Interested in 3D reconstruction of roman tempels, digital archaeology, roman architecture and urbanism, virtual reconstruction and roman religion. Supervisors: Bojan Djurić Address: Center za preventivno arheologijo, Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine,
Institute for the protection of cultural heritage of Slovenia
Centre for preventive archaeology
—The study of Roman temple architecture usually involves a multitude of ruins which need to be pr... more —The study of Roman temple architecture usually involves a multitude of ruins which need to be properly examined and, if possible, reconstructed. The reliability of a reconstruction – how closely it mimics the original situation – is determined by how well a temple is preserved. Fortunately, there is a transcription of a work on architecture written by one of the most notable Roman architects, Vitruvius (late 1st century BCE). Vitruvius' rules define the basic module and all the proportions to the tiniest detail, but also in a broader architectural sense. For proper analysis, interpretation and reconstruction of the temple of Hercules at Celje, Slovenia, it was therefore crucial to take precise measurements and to conduct an analysis of the preserved elements, applied to the Vitruvian canon. Vitruvius' rules and principles concerning individual properties have been transformed into formulas (Microsoft Office Excel 2013), which automatically adjust to each other, according to the basic module. On the basis of these findings, it has been possible to create a reconstruction of the basic elements using the AutoCAD Architecture 2014 software. To link the two methods, i.e. determining the dimensions and 3D drawing of stone blocks, an interface (AutoCAD VBA Macro) is being prepared: Virtuuvius – Virtual Vitruvius.
Religion in public and private sphere, Acta of the 4th International colloquium. The autonomnus towns of Noricum and Pannonia, 2011
In 1914, Abramić’s excavation at the Panorama Hill in Ptuj (Poetovio) unearthed a building with s... more In 1914, Abramić’s excavation at the Panorama Hill in Ptuj (Poetovio) unearthed a building with several rooms. Two of the rooms seemed to have been of ritual character. Several ritual monuments, dedicated to various deities, were found in them. In order to comprehend the situation better, a topographic analysis of all ritual monuments and sanctuaries in Ptuj has been conducted. Its results are a renewed database and map of the monuments, confirmed locations of certain sanctuaries, and the connection between the situation at the Panorama Hill and at Vicus fortunae at Spodnja Hajdina.
Arheo. Arheološka obvestila. Glasilo Slovenskega arheološkega društva, številka 29, leto 2012., Dec 2012
"Tekom zadnjih desetletij se digitalna orodja vse bolj pogosto uporabljajo tudi za potrebe predst... more "Tekom zadnjih desetletij se digitalna orodja vse bolj pogosto uporabljajo tudi za potrebe predstavljanja kulturne dediščine, še posebej za 3D rekonstrukcije in prezentacije spomenikov. Da bi ruševine t. i. Herkulovega svetišča na Miklavškem hribu v Celju lahko na podlagi ohranjenih ostalin in sledov na njih ustrezno interpretirali, je potreben pregled ustreznosti uporabe 3D okolij.
In recent decades, digital tools have become more and more frequently used in the presentations of cultural heritage, especially for 3D reconstructions and presentations of architecture. A review of the 3D environments is presented here with a particular aim of being used on the so-called Temple of Hercules at Celje, the reconstruction of which is based on the preserved architectural remains and their constructive elements."
"Leta 1911 je bilo pod vodstvom Mihovila Abramića na Panorami na Ptuju izkopanih več prostorov, m... more "Leta 1911 je bilo pod vodstvom Mihovila Abramića na Panorami na Ptuju izkopanih več prostorov, med katerimi sta zlasti dva kazala kulten značaj, kar se je kazalo tako v drobnem gradivu ter tudi v kamnitih spomenikih kultne narave. Med njimi so najbolj izstopale reliefne plošče z upodobitvijo ženske figure v središču, ki jo heraldično obdajata dva konjenika, ki pod kopiti konj teptata dvoje človeških figur. Zaradi slabega poznavanja te tematike in v skladu s tedanjo interpretacijo plošč te vrste jih je tudi Abramić interpretiral kot plošče 'Kabirov', na podlagi česar je tudi svetišče poimenoval 'svetišče Kabirov'. Pri nadaljni analizi se je izkazalo, da gre v bistvu za plošče, ki jih večina strokovnjakov imenuje plošče donavskega konjenika, nekateri pa plošče lunarne boginje. Slednja opredelitev je osnovana na dobrih temeljih, zato v svoji diplomski nalogi prevzemam to terminologijo. Kljub opredelitvi plošč še vedno nisem mogla rekonstruirat kultnih prostorov na Panorami, zato sem zbrala in kartirala vse kamnite spomenike kultne narave v Poetovioni, ki lahko nakazujejo na svetišče. Topografija 131 spomenikov in analiza ostale svetiščne arhitekture je pokazala, da lahko paralelo kultnim prostorom na Panorami iščemo na Spodnji Hajdini v sklopu več svetišč, ki so delovali v smislu vzporednih kultnih prostorov, od katerih je bil vsak posvečen drugemu božanstvu. Tako lahko na Panorami vidimo svetišče lunarne boginje, Liber Patra, Silvana in Nutric. Poleg tega se je izkazalo, da so v Poetovioni delovala tri kultna središča in sicer na Spodnji Hajdini (Vicus fortunae), Zgornji Breg (v sklopu prostorov, ki jih je izkopaval že Jenny) ter Abramićevi kultni prostori na Panorami. Pri izdelavi topografije kultnih spomenikov Poetovione sem vzpostavila specifično metodologijo, ki je uporabna za vse primere, kjer so spomeniki najdeni v različnih časovnih obdobjih in različnih prostorskih kontekstih in kot taka lahko predstavlja pomožno orodje pri sorodnih raziskavah.
