- Research Method, Theory, Levels of Abstraction, Mathematical Sciences, Business and Management, Social Sciences, and 12 moreGender Studies, Research Methodology, Gender, Social Psychology, Ethics, Psychology, Education, E-Counselling, E-Therapy, Therapy Online, Clinical Supervision, Clinical supervision and training of psychologists and social workers, public mental health, serious mental illness and recovery, Multicultural Clinical Supervision, and Reflective Clinical Supervisionedit
- Post Doctorate UNICAF University - Malawi campus, Research area Clinical Supervision in Counseling, Scholar, Author, ... morePost Doctorate UNICAF University - Malawi campus, Research area Clinical Supervision in Counseling, Scholar, Author, Clinical Director, Counsellor supervisor, psychotherapist, certified online and Telephone Counsellor, EQi2.0/EQ360 coach & trainer, MBTI practitioner, M.Ed, B.Ed in Guidance & Counselling.edit
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Theory is a complex concept, and theoretical constructs are conceptualised differently as literature has revealed over the years. Similarly, diverse controversies and views have existed for decades concerning this social phenomenon. The... more
Theory is a complex concept, and theoretical constructs are conceptualised differently as literature has revealed over the years. Similarly, diverse controversies and views have existed for decades concerning this social phenomenon. The different perspectives are influenced by the different fields of study coupled with the diversity existent among scholars themselves, as well as the motivating factors behind the researches being carried out. It is possible that different writers will continue to present varied ideas all in efforts to either justify or support a particular theory.
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The question of what constitute theory is complex and perceived differently by many, for example, vast literature reveals present varied definitions from different scholars as influenced by differing perspectives and fields. On the... more
The question of what constitute theory is complex and perceived differently by many, for example, vast literature reveals present varied definitions from different scholars as influenced by differing perspectives and fields. On the basis of the existing diverse definitions, this paper views theory as a construct that provide a deductive, inductive, predictive and explanatory description of a phenomenon; this being made in cognizance of the interactions of variables that are involved in the process of explaining or predicting the phenomenon (Wacker, 1998).
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The meaning of Theory is diverse as are the scholars and fields of study. Literature reveals that there is no specific definition of theory as it is conceptualized differently by various authors, despite the varied definitions, a... more
The meaning of Theory is diverse as are the scholars and fields of study.
Literature reveals that there is no specific definition of theory as it is conceptualized differently by various authors, despite the varied definitions, a consensus is however reached on the fact that Theory attempts to provide explanations for a phenomenon (Mouza, 2018).
Literature reveals that there is no specific definition of theory as it is conceptualized differently by various authors, despite the varied definitions, a consensus is however reached on the fact that Theory attempts to provide explanations for a phenomenon (Mouza, 2018).
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The issue of measurement and instrumentation is crucial in research, Marczyk et.al, (2005,2015) states that measurement is essential in research design for two critical reasons: it enables researchers to quantify abstract constructs and... more
The issue of measurement and instrumentation is crucial in research, Marczyk et.al, (2005,2015) states that measurement is essential in research design for two critical reasons: it enables researchers to quantify abstract constructs and variables, and Secondly; the level of statistical sophistication used for data analysis derived from a study is directly dependent on the scale of measurement used to quantify the variables of interest.
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There controversies surrounding Triangulation as an approach to research, despite the controversial debates that have been ongoing for decades pertaining to the qualitative-quantitative dichotomy; multi-method and/or mixed method or... more
There controversies surrounding Triangulation as an approach to research, despite the controversial debates that have been ongoing for decades pertaining to the qualitative-quantitative dichotomy; multi-method and/or mixed method or triangulation as some researchers choose to call it. The debate mostly surround the issue of whether or not to triangulate research methods, data, strategies and/or approaches. As long as learning is a continued process and evolves with time, and is as diverse as are researchers and scholars in different fields of study, the debate is bound to equally become complex and possibly still continue. However, this paper however chooses not to pursue the controversies but rather to focus on the power and/or the benefits of triangulation.
