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When films transitioned to sound around 1930, translation methods such as dubbing and subtitling did not develop immediately. It was in this context of experimentation that the first systematic audiovisual translation strategy of film... more
When films transitioned to sound around 1930, translation methods such as dubbing and subtitling did not develop immediately. It was in this context of experimentation that the first systematic audiovisual translation strategy of film history emerged: the multiple versions, a mostly European-related phenomenon. Multiple versions were intended to make films accessible to different national and linguistic audiences. In this article, we focus on an aspect that has been largely neglected up to these days, namely the role of music in the process of adaptation of multiple versions to their respective cultural contexts. We argue that this popular phenomenon ought to be analysed also in regard to the musical component of the films and go through the challenges of such research. We plead for a comparative audiovisual approach to the topic with transdisciplinary methods and theories, transnational source research, and a wide variety of archives.
The discovery of the Alps in the specific genre of the mountain film was originally a German answer to the Westerns from the USA in the late 1920s. This brought a number of important personalities such as Fanck, Riefenstahl and Trenker... more
The discovery of the Alps in the specific genre of the mountain film was originally a German answer to the Westerns from the USA in the late 1920s. This brought a number of important personalities such as Fanck, Riefenstahl and Trenker onto the German film market, though the genre developed in different ways in other contexts, too. The mountain film Der Sohn der weißen Berge / Les Chevaliers de la Montagne by Trenker and Bonnard was coproduced as a German-French multiple version (MV) in 1930 and represents the beginning of a longer series of 'multiple' coproductions by Trenker. During the generalization of sound, MVs are meant to create the 'same' film for each country interested in it. In order to make the versions successful in their contexts, each of them is shaped according to early audiovisual techniques and adapting elements such as cast, fictional nationalities, music, dialogues or gestures. This article aims to approach the two MVs from a comparative, transcultural perspective in order to highlight their specificities. The aim is to investigate the transcultural character of the Alps arguing that, due to their semantic openness, the Alps provide an ideal setting for transcultural communication and for the nationalization process essential to the MVs. As a territory at the crossroad of several countries and cultures, the Alpine environment proves through Der Sohn der weißen Berge / Les Chevaliers de la Montagne to be a privileged territory for multiplecinematic cultural transfers that contribute to the establishment of European cinema.
The discovery of the Alps in the specific genre of the mountain film was originally a German answer to the Westerns from the USA in the late 1920s. This brought a number of important personalities such as Fanck, Riefenstahl and Trenker... more
The discovery of the Alps in the specific genre of the mountain film was originally a German answer to the Westerns from the USA in the late 1920s. This brought a number of important personalities such as Fanck, Riefenstahl and Trenker onto the German film market, though the genre developed in different ways in other contexts, too. The mountain film Der Sohn der weißen Berge / Les Chevaliers de la Montagne by Trenker and Bonnard was coproduced as a German-French multiple version (MV) in 1930 and represents the beginning of a longer series of ‘multiple’ coproductions by Trenker. During the generalization of sound, MVs are meant to create the ‘same’ film for each country interested in it. In order to make the versions successful in their contexts, each of them is shaped according to early audio-visual techniques and adapting elements such as cast, fictional nationalities, music, dialogues or gestures. This article aims to approach the two MVs from a comparative, transcultural perspect...
Towards the end of the 1920s, when European countries are recovering from the war, a real revolutionupsets the delicate balance of cinema: the generalisation of sound film. The intrinsic mediatic power oftalkies attracts the interest of... more
Towards the end of the 1920s, when European countries are recovering from the war, a real revolutionupsets the delicate balance of cinema: the generalisation of sound film. The intrinsic mediatic power oftalkies attracts the interest of governments, and films get to be instrumentalized in the service of thenational propaganda of each country. This article investigates the links between the democratic discourseand the universe of cinema through a Franco-German study of the film press. We examine the chronological evolution of the debate from 1928 to 1932, while stressing the role played by the transcultural phenomenonof ‘multiple versions’, which manage to cross national borders through an apparent democratization offilmic thought.
