay lamps. As the capital
city of Bithynia and the accommodation center for several Roman emperors, Nicaea
was an important cult area. Also, it was the sacred city where two ecumenical councils of the Christian world were gathered. These properties created a religiously and
politically active history in Nicaea. Moreover, the city has been an important center
of pottery production throughout history.
Some stories found in the city are associated with the Pagan god Dionysus (Backhus), as also supported by depictions on ancient coins found in the city. As it is well
known, ivy is one of the symbols of Dionysus. “Hederae/ivy” is a motif frequently
used in many different works, including architecture, painting and small portable
objects in the Roman and Early Christian Worlds. It is also widely used in discus and
shoulder decoration of many clay lamps. It is associated with both Dionysus and the
fertile soil of Nicaea, where pottery had been produced for centuries.
Although the Istanbul Gate Excavation is finished, some excavations like the Roman Theater Excavation continue in Nicaea. Consequently, while the clay lamp production in the city is being reevaluated with new data, there is no doubt that the variety
of lamp forms and decorations will be increased and updated, as well as workshop
marks.
Kadıkalesi located on the south coast of Kuşadası, is one of the most important middle age settlements in the west of Anatolia. During the excavations in Kadıkalesi, started in 2001, it has been revealed that this is a harbour castle which was built on a proto-historical mound. In addition, the findings have also revealed that the castle was built not only for the defence of the area but also for the protection of inside the building which was a place for the residence of Anaian archiepiscopate in Laskarid period (1204-1261). It has been declared that the castle may have hosted a kommerkiarios owing to the function as a “custom station”. The ongoing excavations have presented that numerous and different pottery was dated to the Middle Age. One of these potteries was found that they were related with Zeuxippus Family Ware and
a typology of these potteries. The series of chemical analysis were performed to be proved that some of these potteries were produced in the Kadıkalesi area or near of this area. Yet the kiln has not been unearthed, the local production of Kadıkalesi (or Anaia) was probably active in 13th century. Beside, many tripods and a few conics, straws, semi-finished fragments, the three fragments of Zeuxippus Ware were found out with the tripods adjacently. For this reason it could be considered that Zeuxippus Ware of Anaia is directly connected
to the kiln equipment in Kadıkalesi. And some of the semi-finished
fragments have the same form with bowl, deep bowl and plate findings. The findings of Zeuxippus Family Ware was examined in detail and classified into 11 different groups and the groups were compared with the test results. This study is aimed that determining the most common types of Kadıkalesi local production.
It is necessary to supplement and update the chronological classification of medieval pottery ob-tained from excavations and surveys within the province of Bursa. On this point, conclusions from the survey research taking place in the district of Nilüfer will contribute to the designation of pottery categories used in Ottoman and Pre-Ottoman periods either in Bursa or in its distric
Many byzantine pottery findings have been unearthed and attributed to medieval age in the building complex of Sinop-
Balatlar Church, Turkey during the first-five years of the still-continuing excavations. According to the chronological
classification of byzantine pottery, some of these findings could be dated between the 11th and 13th centuries. Besides
Glazed White Wares , there have been the other Byzantine Pottery such as Aegean Wares, Slip Painted Wares, Fine-
Sgrafitto and Champléve Wares in the findings. There are also some ceramic findings called as Zeuxippus Family
Wares. However, the majority of the ceramic findings is classified as Late Byzantine Pottery. The aim of this study is
the classification and demonstrations of Balatlar Church findings and the comparison them with the findings of other
settlements in the Anatolia and and surrounding regions.
ABSTRACT: This study aims to present an introduction to medieval period of the Anaia-Kadikalesi and pottery
production of the type of ceramics known as Zeuxippus ware of Late Byzantine period in there. The castle is
located in the south of Ephesus, eight kilometres from Kusadas and on the west coast of Turkey and its strategic
position attracted attaction almost in every period.Ongoing excavations have presented numerous and different
pottery, glass, bone and metal findings which were dated from Bronze Age to the Middle Age. However, the most
abundant single pottery of the excavation is Zeuxippus Ware which is an important pottery class of the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries. Anaia-Kadkalesi excavations have produced evidence of pottery production, hitherto
unsuspected at or in the region of Anaia . The kiln has not been found in this area yet but some kiln materials
have been found out in the castle and they are directly connected to the Zeuxippus type ceramics.
present day. Clive Foss published the first research on the Çobankale. Archaeological excavations in the region were
initiated in 2017 under the direction of the Bursa Archaeology Museum. During the excavations in 2017 and 2018, as a
result of the complete cleaning of the inner castle, a cistern structure has been identified. In the 2019 season, excavations
were carried out in the cistern and its surroundings, In this paper, the Byzantine Glazed Pottery recovered during these
studies was analysed. 110 sherds were catalogued and 105 of them were classified under “Zeuxsippus Family Ware”.
