Introduction Cette contribution concerne une période assez courte qui va du début de la Première Guerre mondiale (juillet 1914) jusqu’à la déclaration de guerre de l’Italie contre l’Autriche-Hongrie en mai 1915. Pour mieux en comprendre... more
Introduction Cette contribution concerne une période assez courte qui va du début de la Première Guerre mondiale (juillet 1914) jusqu’à la déclaration de guerre de l’Italie contre l’Autriche-Hongrie en mai 1915. Pour mieux en comprendre les enjeux nous donnons quelques points de repère sur l’histoire de l’Italie après son unification nationale (1861). En 1882, l’Italie signe la Triple-Alliance avec l’Allemagne et l’Autriche-Hongrie malgré la question non résolue des « terres irrédentes », c’e..
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Between 28 and 30 September 1973, an important conference was held at the university of Grenoble (France) under the title France and Italy during World War 1. The proceedings of the conference were subsequently published by Grenoble... more
Between 28 and 30 September 1973, an important conference was held at the university of Grenoble (France) under the title France and Italy during World War 1. The proceedings of the conference were subsequently published by Grenoble University Press in [25]. The conference gathered important contributions about many aspects of the Franco-Italian relationship in the troubled years of the world war.
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Se la Grande Guerra e l'evento principe del decennio 1911-1920, per l'Italia la prova generale avviene proprio all'alba di esso, in singolare coincidenza col cinquantesimo dell'Unita, con la guerra contro l'Impero... more
Se la Grande Guerra e l'evento principe del decennio 1911-1920, per l'Italia la prova generale avviene proprio all'alba di esso, in singolare coincidenza col cinquantesimo dell'Unita, con la guerra contro l'Impero ottomano, che controllava fra l'altro Tripolitania, Cirenaica e alcune isole del Dodecanneso. E la guerra italo-turca o guerra di Libia, anche se la Libia non esisteva ancora nelle carte geografiche. All'epoca, la corsa alla spartizione del mondo era ormai conclusa. Restavano pochi territori liberi, fra cui la Libia, la cui conquista era considerata, dal governo Giolitti – in crescente difficolta per gli effetti della crisi economica internazionale del 1907-'08 – capace di superare la " stagnazione ". Nel 1911, tutti i paesi industriali avevano portato il protezionismo a un livello di semi-autarchia. Gia fin dal 1908, tutte le potenze che avrebbero partecipato all'ormai imminente conflitto mondiale per una nuova spartizione del...
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In 1899, Ivar Fredholm discovered how to treat an integral equation using conceptual methods from linear algebra and use these ideas to solve certain classes of boundary value problems. He formulated a theory allowing him both to unify... more
In 1899, Ivar Fredholm discovered how to treat an integral equation using conceptual methods from linear algebra and use these ideas to solve certain classes of boundary value problems. He formulated a theory allowing him both to unify large classes of problems and to attack several problems fruitfully. The historical literature on the theory of integral equations has concentrated largely on the unification that was afforded by Hilbert and his school, but has not throughly investigated the roots of the subject in the older theory of partial differential equations, as developed for instance by Fredholm himself but also by Volterra and Levi-Civita. By concentrating on work issuing from this older tradition, in particular on French and Italian work, the paper shows how the new theory of integral equations was enthusiastically received, especially for its fruitful applications to areas of mathematical physics such as hydrodynamics, elasticity, and heat theory.
In 1899, Ivar Fredholm discovered how to treat an integral equation using conceptual methods from linear algebra and use these ideas to solve certain classes of boundary value problems. He formulated a theory allowing him both to unify... more
In 1899, Ivar Fredholm discovered how to treat an integral equation using conceptual methods from linear algebra and use these ideas to solve certain classes of boundary value problems. He formulated a theory allowing him both to unify large classes of problems and to attack several problems fruitfully. The historical literature on the theory of integral equations has concentrated largely on the unification that was afforded by Hilbert and his school, but has not throughly investigated the roots of the subject in the older theory of partial differential equations, as developed for instance by Fredholm himself but also by Volterra and Levi-Civita. By concentrating on work issuing from this older tradition, in particular on French and Italian work, the paper shows how the new theory of integral equations was enthusiastically received, especially for its fruitful applications to areas of mathematical physics such as hydrodynamics, elasticity, and heat theory.