Towards the end of the 1920s, when European countries are recovering from the war, a real revolutionupsets the delicate balance of cinema: the generalisation of sound film. The intrinsic mediatic power oftalkies attracts the interest of... more
Towards the end of the 1920s, when European countries are recovering from the war, a real revolutionupsets the delicate balance of cinema: the generalisation of sound film. The intrinsic mediatic power oftalkies attracts the interest of governments, and films get to be instrumentalized in the service of thenational propaganda of each country. This article investigates the links between the democratic discourseand the universe of cinema through a Franco-German study of the film press. We examine the chronological evolution of the debate from 1928 to 1932, while stressing the role played by the transcultural phenomenonof ‘multiple versions’, which manage to cross national borders through an apparent democratization offilmic thought.
Cet article propose une analyse d’un phenomene qui a caracterise la generalisation du cinema parlant pendant les annees 1930 : les versions multiples (VM), films tournes « quasi-simultanement » en plusieurs langues. Cette recherche se... more
Cet article propose une analyse d’un phenomene qui a caracterise la generalisation du cinema parlant pendant les annees 1930 : les versions multiples (VM), films tournes « quasi-simultanement » en plusieurs langues. Cette recherche se base sur des revues specialisees, issues de trois pays parmi les principaux de la production multilingue europeenne : la France, l’Allemagne et l’Italie. Tout d’abord, nous interrogerons les liens entre le sonore, la question des langues et l’internationalite au travers d’une contextualisation socio-politique, historique et technique. Les focus principaux seront la definition du procede des VM, l’analyse des liens entre VM et coproductions europeennes et les enjeux de la propagande nationale menee par chaque pays. Sur la base de ces thematiques et des revues, un corpus de films fera l’objet d’une analyse comparee de la reception des VM contemporaines de ce phenomene a caractere interculturel. Cet article se veut etre une contribution a une meilleure comprehension de cette strategie de traduction, qui reste encore negligee dans la recherche contemporaine en histoire du cinema.
FR Cet article propose une analyse d'un phénomène qui a caractérisé la généralisation du cinéma parlant pendant les années 1930 : les versions multiples (VM), films tournés « quasi-simultanément » en plusieurs langues. Cette recherche se... more
FR
Cet article propose une analyse d'un phénomène qui a caractérisé la généralisation du cinéma parlant pendant les années 1930 : les versions multiples (VM), films tournés « quasi-simultanément » en plusieurs langues. Cette recherche se base sur des revues spécialisées, issues de trois pays parmi les principaux de la production multilingue européenne : la France, l'Allemagne et l'Italie. Tout d'abord, nous interrogerons les liens entre le sonore, la question des langues et l'internationalité au travers d'une contextualisation socio-politique, historique et technique. Les focus principaux seront la définition du procédé des VM, l'analyse des liens entre VM et coproductions européennes et les enjeux de la propagande nationale menée par chaque pays. Sur la base de ces thématiques et des revues, un corpus de films fera l'objet d'une analyse comparée de la réception des VM contemporaines de ce phénomène à caractère interculturel. Cet article se veut être une contribution à une meilleure compréhension de cette stratégie de traduction, qui reste encore négligée dans la recherche contemporaine en histoire du cinéma.

DE
Dieser Artikel analysiert ein Phänomen, das die Verallgemeinerung des Tonfilms in den 1930er Jahren kennzeichnet : die Mehrsprachenversionen (MSV), das heißt Filme, die « quasi-simultan » in mehreren Sprachen gedreht wurden. Die Untersuchung gründet auf einem Korpus von Fachzeitschriften aus Frankreich, Deutschland und Italien, drei führenden Ländern der europäischen mehrsprachigen Produktion. Zunächst wird der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ton, der Sprachenfrage und der Internationalität untersucht und in einen sozio-politischen, historischen und technischen Kontext gesetzt. Die Schwerpunkte dieses Artikels sind die Definition des Prozesses der MSV, der Zusammenhang mit den europäischen Koproduktionen und die Rolle der nationalen Propaganda der einzelnen Länder. Im Zusammenhang mit diesen Themen wurden einzelne Filme ausgewählt, um ihre zeitgenössische Rezeption vergleichend und unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des interkulturellen Charakters der MSV zu analysieren. Dieser Artikel versteht sich als Beitrag zu einem besseren Verständnis dieser historisch einzigartigen Übersetzungsstrategie, die in der filmhistorischen Forschung immer noch vernachlässigt wird.