Mixed Methods Research

This present article seeks to provide a mixed methodological model for the development and implementation of a Teaching Module for Spanish as a Foreign Language in the face to face environment. The primary objective is to portray how methodological principles from different language teaching approaches (such as task based language teaching and cooperative learning) can be combined effectively in designing activities for face to face contexts. In this regard, empirical evidence is analysed in order to determine the effectiveness of the mixed methodology in the teaching-learning of Spanish as a Foreign Language in the said settings, in a study based on a longitudinal experimental design with pre-test and post-test, but without control group. The findings will help to provide researchers, educators and language teachers with valid guidelines as it relates to the development of Teaching Modules and Units for Foreign Language Learning. The results show an increase in the acquisition of specific knowledge in Spanish as a Foreign Language, thus improving the students’ linguistic and communicative competence. It is therefore proposed that mixed methodological models be integrated and implemented when designing Teaching Modules for Language Learning, since they are the most suited for Second and Foreign Language Acquisition.

Key words: task-based language teaching and learning, task-based approach, cooperative approach, cooperative learning, mixed methodological model, mixed methodology, face to face method, teaching module, linguistic and communicative competence.

This article explores how researchers for library and information science (LIS) journals in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) blended both qualitative and quantitative methods into their articles between the period 2002 and 2010. The mixed methods research framework provided in methodological literature was used to determine how the LIS scientific community in SSA blended qualitative and qualitative methodological approaches. Content analysis and semi-structured telephonic interviews with editors and members of the editorial boards were used for collecting data. Seven hundred and ninety-three (793) articles published in nine peer-reviewed LIS journals in SAA were reviewed, finding the dominant research methods to be survey designs and historical research. Fifty out of 793 articles integrated research methods. The study concluded that the blending of different research methods was limited in SSA. It is recommended that LIS researchers in SSA blend methods to inform each other to obtain a comprehensive picture of a phenomenon under investigation and to achieve their research purpose more effectively.

This research will merge the two famous thoeries in a mixed methods study: (1) obedience to authority theory and (2) terror management theory . Data of the survey series of Submissiveness to Organizational Authority Scale under mortality and dental pain manipulations will be united with the quantitative and qualitative data observed in the lab experiment with the concept of Organizational Behavior. Survey data will be gathered from Adiyaman province of Turkey, with the employee participants from different private and public institutions and the lab experiment will be implemented in the Adana Science and Technology University, with the student participants. Obedience, or submissive behavior, is expected to increase under the mortality manipulation.

A practical, step-by-step core research text that balances coverage of qualitative, quantitative and combined methods
Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research offers a truly balanced, inclusive, and integrated overview of the processes involved in educational research. This text first examines the general steps in the research process and then details the procedures for conducting specific types of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies. Direct guidance on reading research is offered throughout the text, and features provide opportunities for practice.

Throughout the 6th Edition, examples are now drawn from a broad range of fields, including program evaluation, multicultural research, counseling, school psychology, and learning and cognition. In addition, enhanced coverage incorporates the latest technology-based strategies and online tools, and more information about single-subject research methods.

This study of stress experienced during the transition from one’s own home into an independent/assisted senior housing community among older women was conducted using a mixed-methods approach that included (a) qualitative data collection via time-use diaries and open-ended interview questions, (b) quantitative data collected through structured interview questions and empirically validated scales that measured stress perceptions and coping behaviors, and (c) biological measures of stress reactivity through salivary cortisol. Designed to capture the adaptation period, the study was conducted longitudinally with repeated measures consisting of three interviews, six time diaries, and six sets of saliva collection beginning within 1 month of the move through the first 6 months in residence. The data allowed for triangulation of stressful events, perceptions of stress, and physiological reactivity, and yielded interesting preliminary results. Challenges included veracity of self-report responses, correct timing of saliva collection per protocol specifications, and maintenance of researcher–participant boundaries.

