International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 2020
The lower Oued El Kart watershed, situated in the north of Morocco, on the Mediterranean side of ... more The lower Oued El Kart watershed, situated in the north of Morocco, on the Mediterranean side of the eastern Rif, is characterized by a semi-arid bioclimate and rare and irregular rainfall. The obtained result shows that the watershed loses an average of 14,7 t/ha/year. To evaluate this dynamic and the losses of soil it engenders, we have preceded the integration of the EPM model (Erosion Potential Method) of GAVRILOVIC in a GIS. The maximum loses are 138,8 t/ha/year and minimum are 0,01 t/ha/year. Total annual loses of the watershed of the Oued El Kart low an average of 205 800 t/year (Erosion in the plot). The results analysis of this model has permitted, also using a GIS, to determine the factors that control the water erosion and which are in order of importance: the soil protection (vegetation), erosion types, soil erodibility, the precipitations, the slope, and temperature. It should be noted that the used methodology of the EPM model applies to various types of erosion.
With the objective of management of gullied slopes on the north banks of the Oued Grou, Sehoul co... more With the objective of management of gullied slopes on the north banks of the Oued Grou, Sehoul commune, the option was to plant Atriplex halimus, a fodder shrub adapted to semi-arid environments, on degraded lands. The experimental plot corresponds to a strongly gullied old fallow. The gullies are parallel and start at the middle of the slope and extent to upland by retreat of their head. Each gully is 2 to 4m large and 1 to 2m deep. Downstream, the gullies loose their depth and deposit fans composed of material eroded upstream, before they join the channel of Hannanet, which has the tendency to incise its bed (more than 4m deep) inside colluviums made of sand, clay and pebbles. This paper presents an evaluation of this SLM (sustainable land management) technique, to assess its effect in term of soil protection and vegetation restoration. The monitoring concerned several parameters, the covering of the herbaceous vegetation, its biomass and the floristic biodiversity, the fodder pro...
Abstract: The Moroccan Mountainous Environment in the Test of
the Climate Change (Case of the Rif... more Abstract: The Moroccan Mountainous Environment in the Test of the Climate Change (Case of the Rif Mountain) Like the different Mediterranean and Moroccan Mountains, the Rif Mountains, which dominates the North of Morocco, had, in terms of ecological stability, a strong resilience to external shocks. However, these mountains have been subjected to great socioeconomic shifts during the XIXth century. Since the beginning, these changes have drastically affected the stability of the Rif’s ecosystem. This situation is about to be aggravated by the progressive development of new trends in the local climate. These evolutions combined are strengthening the dynamics of degradation of the natural resources. However, the situation is not irreversible; the Rif’s area, as well as its population, shows good adaptive capacities. Keywords: Climate, Change, Degradation, Adaptation, Mountain, Rif, Morocco.
Résumé La nappe phréatique de Mnasra, située sur le littoral du Gharb, au Nord-ouest du Maroc, co... more Résumé La nappe phréatique de Mnasra, située sur le littoral du Gharb, au Nord-ouest du Maroc, constitue un réservoir important d'eau douce. Elle a servi depuis la fin du siècle dernier au développement d'une intense activité agricole installée sur les dunes littorales bordières de la plaine du Gharb. Au fil du temps, la demande agricole en eau s'est accentuée dans ce secteur et l'acquière s'est vite trouvé confronté à des problèmes qui menacent sa durabilité. La surexploitation, la pollution d'origine agricole et l'intrusion marine ont été identifiés comme risques majeurs pesant lourdement sur la ressource en eau souterraine de la zone. Pour évaluer la réalité de la menace d'intrusion marine, la présente étude propose de cartographier la vulnérabilité de la nappe de Mnasra vis à vis de cette intrusion à l'aide de la modélisation couplé au SIG. La méthode utilisée a été développée par (Chachadi et Lobo-ferreira ,2001) puis modifiée par les mêmes a...