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Between 28 and 30 September 1973, an important conference was held at the university of Grenoble (France) under the title France and Italy during World War 1. The proceedings of the conference were subsequently published by Grenoble... more
Between 28 and 30 September 1973, an important conference was held at the university of Grenoble (France) under the title France and Italy during World War 1. The proceedings of the conference were subsequently published by Grenoble University Press in [25]. The conference gathered important contributions about many aspects of the Franco-Italian relationship in the troubled years of the world war.
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Historical studies about the involvement of Italian scientists—and mathematicians in particular—in World War I are very few. We use several published and unpublished letters, reports, and documents in order to give a picture (although... more
Historical studies about the involvement of Italian scientists—and mathematicians in particular—in World War I are very few. We use several published and unpublished letters, reports, and documents in order to give a picture (although incomplete) of Italian mathematicians' role in the Great War. In the period from August 1914 to May 1915, before Italy entered the war, mathematicians partook to debates concerning intervention and expressed a full range of different opinions. During the war Italian scientists were generally involved in the war as " citizens " defending their country. Vito Volterra and Mauro Picone are two exceptions. They were strongly involved at both scientific and institutional levels: Volterra founded the Office for Inventions and Research (Ufficio Invenzioni e Ricerche, UIR) and Picone created a computing bureau for ballistics attached to the Sixth Army. Their war work was fundamental for the development of closer links among scientific research, in...
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Levi-Civita made important contributions to hydrodynamics: he solved D'Alembert's paradox, introduced the "wake hypothesis", deduced the general inte- gral of any plane motion involving a wake, and gave a rigorous proof... more
Levi-Civita made important contributions to hydrodynamics: he solved D'Alembert's paradox, introduced the "wake hypothesis", deduced the general inte- gral of any plane motion involving a wake, and gave a rigorous proof of the existence of the irrotational wave in a canal of finite depth. In this paper, we investigate Levi- Civita's results in this area, and connect them to the methods of the new theory of integral equations. Finally, we give some information on Levi-Civita's students. In our paper, we often use letters written by and addressed to Levi-Civita. Resume´ (Problemes de methode dans les contributions de Levi-Civita a l'hydro- dynamique) Levi-Civita apporta des contributions remarquables al'hydrodynamique; il a re´- solu le paradoxe de D'Alembert, introduit l'hypothese du sillage, deduit l'integrale generale d'un mouvement plan avec sillage et demontrede maniere rigoureuse l'existence de l'onde irrotationnelle dans...
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Quando nell’agosto 1914 l’Europa entra in guerra, l’Italia si trova in una situazione delicata per il suo intricato sistema di alleanze. Infatti, sebbene l’Italia faccia ufficialmente parte della Triplice Intesa insieme con... more
Quando nell’agosto 1914 l’Europa entra in guerra, l’Italia si trova in una situazione delicata per il suo intricato sistema di alleanze. Infatti, sebbene l’Italia faccia ufficialmente parte della Triplice Intesa insieme con Austria-Ungheria e Germania fin dal 1882, un netto avvicinamento franco-italiano comincia verso la fine del XIX secolo, sigillato dalla firma di patti di non aggressione, piu o meno segreti, in caso di ostilita. Visti i precedenti, l’Italia sceglie dunque la neutralita nell’estate del 1914, anche perche l’opinione pubblica sembra restia a imbarcarsi in una nuova avventura militare, poco dopo la guerra di Libia. Tuttavia, ben presto, un certo numero di voci si levano per dichiarare che l’Italia non puo e non deve restare fuori dal gioco, pena il fallimento dell’impresa, cominciata durante il Risorgimento, di recuperare un giorno le “terre irredente” (ossia il Trentino, Istria, la Dalmazia,...) ancora sotto gli Austriaci e il rischio di minare fortemente la credibi...
