After the Second Peace of Toruń (1466), the grand masters of the Teutonic Order became
rulers de... more After the Second Peace of Toruń (1466), the grand masters of the Teutonic Order became
rulers dependent on the kings of Poland. Polish vassals from the 14th century were also
the dukes of Masovia from the Piast dynasty. Already during the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466) there were attempts at closer contact between Masovia and the Order, and in 1458 the princes concluded a separate truce with the Grand Master. Later, both sides tried to cooperate to strengthen their position against King Casimir Jagiellon and his sons: Jan Olbracht and Alexander. This can be seen in 1477 when the Order allied with Hungary. In 1493, Prince Conrad III the Red tried to create an anti-Jagiellonian alliance with Moscow and the Teutonic Knights. Such activities can be observed until Konrad died in 1503. Based on the current political situation, it appears improbable that these suggestions will come to fruition.
At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries the Teutonic Order administrators of southern Prussia ... more At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries the Teutonic Order administrators of southern Prussia (procurator of Nidzica) tried to use the Omulew as the water path for floating Prussian timber to the Narew and then by the Vistula to Gdańsk. Those attempts met opposition from Masovian dukes (Konrad III, his widow Anna and his sons Janusz III and Stanisław) because the river attracted the game which they hunted. The sources related to this matter show consistent striving of the Masovian Piasts for protection of large forest areas in the north of their domains, the Szkwańska Forest or Zagajnica, against economic exploitation because hunting in that area gave them “special entertainment and considerable income”.
Starting from the first half of the fourteenth century, the transumpts of notary instruments was ... more Starting from the first half of the fourteenth century, the transumpts of notary instruments was willingly used in the practice of diplomacy between the Teutonic Order and Poland (and Lithuania). The advantage here lies with the Teutonic Knights, but this form was also known to their adversaries - the Polish side referred to this type of document in the trials before Benedykt Makrai and Antoni Zeno. At the same time, the arsenal of Polish diplomacy's means was to question the legal power of the Teutonic transumptions and to demand the presentation of the originals. At least verbally, the Teutonic Knights declared their readiness to do so, which proves that despite their efforts to strengthen the evidence position of the transumptions, they shared the view that the original documents were superior in this respect. Both parties eagerly used the services of public notaries to document legal actions related to mutual relations (e.g. reports on the ratification of the Kalisz peace, or the affixing of the seal of Bishop Jan Pella to the diploma of the Peace of Mełno).
Homini, qui in honore fuit. Księga pamiątkowa poświęcona pamięci śp. Profesora Grzegorza Białuńskiego, 2020
W wyniku zamieszania na etapie korekty tekst opublikowany w księdze "Homini, qui in honore fuit" ... more W wyniku zamieszania na etapie korekty tekst opublikowany w księdze "Homini, qui in honore fuit" nie zawiera istotnego fragmentu. Dlatego obok pdf publikacji także drugi plik z wersją pełną - zwłaszcza przypisy 43 i 44 oraz odpowiadający im fragment tekstu jak też inne nieliczne frazy podświetlone na żółto.
In 1427, the Carthusian monk Heinrich Beringer complained to the Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf th... more In 1427, the Carthusian monk Heinrich Beringer complained to the Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf that the Teutonic Knights allowed Prussians to continue worshipping the old gods. When asked about this matter, the commanders were to answer: “Let Prussian be Prussians.” The existence of relics of old cults is also indicated by synodal and act sources, e.g. the Toruń Peace document from 1411. Recently, Michael Brauer questioned the survival of paganism in Prussia until the 15th century. According to him, the available information was only a creation constructed by the authors of said sources. This is also the opinion of Stephen Rowell and Darius Baronas in relation to Lithuania. They do not notice, however, that it is only early-age modern sources that expand pagan pantheons and associate folk customs with paganism. In Prussia, the language situation was conducive to maintaining relics of paganism – priests did not know Prussian.
A medieval war demanded an officially written declaration. Polish war declarations from the time ... more A medieval war demanded an officially written declaration. Polish war declarations from the time of war with the Teutonic Order are an integral part of war and political culture of that time. In construction the declarations were written analogically to ones in neighbouring countries. They were written in Latin, sometimes in German. In 1454 a gauche Polish language made its presence. In the last war of the Order (1519-1521), the documents were uniformly in Polish and the royal chancellery attempted with some success to establish a uniform model for the drafting of war declarations.
The purpose of the article is to present trials and tribulations with the attachment of the seal ... more The purpose of the article is to present trials and tribulations with the attachment of the seal of Bishop of Włocławek Jan Pella of Niewiesz to the main Polish document of the 1422 Mełno Peace. Despite the fact that the sealed document of the treaty was handed over to the Teutonic Knights at an assembly at Wielona in April of 1423, there was no seal of Bishop Jan, who was one of the Polish guarantors of the peace. It was not until 14 April 1426 that the seal was put to the document. The article is supplemented by an edition of two sources related to the attachment of the bishop's seal: a notary's instrument of 14 April, and a letter of Toruń Commander Henryk Marschalk to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Paul von Rusdorf of 15 April 1426.