Situated on the coast of Gharb (Northwest of Morocco) the groundwater of Mnasra constitutes an im... more Situated on the coast of Gharb (Northwest of Morocco) the groundwater of Mnasra constitutes an important reservoir of fresh water. Since the end of the last century it has contributed to the development of an intense agricultural activity that is contingent on the littoral dunes of the plain of Gharb. Over years, the need of agricultural activity for water has increased, a fact that threatens its durability. Overexploitation, farming-based pollution and marine intervention have been identified as major risks pressing heavily on groundwater resources of the area.
To measure the reality of the threat of marine intervention, the present study is an attempt to map the vulnerability of the ground water of Mnasra against this intervention by means of modelling coupled with SIG. The used method was developed by Chachadi and Lobo-Ferreira in 2001, and then modified by the same authors in 2005; this method is specific to the coastal aquifers. It is based on the GALDIT index which takes into account six parameters having the greatest influence on aquifers situated near the coast. These concern 1) the type of aquifer (free or confined),2) hydraulic conductivity, 3) piezometry, 4) the distance of the aquifer from the sea and hydric arteries, 5) Impact of existing status of seawater intrusion in the area and 6) the thickness of the aquifer. To validate the results it has been necessary to resort to the diverse measures of salinity made by the various actors in the field of the quality of subterranean waters and to comparison of the map of vulnerability to that of the agricultural intensification. The results of the study show that because of the intrusion of salt water the underground water of Mnasra is very vulnerable. This vulnerability is more witnessed in the South than in the North of the studied zone. In particular, this situation can be explained in terms of the type of lithologic faces, hydraulic conductivity and piezometry. Even if the latter has been marked by important fluctuations it has remained constant in spite of the strong increase of the takings; this situation can be attributed to the replacement of fresh water by salty waters.
With the objective of management of gullied slopes on the north banks of the Oued Grou, Sehoul co... more With the objective of management of gullied slopes on the north banks of the Oued Grou, Sehoul commune, the option was to plant Atriplex halimus, a fodder shrub adapted to semi-arid environments, on degraded lands. The experimental plot corresponds to a strongly gullied old fallow. The gullies are parallel and start at the middle of the slope and extent to upland by retreat of their head. Each gully is 2 to 4m large and 1 to 2m deep. Downstream, the gullies loose their depth and deposit fans composed of material eroded upstream, before they join the channel of Hannanet, which has the tendency to incise its bed (more than 4m deep) inside colluviums made of sand, clay and pebbles. This paper presents an evaluation of this SLM (sustainable land management) technique, to assess its effect in term of soil protection and vegetation restoration. The monitoring concerned several parameters, the covering of the herbaceous vegetation, its biomass and the floristic biodiversity, the fodder production, the soil surface in term of moisture, resistance to penetration, cohesion, rate of pebbles and of the encrusted parts. In addition, we made observations on the gullies transversal profile and on the steepness of the banks. The results of the monitoring during two years show that the Atriplex technique, for correction of the gullies, presents several advantages. During the intense episodes of rain of the winters 2010 and 2011, in the atriplex plot more rain infiltrates and less runoff is generated. This process appears through the profiles of the gullies, which already show lee steepness and more sharp banks. The soil management by atriplex plantation offers a good opportunity for both, fodder production and soil conservation. The main factor responsible of this trend is the plot fencing during the phase of atriplex growing and herbaceous recovering. Less animal pressure on the vegetation cover and on the soil is then the solution for gullies cicatrisation and for ecosystem stability. But, the regional analysis demonstrates the difficulty to extent this kind of management and the constraints, which face the management. The participatory approach adopted before the experimentation was not enough to avoid these constraints. It is why the social context should be more understood to prevent the difficulties we faced.