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This paper sets out to examine some of Riemann's papers and notes left byhim, in the light of the "philosophical" standpoint expounded in his writings on Naturphilosophie. There is some evidence that manyof Riemann's... more
This paper sets out to examine some of Riemann's papers and notes left byhim, in the light of the "philosophical" standpoint expounded in his writings on Naturphilosophie. There is some evidence that manyof Riemann's works, including his Habilitationsvortrag of 1854 on the foundations of geometry, may have sprung from his attempts to find a unified explanation for natural phenomena, on
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Review††Edited by Adrian Rice and Antoni MaletAll books, monographs, journal articles, and other publications (including films and other multisensory materials) relating to the history of mathematics are abstracted in the Abstracts Department. The Reviews Department prints extended reviews of sel...more
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Levi-Civita made important contributions to hydrodynamics: he solved D'Alembert's paradox, introduced the "wake hypothesis", deduced the general inte-gral of any plane motion involving a wake, and gave a rigorous proof... more
Levi-Civita made important contributions to hydrodynamics: he solved D'Alembert's paradox, introduced the "wake hypothesis", deduced the general inte-gral of any plane motion involving a wake, and gave a rigorous proof of the existence of the irrotational wave in a canal of finite depth. In this paper, we investigate Levi-Civita's results in this area, and connect them to the methods of the new theory of integral equations. Finally, we give some information on Levi-Civita's students. In our paper, we often use letters written by and addressed to Levi-Civita. Résumé (Problèmes de méthode dans les contributions de Levi-Civita à l'hydro-dynamique) Levi-Civita apporta des contributions remarquables à l'hydrodynamique ; il a ré-solu le paradoxe de D'Alembert, introduit l'hypothèse du sillage, déduit l'intégrale générale d'un mouvement plan avec sillage et démontré de manière rigoureuse l'existence de l'onde irrotationnelle dans un...
Come è noto, molti matematici contribuirono in prima persona al Risorgimento italiano e la loro opera per la costruzione di una identità nazionale, culturale e politica, e come scrive Cremona, “pel lustro della Scienza italiana e pel... more
Come è noto, molti matematici contribuirono in prima persona al Risorgimento italiano e la loro opera per la costruzione di una identità nazionale, culturale e politica, e come scrive Cremona, “pel lustro della Scienza italiana e pel progresso dell'alto insegnamento”, continuò anche dopo l'Unità. Varie sono le direzioni in cui si esplicò la loro opera: nella creazione e nello sviluppo di nuovi filoni di ricerca; nella riorganizzazione dell'università; nella realizzazione di giornali ad alto livello scientifico; nell'avviamento dei giovani alla ricerca; nella riforma della scuola; nella pubblicazione e traduzione di trattati e manuali per l'insegnamento universitario e secondario. Le lettere e i documenti inediti che presentiamo mettono in evidenza l'impegno scientifico e istituzionale di Eugenio Beltrami (1835-1900), Enrico Betti (1823-1892), Placido Tardy (1816-1914) e Silvestro Gherardi (1802-1879), mostrandoci le loro opinioni sulla realtà politica e accad...
ABSTRACT Here we provide a selection of writings and quotes by Italian mathematicians, who recount in their own words their experiences as mathematicians during the Great War. Two historic writings texts in particular, respectively by... more
ABSTRACT Here we provide a selection of writings and quotes by Italian mathematicians, who recount in their own words their experiences as mathematicians during the Great War. Two historic writings texts in particular, respectively by Mauro Picone and Alessandro Terracini, are presented in their entirety in the appendices.
ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a general overview of the involvement of Italian mathematicians in World War I, with a special look at the cases of Volterra and Picone, and considerations about the difficult post-war situation in... more
ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a general overview of the involvement of Italian mathematicians in World War I, with a special look at the cases of Volterra and Picone, and considerations about the difficult post-war situation in Italy, with its opposing desires for retribution on the one hand and internationalism on the other.
Actes du colloque tenu à l'Institut des sciences de la communication du CNRS (ISCC) le 8 février 2012.