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Communication is an essential aspect of human existence; it can either have a positive or negative impact on individuals, families, organizations and nations. Poor communication has potential to destroy businesses, economies and nations.... more
Communication is an essential aspect of human existence; it can either have a positive or negative impact on individuals, families, organizations and nations. Poor communication has potential to destroy businesses, economies and nations. Unnecessary wars have been fought triggered by distorted communication over the years. Thoughts affect emotions, and decisions driven by irrational thoughts and negative emotions could have significant influence on human behaviour. Thinking from cognitive brain has to be balanced with thinking from the heart. Empowering the cognition without empowering the heart can have adverse consequences in life. Distorted thoughts can impair communication; therefore there is need for alignment between the cognition and the emotions. Having awareness of the impact that emotions can have on human interaction is critical. According to Goleman (1995); "Emotional Intelligence can matter more than IQ." And Dalai Lama (29 Nov, 2012) posit that it's important to educate the heart, not just the mind: https://youtu.be/SOYOa4FIj-Y
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Leadership is perceived as a social process where the leader directs, guides and influences the followers to achieve a goal. Group dynamics is concerned with exploring the nature of human groups, their interactions with individuals and... more
Leadership is perceived as a social process where the leader directs, guides and influences the followers to achieve a goal. Group dynamics is concerned with exploring the nature of human groups, their interactions with individuals and other groups and group development. The earlier theory of leadership pivoted on the personal characteristics of the leader linking the leader to specific traits that identifies a leader from the other members of the group. However further researches on leadership and power identified some leadership styles as: Autocratic or authoritarian leadership style which emphasizes on individual control and centralization of decision making powers to the leader.
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The issue of measurement and instrumentation is crucial in research, Marczyk et.al, (2005,2015) states that measurement is essential in research design for two critical reasons: it enables researchers to quantify abstract constructs and... more
The issue of measurement and instrumentation is crucial in research, Marczyk et.al, (2005,2015) states that measurement is essential in research design for two critical reasons: it enables researchers to quantify abstract constructs and variables, and Secondly; the level of statistical sophistication used for data analysis derived from a study is directly dependent on the scale of measurement used to quantify the variables of interest.
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No one particular leadership style could be considered appropriate in all workplace settings; for example the leadership style that maybe appropriate in a military and police force workplace setting may not be appropriate in a mental... more
No one particular leadership style could be considered appropriate in all workplace settings; for example the leadership style that maybe appropriate in a military and police force workplace setting may not be appropriate in a mental health environment. Similarly, education is very diverse and complex and hence leadership in an educational setting may differ from one department to another and from one country to another. With this in mind, this is my perspective; based on my workplace setting, though currently retired now.
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In research Collecting data maybe easy, Analyzing data on the other hand can be taxing and challenging process which requires the use of appropriate strategy compatible with the research method used to reach desired outcomes, for example... more
In research Collecting data maybe easy, Analyzing data on the other hand can be taxing and challenging process which requires the use of appropriate strategy compatible with the research method used to reach desired outcomes, for example Qualitative approach collects voluminous amount of data which is extracted through various techniques and tools such as interviews, observations and focus group discussions which cannot be Quantified e.g variables and/or attributes such as attitudes and perceptions of respondents are not easily measurable. nonetheless, for the research to have meaning it has to be appropriately analyzed and to this effect, thematic analysis or thematic network analysis is usually used in Qualitative data analysis.