The Shoul oak grove is a forested ecosystem inherited from a Holocene phase of ecological optimum... more The Shoul oak grove is a forested ecosystem inherited from a Holocene phase of ecological optimum; its evolution, through the double geologic and human temporality, and in relation with several processes of degradation, led to the progressive loss of its environmental equilibrium and further to the reduction of its economic contributions. The fragility of these forests is the consequence of the convergence of two main factors, i) the intrinsic fragility of the forested environment based on an unstable balance between the tree, the leached soils and their moisture content ; ii) the anthropological action on the forest environment and its degradation with the change of its floristic composition. During the colonization the new context was at the origin of the new social and economic relation between the forest and the surrounding populations. The current use of this oak grove is in a classic scheme of the reports society / forest in Morocco. The population is especially of pastoral main activity in the bordering communes. But the oak groves of Mamora-Shoul are integrated into the area of influence of several cities, what exposes the forest to the risks of uncontrolled urbanization. These oak groves are thus in the centre of interest of several stakeholders with opposite behaviour and a new paradigm of relation rural/urban. Through a double approach, environmental and socio-economic, this paper will try to bring elements of answer by analyzing the interactions between a forest which reached an alarming threshold of degradation and a society affected by important changes in its modes of intervention and exploitation. Key words: Morocco, Atlantic Meseta, Shoul plateau, Forest management, water and soil conservation, assisted regeneration of cork oak.
... Veuillez utiliser cet identifiant pour citer ou lier cet article : http://hdl.handle.net/ 123... more ... Veuillez utiliser cet identifiant pour citer ou lier cet article : http://hdl.handle.net/ 123456789/1425. Titre: Le bas-pays de l'Oued Rhis ( Rif Central, Al Hoceima, Maroc ) : Modèle, formations superficielles, sols. Auteurs: Al Karkouri, Jamal. ...
International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in Technology, 2020
The lower Oued El Kart watershed, situated in the north of Morocco, on the Mediterranean side of ... more The lower Oued El Kart watershed, situated in the north of Morocco, on the Mediterranean side of the eastern Rif, is characterized by a semi-arid bioclimate and rare and irregular rainfall. The obtained result shows that the watershed loses an average of 14,7 t/ha/year. To evaluate this dynamic and the losses of soil it engenders, we have preceded the integration of the EPM model (Erosion Potential Method) of GAVRILOVIC in a GIS. The maximum loses are 138,8 t/ha/year and minimum are 0,01 t/ha/year. Total annual loses of the watershed of the Oued El Kart low an average of 205 800 t/year (Erosion in the plot). The results analysis of this model has permitted, also using a GIS, to determine the factors that control the water erosion and which are in order of importance: the soil protection (vegetation), erosion types, soil erodibility, the precipitations, the slope, and temperature. It should be noted that the used methodology of the EPM model applies to various types of erosion.
With the objective of management of gullied slopes on the north banks of the Oued Grou, Sehoul co... more With the objective of management of gullied slopes on the north banks of the Oued Grou, Sehoul commune, the option was to plant Atriplex halimus, a fodder shrub adapted to semi-arid environments, on degraded lands. The experimental plot corresponds to a strongly gullied old fallow. The gullies are parallel and start at the middle of the slope and extent to upland by retreat of their head. Each gully is 2 to 4m large and 1 to 2m deep. Downstream, the gullies loose their depth and deposit fans composed of material eroded upstream, before they join the channel of Hannanet, which has the tendency to incise its bed (more than 4m deep) inside colluviums made of sand, clay and pebbles. This paper presents an evaluation of this SLM (sustainable land management) technique, to assess its effect in term of soil protection and vegetation restoration. The monitoring concerned several parameters, the covering of the herbaceous vegetation, its biomass and the floristic biodiversity, the fodder pro...
Abstract: The Moroccan Mountainous Environment in the Test of
the Climate Change (Case of the Rif... more Abstract: The Moroccan Mountainous Environment in the Test of the Climate Change (Case of the Rif Mountain) Like the different Mediterranean and Moroccan Mountains, the Rif Mountains, which dominates the North of Morocco, had, in terms of ecological stability, a strong resilience to external shocks. However, these mountains have been subjected to great socioeconomic shifts during the XIXth century. Since the beginning, these changes have drastically affected the stability of the Rif’s ecosystem. This situation is about to be aggravated by the progressive development of new trends in the local climate. These evolutions combined are strengthening the dynamics of degradation of the natural resources. However, the situation is not irreversible; the Rif’s area, as well as its population, shows good adaptive capacities. Keywords: Climate, Change, Degradation, Adaptation, Mountain, Rif, Morocco.