3 bases and 1 amorphous body are polychrome incised decorated pieces, which resemble these ceramics but with
differences in paste characteristics. These vessels exhibit some characteristics of both the Zeuksippus Family Ware and
the group known as Polychrome Sgraffito Ware, suggesting that they may be transitional productions between the two
groups. It is deemed possible to date them to the late 13th century or the beginning of the 14th century, and it is suggested
that they should be subject to further discussion. Apart from this, only one ring base was found which is Glazed White
Ware. It has been determined that the ceramics used between the early 12th and 14th centuries are abundant in the
Çobankale ceramic findings
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the trade and distribution of the Byzantine glazed pottery groups in the neighboring Ancient Bithynia and Mysia, in the southern Marmara, Turkey. Within this context, Çobankale and Zindankapı have been selected as two main research areas according to some important new findings. Çobankale, which is located in Altınova District of Yalova at present and thought to have been built in the 11th century and has been inhabited until the 14th century. A great number of Byzantine Glazed Pottery has been found in the excavation, which is carried out by Assoc.Dr. Selçuk Seçkin from Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Faculty of Letters, Art History Department. The second group data which have been obtained from the excavation of Zindankapı under the direction of Bursa Archeology Museum in Bursa which is one of the five main gates of the ancient city of Prusa. In addition to these areas, the findings from Survey of Nilüfer District in Bursa by Prof.Dr. Mustafa Şahin and the findings from the excavation of Apollonia ad Rhyndacum in Bursa which is managed by the partnership with Bursa archeology Museum and Prof.Dr.Derya Şahin. After the pottery finds from these selected areas are compared with each other and the other settlements of Bithynia and Mysia, it has been seen that the distribution and amount of Byzantine glazed pottery groups in both regions could be increased. To date, as far as we know, another important point is the pottery trade in this region, because no data on ceramic production has not found during the research in Çobankale and Zindankapı or inner circle. Consequently, the classification of the Byzantine pottery groups used in these areas could be considered as demand points. Also, evaluation of pottery production centers in the areas have been discussed in this study. The majority of the pottery examined in this paper point to Nicaea, one of the most important production centers of this region.
of Yalova, is thought to have been built in the 11th century
and was inhabited until the 14th century. The excavations
and finds beginning in 2017 from Çobankale are highly
important in terms of expanding the information previously limited to surveys in the region. Glazed pottery
finds that form the main subject of this paper were found
in a cistern and recovered when leveling the whole inner
part of the castle. In this study, the aim is to evaluate the
first finds from the Çobankale excavation, and as a preliminary result document that there were more pottery
groups than idenfied in the surveys in this region.The pottery finds in the cistern from 2018 belong to the well known groups of the mid and late medieval ages, dated between the 12th and 14th centuries such as: Glazed White
Ware, Slip Painted Ware, Zeuxippus Family Ware and
Sgraffito Ware. In consideration of distribution of 52 potsherds in the catalogue, the quantity of Zeuxippus Family
Ware is noteworthy. In the catalogue 44 pieces including
ring bases, rims and body pieces are classed as Zeuxippus
Family Ware, 3 ring bases are classified as Glazed White
Ware, one ring base classified as Slip Painted Ware, one
ring base and one rim as Sgraffito Ware. In this initial report, the main pottery groups of Çobankale are indicated,
however it can be suggested that new data could be added
to these concerning the form and repertoire of the medieval pottery to be identified as a result of the ongoing excavations.
One of the four main gates of Iznik (Nicaea) is the Istanbul Gate and most of it has
survived until today. Before the restoration of the gate and the walls, this area was excavated between 2017 and 2018 under the direction of the Iznik Museum, and many
findings have been brought to light. Among these findings, a group of clay lamps stands
out for their decoration and shape. The aim of this study was to introduce these complete
and almost complete clay lamps from the excavation of the İstanbul Gate of Nicaea.