According to Cassell & Symon (2004) thematic analysis engages a series of steps or activities such as coding for basic themes, sub-coding or organising data in conceptual or basic themes and global themes, further more mapping, interpretation and inductive inferences are made and a report is compiled. According to Astride-Stirling (2001);
According to Cassell & Symon (2004) thematic analysis engages a series of steps or activities such as coding for basic themes, sub-coding or organising data in conceptual or basic themes and global themes, further more mapping, interpretation and inductive inferences are made and a report is compiled. According to Astride-Stirling (2001);
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Is it possible to find something to be appreciative and thankful for during this pandemic period? It is hard to be appreciative in the midst of challenges; we are currently living in a highly stressful global environment which constantly... more
Is it possible to find something to be appreciative and thankful for during this pandemic period? It is hard to be appreciative in the midst of challenges; we are currently living in a highly stressful global environment which constantly requires problem-solving for leaders, families and just ordinary individuals. Research shows that self-appreciations and self-affirmations can help reduce stress levels in challenging times such as these. According to Creswell et al (2013) "high levels of acute and chronic stress are known to impair problem-solving and creativity on a broad range of tasks" and he further posits that "Self-affirmation can buffer stress and improve problem-solving performance." Therefore, could self-appreciation help in coping with what's going on today; in the world of plagues, viz; COVID-19?
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COVID-19 came, the world stood still, the corporate world saw lockdowns, restricted movement, social-distancing, face-masking and the need for employees to work from homes with efforts to reduce the spread of the coronavirus. "Big Tech"... more
COVID-19 came, the world stood still, the corporate world saw lockdowns, restricted movement, social-distancing, face-masking and the need for employees to work from homes with efforts to reduce the spread of the coronavirus. "Big Tech" saw an increase in usage and ITC spiked as a mode of corporate communication between employees, supervisors and customers. Though virtual learning and E-management had always been in use, COVID-19 brought a massive increase in usage of AIT. The world was transformed into a "Media Age" which permeated into leadership practice and transformed the way leaders communicated with their followers and their clients. E-leadership became a critical aspect in the day to day running of businesses which saw virtual training seminars, virtual conferences, virtual parliament sessions, virtual psychosocial support services and so on. According to Haider et al., (2016) The importance of media communication gained popularity in the 1980s when managers who had a wide business social network circle were considered to be effective managers, he goes on to argue that with the advent of new technologies, gadgets, high-tech equipment's and smart devices; human life has dramatically changed. This paper is therefore an attempt to discusses the possible chanllenges of E-leadership.
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Communication is an essential aspect of human existence; it can either have a positive or negative impact on individuals, families, organizations and nations. Poor communication has potential to destroy businesses, economies and nations.... more
Communication is an essential aspect of human existence; it can either have a positive or negative impact on individuals, families, organizations and nations. Poor communication has potential to destroy businesses, economies and nations. Unnecessary wars have been fought triggered by distorted communication over the years. Thoughts affect emotions, and decisions driven by irrational thoughts and negative emotions could have significant influence on human behaviour. Thinking from cognitive brain has to be balanced with thinking from the heart. Empowering the cognition without empowering the heart can have adverse consequences in life. Distorted thoughts can impair communication; therefore there is need for alignment between the cognition and the emotions. Having awareness of the impact that emotions can have on human interaction is critical. According to Goleman (1995); "Emotional Intelligence can matter more than IQ." And Dalai Lama (29 Nov, 2012) posit that it's important to educate the heart, not just the mind: https://youtu.be/SOYOa4FIj-Y
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Is conflict inevitable? Unfortunately it seems to be a natural part of human interaction and on its own its not evil nor harmful, it's how its perceived and handled; as well as the actions and behaviours portrayed by those in conflict... more
Is conflict inevitable? Unfortunately it seems to be a natural part of human interaction and on its own its not evil nor harmful, it's how its perceived and handled; as well as the actions and behaviours portrayed by those in conflict that can either resolve it or escalate the conflict. Wall & Callister (1995) states that; "when we're in a conflict, we don't see it that way. There are good guys; there are bad guys; we don't just disagree. Conflict-to most of us-is mighty unpleasant"(p.515). Conflict is therefore inevitable due to the diversity inherent in people. People experience conflict in various areas of life; between families, among colleagues, between employees and employers, between people of different political affiliations and differing believes, religions, tribes and between countries. Some even experience Intra-personal conflict (internal conflict within one 'self).