In 1911, excavations at Panorama in Ptuj (Poetovio), supervised by Mihovil Abramić, unearthed several rooms. Both small finds and stone monuments indicated a particularly ritual character of two of them. The most prominent among the stone monuments were the relief plaques depicting a central female figure, placed between two horsemen, each with a human figure under his horse's hooves. Due to the insufficient knowledge of the subject and in compliance with the then interpretation of such plaques, Abramić interpreted them as »Cabeiri plaques«. On the same basis he named the sanctuary »Cabeiri sanctuary«. Further analysis showed that the plaques are actually those that are called by most scholars Danubian Horseman plaques, while some call them lunar goddess plaques. The latter definition is well grounded, therefore I use it in my thesis. Despite the fact that the plaques are now correctly interpreted, it was still not possible to reconstruct the ritual architecture at Panorama. Therefore I have collected and mapped all the stone monuments of ritual character in Poetovio that could suggest the existence of a sanctuary. The topography of 131 monuments and the analysis of the rest of the sanctuary architecture showed that an analogy to the ritual architecture at Panorama could be found at Spodnja Hajdina, in the complex of several sanctuaries, each of them dedicated to another deity. Sancturies of the lunar goddess, Liber Pater, Silvanus and Nutrices can thus be seen at Panorama. It was also proved that there had been three ritual centres in Poetovio: Spodnja Hajdina (Vicus fortunae), Zgornji Breg (in the architectural complex excavated already by Jenny), and Abramić's ritual architecture at Panorama. While creating the topography of cults in Poetovio, I established a specific methodology, applicable to all the cases where the monuments were found in different periods of time or in different spatial contexts. As such, this methodology could be used as an auxiliary tool for similar investigations.
Scripta in hororem Bojan Djurić, Monografije CPA 1, 2012
T.i. Herkulovo svetišče na Miklavškem hribu predstavlja primer specifične arhitekturne oblike in ... more T.i. Herkulovo svetišče na Miklavškem hribu predstavlja primer specifične arhitekturne oblike in je hkrati ena od redkih objektov dediščine, ohranjena in situ. Prav tako je posebna zaradi konservacije in prezentacije, ki je potekala v 50. letih 20. stoletja. Omeniti pa je potrebno tudi, da zidovi svetišča mestoma mejijo na rob prepada in so zato vsakodnevno izpostavljeni uničenju in propadanju. Obravnavana lokacija je zanimiva z vidika zgodovine konservatorstva, predstavlja pa tudi posebnost v arhitekturnem smislu, saj gre za edino doslej odkrito prostilno svetišče s peristilnim dvoriščem na območju Slovenije.
The so-called Herkulovo svetišče (Temple of Hercules) on the Miklavški hrib hill represents an example of a specific type of architecture, which is preserved in situ. It also represents a specific case, because it was conserved and presented in the 1950s. It should, however, be noted that in places the walls of the temple are located on a cliff edge and so are exposed to destruction and decay on a daily basis. The site under discussion is interesting from the viewpoint of the history of conservation, whilst also representing a special case in an architectural sense, as the only prostyle temple with a peristyle courtyard in the area of modern Slovenia. "
The representation shows excavations from 1911 at Panorama, Ptuj, that revealed at one location a... more The representation shows excavations from 1911 at Panorama, Ptuj, that revealed at one location a building with hypocaust and at the other several rooms, some of them with religious caracter. The excavator interpreted theese rooms as the temple of Cabeiri, based on marble plaques with depicted goddess and two horseman trampelling two human figures beneath their feet. In order to reconstruct theese ritual rooms, an analysis of the cult, later known by the name of danubian horseman or lunar goddess, has been made. Unfortunately, the research did not give satisfactory resoults therefore a topography of ritual monuments and ritual architecture of Poetovio has been studied, but that also revealed unique situation considering architecture and combination of different depictions of several cults that was found inside the religious rooms at Panorama. The next step in attempt to reconstruct this situation was an analysis of the adjacent excavations at Panorama. They were performed in 1913 and revealed a building with an apse and another with peristyle. But unfortunatelly all theese locations, a building with a hypocaust, ritual rooms, a building with an apse and the one with a peristyle is not spatially associated, therefore several geophysical research has been made (author Branko Mušič), in 2007 and in 2012 (another one is in plan for the 2013) in order to reconstruct an urbanistic frame in which the ritual rooms were found.