Résumé La nappe phréatique de Mnasra, située sur le littoral du Gharb, au Nord-ouest du Maroc, co... more Résumé La nappe phréatique de Mnasra, située sur le littoral du Gharb, au Nord-ouest du Maroc, constitue un réservoir important d'eau douce. Elle a servi depuis la fin du siècle dernier au développement d'une intense activité agricole installée sur les dunes littorales bordières de la plaine du Gharb. Au fil du temps, la demande agricole en eau s'est accentuée dans ce secteur et l'acquière s'est vite trouvé confronté à des problèmes qui menacent sa durabilité. La surexploitation, la pollution d'origine agricole et l'intrusion marine ont été identifiés comme risques majeurs pesant lourdement sur la ressource en eau souterraine de la zone. Pour évaluer la réalité de la menace d'intrusion marine, la présente étude propose de cartographier la vulnérabilité de la nappe de Mnasra vis à vis de cette intrusion à l'aide de la modélisation couplé au SIG. La méthode utilisée a été développée par (Chachadi et Lobo-ferreira ,2001) puis modifiée par les mêmes a...
Situated on the coast of Gharb (Northwest of Morocco) the groundwater of Mnasra constitutes an im... more Situated on the coast of Gharb (Northwest of Morocco) the groundwater of Mnasra constitutes an important reservoir of fresh water. Since the end of the last century it has contributed to the development of an intense agricultural activity that is contingent on the littoral dunes of the plain of Gharb. Over years, the need of agricultural activity for water has increased, a fact that threatens its durability. Overexploitation, farming-based pollution and marine intervention have been identified as major risks pressing heavily on groundwater resources of the area.
To measure the reality of the threat of marine intervention, the present study is an attempt to map the vulnerability of the ground water of Mnasra against this intervention by means of modelling coupled with SIG. The used method was developed by Chachadi and Lobo-Ferreira in 2001, and then modified by the same authors in 2005; this method is specific to the coastal aquifers. It is based on the GALDIT index which takes into account six parameters having the greatest influence on aquifers situated near the coast. These concern 1) the type of aquifer (free or confined),2) hydraulic conductivity, 3) piezometry, 4) the distance of the aquifer from the sea and hydric arteries, 5) Impact of existing status of seawater intrusion in the area and 6) the thickness of the aquifer. To validate the results it has been necessary to resort to the diverse measures of salinity made by the various actors in the field of the quality of subterranean waters and to comparison of the map of vulnerability to that of the agricultural intensification. The results of the study show that because of the intrusion of salt water the underground water of Mnasra is very vulnerable. This vulnerability is more witnessed in the South than in the North of the studied zone. In particular, this situation can be explained in terms of the type of lithologic faces, hydraulic conductivity and piezometry. Even if the latter has been marked by important fluctuations it has remained constant in spite of the strong increase of the takings; this situation can be attributed to the replacement of fresh water by salty waters.