After the Second Peace of Toruń (1466), the grand masters of the Teutonic Order became
rulers de... more After the Second Peace of Toruń (1466), the grand masters of the Teutonic Order became
rulers dependent on the kings of Poland. Polish vassals from the 14th century were also
the dukes of Masovia from the Piast dynasty. Already during the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466) there were attempts at closer contact between Masovia and the Order, and in 1458 the princes concluded a separate truce with the Grand Master. Later, both sides tried to cooperate to strengthen their position against King Casimir Jagiellon and his sons: Jan Olbracht and Alexander. This can be seen in 1477 when the Order allied with Hungary. In 1493, Prince Conrad III the Red tried to create an anti-Jagiellonian alliance with Moscow and the Teutonic Knights. Such activities can be observed until Konrad died in 1503. Based on the current political situation, it appears improbable that these suggestions will come to fruition.
At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries the Teutonic Order administrators of southern Prussia ... more At the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries the Teutonic Order administrators of southern Prussia (procurator of Nidzica) tried to use the Omulew as the water path for floating Prussian timber to the Narew and then by the Vistula to Gdańsk. Those attempts met opposition from Masovian dukes (Konrad III, his widow Anna and his sons Janusz III and Stanisław) because the river attracted the game which they hunted. The sources related to this matter show consistent striving of the Masovian Piasts for protection of large forest areas in the north of their domains, the Szkwańska Forest or Zagajnica, against economic exploitation because hunting in that area gave them “special entertainment and considerable income”.
Starting from the first half of the fourteenth century, the transumpts of notary instruments was ... more Starting from the first half of the fourteenth century, the transumpts of notary instruments was willingly used in the practice of diplomacy between the Teutonic Order and Poland (and Lithuania). The advantage here lies with the Teutonic Knights, but this form was also known to their adversaries - the Polish side referred to this type of document in the trials before Benedykt Makrai and Antoni Zeno. At the same time, the arsenal of Polish diplomacy's means was to question the legal power of the Teutonic transumptions and to demand the presentation of the originals. At least verbally, the Teutonic Knights declared their readiness to do so, which proves that despite their efforts to strengthen the evidence position of the transumptions, they shared the view that the original documents were superior in this respect. Both parties eagerly used the services of public notaries to document legal actions related to mutual relations (e.g. reports on the ratification of the Kalisz peace, or the affixing of the seal of Bishop Jan Pella to the diploma of the Peace of Mełno).
Homini, qui in honore fuit. Księga pamiątkowa poświęcona pamięci śp. Profesora Grzegorza Białuńskiego, 2020
W wyniku zamieszania na etapie korekty tekst opublikowany w księdze "Homini, qui in honore fuit" ... more W wyniku zamieszania na etapie korekty tekst opublikowany w księdze "Homini, qui in honore fuit" nie zawiera istotnego fragmentu. Dlatego obok pdf publikacji także drugi plik z wersją pełną - zwłaszcza przypisy 43 i 44 oraz odpowiadający im fragment tekstu jak też inne nieliczne frazy podświetlone na żółto.
In 1427, the Carthusian monk Heinrich Beringer complained to the Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf th... more In 1427, the Carthusian monk Heinrich Beringer complained to the Grand Master Paul von Rusdorf that the Teutonic Knights allowed Prussians to continue worshipping the old gods. When asked about this matter, the commanders were to answer: “Let Prussian be Prussians.” The existence of relics of old cults is also indicated by synodal and act sources, e.g. the Toruń Peace document from 1411. Recently, Michael Brauer questioned the survival of paganism in Prussia until the 15th century. According to him, the available information was only a creation constructed by the authors of said sources. This is also the opinion of Stephen Rowell and Darius Baronas in relation to Lithuania. They do not notice, however, that it is only early-age modern sources that expand pagan pantheons and associate folk customs with paganism. In Prussia, the language situation was conducive to maintaining relics of paganism – priests did not know Prussian.
A medieval war demanded an officially written declaration. Polish war declarations from the time ... more A medieval war demanded an officially written declaration. Polish war declarations from the time of war with the Teutonic Order are an integral part of war and political culture of that time. In construction the declarations were written analogically to ones in neighbouring countries. They were written in Latin, sometimes in German. In 1454 a gauche Polish language made its presence. In the last war of the Order (1519-1521), the documents were uniformly in Polish and the royal chancellery attempted with some success to establish a uniform model for the drafting of war declarations.