The current study investigated biopsychosocial resilience in an older adult caregiver. A case study was selected for in-depth exploration of resilience in caregiving identified through biopsychosocial (i.e., salivary cortisol) methods. An exemplar of a woman caring for an adult child dying from a genetic disease is presented in the context of multiple stressors. Significant stress was found to be buffered by cognitive reframing and acceptance of interpersonal limits. Early experiences in caregiving for others with terminal illnesses provided a frame of reference, and difficult family dynamics added a layer of complexity. During periods identified as stressful, cortisol levels rose outside of normal bounds. The study implications are that mixed-methods (i.e., biopsychosocial) studies yield important results on individual differences within similar contexts. [Res Gerontol Nurs. 2015; 8(1):29-38.].

When Robert C. Gardner started second language (L2) motivation research with Anglo-Canadian learners of French L2 in the 1960s, he used the quantitative methods of social psychology.  Affective Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research continued in this tradition, relying on questionnaires and statistical analysis of data.  Around the turn of the 20th century, more voices were heard defending alternative ontological, epistemological and methodological choices in the study of motivation, “investment” or “language desire” (Norton, 1995; Kramsch, 2006).  The present contribution considers the criticisms formulated by some poststructuralist researchers (Pavlenko, 2002, 2013) and by some researchers inspired by Dynamic System Theory (Dörnyei, MacIntyre and Henry, 2015) against quantitative research in affective SLA research, and the pushing for an emic, qualitative perspective.  Despite coming from very different philosophical and ontological backgrounds, the arguments of poststructuralists and DST researchers against the quantitative tradition in affective SLA are strikingly similar.  Both argue that homogeneity is an illusion, that it is impossible to establish clear causality, that learners’ systems do not develop linearly, and that learners’ system are very rich, complex and linked to the social context.  This complexity and interactions between variables means that it is impossible to disentangle the effects of independent variables.  It also means that traditional statistical methods are reductionist because they cannot capture the complexity of the phenomena and that group averages are meaningless.  Finally, poststructuralists and DST researchers argue in favour of longitudinal (emic-qualitative) approaches, favouring case studies in order to obtain the appropriate level of granularity in the data.  As a consequence, generalization becomes impossible because of the uniqueness of every L2 learner.  I argue that such views are perfectly legitimate but that if these views were to become dominant they could constitute a threat to the applied linguistic research and the foreign language teaching community that applied linguists are supposed to serve.  I argue that the pendulum risks swinging too far and that the field needs diversity in order to flourish.  This includes studies using etic-quantitative, emic-qualitative or mixed methods approaches (Schrauf, 2017) in order to capture the complex, multidimensional and dynamic interactions of independent variables within individual learners and groups on affective dependent variables.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, 2018-2019 eğitim ve öğretim yılında Bolu il merkezindeki okul türlerinin tümünde görev yapan öğretmenlerin öznel kariyer başarılarına ilişkin algılarını ortaya çıkarmak ve bu algıları çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelemektir. Karma yöntem desenlerinden biri olan sıralı açıklayıcı desenin kullanıldığı araştırmada nicel veriler, Öznel Kariyer Başarısı Ölçeği (Budak & Gürbüz, 2017) kullanılarak toplanılmıştır. Bolu merkez ilçedeki 94 resmî okulda görev yapan 3127 öğretmenden oluşan araştırma evreni içerisinden tesadüfî örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 24 resmî okulda görev yapan 512 öğretmenden elde edilen nicel veriler, öncelikle güvenirlik analizine tabi tutulmuş olup Cronbach's alpha iç tutarlılık katsayıları (α=.808 ile α=.945 arasında) nicel verilerin analiz için güvenilir olduğunu göstermiştir. Non-parametrik testler kullanılarak yapılan nicel analizlerin sonuçlarına göre; öğretmenlerin öznel kariyer başarılarına ilişkin görüşleri "kısmen katılıyorum" düzeyindedir. Ölçeğin boyutları arasında en yüksek aritmetik ortalamanın İşin Anlamlılığı boyutunda, en düşük aritmetik ortalamanın Tatmin boyutunda olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Öğretmenlerin medeni durum değişkeninde anlamlı bir fark ortaya çıkmazken; cinsiyet, görev yapılan okul türü, mesleki kıdem ve öğrenim durumu değişkenlerinde anlamlı bir fark ortaya çıkmıştır. Nicel analiz sonucunda ortaya çıkan anlamlı farkları derinlemesine incelemek için araştırmada nitel yöntem kullanılmıştır. Durum çalışması deseninde devam eden araştırmada, nitel veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından ölçme aracının içeriğine uygun olarak hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış "Öğretmen Görüşme Formu" kullanılmıştır. Nitel veriler, amaçlı örneklem yöntemiyle seçilen 32 öğretmenden elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen nitel veriler, betimsel analiz yöntemiyle analiz edilmiş ve bu yöntemle nicel sonuçların altında yatan gerekçelere ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Öğretmen, kariyer, öznel kariyer başarısı, karma yöntem çalışması