With the objective of management of gullied slopes on the north banks of the Oued Grou, Sehoul co... more With the objective of management of gullied slopes on the north banks of the Oued Grou, Sehoul commune, the option was to plant Atriplex halimus, a fodder shrub adapted to semi-arid environments, on degraded lands. The experimental plot corresponds to a strongly gullied old fallow. The gullies are parallel and start at the middle of the slope and extent to upland by retreat of their head. Each gully is 2 to 4m large and 1 to 2m deep. Downstream, the gullies loose their depth and deposit fans composed of material eroded upstream, before they join the channel of Hannanet, which has the tendency to incise its bed (more than 4m deep) inside colluviums made of sand, clay and pebbles. This paper presents an evaluation of this SLM (sustainable land management) technique, to assess its effect in term of soil protection and vegetation restoration. The monitoring concerned several parameters, the covering of the herbaceous vegetation, its biomass and the floristic biodiversity, the fodder production, the soil surface in term of moisture, resistance to penetration, cohesion, rate of pebbles and of the encrusted parts. In addition, we made observations on the gullies transversal profile and on the steepness of the banks. The results of the monitoring during two years show that the Atriplex technique, for correction of the gullies, presents several advantages. During the intense episodes of rain of the winters 2010 and 2011, in the atriplex plot more rain infiltrates and less runoff is generated. This process appears through the profiles of the gullies, which already show lee steepness and more sharp banks. The soil management by atriplex plantation offers a good opportunity for both, fodder production and soil conservation. The main factor responsible of this trend is the plot fencing during the phase of atriplex growing and herbaceous recovering. Less animal pressure on the vegetation cover and on the soil is then the solution for gullies cicatrisation and for ecosystem stability. But, the regional analysis demonstrates the difficulty to extent this kind of management and the constraints, which face the management. The participatory approach adopted before the experimentation was not enough to avoid these constraints. It is why the social context should be more understood to prevent the difficulties we faced.
The Shoul oak grove is a forested ecosystem inherited from a Holocene phase of ecological optimum... more The Shoul oak grove is a forested ecosystem inherited from a Holocene phase of ecological optimum; its evolution, through the double geologic and human temporality, and in relation with several processes of degradation, led to the progressive loss of its environmental equilibrium and further to the reduction of its economic contributions. The fragility of these forests is the consequence of the convergence of two main factors, i) the intrinsic fragility of the forested environment based on an unstable balance between the tree, the leached soils and their moisture content ; ii) the anthropological action on the forest environment and its degradation with the change of its floristic composition. During the colonization the new context was at the origin of the new social and economic relation between the forest and the surrounding populations. The current use of this oak grove is in a classic scheme of the reports society / forest in Morocco. The population is especially of pastoral main activity in the bordering communes. But the oak groves of Mamora-Shoul are integrated into the area of influence of several cities, what exposes the forest to the risks of uncontrolled urbanization. These oak groves are thus in the centre of interest of several stakeholders with opposite behaviour and a new paradigm of relation rural/urban. Through a double approach, environmental and socio-economic, this paper will try to bring elements of answer by analyzing the interactions between a forest which reached an alarming threshold of degradation and a society affected by important changes in its modes of intervention and exploitation. Key words: Morocco, Atlantic Meseta, Shoul plateau, Forest management, water and soil conservation, assisted regeneration of cork oak.
... Veuillez utiliser cet identifiant pour citer ou lier cet article : http://hdl.handle.net/ 123... more ... Veuillez utiliser cet identifiant pour citer ou lier cet article : http://hdl.handle.net/ 123456789/1425. Titre: Le bas-pays de l'Oued Rhis ( Rif Central, Al Hoceima, Maroc ) : Modèle, formations superficielles, sols. Auteurs: Al Karkouri, Jamal. ...
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Papers by al karkouri Jamal
the Climate Change (Case of the Rif Mountain)
Like the different Mediterranean and Moroccan Mountains, the
Rif Mountains, which dominates the North of Morocco, had, in terms of
ecological stability, a strong resilience to external shocks. However, these
mountains have been subjected to great socioeconomic shifts during the
XIXth century. Since the beginning, these changes have drastically affected
the stability of the Rif’s ecosystem. This situation is about to be aggravated
by the progressive development of new trends in the local climate. These
evolutions combined are strengthening the dynamics of degradation of the
natural resources. However, the situation is not irreversible; the Rif’s area, as
well as its population, shows good adaptive capacities.
Keywords: Climate, Change, Degradation, Adaptation, Mountain, Rif,
Morocco.