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The concepts of leadership, management and Administration have for years captivated scholars and continue to draw significant attention in all the various fields of study. Similarly, the Education sector has equally found the need to... more
The concepts of leadership, management and Administration have for years captivated scholars and continue to draw significant attention in all the various fields of study. Similarly, the Education sector has equally found the need to explore these concepts and the impact they have on the educational advancement. The 21 st century brought with it diverse challenges due to socioeconomic , political and technological advancement and complexities which challenged governments globally to revisit their Educational leadership, management and administration approaches. Suffice to say, the concept of Leadership have therefore captivated scholars, motivational speakers, Emotional Intelligence facilitators and/or coaches and trainers the world over ;
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It is undeniable that COVID19 has drastically changed lives. People are having difficulties adapting to the new normal, economies have been destroyed and lives lost, small businesses have collapsed and jobs lost; and uncertainty is... more
It is undeniable that COVID19 has drastically changed lives. People are having difficulties adapting to the new normal, economies have been destroyed and lives lost, small businesses have collapsed and jobs lost; and uncertainty is prevalent. The situation has impacted both the developed and developing countries alike; the rich and the poor, and the hardest hit are the middle income societies and poorest of the poor. Statistics is growing and it's no longer just figures but names of people we know and loved. It's obvious that certain situations we face in life bring anxiety and sometimes anxiety can help us avoid danger, it has always been part of human survival to try and avoid a threat through "fight" or "flight" response. In the case of COVID19 unfortunately, there is nowhere to run (flight); the only thing left is to "fight". It's not just socioeconomic fight anymore, but the largest battle is going on in the mind, a battle to survive the impact of COVID19 and still remain sane; the battle of the mind to stay rational and mentally healthy. The world is having a mental health battle of a life time. There are tools and strategies that could help in coping in this battle. This article briefly discusses the physical but mentally stimulating activities that could help in coping with the uncertainty brought by COVID19 and any other distressing situation.
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To accumulate a body of knowledge which can inform and improve socio-economic and political human existence requires evidence-based approaches, as such, conducting scientific researches is usually carried out to find solutions to a... more
To accumulate a body of knowledge which can inform and improve socio-economic and political human existence requires evidence-based approaches, as such, conducting scientific researches is usually carried out to find solutions to a prevailing phenomenon; therefore, extracting and accumulating such a scientific knowledge and/or information is a crucial process. In this endeavour, researchers usually deploy various scientific approaches and methods; methods which are mostly informed by ontological and epistemological underpinnings. In discussing quantitative and qualitative research approaches and drawing distinction between the two approaches this paper will explain the three major dimensions considered critical in research process
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To function effectively Organisations need leaders as opposed to bosses; there is a difference between a leader and a boss as depicted in the video on the link below. To provide quality products and services organizations need employees,... more
To function effectively Organisations need leaders as opposed to bosses; there is a difference between a leader and a boss as depicted in the video on the link below. To provide quality products and services organizations need employees, and for a well-coordinated strategic performance and effective achievement of organizational goals and objectives employees have to be guided, mentored and motivated to deliver. Therefore, to have effective service delivery there is need for effective organizational leaders with appropriate transformational and performance enabling leadership styles and skills that could positively impact human resources and employee group dynamics. It is on this premise that this paper briefly explores the implications of leadership on group dynamics and employee performance.
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Worrying is a normal social phenomenon, it is something that we all experience from time to time in our human existence. However some people have a positive view and attitude to worrying whilst others perceive it negatively. Those who... more
Worrying is a normal social phenomenon, it is something that we all experience from time to time in our human existence. However some people have a positive view and attitude to worrying whilst others perceive it negatively. Those who perceive it in a positive light see it as a helpful tool that motivates them to "fight"; engage, prepare and perform better , for example; there are those who believe that it helps them to feel more in control and alert and achieve better results such as when preparing for a job interview, for a tournament or engaging in a challenging new project etc. Whilst those with negative perspective towards worry, consider it to be debilitating and thus become even more worried about being worried. That being the case, COVID19 has taken worry, anxiety, stress and mental health issues to another dimension as globally more and more people are experiencing uncertainty and therefore struggle to cope with the current situation. As new information emerge and statistics of death tolls and new infections keep rising as well as reports of mutations of the virus strains, vaccines etc large numbers of people seems to be experiencing hypothetical worry. This article is an attempt to empower young people in Botswana with evidence based Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) coping strategies to psychologically survive the COVID19 era and beyond.