The Framing Student Success: Connecting Rigorous Visual Arts, Math and LiteracyLearning experimental demonstration project was designed to develop and test an instructional program integrating high-quality, standards-based instruction in the visual arts, math, and literacy. Developed and implemented by arts-in-education organization Studio in a School (STUDIO), in partnership with the New York City Department of Education, the Framing Student Success curriculum was designed by experienced professional artist instructors collaborating with schoolbased visual arts, math, and literacy specialists and classroom teachers. The Framing Student Success curriculum units were designed to make explicit connections between subjects (visual arts and ELA or math), while maintaining the integrity, depth and rigor of instruction in both subject areas. While students were receiving arts-integrated instruction during each of the twelve six-week units, classroom teachers and arts specialists were rece...

This inquiry, which is part of a larger classroom research project, sheds light on the individual differences (ID) of students majoring in English at the University of Pécs in Hungary and how these IDs shape their linguistic identity construction (Kramsch, 2009) in a context where English is shifting to being used as a lingua franca (ELF) (Jenkins, 2009; Seidlhofer, 2004). The ID factors investigated in the study include motivation, willingness-to-communicate (WTC) in English (Nagy, 2007), language anxiety (Horwitz, 2001), competitiveness (Tóth, 2007), perfectionism (Gregersen & Horwitz, 2002), and self-perception (Baker & MacIntyre, 2000). In the present small-scale mixed methods study, data were collected with the help of a questionnaire including 30 open-ended questions that were answered by 31 students in the spring semester of 2015. Owing to the relatively large number of the participants, the inquiry yielded some numerical data indicating frequencies and trends. On the other hand, the textual data revealed emerging patterns and subtle details that explicated the numerical results. The findings showed that the participants experienced English learning very differently in the classroom and outside the classroom. In the classroom, their identity construction was characterized by negative experiences whereas outside the classroom their identity showed only positive characteristics associated with the use of English. Whereas in the classroom they fell short of the native speaker norms, outside the classroom they gained ownership of English drawing on ELF standards.

The paper discusses analytical applications of the business model canvas (BMC) formulated by Osterwalder & Pigneur [1]. From this model, a methodological tool was devised and used as part of an academic research project, in which the categories (blocks) of the BMC were taken as conceptual categories and further processed through a failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). The specifics of reversing the business model canvas are examined, since the model was conceived for entrepreneurs and not strictly for the analysis of pre-existing companies. The application of the tool was done within the multidisciplinary mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) project 'Business dynamics of the audiovisual industry in Bogota', which was carried out from October 2017 to May 2019 at Manuela Beltran University in Bogota, Colombia. The methodological tool was applied to 32 key companies and four institutions of the local audiovisual industry through semi-structured interviews with people in managerial positions. The nine blocks of the BMC were conceptually developed to analyse the empirical data, holding them as internal variables. The assessment of the variables revealed opportunities for the growth and development of the companies and the whole industry, as well as patterns for the existing business models of the companies.