To measure the reality of the threat of marine intervention, the present study is an attempt to map the vulnerability of the ground water of Mnasra against this intervention by means of modelling coupled with SIG. The used method was developed by Chachadi and Lobo-Ferreira in 2001, and then modified by the same authors in 2005; this method is specific to the coastal aquifers. It is based on the GALDIT index which takes into account six parameters having the greatest influence on aquifers situated near the coast. These concern 1) the type of aquifer (free or confined),2) hydraulic conductivity, 3) piezometry, 4) the distance of the aquifer from the sea and hydric arteries, 5) Impact of existing status of seawater intrusion in the area and 6) the thickness of the aquifer. To validate the results it has been necessary to resort to the diverse measures of salinity made by the various actors in the field of the quality of subterranean waters and to comparison of the map of vulnerability to that of the agricultural intensification.
The results of the study show that because of the intrusion of salt water the underground water of Mnasra is very vulnerable. This vulnerability is more witnessed in the South than in the North of the studied zone. In particular, this situation can be explained in terms of the type of lithologic faces, hydraulic conductivity and piezometry. Even if the latter has been marked by important fluctuations it has remained constant in spite of the strong increase of the takings; this situation can be attributed to the replacement of fresh water by salty waters.
This paper presents an evaluation of this SLM (sustainable land management) technique, to assess its effect in term of soil protection and vegetation restoration. The monitoring concerned several parameters, the covering of the herbaceous vegetation, its biomass and the floristic biodiversity, the fodder production, the soil surface in term of moisture, resistance to penetration, cohesion, rate of pebbles and of the encrusted parts. In addition, we made observations on the gullies transversal profile and on the steepness of the banks.
The results of the monitoring during two years show that the Atriplex technique, for correction of the gullies, presents several advantages. During the intense episodes of rain of the winters 2010 and 2011, in the atriplex plot more rain infiltrates and less runoff is generated. This process appears through the profiles of the gullies, which already show lee steepness and more sharp banks.
The soil management by atriplex plantation offers a good opportunity for both, fodder production and soil conservation. The main factor responsible of this trend is the plot fencing during the phase of atriplex growing and herbaceous recovering. Less animal pressure on the vegetation cover and on the soil is then the solution for gullies cicatrisation and for ecosystem stability.
But, the regional analysis demonstrates the difficulty to extent this kind of management and the constraints, which face the management. The participatory approach adopted before the experimentation was not enough to avoid these constraints. It is why the social context should be more understood to prevent the difficulties we faced.
through the double geologic and human temporality, and in relation with several processes of degradation, led to the
progressive loss of its environmental equilibrium and further to the reduction of its economic contributions. The
fragility of these forests is the consequence of the convergence of two main factors, i) the intrinsic fragility of the
forested environment based on an unstable balance between the tree, the leached soils and their moisture content ; ii)
the anthropological action on the forest environment and its degradation with the change of its floristic composition.
During the colonization the new context was at the origin of the new social and economic relation between the forest
and the surrounding populations. The current use of this oak grove is in a classic scheme of the reports society / forest
in Morocco. The population is especially of pastoral main activity in the bordering communes.
But the oak groves of Mamora-Shoul are integrated into the area of influence of several cities, what exposes the
forest to the risks of uncontrolled urbanization. These oak groves are thus in the centre of interest of several stakeholders
with opposite behaviour and a new paradigm of relation rural/urban.
Through a double approach, environmental and socio-economic, this paper will try to bring elements of answer by
analyzing the interactions between a forest which reached an alarming threshold of degradation and a society affected
by important changes in its modes of intervention and exploitation.
Key words: Morocco, Atlantic Meseta, Shoul plateau, Forest management, water and soil conservation, assisted
regeneration of cork oak.
the Climate Change (Case of the Rif Mountain)
Like the different Mediterranean and Moroccan Mountains, the
Rif Mountains, which dominates the North of Morocco, had, in terms of
ecological stability, a strong resilience to external shocks. However, these
mountains have been subjected to great socioeconomic shifts during the
XIXth century. Since the beginning, these changes have drastically affected
the stability of the Rif’s ecosystem. This situation is about to be aggravated
by the progressive development of new trends in the local climate. These
evolutions combined are strengthening the dynamics of degradation of the
natural resources. However, the situation is not irreversible; the Rif’s area, as
well as its population, shows good adaptive capacities.