The purpose of the article is to present trials and tribulations with the attachment of the seal ... more The purpose of the article is to present trials and tribulations with the attachment of the seal of Bishop of Włocławek Jan Pella of Niewiesz to the main Polish document of the 1422 Mełno Peace. Despite the fact that the sealed document of the treaty was handed over to the Teutonic Knights at an assembly at Wielona in April of 1423, there was no seal of Bishop Jan, who was one of the Polish guarantors of the peace. It was not until 14 April 1426 that the seal was put to the document. The article is supplemented by an edition of two sources related to the attachment of the bishop's seal: a notary's instrument of 14 April, and a letter of Toruń Commander Henryk Marschalk to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Paul von Rusdorf of 15 April 1426.
Seit dem 14. Jahrhundert waren die Piasten von Masowien Vasallen der polnischen Könige. Kazimierz... more Seit dem 14. Jahrhundert waren die Piasten von Masowien Vasallen der polnischen Könige. Kazimierz IV. Jagiellończyk/Kasimir IV. der Jagiellone (1447–1492) und sein Sohn Jan Olbracht/Johannes Albertus (1492–1501) wollten, dass nach dem Tod der regierenden Fürsten die einzelnen Teile Masowiens ins Königreich Polen eingegliedert werden. Dies führte zu Rechtspolemiken und offenen Konflikten. Dies war beispielsweise 1495 der Fall, als nach dem Tod des Herzogs Janusz II. von Masowien sein Bruder Konrad der Rote das Fürstentum Płock eingenommen hatte, auf das auch die Krone Ansprüche geltend machte. In meinem Vortrag werde ich mich mit den rechtlichen Argumenten beider Parteien befassen, aber auch mit der Rolle der militärischen und politischen Überlegenheit bei der Ausbreitung von Streitigkeiten
There is a picture of the Teutonic Knights popular in common mentality created by Henryk Sienkiew... more There is a picture of the Teutonic Knights popular in common mentality created by Henryk Sienkiewicz and supported by communist ropaganda, presenting them as deceitful enemies in monk’s habits and ancestors of Adolf Hitler. Slowly we start to notice some subtleties, which are more visible after 1466 when the Second Peace of Thorn was concluded according to which the Teutonic Order was obliged to provide Poland with military help. The test of this agreement came in the 1480s and 1490s, when the Turkish threat became more real. Thanks to a Teutonic secretary Liborius Naker who described the fight against Turkey we know what happened in 1497. In this narration the expedition had a symbolic meaning as it was the last time when the Teutonic Knights were fighting against the pagans, having Jagiełło’s grandson as a supporter
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rulers dependent on the kings of Poland. Polish vassals from the 14th century were also
the dukes of Masovia from the Piast dynasty. Already during the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466) there were attempts at closer contact between Masovia and the Order, and in 1458 the princes concluded a separate truce with the Grand Master. Later, both sides tried to cooperate to strengthen their position against King Casimir Jagiellon and his sons: Jan Olbracht and Alexander. This can be seen in 1477 when the Order allied with Hungary. In 1493, Prince Conrad III the Red tried to create an anti-Jagiellonian alliance with Moscow and the Teutonic Knights. Such activities can be observed until Konrad died in 1503. Based on the current political situation, it appears improbable that these suggestions will come to fruition.
Stanisław) because the river attracted the game which they hunted. The sources related to this matter show consistent striving of the Masovian Piasts for protection of large forest areas in the north of their domains, the Szkwańska Forest or Zagajnica, against economic exploitation
because hunting in that area gave them “special entertainment and considerable income”.
the language situation was conducive to maintaining relics of paganism – priests did not know Prussian.
rulers dependent on the kings of Poland. Polish vassals from the 14th century were also
the dukes of Masovia from the Piast dynasty. Already during the Thirteen Years’ War (1454-1466) there were attempts at closer contact between Masovia and the Order, and in 1458 the princes concluded a separate truce with the Grand Master. Later, both sides tried to cooperate to strengthen their position against King Casimir Jagiellon and his sons: Jan Olbracht and Alexander. This can be seen in 1477 when the Order allied with Hungary. In 1493, Prince Conrad III the Red tried to create an anti-Jagiellonian alliance with Moscow and the Teutonic Knights. Such activities can be observed until Konrad died in 1503. Based on the current political situation, it appears improbable that these suggestions will come to fruition.
Stanisław) because the river attracted the game which they hunted. The sources related to this matter show consistent striving of the Masovian Piasts for protection of large forest areas in the north of their domains, the Szkwańska Forest or Zagajnica, against economic exploitation
because hunting in that area gave them “special entertainment and considerable income”.
the language situation was conducive to maintaining relics of paganism – priests did not know Prussian.
of Adolf Hitler. Slowly we start to notice some subtleties, which are more visible after 1466 when the Second Peace of Thorn was concluded according to which the Teutonic Order was obliged to provide Poland with military help. The test of this agreement came in the 1480s and 1490s, when the Turkish threat became more real. Thanks to a Teutonic secretary Liborius Naker who described the fight against Turkey we know what happened in 1497. In this narration the expedition had a symbolic meaning as it was the last time when the Teutonic Knights were fighting against the pagans, having Jagiełło’s grandson as a supporter