23 clay lamps are catalogued, identified and dated in this study. One of these lamps
is of Pontic production since it has common characteristic features of this type of
production such as a biconical (with two cones) body, wide, round central part, two
opposite-sharp protruding views of the handle and nozzle, a wide filling hole in the
circle with a circumscribed circle in the center, vertical-conical knob handle, wideoval wick hole in the nozzle, and slightly raised straight bottom. It is known that this
type started to be produced between the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of
the 4th century. It is also the most commonly produced type of the 4th century, and its
production continued in the second half of the 5th and even in the beginning of the 6th
centuries. These types of lamps were unearthed in the ancient settlements of South
Russia (Chersonessos, Panticapaion Tyra, Ilurat, Kitey) and Anatolia (Amorium, Nicaea, Isparta/Çünür, Edirne/Hadrianopolis).
Among the clay lamps, there are two lamps, which show characteristic features of
North Africa production. The most common features of this type are the knob handle without a groove, a flat edge band with relief, stamped or moulded decorations,
a narrow and shallow canal extending from the discus to the nozzle, and a slightly
expanding ring base towards the handle. It has been very well established that these
lamps were dated to the 5th century, and they were brought from Africa to other settlements between the 4th and 7th centuries. Moreover, it has been determined that one of
the clay lamps analysed is an Asia Minor production. It was probably imported into
the city of Nicaea between the 4th and 6th centuries.
The other 19 clay lamps and their production center are the main discussion of
this study. Even though a workshop or a production center could not be determined
precisely for these lamps, they were classified in the same group in terms of their
paste (with mica), shape and decoration features. Their shape and decoration motifs
are similar to many general features of Anatolian products and this group was most
probably produced in Asia Minor. Additionally, very similar lamps to this group have
been found in the Roman Theatre of Nicaea, as well. These lamps were classified as
Iznik (Nicaea) local production. Due to these reasons, this study suggests that the 19
clay lamps obtained from the Istanbul Gate are linked to these lamps, and could be
considered as local productions of Iznik.
İnanan, Akçınar, Akçınar / İznik / Nikaia, İstanbul Kapı Kazıları’ndan Pişmiş Toprak Kandiller
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These clay lamps have a rounded body, narrow and long nozzle, hollow discus, one
filling hole in the center of discus, and a handle with one or two incised lines. The decoration repertoire generally consists of three or five concentric circles and geometric
or floral motifs. In spite of apparent differences in the nozzle parts, they have some
similarities with Delos dated to the 5th and 7th centuries. Supportively, the excavation
finding in the Roman Theater of Nicaea was dated to the 5th and 7th centuries as well.
Another remarkable point of this group defined by the current study is the “leaf”
pattern, which is represented at the bottom of two clay lamps (Cat. No: 5, Cat. No:
21Kat. No 5). Generally, on the bottom of a lamp is an atelier’s mark place. However,
the leaf pattern observed in these two clay lamps differs from an atelier’s mark. It
could be suggested that these lamps are related to the ancient history of Nicaea.
Some significant properties of Nicaea provide a basis for choosing the leaf, which
looks like ivy, as a mark of potential local production of clay lamps. As the capital
city of Bithynia and the accommodation center for several Roman emperors, Nicaea
was an important cult area. Also, it was the sacred city where two ecumenical councils of the Christian world were gathered. These properties created a religiously and
politically active history in Nicaea. Moreover, the city has been an important center
of pottery production throughout history.
Some stories found in the city are associated with the Pagan god Dionysus (Backhus), as also supported by depictions on ancient coins found in the city. As it is well
known, ivy is one of the symbols of Dionysus. “Hederae/ivy” is a motif frequently
used in many different works, including architecture, painting and small portable
objects in the Roman and Early Christian Worlds. It is also widely used in discus and
shoulder decoration of many clay lamps. It is associated with both Dionysus and the
fertile soil of Nicaea, where pottery had been produced for centuries.
Although the Istanbul Gate Excavation is finished, some excavations like the Roman Theater Excavation continue in Nicaea. Consequently, while the clay lamp production in the city is being reevaluated with new data, there is no doubt that the variety
of lamp forms and decorations will be increased and updated, as well as workshop
marks.
