- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business
Trg J. F. Kennedy 6
10 000 Zagreb, CROATIA
http://www.efzg.hr/itot_eng
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business, Faculty Memberadd
- Contract Law, Commercial Law, European private law, European contract law, Late Payment, Common European Sales Law, and 15 moreCESL, DCFR, European Civil Code, Common Frame of Reference, Leasing, Financial Leasing Market Research, Economic Leasing, Law of Lease, Finance Leasing, Financial Collateral, Securities Market, Securities Law, Banking Law, Banking, and Finance and banking lawedit
- Assistant Professor and Head of the Department of Business Law at the University of Zagreb Faculty of Economics and B... moreAssistant Professor and Head of the Department of Business Law at the University of Zagreb Faculty of Economics and Business. His research interests include law of obligations, comparative contract law, and banking contract law.
A fellow of the European Law Institute (ELI) since 2012. An elected member of ELI Council (2021-2025). Co-Chair of the ELI Croatian Hub since 2020. Member of the ELI Global Private Law SIG since 2019.
Head of the Organising Committee of the Zagreb International Conference on the Law of Obligations (https://lawofobligations.net.efzg.hr/).
Graduated in law (2007), received a university specialist degree in business and EU law (2012) and earned a PhD in commercial law (2016), from the University of Zagreb. His doctoral dissertation focused on contract, tax, and accounting law aspects of operating leasing contracts in the US, Austrian, German, and Croatian law.
Alumnus of the Salzburg Summer School "European Private Law", University of Salzburg, Faculty of Law (2012).
He has published extensively in Croatia, e.g. on continuing obligations, late payment, and leasing. Co-authored an awarded book on banking contract law (Bankovni i financijski ugovori, Narodne novine 2017; awarded the Recognition for a Book of Significance for the Legal Profession in 2017 by the Foundation dr. sc. Jadranko Crnić, Zagreb). For one of the papers, awarded with the Annual Award to Young Scientists and Artists in 2013 by the Society of University Teachers, Scholars and Other Scientists in Zagreb.edit - Prof. Dr Zvonimir Slakoper, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Law, and University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business, Prof. Dr Hrvoje Markovinović, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Lawedit
Predgovor: U 2020. godini navršilo se petnaest godina od usvajanja Zakona o obveznim odnosima, a u 2021. godini petnaest godina od njegova stupanja na snagu i početka primjene pretežnog dijela njegovih odredaba. Premda ova knjiga izlazi... more
Predgovor: U 2020. godini navršilo se petnaest godina od usvajanja Zakona o obveznim odnosima, a u 2021. godini petnaest godina od njegova stupanja na snagu i početka primjene pretežnog dijela njegovih odredaba. Premda ova knjiga izlazi iz tiska u 2022. godini, s vremenskim odmakom od navedenih obljetnica tog temeljnog propisa hrvatskog obveznog prava, odlučili smo ipak kao njezin podnaslov zadržati „Petnaest godina Zakona o obveznim odnosima“ kako bismo jasno uputili na to da su upravo navedene obljetnice bile povodom pristupanju njezinoj izradi. Naslovom knjige, „Hrvatsko obvezno pravo u poredbenopravnom kontekstu“, željeli smo ukazati kako na to da je u njezinu stvaranju primarno upotrijebljena poredbenopravna metoda, tako i na to da je za izučavanje hrvatskog obveznopravnog poretka od neprocjenjive važnosti poredbenopravni kontekst u kojemu je on smješten. Naime, ZOO je amalgam različitih poredbenopravnih instituta i pravila recipiranih s jedne strane iz romanskih, a s druge strane iz germanskih pravnih poredaka, uz primjesu instituta i pravila preuzetih iz međunarodnih konvencija, soft law i drugih izvora te instituta i pravila transponiranih iz pravne stečevine Europske unije. Stoga su identifikacija pravnih poredaka koji su poslužili kao uzori za formuliranje pojedinih instituta ZOO-a i izučavanje razvoja tih instituta u pravnim porecima iz kojih su preuzeti izrazito važni za potpunije razumijevanje njihove uloge u hrvatskom sustavu obveznog prava i njihovo tumačenje s ciljem otklanjanja postojećih nedorečenosti i proturječnosti. Ova je knjiga posljednja od četiri knjige koje su nastale kao rezultat međunarodne znanstvene konferencije Zagreb International Conference on the Law of Obligations. Ona se održala 12. i 13. 12. 