This study, using mixed methods design research, examined the achievement of third level preservice teachers when advice in the form of text and resources was provided based on students’ identified learning styles. In this study, Kolb’s learning style inventory was used to identify students’ preferred learning style preferences, and an online module was developed to link prepared advice for the completion of course tasks to particular learning style preferences. Advice was provided for grasping and processing stages of the learning cycle and served as a form of scaffolding through coaching provided via the online module. Data sources used to explore the value of advice specific to learning style preferences included student assessment results from the learning style preference advice module, student reflection journals following use of advice software, and student assignment scores. Data analysis indicated positive effects of advice linked to learning style preferences on student ac...

This chapter considers the ways that in empirical research, visual displays represent ideas at the same time they generate them. The chapter introduces creative approaches to integrating different sources of data in visual displays to advance theoretical reasoning. These include mapping, timelining, and variations of cluster mapping.

In this document, distributed to phd students and researchers during a research seminar at the University of Oxford on the 28th of Feb. 2019, an overview of different kinds of Triangualtion and Mixed Methods designs is presented. This overview shall help researchers to quickly sort out the different terminology in this area.

En este artículo exploramos el impacto de la propiedad de la vivienda sobre la violencia contra las mujeres en la localidad de Ciudad Bolívar (Bogotá). Lo hacemos a partir de datos cualitativos levantados en Bogotá durante un período de un año, entre 2011 y 2012, apoyados en algunos datos cuantitativos de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud de 2010, que es representativa para la localidad. Concluimos que la vivienda propia tiene un efecto protector porque disminuye el estrés económico, aumenta el estatus de la mujer y facilita la solución del conflicto. Además, según los datos estadísticos, la vivienda propia está asociada, tanto nacional como localmente, a una prevalencia significativamente menor de violencia, con independencia de la riqueza.

This article explores the impact of self-owned versus rented housing on violence against women in Ciudad Bolívar, Bogota. We used a mixed methods approach based on semi-structured interviews in the locality as well as on observation of domestic violence cases in the locality, between 2011 and 2012. We also analyzed the statistical data of the National Health and Demography Survey for 2010, with representative data for the locality. We concluded that self-owned housing has a protective impact because it reduces economic stress, increases women’s status and facilitates solutions to domestic conflict. Furthermore, according to the statistical data, this protective effect is associated, at both the national and local level, to a significantly lower level of violence, regardless of wealth.

La vivienda es un componente fundamental en la calidad de vida de las personas mayores y el principal instrumento para permitir el envejecimiento integrado en sociedad. El envejecimiento en la vivienda ofrece continuidad respecto al ciclo vital, construyendo así una concepción en positivo de la vejez, de modo que permite su vivencia como etapa de continuidad y no como ruptura. No obstante, este proceso integrador de la vejez a través de la vivienda quedará condicionado por las características residenciales. Esta investigación ahonda en la importancia del proceso de envejecer en la vivienda desde la dimensión del actor, analizando la vulnerabilidad residencial y su distribución entre los mayores, así como las estrategias llevadas a cabo para continuar la autonomía residencial.
Mediante la aplicación de un indicador multidimensional se desvela una situación de fuerte desigualdad en España, con un número elevado de personas que registran problemas graves de habitabilidad en el interior de sus viviendas. Esta vulnerabilidad dificulta su permanencia y participación en la sociedad, apuntando además a un mal funcionamiento del sistema redistributivo y residencial. El análisis de caso sobre las respuestas ante estas situaciones señala que los hogares mayores llevan a cabo estrategias caracterizadas por una escasa eficacia en un contexto de recorte de recursos públicos y cambio de la dirección de la solidaridad familiar, dando lugar a la pervivencia de desigualdades. Estas situaciones de exclusión contrastadas no se presentan como producto de la vejez, sino como la culminación de trayectorias residenciales caracterizadas por la desigualdad. Puede afirmarse, por todo ello, que el sistema de bienestar no está dando respuesta a las necesidades residenciales no cubiertas en la vejez, siendo un impedimento para su integración social.