Results of a geophysical research at Panorama, Ptuj vas presented at the scientific meeting of Sl... more Results of a geophysical research at Panorama, Ptuj vas presented at the scientific meeting of Slovenian archaeological society. It represents an important contribution to the comprehensive understanding of so-called Cabeiri temple, which was excavated in 1914, when Abramić’s excavation at the Panorama Hill in Ptuj (Poetovio) unearthed a building with several rooms. Two of the rooms seemed to have been of ritual character. Several ritual monuments, dedicated to various deities, were found in them. Two years later, in 1913 Balduin Saria excavated in the proximity and he discovered a building with a heating system and a building with an apse. Geophysical research represents an important non-destructive tool for reinterpretation and reevaluation of past excavations.
Leta 1911 je Mihovil Abramić na Panorami opravil prvo sistematično izkopavanje na Ptuju severno od Drave. Izkopaval je na dveh lokacijah; na najvišjem delu Panorame, kjer je odkril kompleks stavbne narave s hipokavstom, nižje na pobočju pa je odkril svetiščni stavbni kompleks, ki ga je glede na značaj kamnitih spomenikov in drobnih najdb interpretiral kot majhno svetišče t.i. Kabirov oziroma Kabirodioskurov (slika 1). Znotraj odkritih prostorov, od katerih naj bi imela kulten značaj le dva, so bili najdeni tudi odlomki kamnitih spomenikov drugih božanstev, zaradi česar se zdi že sama opredelitev prostorov kot svetišča, posvečenega zgolj enemu božanstvu, dokaj neutemeljena. Da bi razjasnil te kultne prostore, je leta 1913 Balduin Saria nadaljeval z izkopavanji v neposredni bližini kultnih prostorov. Našel je stavbo z apsido, ki jo je opredelil kot terme ter peristil. Ustrezna interpretacija kultnih prostorov oziroma rekonstrukcija ni bila možna niti z arhitekturno analizo niti s preučevanjem kulta, ki ga danes poznamo pod imenom kult donavskega konjenika oziroma lunarne boginje niti s topografijo vseh kultnih spomenikov v Poetovioni. Zato edini način umestitve v prostor ter posledično interpretacije oziroma rekonstrukcije kultnih prostorov predstavljajo geofizikalne raziskave, ki bi ne samo osvetlila arhitekturni okvir kultnih prostorov, ampak prostorsko povezala tudi izkopavanja Balduina Sarie. Prve geofizikalne raziskave z georadarsko metodo in geoelektričnim kartiranjem na južnem in deloma tudi osrednjem delu Panorame na Ptuju so bile opravljene v letu 2007 v okviru projekta Interreg Iib, ki ga je vodil zgodovinar dr. Dušan Mlacovič. Strategija geofizikalnih raziskav je bila usmerjena v oceno razprostranjenosti, globine in stopnje ohranjenosti rimskih arhitekturnih ostalin. Razmeroma redka mreža georadarskih profilov z 200 MHz anteno je pokazala izjemen arheološki potencial, vendar brez jasnih tlorisnih prikazov. Ker so te prve raziskave pokazale, da se arhitekturne ostaline pojavljajo že na globini ca 0,5 m, smo v letu 2012 nadaljevali geofizikalno raziskavo z uporabo visokoločljivostne 400 MHz georadarske antene v gosti mreži profilov. Geofizikalna raziskava je dala v sicer zahtevnih pogojih dela v plantažni ureditvi sadnega drevja jasno berljive rezultate z veliko podrobnostmi, ki so pomembne za natančno analizo rimske urbanistične zasnove tega dela Poetovione.
1st International Archaeological Conference New Discoveries between the Alps and the Black Sea. R... more 1st International Archaeological Conference New Discoveries between the Alps and the Black Sea. Results from the Roman Sites in the Period between 2005 and 2015. In memoriam Iva Mikl Curk
—The study of Roman temple architecture usually involves a multitude of ruins which need to be pr... more —The study of Roman temple architecture usually involves a multitude of ruins which need to be properly examined and, if possible, reconstructed. The reliability of a reconstruction – how closely it mimics the original situation – is determined by how well a temple is preserved. Fortunately, there is a transcription of a work on architecture written by one of the most notable Roman architects, Vitruvius (late 1st century BCE). Vitruvius' rules define the basic module and all the proportions to the tiniest detail, but also in a broader architectural sense. For proper analysis, interpretation and reconstruction of the temple of Hercules at Celje, Slovenia, it was therefore crucial to take precise measurements and to conduct an analysis of the preserved elements, applied to the Vitruvian canon. Vitruvius' rules and principles concerning individual properties have been transformed into formulas (Microsoft Office Excel 2013), which automatically adjust to each other, according to the basic module. On the basis of these findings, it has been possible to create a reconstruction of the basic elements using the AutoCAD Architecture 2014 software. To link the two methods, i.e. determining the dimensions and 3D drawing of stone blocks, an interface (AutoCAD VBA Macro) is being prepared: Virtuuvius – Virtual Vitruvius.