2019. u Zagrebu, u organizaciji Katedre za pravo Ekonomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a u suradnji s Tajništvom Komisije Ujedinjenih naroda za međunarodno trgovačko pravo (UNCITRAL Secretariat) i ELI Global Private Law SIG-om, znanstvenom skupinom koja djeluje u okviru Europskog pravnog instituta (European Law Institute, ELI). Ova je knjiga rezultat navedene konferencije, no zbog više razloga ne smatramo je zbornikom radova sa znanstvenog skupa. Prvenstveno, radovi u njoj nisu tek „sabrani“ na jedno mjesto, što je uobičajeno za zbornike radova, već su poglavlja u njoj pomno odabrana i minuciozno uređena, pri čemu smo kao urednici na razini knjige uskladili sve pokrate i kratice te stil citiranja i upućivanja na propise, opremili poglavlja bibliografijama i popisima citiranih sudskih odluka te izradili kazalo odredaba ZOO-a, kazalo drugih izvora i kazalo pojmova koja su svoje mjesto pronašla na kraju knjige. Također, u knjizi nisu zastupljena sva izlaganja održana na konferenciji, a autori zastupljeni u knjizi su na konferenciji izložili tek radne nacrte svojih radova, dok su sama poglavlja većinom stvarana nakon održavanja konferencije, tijekom 2020. i 2021. godine. Konačno, u knjizi se nalazi i nekoliko poglavlja koja nisu ni u radnom nacrtu predstavljena na konferenciji, već se prvi puta predaju javnosti objavom ove knjige. Ovom knjigom željeli smo i doprinijeti dugogodišnjoj tradiciji izučavanja obveznog prava na Ekonomskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, na kojemu su prije nas, među ostalim, djelovali prof. dr. sc. Ivan Bukljaš i prof. dr. sc. Vilim Gorenc čiji je doprinos hrvatskom obveznom pravu neupitan. Stoga nam je osobito zadovoljstvo i što je nakladnikom ove knjige prihvatio biti upravo Ekonomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Ovom se knjigom ujedno pokreće i nakladnički niz „Hrvatsko obvezno pravo u poredbenopravnom kontekstu“ u kojemu smjeramo kontinuirano objavljivati zbirne i samostalne znanstvene knjige posvećene hrvatskom i poredbenom obveznom pravu. Zahvaljujemo svim autorima na iznimnom trudu koji su uložili u pripremu svojih poglavlja te na njihovom strpljenju i razumijevanju. Zahvaljujemo i recenzentima te lektoricama na unaprjeđenju teksta ove knjige. U nadi da ćemo ovom knjigom pobuditi širi interes za sustavnim proučavanjem obveznog prava, predajemo je znanstvenoj i stručnoj javnosti. U Zagrebu, 1. rujna 2022. doc. dr. sc. Ivan Tot i prof. dr. sc. Zvonimir Slakoper
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EU Private Law and the CISG examines selected EU directives in the field of private law and their effects on the national private law systems of several EU Member States and discusses certain specific concepts of the United Nations... more
EU Private Law and the CISG examines selected EU directives in the field of private law and their effects on the national private law systems of several EU Member States and discusses certain specific concepts of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) in light of the CISG’s recent fortieth anniversary. The most prominent influence of EU law on national private law systems is in the area of the law of obligations, thus the book focuses on several EU private law directives that cover the issues belonging to contract and tort law, as interpreted in the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU. EU private law concepts need to be interpreted autonomously and uniformly rather than through the lens of national private law systems. The same is true for the CISG which has not only been one of the most successful instruments of the international trade law unification but had also influenced both the EU private law and domestic laws. In Part I, focused on the EU private law and its effects for national laws, chapters examine the recent Digital Content and Services Directive and its likely impact on the contract law of the UK and Ireland, the role aggressive commercial practices play in EU banking and credit legislation, the applicability of the EU private international law rules to collective redress, the unfair contract terms regime of the Late Payment Directive and its transposition into Croatian law, the implementation of the Commercial Agency Directive in Denmark, Estonia and Germany, and disgorgement of profits as remedy provided in the Trade Secrets Directive. In Part II, dealing with selected CISG issues, chapters discuss the autonomous interpretation of CISG’s concept of sale by auction and its notion of intellectual property, as well as the CISG’s principle of freedom of form and the possibility for reservations with the effect of its exclusion. The book will be of interest to legal scholars in the field of EU private law and international trade law, as well as to the students, practitioners, members of law reform bodies, and civil servants in Europe, and beyond.