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Research is about acquiring knowledge through a systematic study or approach, through exploration, thinking, observations, experiments and testing hypotheses. In the quest for acquisition and accumulation of knowledge data is collected... more
Research is about acquiring knowledge through a systematic study or approach, through exploration, thinking, observations, experiments and testing hypotheses. In the quest for acquisition and accumulation of knowledge data is collected through interaction with human research participants, in efforts to attain data some practices have proved to be harmful, inhumane, exploitative and unethical. History reveals that some data collection strategies deployed in research involving humans as research subjects impacted negatively on people's lives and in some cases lives were lost in the process (MacColl et.al, 2005). This article discusses the importance of ensuring adherence to research ethics.
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Leadership is a process of influence which can have either a positive or negative impact on employees’ behaviour and their general performance. According to Reza (2019) & Stone et. al (2014) Leadership is an important concept mostly... more
Leadership is a process of influence which can have either a positive or negative impact on employees’ behaviour and their general performance. According to Reza (2019) & Stone et. al (2014) Leadership is an important concept mostly directed towards people; it’s a process of influencing people to achieve organizational goals; therefore leaders and/or organizations are concerned about the impact of their leadership styles on employee performance.
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There is usually a number of reasons why research is carried out. One of such being to find answers and close existing research limitations or gaps. Every research project addresses or closes a knowledge gap; i.e. research has to answer... more
There is usually a number of reasons why research is carried out. One of such being to find answers and close existing research limitations or gaps.
Every research project addresses or closes a knowledge gap; i.e. research has to answer an existing question that may or may not have emanated from previous research. The purpose of conducting research mostly is to close an existing research gap by providing a new body of knowledge which is why it’s important for researchers to identify research gaps in their area of interest. In a nutshell, research attempts to contribute new scientific research literature rather than duplicate what already exists (Miles, 2017).
Every research project addresses or closes a knowledge gap; i.e. research has to answer an existing question that may or may not have emanated from previous research. The purpose of conducting research mostly is to close an existing research gap by providing a new body of knowledge which is why it’s important for researchers to identify research gaps in their area of interest. In a nutshell, research attempts to contribute new scientific research literature rather than duplicate what already exists (Miles, 2017).
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Unemployment has become a global challenge to governments the world over; economic collapse has become a global reality. In Botswana young people are being innovative in order to create self-employment for themselves and others. The... more
Unemployment has become a global challenge to governments
the world over; economic collapse has become a global reality. In Botswana young people are being innovative in order to create self-employment for themselves and others.
The government of Botswana has come up with financial assistance programs to support youth initiatives. Now with global pandemics things have become severe especially for the youth who cant find jobs. This booklet focuses on the various ways in which young people earn
their living in Botswana and how they cope with situation. The aim of this booklet is to help other young people realize that rather than resort to crime such as bank robbery, house burglary ,petty theft, etc, there are alternatives , possibilities and opportunities out there to be explored which could enable them to survive the 21st century economic melt down, adverse challenges and/or recession.
the world over; economic collapse has become a global reality. In Botswana young people are being innovative in order to create self-employment for themselves and others.
The government of Botswana has come up with financial assistance programs to support youth initiatives. Now with global pandemics things have become severe especially for the youth who cant find jobs. This booklet focuses on the various ways in which young people earn
their living in Botswana and how they cope with situation. The aim of this booklet is to help other young people realize that rather than resort to crime such as bank robbery, house burglary ,petty theft, etc, there are alternatives , possibilities and opportunities out there to be explored which could enable them to survive the 21st century economic melt down, adverse challenges and/or recession.