Religion in public and private sphere, Acta of the 4th International colloquium. The autonomnus towns of Noricum and Pannonia, 2011
In 1914, Abramić’s excavation at the Panorama Hill in Ptuj (Poetovio) unearthed a building with s... more In 1914, Abramić’s excavation at the Panorama Hill in Ptuj (Poetovio) unearthed a building with several rooms. Two of the rooms seemed to have been of ritual character. Several ritual monuments, dedicated to various deities, were found in them. In order to comprehend the situation better, a topographic analysis of all ritual monuments and sanctuaries in Ptuj has been conducted. Its results are a renewed database and map of the monuments, confirmed locations of certain sanctuaries, and the connection between the situation at the Panorama Hill and at Vicus fortunae at Spodnja Hajdina.
Arheo. Arheološka obvestila. Glasilo Slovenskega arheološkega društva, številka 29, leto 2012., Dec 2012
"Tekom zadnjih desetletij se digitalna orodja vse bolj pogosto uporabljajo tudi za potrebe predst... more "Tekom zadnjih desetletij se digitalna orodja vse bolj pogosto uporabljajo tudi za potrebe predstavljanja kulturne dediščine, še posebej za 3D rekonstrukcije in prezentacije spomenikov. Da bi ruševine t. i. Herkulovega svetišča na Miklavškem hribu v Celju lahko na podlagi ohranjenih ostalin in sledov na njih ustrezno interpretirali, je potreben pregled ustreznosti uporabe 3D okolij.
In recent decades, digital tools have become more and more frequently used in the presentations of cultural heritage, especially for 3D reconstructions and presentations of architecture. A review of the 3D environments is presented here with a particular aim of being used on the so-called Temple of Hercules at Celje, the reconstruction of which is based on the preserved architectural remains and their constructive elements."
"Leta 1911 je bilo pod vodstvom Mihovila Abramića na Panorami na Ptuju izkopanih več prostorov, m... more "Leta 1911 je bilo pod vodstvom Mihovila Abramića na Panorami na Ptuju izkopanih več prostorov, med katerimi sta zlasti dva kazala kulten značaj, kar se je kazalo tako v drobnem gradivu ter tudi v kamnitih spomenikih kultne narave. Med njimi so najbolj izstopale reliefne plošče z upodobitvijo ženske figure v središču, ki jo heraldično obdajata dva konjenika, ki pod kopiti konj teptata dvoje človeških figur. Zaradi slabega poznavanja te tematike in v skladu s tedanjo interpretacijo plošč te vrste jih je tudi Abramić interpretiral kot plošče 'Kabirov', na podlagi česar je tudi svetišče poimenoval 'svetišče Kabirov'. Pri nadaljni analizi se je izkazalo, da gre v bistvu za plošče, ki jih večina strokovnjakov imenuje plošče donavskega konjenika, nekateri pa plošče lunarne boginje. Slednja opredelitev je osnovana na dobrih temeljih, zato v svoji diplomski nalogi prevzemam to terminologijo. Kljub opredelitvi plošč še vedno nisem mogla rekonstruirat kultnih prostorov na Panorami, zato sem zbrala in kartirala vse kamnite spomenike kultne narave v Poetovioni, ki lahko nakazujejo na svetišče. Topografija 131 spomenikov in analiza ostale svetiščne arhitekture je pokazala, da lahko paralelo kultnim prostorom na Panorami iščemo na Spodnji Hajdini v sklopu več svetišč, ki so delovali v smislu vzporednih kultnih prostorov, od katerih je bil vsak posvečen drugemu božanstvu. Tako lahko na Panorami vidimo svetišče lunarne boginje, Liber Patra, Silvana in Nutric. Poleg tega se je izkazalo, da so v Poetovioni delovala tri kultna središča in sicer na Spodnji Hajdini (Vicus fortunae), Zgornji Breg (v sklopu prostorov, ki jih je izkopaval že Jenny) ter Abramićevi kultni prostori na Panorami. Pri izdelavi topografije kultnih spomenikov Poetovione sem vzpostavila specifično metodologijo, ki je uporabna za vse primere, kjer so spomeniki najdeni v različnih časovnih obdobjih in različnih prostorskih kontekstih in kot taka lahko predstavlja pomožno orodje pri sorodnih raziskavah.