Preservice music educators enter teacher education programs with visions of their future largely built on their own past experiences. What happens when these preservice music teachers encounter a present that may look drastically different from the one they expected? During the COVID-19 pandemic, music teachers are encountering disruption to their current practice and may be reconsidering their visions for and expectations about music in their communities, and their identities as musicians and music educators. As one subset of this group, individuals transitioning from preservice to in-service teaching offer distinctive perspectives on how COVID-19 is shaping music teacher visions and expectations.

Gyms are becoming a mass hobby: they are multiplying, their subscription costs are falling and the ways of working out are becoming standardized. This is the "fitness revolution" (Andreasson & Johansson, 2014a). If the injunctions to the body care date from the beginning of the 20th century, fitness is constituted like an important body shaping offer since the eighties. In a neoliberal zeitgeist where the individual must "take him-self in charge" to become an "entrepreneur of himself" (Castel, 2016), improving one's body capital (Mauger, 2018) is a central issue. The body is always interacting with the social, but how does the gym (re)produce the genre in this setting? A mixed ethnographic survey, quantitative and qualitative, was conducted intermittently in a gym for a year and a half. In order to study the gender relations in this frame as well as the careers (e.g., Goffman, 1961) of body shaping involved, we conducted analysis to compare practices between women and men. We relied on the following materials: a national survey on sports practices (EPPS, 2010); the production of a logic model; a map of the city's gyms; participant and numerical observations (492 observations, including 6,064 women, 13,035 men cumulative and not distinct); photos ; 26 in-depth interviews with clients (with different morphologies, social backgrounds and ages) and 2 informative interviews with the staff. We analyzed: the primary socialization of the respondents to identify the constitution of sexual dispositions; interactions in occupied spaces and body shaping. Three sequences emerge from the body shaping career, each with variations: in its structuring (eg, assiduity, planning), in its asceticism (eg, feeding changes) and in taste for practice (eg, unpleasant, pleasant and dependence). Primary sport socialization of the respondents was gendered, producing gendered body dispositions. Although starting a career at the gym is motivated by physical dissatisfaction (e.g., aesthetics, performance, health), these dispositions are revisited. In situ analysis reveals a socio-sexual division of space. Men favor bodybuilding over cardio training (79% vs. 21%), while women tend to occupy the two spaces fairly (44% vs. 56%). According to numerical observations and interviews, young women would limit their mobility in the area of bodybuilding being "afraid" of being harassed. In addition, men favor the shaping of the upper body compared to the bottom/center (80% vs. 20%), while for women the gap is smaller (38% vs. 62%). However, we note that monopolization of bodybuilding by men limits the free training of women. As a result, the gender of the actors influences their career, in which women can limit their commitment more quickly. Finally, any body shaping is not constituted in body capital, because it must be related to normative expectations of gender, so be a gendered body capital. The gym as an institution plays an active role in this process, it appears as a space of a second socialization where the habitus can be transformed, a technology of gender that can move the borders built by the social between women and men’s bodies, but also sometimes a way to trouble the gender.