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Digital Technologies and the Law of Obligations critically examines the emergence of new digital technologies and the challenges they pose to the traditional law of obligations, and discusses the extent to which existing contract and tort... more
Digital Technologies and the Law of Obligations critically examines the emergence of new digital technologies and the challenges they pose to the traditional law of obligations, and discusses the extent to which existing contract and tort law rules and doctrines are equipped to meet these new challenges. This book covers various contract and tort law issues raised by emerging technologies – including distributed ledger technology, blockchain-based smart contracts, and artificial intelligence – as well as by the evolution of the internet into a participative web fuelled by user-generated content, and by the rise of the modern-day collaborative economy facilitated by digital technologies. Chapters address these topics from the perspective of both the common law and the civil law tradition. While mostly focused on the current state of affairs and recent debates and initiatives within the European Union regulatory framework, contributors also discuss the central themes from the perspective of the national law of obligations, examining the adaptability of existing legal doctrines to contemporary challenges, addressing the occasional legislative attempts to deal with the private law aspects of these challenges, and pointing to issues where legislative interventions would be most welcomed. Case studies are drawn from the United States, Singapore, and other parts of the common law world. Digital Technologies and the Law of Obligations will be of interest to legal scholars and researchers in the fields of contract law, tort law, and digital law, as well as to legal practitioners and members of law reform bodies.
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The Law of Obligations in Central and Southeast Europe examines the new codifications, reforms, and other recent developments in Central and Southeast Europe which have significantly modernized the law of obligations in the last two... more
The Law of Obligations in Central and Southeast Europe examines the new codifications, reforms, and other recent developments in Central and Southeast Europe which have significantly modernized the law of obligations in the last two decades, focusing particularly on the legal systems of Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, and Turkey. With chapters authored by prominent academics and promising young legal scholars, this book discusses the results of the modernizations and describes the legislative reforms of the law of obligations that are underway or are discussed and advocated for in the countries of Central and Southeast Europe. Divergences of the new civil codes and other legislative acts from earlier legal solutions are identified and the rationale behind these departures is analysed, as well as the introduction of the new legal institutes in the law of obligations in these parts of the world. The Introduction provides a concise country-by- country overview of the recodification, modernization, and reform of the law of obligations in Central and Southeast Europe. In Part I, chapters discuss the process of recodification in the Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary, with focus on the main novelties in their contract and tort law. The chapters in Part II then discuss several, more specific legal institutes of the law of obligations, and other recent developments and contemporary challenges to the law of obligations in the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, and Turkey. This book is of interest to legal scholars in the field of private law, as well as to students, practitioners, members of law reform bodies, and civil servants in Central and Southeast Europe, and beyond.
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U poglavlju se raspravlja o pravnoj prirodi obveznopravnog odnosa između strana raskinutog ugovora i učincima raskida ugovora, a posebno o dopunskom restitucijskom zahtjevu za isplatom kamata. Primjenom poredbenopravne metode primarno se... more
U poglavlju se raspravlja o pravnoj prirodi obveznopravnog odnosa između strana raskinutog ugovora i učincima raskida ugovora, a posebno o dopunskom restitucijskom zahtjevu za isplatom kamata. Primjenom poredbenopravne metode primarno se istražuju gledišta austrijskog, švicarskog i njemačkog prava. Argumentira se gledište prema kojemu se u hrvatskom pravu de lege lata ugovorni odnos raskidom preobražava u restitucijski odnos u kojemu su restitucijski zahtjevi ugovorni, a ne kondikcijski zahtjevi. Propituje se opravdanost označavanja restitucijskih kamata iz odredbe čl. 368. st. 5. Zakona o obveznim odnosima (ZOO) "zateznim" kamatama i njihovog obračunavanja primjenom zakonskih stopa zateznih kamata iz odredbe čl. 29. st. 2. ZOO-a. Predlaže se tumačenje teleološkom redukcijom odredbe čl. 29. st. 2. ZOO-a, prema kojemu bi se restitucijske kamate, kao naknada koristi koje je restitucijski dužnik imao od primljenog novca, u razdoblju od dana primitka novca do dana raskida ugovora obračunavale primjenom osnovne kamatne stope iz odredbe čl. 29. st. 2. ZOO-a, bez njezina uvećavanja za tamo propisani broj postotnih poena.