In 1911, excavations at Panorama in Ptuj (Poetovio), supervised by Mihovil Abramić, unearthed several rooms. Both small finds and stone monuments indicated a particularly ritual character of two of them. The most prominent among the stone monuments were the relief plaques depicting a central female figure, placed between two horsemen, each with a human figure under his horse's hooves. Due to the insufficient knowledge of the subject and in compliance with the then interpretation of such plaques, Abramić interpreted them as »Cabeiri plaques«. On the same basis he named the sanctuary »Cabeiri sanctuary«. Further analysis showed that the plaques are actually those that are called by most scholars Danubian Horseman plaques, while some call them lunar goddess plaques. The latter definition is well grounded, therefore I use it in my thesis. Despite the fact that the plaques are now correctly interpreted, it was still not possible to reconstruct the ritual architecture at Panorama. Therefore I have collected and mapped all the stone monuments of ritual character in Poetovio that could suggest the existence of a sanctuary. The topography of 131 monuments and the analysis of the rest of the sanctuary architecture showed that an analogy to the ritual architecture at Panorama could be found at Spodnja Hajdina, in the complex of several sanctuaries, each of them dedicated to another deity. Sancturies of the lunar goddess, Liber Pater, Silvanus and Nutrices can thus be seen at Panorama. It was also proved that there had been three ritual centres in Poetovio: Spodnja Hajdina (Vicus fortunae), Zgornji Breg (in the architectural complex excavated already by Jenny), and Abramić's ritual architecture at Panorama. While creating the topography of cults in Poetovio, I established a specific methodology, applicable to all the cases where the monuments were found in different periods of time or in different spatial contexts. As such, this methodology could be used as an auxiliary tool for similar investigations.
Scripta in hororem Bojan Djurić, Monografije CPA 1, 2012
T.i. Herkulovo svetišče na Miklavškem hribu predstavlja primer specifične arhitekturne oblike in ... more T.i. Herkulovo svetišče na Miklavškem hribu predstavlja primer specifične arhitekturne oblike in je hkrati ena od redkih objektov dediščine, ohranjena in situ. Prav tako je posebna zaradi konservacije in prezentacije, ki je potekala v 50. letih 20. stoletja. Omeniti pa je potrebno tudi, da zidovi svetišča mestoma mejijo na rob prepada in so zato vsakodnevno izpostavljeni uničenju in propadanju. Obravnavana lokacija je zanimiva z vidika zgodovine konservatorstva, predstavlja pa tudi posebnost v arhitekturnem smislu, saj gre za edino doslej odkrito prostilno svetišče s peristilnim dvoriščem na območju Slovenije.
The so-called Herkulovo svetišče (Temple of Hercules) on the Miklavški hrib hill represents an example of a specific type of architecture, which is preserved in situ. It also represents a specific case, because it was conserved and presented in the 1950s. It should, however, be noted that in places the walls of the temple are located on a cliff edge and so are exposed to destruction and decay on a daily basis. The site under discussion is interesting from the viewpoint of the history of conservation, whilst also representing a special case in an architectural sense, as the only prostyle temple with a peristyle courtyard in the area of modern Slovenia. "
The representation shows excavations from 1911 at Panorama, Ptuj, that revealed at one location a... more The representation shows excavations from 1911 at Panorama, Ptuj, that revealed at one location a building with hypocaust and at the other several rooms, some of them with religious caracter. The excavator interpreted theese rooms as the temple of Cabeiri, based on marble plaques with depicted goddess and two horseman trampelling two human figures beneath their feet. In order to reconstruct theese ritual rooms, an analysis of the cult, later known by the name of danubian horseman or lunar goddess, has been made. Unfortunately, the research did not give satisfactory resoults therefore a topography of ritual monuments and ritual architecture of Poetovio has been studied, but that also revealed unique situation considering architecture and combination of different depictions of several cults that was found inside the religious rooms at Panorama. The next step in attempt to reconstruct this situation was an analysis of the adjacent excavations at Panorama. They were performed in 1913 and revealed a building with an apse and another with peristyle. But unfortunatelly all theese locations, a building with a hypocaust, ritual rooms, a building with an apse and the one with a peristyle is not spatially associated, therefore several geophysical research has been made (author Branko Mušič), in 2007 and in 2012 (another one is in plan for the 2013) in order to reconstruct an urbanistic frame in which the ritual rooms were found.