Les salles de sport deviennent un loisir de masse : elles se multiplient, leurs coûts d’abonnement baissent et les façons de s’entraîner se standardisent. C’est la « révolution du fitness » (Andreasson & Johansson, 2014a). Si les injonctions à la préoccupation du corps datent du début du XXème siècle, le fitness se constitue comme une offre de façonnage corporel importante depuis les années quatre-vingt. Dans un zeitgeist néolibéral où l’individu doit « se prendre en main » pour devenir un véritable « entrepreneur de soi » (Castel, 2016), améliorer son capital corporel (Mauger, 2018) est un enjeu central. Le corps est toujours en interaction avec le social, mais comment la salle de sport (re)produit elle le genre dans ce cadre ?
Une enquête ethnographique mixte, quantitative et qualitative, a été menée de façon discontinue dans une salle de sport pendant un an et demi. Afin d’étudier les rapports de genre à l’œuvre ainsi que les carrières (e.g., Goffman, 1961) de façonnage corporel en jeu, nous avons réalisé des analyses permettant de comparer des pratiques entre les femmes et les hommes. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur les matériaux suivants : une enquête nationale sur les pratiques sportives (EPPS, 2010) ; la production d’un modèle logic ; une carte des salles de sport de la ville ; des observations participantes et chiffrées (492 observations, dont 6.064 femmes, 13.035 hommes cumulé·e·s et non distinct·e·s) ; des photographies ; 26 entretiens approfondis auprès de client·e·s (ayant différentes morphologies, origines sociales et âges) et 2 entretiens informatifs auprès du personnel de la salle. Nous avons analysé : la socialisation primaire sportive des enquêté·e·s pour identifier la constitution de dispositions corporelles sexuées ; les interactions dans les espaces occupés et le façonnage corporel. Trois séquences émergent de la carrière de façonnage corporel, chacune possédant des variations : dans sa structuration (e.g., assiduité, planification), dans son ascétisme (e.g., changements d’alimentation) et dans le goût pour la pratique (e.g., déplaisant, plaisant et dépendance).
La socialisation primaire sportive des enquêté·e·s était genrée produisant des dispositions corporelles sexuées. Bien que débuter une carrière à la salle de sport soit motivé par l’insatisfaction physique (e.g., esthétique, performance, santé), lesdites dispositions sont revisitées. L’analyse in situ révèle une division socio-sexuée de l’espace. Les hommes privilégient la musculation par rapport au cardio-training (79 % contre 21 %), tandis que les femmes ont tendance à occuper de manière équitable ces deux espaces (44 % contre 56 %). Selon les observations chiffrées et les entretiens, les jeunes femmes limiteraient leur mobilité dans l’espace de la musculation ayant « peur » d’être harcelées. Par ailleurs, les hommes privilégient le façonnage du haut du corps par rapport au bas/centre (80 % contre 20 %), alors que pour les femmes l’écart est plus faible (38 % contre 62 %). Toutefois, on remarque que la monopolisation de la musculation par les hommes limite le libre entrainement des femmes. De ce fait, le sexe des acteur/trice·s influence leur carrière, au sein de laquelle les femmes peuvent limiter plus rapidement leur engagement. Finalement, tout façonnage corporel ne se constitue pas en capital corporel, car il se doit d’être en lien avec les attentes normatives du genre, donc être un capital corporel genré. La salle de sport en tant qu’institution joue un rôle actif dans ce processus, elle apparaît comme un espace d’une seconde socialisation où les habitus peuvent se transformer, une technologie de genre qui peut déplacer les frontières construites par le social entre les corps des femmes et des hommes, mais aussi parfois une manière de troubler le genre.

Background. Mixed methods (MM) are common in community-based primary health care (CBPHC) research studies. Several strategies have been proposed to integrate qualitative and quantitative components in MM, but they are seldom well conceptualized and described. The purpose of the present review was to identify and describe practical MM strategies and combinations of strategies used to integrate qualitative and quantitative methods in CBPHC research. Methods. A methodological review with qualitative synthesis (grouping) was performed. Records published in English in 2015 were retrieved from the Scopus bibliographic database. Eligibility criteria were: CBPHC empirical study, MM research with detailed description of qualitative and quantitative methods and their integration. Data were extracted from included studies and grouped using a conceptual framework comprised of three theoretical types of MM integration, the seven combinations of these types and nine practical strategies (three per type of integration) and multiple combinations of strategies. Results. Among the 151 articles reporting CBPHC and MM studies retrieved, 54 (35.7%) met the inclusion criteria for this review. The included studies provided examples of the three theoretical types of MM integration, the seven combinations of these types as well as the nine practical strategies. Overall, 15 combinations of these strategies were observed. No emerging strategy was observed that was not predicted by the conceptual framework. Conclusions. This review can provide guidance to CBPHC researchers for planning, conducting and reporting practical strategies and combinations of strategies used for integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in MM research.