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Motivational book on becoming a talent plus individual, focuses on self-awareness: self- concept, self-image,self-acceptance, self-confidence,self-understanding, introspection and self-reflection activities, Character and success, talent... more
Motivational book on becoming a talent plus individual, focuses on self-awareness: self- concept, self-image,self-acceptance, self-confidence,self-understanding, introspection and self-reflection activities, Character and success, talent and determination, Former President of republic of Botswana Lt. Dr. Ian Khama Seretse Khama's 5 Ds and implications on emotional Intelligence and performance .
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We do not get over grief, we go through it. The only cure for grief is to allow ourselves to grieve (Kessler,2023; Math,2021). As Math (2021) goes on to say; “not everyone will experience all five stages, and you may not go through them... more
We do not get over grief, we go through it. The only cure for grief is to allow ourselves to grieve (Kessler,2023; Math,2021). As Math (2021) goes on to say; “not everyone will experience all five stages, and you may not go through them in this order. Grief is different for every person, so you may begin coping with loss in the bargaining stage and find yourself in anger or denial next. You may remain in one of the five stages for months but skip others entirely. During COVID-19 the pandemic changed the way people processed and expressed grief.”
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Often we become angry when a current event triggers an old unresolved issue from our past or when we see a trait in others we cannot stand in ourselves e.g seeing stinginess in someone when you are the stingy one, or when a need is not... more
Often we become angry when a current event triggers an old unresolved issue from our past or when we see a trait in others we cannot stand in ourselves e.g seeing stinginess in someone when you are the stingy one, or when a need is not being met just to mention a few.
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The EQ approach is anchored on emotional self-awareness, emotional self-expression, self-regulation, self-understanding and the overall awareness of how our emotions, feelings and behaviour influence other people. It is grounded on our... more
The EQ approach is anchored on emotional self-awareness, emotional self-expression, self-regulation, self-understanding and the overall awareness of how our emotions, feelings and behaviour influence other people. It is grounded on our ability to assertively express ourselves without hurting others in the process, our flexibility, ability to read and interpret the emotions of other people in order to have meaningful relationships; be it at work or any other social settings.
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The notion that time heals is just a Myth, and the belief that grief diminishes over time is false, the truth is that; it does not get smaller, decrease or diminish with time; we move forward through it and eventually reach acceptance and... more
The notion that time heals is just a Myth, and the belief that grief diminishes over time is false, the truth is that; it does not get smaller, decrease or diminish with time; we move forward through it and eventually reach acceptance and start experiencing less pain due to that fact. Grief doesn't go away with time, grief only goes away when we take action to move through it" (Rehman,2023). The distress felt by grieving individuals mostly comes from the pain of unfinished and unprocessed emotions. The Grief Recovery Method (GRM) assumes that when people take time to discover what their unfinished emotions are and take action to process them, they can experience relief. According to Rehman (2023), people exposed to GRM treatment programs experience improved quality of life sooner rather than going through prolonged pain.
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Grief is also often referred to as bereavement. It is a natural response to loss. It is the emotional pain we feel when we lose something or someone. Death of our loved ones is often the cause of the most intense type of grief. However,... more
Grief is also often referred to as bereavement. It is a natural response to loss. It is the emotional pain we feel when we lose something or someone. Death of our loved ones is often the cause of the most intense type of grief.
However, any loss can cause grief; for example: when going through a divorce or relationship breakup one grieves the loss of marriage/relationship, loss of health due to illness, the loss of financial stability, or miscarriage/loss of the pregnancy (child). Retirement also has some emotional process as one grieves the loss of employment status/title/image, and all these come with labels that people tend to use which equally remind us of the loss and/or stressful situation and pain we find ourselves in. Most transitions bring some form of loss.
However, any loss can cause grief; for example: when going through a divorce or relationship breakup one grieves the loss of marriage/relationship, loss of health due to illness, the loss of financial stability, or miscarriage/loss of the pregnancy (child). Retirement also has some emotional process as one grieves the loss of employment status/title/image, and all these come with labels that people tend to use which equally remind us of the loss and/or stressful situation and pain we find ourselves in. Most transitions bring some form of loss.