Results of a geophysical research at Panorama, Ptuj vas presented at the scientific meeting of Sl... more Results of a geophysical research at Panorama, Ptuj vas presented at the scientific meeting of Slovenian archaeological society. It represents an important contribution to the comprehensive understanding of so-called Cabeiri temple, which was excavated in 1914, when Abramić’s excavation at the Panorama Hill in Ptuj (Poetovio) unearthed a building with several rooms. Two of the rooms seemed to have been of ritual character. Several ritual monuments, dedicated to various deities, were found in them. Two years later, in 1913 Balduin Saria excavated in the proximity and he discovered a building with a heating system and a building with an apse. Geophysical research represents an important non-destructive tool for reinterpretation and reevaluation of past excavations.
Leta 1911 je Mihovil Abramić na Panorami opravil prvo sistematično izkopavanje na Ptuju severno od Drave. Izkopaval je na dveh lokacijah; na najvišjem delu Panorame, kjer je odkril kompleks stavbne narave s hipokavstom, nižje na pobočju pa je odkril svetiščni stavbni kompleks, ki ga je glede na značaj kamnitih spomenikov in drobnih najdb interpretiral kot majhno svetišče t.i. Kabirov oziroma Kabirodioskurov (slika 1). Znotraj odkritih prostorov, od katerih naj bi imela kulten značaj le dva, so bili najdeni tudi odlomki kamnitih spomenikov drugih božanstev, zaradi česar se zdi že sama opredelitev prostorov kot svetišča, posvečenega zgolj enemu božanstvu, dokaj neutemeljena. Da bi razjasnil te kultne prostore, je leta 1913 Balduin Saria nadaljeval z izkopavanji v neposredni bližini kultnih prostorov. Našel je stavbo z apsido, ki jo je opredelil kot terme ter peristil. Ustrezna interpretacija kultnih prostorov oziroma rekonstrukcija ni bila možna niti z arhitekturno analizo niti s preučevanjem kulta, ki ga danes poznamo pod imenom kult donavskega konjenika oziroma lunarne boginje niti s topografijo vseh kultnih spomenikov v Poetovioni. Zato edini način umestitve v prostor ter posledično interpretacije oziroma rekonstrukcije kultnih prostorov predstavljajo geofizikalne raziskave, ki bi ne samo osvetlila arhitekturni okvir kultnih prostorov, ampak prostorsko povezala tudi izkopavanja Balduina Sarie. Prve geofizikalne raziskave z georadarsko metodo in geoelektričnim kartiranjem na južnem in deloma tudi osrednjem delu Panorame na Ptuju so bile opravljene v letu 2007 v okviru projekta Interreg Iib, ki ga je vodil zgodovinar dr. Dušan Mlacovič. Strategija geofizikalnih raziskav je bila usmerjena v oceno razprostranjenosti, globine in stopnje ohranjenosti rimskih arhitekturnih ostalin. Razmeroma redka mreža georadarskih profilov z 200 MHz anteno je pokazala izjemen arheološki potencial, vendar brez jasnih tlorisnih prikazov. Ker so te prve raziskave pokazale, da se arhitekturne ostaline pojavljajo že na globini ca 0,5 m, smo v letu 2012 nadaljevali geofizikalno raziskavo z uporabo visokoločljivostne 400 MHz georadarske antene v gosti mreži profilov. Geofizikalna raziskava je dala v sicer zahtevnih pogojih dela v plantažni ureditvi sadnega drevja jasno berljive rezultate z veliko podrobnostmi, ki so pomembne za natančno analizo rimske urbanistične zasnove tega dela Poetovione.
1st International Archaeological Conference New Discoveries between the Alps and the Black Sea. R... more 1st International Archaeological Conference New Discoveries between the Alps and the Black Sea. Results from the Roman Sites in the Period between 2005 and 2015. In memoriam Iva Mikl Curk
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In recent decades, digital tools have become more and more frequently used in the presentations of cultural heritage, especially for 3D reconstructions and presentations of architecture. A review of the 3D environments is presented here with a particular aim of being used on the so-called Temple of Hercules at Celje, the reconstruction of which is based on the preserved architectural remains and their constructive elements."
In 1911, excavations at Panorama in Ptuj (Poetovio), supervised by Mihovil Abramić, unearthed several rooms. Both small finds and stone monuments indicated a particularly ritual character of two of them. The most prominent among the stone monuments were the relief plaques depicting a central female figure, placed between two horsemen, each with a human figure under his horse's hooves. Due to the insufficient knowledge of the subject and in compliance with the then interpretation of such plaques, Abramić interpreted them as »Cabeiri plaques«. On the same basis he named the sanctuary »Cabeiri sanctuary«. Further analysis showed that the plaques are actually those that are called by most scholars Danubian Horseman plaques, while some call them lunar goddess plaques. The latter definition is well grounded, therefore I use it in my thesis. Despite the fact that the plaques are now correctly interpreted, it was still not possible to reconstruct the ritual architecture at Panorama. Therefore I have collected and mapped all the stone monuments of ritual character in Poetovio that could suggest the existence of a sanctuary. The topography of 131 monuments and the analysis of the rest of the sanctuary architecture showed that an analogy to the ritual architecture at Panorama could be found at Spodnja Hajdina, in the complex of several sanctuaries, each of them dedicated to another deity. Sancturies of the lunar goddess, Liber Pater, Silvanus and Nutrices can thus be seen at Panorama. It was also proved that there had been three ritual centres in Poetovio: Spodnja Hajdina (Vicus fortunae), Zgornji Breg (in the architectural complex excavated already by Jenny), and Abramić's ritual architecture at Panorama. While creating the topography of cults in Poetovio, I established a specific methodology, applicable to all the cases where the monuments were found in different periods of time or in different spatial contexts. As such, this methodology could be used as an auxiliary tool for similar investigations.