Social media, understood as a means of communication as well as a space to socialise and interact, has become a common source for people to look for health information. Rather than consulting a single, authoritative source, they usually want a variety of opinions. At the same time, people are often exposed to information about vaccination online without necessarily looking for it.

The associated amplification of risk and risk perception through social media, has led some countries and health authorities to start monitoring social media platforms in order to counter the spread of misinformation and rebuild public trust in vaccination.

The purpose of this systematic scoping review was to analyse the social media monitoring techniques and interventions with the following objectives:

- identify preferences: which social media platforms do users choose as a source of information on vaccination and how does that influence their perceptions of vaccination?
- identify different methods and tools for social media monitoring in the context of vaccination including their strengths and weaknesses.
review how such monitoring and information gathered from social media monitoring can be used to inform communication strategies around immunisation.
- identify the uses, benefits and limitations of social media as an intervention tool in relation to vaccination (i.e. how effective social media is as an intervention tool for increasing vaccination).

An extensive database search led to the inclusion of 115 scientific articles in the review, looking at the use of social media, social media monitoring and (public health) interventions.

The review results show for example that between 4 and 62% of various study populations in different countries use social media as a source of information on vaccination, with results varying by type of social media platform. Overall, Facebook was the most common social media resource for information on vaccination.

The study explored the antecedents, dimensions and market consequences of the brand perceptions held by Zimbabwean consumers for professional football teams and developed a strategic brand management framework that can bridge existing practical and theoretical knowledge gaps in the management of sports brands in the country. The study was grounded on the exploratory sequential mixed methods research design. In the qualitative strand of the study, data was collected by means of such qualitative data collection procedures as, free-thought listing, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings from the qualitative phase were used to generate data collection instruments for questionnaire survey and assess the overall prevalence of the variables that were identified in the first phase from a large number of users of football brands. The NVivo 10 and SPSS  version 21.0 software packages were used to analyze qualitative and quantitative data, respectively. The study identified and classified the antecedents of brand perceptions held by Zimbabwean consumers for professional sports teams into consumption experience-trigged antecedents, significant others-triggered  antecedents  and sports entity-triggered antecedents. The results show that fan loyalty trends for local professional football teams function in tandem with the ethnic identity systems in the country. However, the globalization of football has led to the dilution of national particularities in the game. The findings support the conceptualization of  perceived brand equity in as an aggregate of brand awareness and brand associations. Zimbabwean consumers of football brands perceived European professional football teams as the market leaders in their brand category .South African professional football teams were ranked second and Zimbabwean professional football teams were positioned at the bottom of the brand leadership rankings in the minds of Zimbabwean consumers of football brands. The study illustrated how the brand the perceptions held by Zimbabwean corporate and individual consumers for professional football teams have generated negative and positive market consequences.

Children are becoming increasingly engaged in the practice of research, either as active collaborators with
adults or as independent researchers in their own right. This paper explores aspects of training and
mentoring of children engaged in research practice as independent researchers, and highlights the use of
creative methodologies in mixed-method research undertaken by children.
Three primary aspects of participation and training are considered in relation to the space children
inhabit in the research community: the ways in which children acquire research skills and the ways in which
children are mentored in their research practice; the use of creative methods as conceptual and interpretive
tools in interdisciplinary mixed-method research and how creative methodologies may benefit and empower
child practitioners; and thirdly the importance of dissemination of research undertaken by children, and
the quality of the intergenerational dialogue emerging from it. The paper begins with a story.
The story is a personal observation translated into narrative and placed here to contextualise (rather
than analyse) the research work undertaken by a group of Australian children, concurrent with their
counterparts in the UK and Canada, over an 18-month period between April 2011 and September 2012.
It introduces a methodological framework that was the underpinning of the project designed by the children
and mentored by the author.
Keywords: Children as researchers; creative methodologies; mixed-method research; embodied learning.