Keywords: Climate, Change, Degradation, Adaptation, Mountain, Rif,
Morocco.
To measure the reality of the threat of marine intervention, the present study is an attempt to map the vulnerability of the ground water of Mnasra against this intervention by means of modelling coupled with SIG. The used method was developed by Chachadi and Lobo-Ferreira in 2001, and then modified by the same authors in 2005; this method is specific to the coastal aquifers. It is based on the GALDIT index which takes into account six parameters having the greatest influence on aquifers situated near the coast. These concern 1) the type of aquifer (free or confined),2) hydraulic conductivity, 3) piezometry, 4) the distance of the aquifer from the sea and hydric arteries, 5) Impact of existing status of seawater intrusion in the area and 6) the thickness of the aquifer. To validate the results it has been necessary to resort to the diverse measures of salinity made by the various actors in the field of the quality of subterranean waters and to comparison of the map of vulnerability to that of the agricultural intensification.
The results of the study show that because of the intrusion of salt water the underground water of Mnasra is very vulnerable. This vulnerability is more witnessed in the South than in the North of the studied zone. In particular, this situation can be explained in terms of the type of lithologic faces, hydraulic conductivity and piezometry. Even if the latter has been marked by important fluctuations it has remained constant in spite of the strong increase of the takings; this situation can be attributed to the replacement of fresh water by salty waters.
This paper presents an evaluation of this SLM (sustainable land management) technique, to assess its effect in term of soil protection and vegetation restoration. The monitoring concerned several parameters, the covering of the herbaceous vegetation, its biomass and the floristic biodiversity, the fodder production, the soil surface in term of moisture, resistance to penetration, cohesion, rate of pebbles and of the encrusted parts. In addition, we made observations on the gullies transversal profile and on the steepness of the banks.
The results of the monitoring during two years show that the Atriplex technique, for correction of the gullies, presents several advantages. During the intense episodes of rain of the winters 2010 and 2011, in the atriplex plot more rain infiltrates and less runoff is generated. This process appears through the profiles of the gullies, which already show lee steepness and more sharp banks.
The soil management by atriplex plantation offers a good opportunity for both, fodder production and soil conservation. The main factor responsible of this trend is the plot fencing during the phase of atriplex growing and herbaceous recovering. Less animal pressure on the vegetation cover and on the soil is then the solution for gullies cicatrisation and for ecosystem stability.
But, the regional analysis demonstrates the difficulty to extent this kind of management and the constraints, which face the management. The participatory approach adopted before the experimentation was not enough to avoid these constraints. It is why the social context should be more understood to prevent the difficulties we faced.
through the double geologic and human temporality, and in relation with several processes of degradation, led to the
progressive loss of its environmental equilibrium and further to the reduction of its economic contributions. The
fragility of these forests is the consequence of the convergence of two main factors, i) the intrinsic fragility of the
forested environment based on an unstable balance between the tree, the leached soils and their moisture content ; ii)
the anthropological action on the forest environment and its degradation with the change of its floristic composition.
During the colonization the new context was at the origin of the new social and economic relation between the forest
and the surrounding populations. The current use of this oak grove is in a classic scheme of the reports society / forest
in Morocco. The population is especially of pastoral main activity in the bordering communes.
But the oak groves of Mamora-Shoul are integrated into the area of influence of several cities, what exposes the
forest to the risks of uncontrolled urbanization. These oak groves are thus in the centre of interest of several stakeholders
with opposite behaviour and a new paradigm of relation rural/urban.
Through a double approach, environmental and socio-economic, this paper will try to bring elements of answer by
analyzing the interactions between a forest which reached an alarming threshold of degradation and a society affected
by important changes in its modes of intervention and exploitation.
Key words: Morocco, Atlantic Meseta, Shoul plateau, Forest management, water and soil conservation, assisted
regeneration of cork oak.