The so-called Herkulovo svetišče (Temple of Hercules) on the Miklavški hrib hill represents an example of a specific type of architecture, which is preserved in situ. It also represents a specific case, because it was conserved and presented in the 1950s. It should, however, be noted that in places the walls of the temple are located on a cliff edge and so are exposed to destruction and decay on a daily basis. The site under discussion is interesting from the viewpoint of the history of conservation, whilst also representing a special case in an architectural sense, as the only prostyle temple with a peristyle courtyard in the area of modern Slovenia. "
Leta 1911 je Mihovil Abramić na Panorami opravil prvo sistematično izkopavanje na Ptuju severno od Drave. Izkopaval je na dveh lokacijah; na najvišjem delu Panorame, kjer je odkril kompleks stavbne narave s hipokavstom, nižje na pobočju pa je odkril svetiščni stavbni kompleks, ki ga je glede na značaj kamnitih spomenikov in drobnih najdb interpretiral kot majhno svetišče t.i. Kabirov oziroma Kabirodioskurov (slika 1). Znotraj odkritih prostorov, od katerih naj bi imela kulten značaj le dva, so bili najdeni tudi odlomki kamnitih spomenikov drugih božanstev, zaradi česar se zdi že sama opredelitev prostorov kot svetišča, posvečenega zgolj enemu božanstvu, dokaj neutemeljena. Da bi razjasnil te kultne prostore, je leta 1913 Balduin Saria nadaljeval z izkopavanji v neposredni bližini kultnih prostorov. Našel je stavbo z apsido, ki jo je opredelil kot terme ter peristil. Ustrezna interpretacija kultnih prostorov oziroma rekonstrukcija ni bila možna niti z arhitekturno analizo niti s preučevanjem kulta, ki ga danes poznamo pod imenom kult donavskega konjenika oziroma lunarne boginje niti s topografijo vseh kultnih spomenikov v Poetovioni. Zato edini način umestitve v prostor ter posledično interpretacije oziroma rekonstrukcije kultnih prostorov predstavljajo geofizikalne raziskave, ki bi ne samo osvetlila arhitekturni okvir kultnih prostorov, ampak prostorsko povezala tudi izkopavanja Balduina Sarie. Prve geofizikalne raziskave z georadarsko metodo in geoelektričnim kartiranjem na južnem in deloma tudi osrednjem delu Panorame na Ptuju so bile opravljene v letu 2007 v okviru projekta Interreg Iib, ki ga je vodil zgodovinar dr. Dušan Mlacovič. Strategija geofizikalnih raziskav je bila usmerjena v oceno razprostranjenosti, globine in stopnje ohranjenosti rimskih arhitekturnih ostalin. Razmeroma redka mreža georadarskih profilov z 200 MHz anteno je pokazala izjemen arheološki potencial, vendar brez jasnih tlorisnih prikazov. Ker so te prve raziskave pokazale, da se arhitekturne ostaline pojavljajo že na globini ca 0,5 m, smo v letu 2012 nadaljevali geofizikalno raziskavo z uporabo visokoločljivostne 400 MHz georadarske antene v gosti mreži profilov. Geofizikalna raziskava je dala v sicer zahtevnih pogojih dela v plantažni ureditvi sadnega drevja jasno berljive rezultate z veliko podrobnostmi, ki so pomembne za natančno analizo rimske urbanistične zasnove tega dela Poetovione.
Ptuj, 8.-9. 10. 2015
In recent decades, digital tools have become more and more frequently used in the presentations of cultural heritage, especially for 3D reconstructions and presentations of architecture. A review of the 3D environments is presented here with a particular aim of being used on the so-called Temple of Hercules at Celje, the reconstruction of which is based on the preserved architectural remains and their constructive elements."