Kadıkalesi located on the south coast of Kuşadası, is one of the most important middle age settlements in the west of Anatolia. During the excavations in Kadıkalesi, started in 2001, it has been revealed that this is a harbour castle which was built on a proto-historical mound. In addition, the findings have also revealed that the castle was built not only for the defence of the area but also for the protection of inside the building which was a place for the residence of Anaian archiepiscopate in Laskarid period (1204-1261). It has been declared that the castle may have hosted a kommerkiarios owing to the function as a “custom station”. The ongoing excavations have presented that numerous and different pottery was dated to the Middle Age. One of these potteries was found that they were related with Zeuxippus Family Ware and
a typology of these potteries. The series of chemical analysis were performed to be proved that some of these potteries were produced in the Kadıkalesi area or near of this area. Yet the kiln has not been unearthed, the local production of Kadıkalesi (or Anaia) was probably active in 13th century. Beside, many tripods and a few conics, straws, semi-finished fragments, the three fragments of Zeuxippus Ware were found out with the tripods adjacently. For this reason it could be considered that Zeuxippus Ware of Anaia is directly connected
to the kiln equipment in Kadıkalesi. And some of the semi-finished
fragments have the same form with bowl, deep bowl and plate findings. The findings of Zeuxippus Family Ware was examined in detail and classified into 11 different groups and the groups were compared with the test results. This study is aimed that determining the most common types of Kadıkalesi local production.
It is necessary to supplement and update the chronological classification of medieval pottery ob-tained from excavations and surveys within the province of Bursa. On this point, conclusions from the survey research taking place in the district of Nilüfer will contribute to the designation of pottery categories used in Ottoman and Pre-Ottoman periods either in Bursa or in its distric
Many byzantine pottery findings have been unearthed and attributed to medieval age in the building complex of Sinop-
Balatlar Church, Turkey during the first-five years of the still-continuing excavations. According to the chronological
classification of byzantine pottery, some of these findings could be dated between the 11th and 13th centuries. Besides
Glazed White Wares , there have been the other Byzantine Pottery such as Aegean Wares, Slip Painted Wares, Fine-
Sgrafitto and Champléve Wares in the findings. There are also some ceramic findings called as Zeuxippus Family
Wares. However, the majority of the ceramic findings is classified as Late Byzantine Pottery. The aim of this study is
the classification and demonstrations of Balatlar Church findings and the comparison them with the findings of other
settlements in the Anatolia and and surrounding regions.
ABSTRACT: This study aims to present an introduction to medieval period of the Anaia-Kadikalesi and pottery
production of the type of ceramics known as Zeuxippus ware of Late Byzantine period in there. The castle is
located in the south of Ephesus, eight kilometres from Kusadas and on the west coast of Turkey and its strategic
position attracted attaction almost in every period.Ongoing excavations have presented numerous and different
pottery, glass, bone and metal findings which were dated from Bronze Age to the Middle Age. However, the most
abundant single pottery of the excavation is Zeuxippus Ware which is an important pottery class of the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries. Anaia-Kadkalesi excavations have produced evidence of pottery production, hitherto
unsuspected at or in the region of Anaia . The kiln has not been found in this area yet but some kiln materials
have been found out in the castle and they are directly connected to the Zeuxippus type ceramics.
that were found in Tekirdağ and Mount Ganos. The survey was
carried out in this area under the direction of Professor Zeynep
Koçel Erdem, Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Department
of Archaeology. Many different cultures were identified
during the survey, and important groups of ceramics were
found in different districts, especially in the Şarköy district of
Tekirdağ. The majority of the Byzantine glazed pottery finds
recovered during the survey belong to the group identified
as ‘Zeuxippus ware’. This group was unearthed for the first
time near the Baths of Zeuxippus, İstanbul. After that, many
ceramics were uncovered in different settlements in Anatolia
and beyond. They had some similarities to and differences
from this group, and they were generally named Zeuxippus
family ware. The finds from the survey included a fragment
of incised sgrafitto, painted sgrafitto, two fragments of slip
painted pottery and a few fragments of glazed white ware.
In addition, a clay tripod attracted the attention. It is not
possible to assume pottery production in this region by using
this one piece as evidence. However, the possibility should
not be overlooked.
The most known pottery group of Byzantine Era is Zeuxippus Family Ware and they also take place in the findings of Balatlar Church. However, the majority of the ceramic findings is classified as Late/Post Byzantine Pottery in this paper. The aim of this study is determining the relation between the findings and excavated area. Because of the finds do not provide a clear stratigraphical context, this is necessary.