Presented in The 2nd International Conference on Technology and Educational Science "The New Era of Education: Innovation in Practice"
Organised by Faculty of Education, Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Bali
11th – 12th November 2020
Recording is available at https://youtu.be/AwkrFpDQsj4

The concept of embodiment, or the lived experience of the body, has become an important focus of scholarly attention across psychology, sociology, philosophy, and cultural studies. Addressing the inherent challenges of researching the lived experience of the body, this edited volume brings together experienced scholars who conduct and teach embodied research to and establish effective strategies for exploring experience through nonverbal communication, subjective sensory and proprioceptive states, and body-centered imagery. It represents a thorough and comprehensive resource for students conducting research using an embodied approach and for instructors that teach embodied inquiry.

For more information visit: www.routledge.com/9781138367081
or
https://www.routledge.com/The-Art-and-Science-of-Embodied-Research-Design-Concepts-Methods-and-Cases/Tantia/p/book/9781138367081

This study portrays the unique experiences of graduate students in education during the pandemic and the commonalities of the interpretations and essences of those lived experiences. In the Philippines, some graduate students managed to survive in their full-time teaching and graduate education that was entirely remote online classes, where everything was home-based during the pandemic. Sixty-eight full-time teachers enrolled in the different graduate degree programs in education in one of the prestigious universities in the Philippines volunteered to share their stories via emails and informal audio-video chat. Commonalities among the unique and multiple realities of the experiences portray the essence of pandemic phenomenon like balance and equanimity for survival when everything was home-based, the importance of holding on to the lived values and personal traits as a stronghold, fortress, and strong weapon during the crisis, and a clear focus on finishing a graduate degree amidst...

This paper discusses changes in young children’s learning performance and efficiency during clinical interviews in which each child interacted with a variety of virtual manipulative mathematics apps on iPads. Researchers interviewed 100 children ages 3 to 8 using a protocol format with two pre-assessment apps, four learning apps, and two post-assessment apps. Data were gathered quantitatively and qualitatively, using wall and screen-capture videos, pre and post assessments of performance, and time-stamping to record efficiency. Following 30-40 minute interviews where children interacted individually with the mathematics apps, results showed that children in the Preschool group increased efficiency while maintaining performance, children in the Kindergarten group increased performance while maintaining efficiency, and children in the Grade 2 group increased their performance and efficiency in skip counting, but not in place value. Overall, children in different age groups responded i...

Questions in Qualitative Social Justice Research in Multicultural Contexts take readers on an accessible and inspiring journey to critically self-reflect on current or future research practices to encourage and facilitate greater equity, inclusion, and social justice in qualitative research.

In a diverse world, "doing" qualitative research needs unpacking and developing awareness of interconnected perspectives and challenges. However, as researchers, there is not always a chance to fully prepare or self-reflect on the processes and experiences. This book raises awareness of key multidimensional aspects of social justice, such as power, privilege, trust, insider-outsiderness, ethics, arts-based, co-produced, and decolonial research. The authors connect theory and conceptual constructs with practical in-field realities, guiding researchers through the dynamic, evolving steps to give voice to and promote social justice practices in research.

This foundational book can be used as a jumping-off point to engage and critically self-reflect about research moving us towards decolonizing research practice, creating more inclusive, equitable, and socially just research. It will be suitable for upper-level and postgraduate students and all researchers interested in qualitative methods in education and the social and behavioral sciences.

Background: Adolescent years are critical for building good nutritional status through nutritionally wise choices. Various factors influence and shape food consumption patterns of adolescent girls. Objective: To identify and explore the factors affecting food consumption patterns and dietary practices of adolescent girls. Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed method study was conducted in Lahore. In the quantitative phase, data from 470 adolescent girls was collected through purposive sampling technique, using validated interview guide. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) methodology was conducted in second phase to collect qualitative data. Adolescent girls of different socioeconomic status (SES) and education level were enrolled in 5 FGD after proper written informed consent. FGDs were audio-taped and noted, followed by transcription, coding and thematic analysis. Results: The quantitative results showed that adolescent girls who belonged to low SES consumed healthier diets as compar...