In 1911, excavations at Panorama in Ptuj (Poetovio), supervised by Mihovil Abramić, unearthed several rooms. Both small finds and stone monuments indicated a particularly ritual character of two of them. The most prominent among the stone monuments were the relief plaques depicting a central female figure, placed between two horsemen, each with a human figure under his horse's hooves. Due to the insufficient knowledge of the subject and in compliance with the then interpretation of such plaques, Abramić interpreted them as »Cabeiri plaques«. On the same basis he named the sanctuary »Cabeiri sanctuary«. Further analysis showed that the plaques are actually those that are called by most scholars Danubian Horseman plaques, while some call them lunar goddess plaques. The latter definition is well grounded, therefore I use it in my thesis. Despite the fact that the plaques are now correctly interpreted, it was still not possible to reconstruct the ritual architecture at Panorama. Therefore I have collected and mapped all the stone monuments of ritual character in Poetovio that could suggest the existence of a sanctuary. The topography of 131 monuments and the analysis of the rest of the sanctuary architecture showed that an analogy to the ritual architecture at Panorama could be found at Spodnja Hajdina, in the complex of several sanctuaries, each of them dedicated to another deity. Sancturies of the lunar goddess, Liber Pater, Silvanus and Nutrices can thus be seen at Panorama. It was also proved that there had been three ritual centres in Poetovio: Spodnja Hajdina (Vicus fortunae), Zgornji Breg (in the architectural complex excavated already by Jenny), and Abramić's ritual architecture at Panorama. While creating the topography of cults in Poetovio, I established a specific methodology, applicable to all the cases where the monuments were found in different periods of time or in different spatial contexts. As such, this methodology could be used as an auxiliary tool for similar investigations.
The so-called Herkulovo svetišče (Temple of Hercules) on the Miklavški hrib hill represents an example of a specific type of architecture, which is preserved in situ. It also represents a specific case, because it was conserved and presented in the 1950s. It should, however, be noted that in places the walls of the temple are located on a cliff edge and so are exposed to destruction and decay on a daily basis. The site under discussion is interesting from the viewpoint of the history of conservation, whilst also representing a special case in an architectural sense, as the only prostyle temple with a peristyle courtyard in the area of modern Slovenia. "
Leta 1911 je Mihovil Abramić na Panorami opravil prvo sistematično izkopavanje na Ptuju severno od Drave. Izkopaval je na dveh lokacijah; na najvišjem delu Panorame, kjer je odkril kompleks stavbne narave s hipokavstom, nižje na pobočju pa je odkril svetiščni stavbni kompleks, ki ga je glede na značaj kamnitih spomenikov in drobnih najdb interpretiral kot majhno svetišče t.i. Kabirov oziroma Kabirodioskurov (slika 1). Znotraj odkritih prostorov, od katerih naj bi imela kulten značaj le dva, so bili najdeni tudi odlomki kamnitih spomenikov drugih božanstev, zaradi česar se zdi že sama opredelitev prostorov kot svetišča, posvečenega zgolj enemu božanstvu, dokaj neutemeljena. Da bi razjasnil te kultne prostore, je leta 1913 Balduin Saria nadaljeval z izkopavanji v neposredni bližini kultnih prostorov. Našel je stavbo z apsido, ki jo je opredelil kot terme ter peristil. Ustrezna interpretacija kultnih prostorov oziroma rekonstrukcija ni bila možna niti z arhitekturno analizo niti s preučevanjem kulta, ki ga danes poznamo pod imenom kult donavskega konjenika oziroma lunarne boginje niti s topografijo vseh kultnih spomenikov v Poetovioni. Zato edini način umestitve v prostor ter posledično interpretacije oziroma rekonstrukcije kultnih prostorov predstavljajo geofizikalne raziskave, ki bi ne samo osvetlila arhitekturni okvir kultnih prostorov, ampak prostorsko povezala tudi izkopavanja Balduina Sarie. Prve geofizikalne raziskave z georadarsko metodo in geoelektričnim kartiranjem na južnem in deloma tudi osrednjem delu Panorame na Ptuju so bile opravljene v letu 2007 v okviru projekta Interreg Iib, ki ga je vodil zgodovinar dr. Dušan Mlacovič. Strategija geofizikalnih raziskav je bila usmerjena v oceno razprostranjenosti, globine in stopnje ohranjenosti rimskih arhitekturnih ostalin. Razmeroma redka mreža georadarskih profilov z 200 MHz anteno je pokazala izjemen arheološki potencial, vendar brez jasnih tlorisnih prikazov. Ker so te prve raziskave pokazale, da se arhitekturne ostaline pojavljajo že na globini ca 0,5 m, smo v letu 2012 nadaljevali geofizikalno raziskavo z uporabo visokoločljivostne 400 MHz georadarske antene v gosti mreži profilov. Geofizikalna raziskava je dala v sicer zahtevnih pogojih dela v plantažni ureditvi sadnega drevja jasno berljive rezultate z veliko podrobnostmi, ki so pomembne za natančno analizo rimske urbanistične zasnove tega dela Poetovione.
Ptuj, 8.-9. 10. 2015