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U bivšoj Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji (SFRJ) obvezno pravo bilo je prvenstveno uređeno saveznim Zakonom o obveznim odnosima iz 1978. godine (ZOO/SFRJ) koji se temeljio na akademskom nacrtu zakonika o obligacijama i... more
U bivšoj Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji (SFRJ) obvezno pravo bilo je prvenstveno uređeno saveznim Zakonom o obveznim odnosima iz 1978. godine (ZOO/SFRJ) koji se temeljio na akademskom nacrtu zakonika o obligacijama i ugovorima iz 1969. godine (tzv. Skica). U pripremi Skice, kao i u radu na ZOO/SFRJ, upotrijebljena je poredbenopravna metoda pa je on stvoren pod utjecajem različitih stranih zakonodavnih modela, bez da je odabran jedan među njima kao primarni uzor. Uplivi i romanskih i germanskih pravnih poredaka, ali i odstupanja ZOO/SFRJ od Skice, ponegdje su doveli do proturječnosti i sustavnih problema koji su dandanas prisutni u svih sedam suverenih država na području nekadašnje SFRJ. ZOO/SFRJ je u hrvatsko pravo preuzet 1991. godine kao republički zakon te ga je otada opravdano označavati hrvatskim Zakonom o obveznim odnosima (tzv. stari ZOO). Kasnije je gotovo cijeli tekst starog ZOO-a, iako bitno prestrukturiran i prilagođen hrvatskom pravnom nazivlju, ugrađen u novi Zakon o obveznim odnosima iz 2005. godine (ZOO). Stoga su u ZOO-u u znatnoj mjeri zadržani i raniji poredbenopravni utjecaji, a u njegovoj pripremi bili su razmatrani i različiti dodatni izvori. U njegov su tekst, radije negoli u posebne propise, bile transponirane i pojedine direktive Europske unije. No, postojali su i brojni posebni obveznopravni propisi koji nisu kodificirani u ZOO-u, a kasnija promjena zakonodavnog pristupa implementiranju pravne stečevine Europske unije dodatno je fragmentirala sustav obveznog prava. U ovom uvodnom poglavlju daje se pregled poredbenopravnih utjecaja na ZOO te predstavljaju pitanja o kojima se raspravlja u narednim poglavljima knjige.
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The paper discusses the classification of contracts into nominate and innominate contracts, the concept of a nominate contract, the functions that nominate contracts as regulated types of contract have in the legal system, the methods of... more
The paper discusses the classification of contracts into nominate and innominate contracts, the concept of a nominate contract, the functions that nominate contracts as regulated types of contract have in the legal system, the methods of qualification of the contractual relationship as a regulated type of contract, the concept and types of innominate contracts, the classification of mixed contracts, and the methods of applying the legal norms contained in the legal regulation of contract types on mixed contracts and sui generis contracts as contract types that are not regulated by law as special types of contracts. The views expressed in Swiss, Austrian and German law are analysed, as these are legal systems that have had a particular impact on Croatian contract law. The paper examines the acceptance in Croatian law of different theories on the methods of applying legal norms, which were developed in German and Swiss legal science, and analyses the application of different methods of legal qualification in Croatian jurisprudence. The aim of the paper is to complement the existing knowledge of Croatian legal science on the classification of contract types into nominate and innominate contracts, and on the appropriateness of applying certain methods of legal qualification to certain types of innominate contracts. --- U radu se raspravlja o klasifikaciji ugovora na imenovane i neimenovane ugovore, pojmu imenovanog ugovora, funkcijama koje imenovani ugovori kao zakonom uređeni tipovi ugovora imaju u pravnom sustavu, metodama kvalifikacije konkretnog ugovornog odnosa kao zakonom uređenog tipa ugovora, pojmu i vrstama neimenovanih ugovora, klasifikaciji mješovitih ugovora te metodama primjene pravnih normi sadržanih u zakonskom uređenju tipova ugovora na mješovite ugovore i ugovore sui generis kao vrstama ugovora koji nisu zakonom uređeni kao posebni tipovi ugovora. Ispituju se stajališta zastupljena u švicarskom, austrijskom i njemačkom pravu kao pravnim poredcima koji su osobito utjecali na hrvatsko ugovorno pravo. Ispituje se prihvaćenost u hrvatskom pravu različitih teorija o metodama primjene pravnih normi, razvijenih u njemačkoj i švicarskoj pravnoj znanosti te analizira primjena različitih metoda pravne kvalifikacije u hrvatskoj sudskoj praksi. Cilj je rada pomoću poredbenopravne metode upotpuniti dosadašnje spoznaje hrvatske pravne znanosti o klasifikaciji tipova ugovora na imenovane i neimenovane ugovore te o prikladnosti primjene pojedinih metoda pravne kvalifikacije na pojedine vrste neimenovanih ugovora.
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http://institut.jura.kg.ac.rs/index.php/savetovanja/majsko/xivmajsko --- The legal rule under which interest ceases to run when the amount of interest reaches the amount of the principal is known as a prohibition of ultra alterum tantum.... more
http://institut.jura.kg.ac.rs/index.php/savetovanja/majsko/xivmajsko --- The legal rule under which interest ceases to run when the amount of interest reaches the amount of the principal is known as a prohibition of ultra alterum tantum. Such a statutory limit on interest accumulation was previously contained in the 1978 Obligations Act, and was abolished in 1989. In the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia, current proposals call for re-introduction of the prohibition of ultra alterum tantum in the legal regulation of interest. Whereas the proposed amendment to the Croatian Obligations Act seeks to limit the accumulation of default interest, the Draft of the Civil Code of the Republic of Serbia contains a legal restriction on the accumulation of contractual interest. On the basis of a comparative analysis of the rule on the prohibition of ultra alterum tantum in Austrian law, Slovenian law and the European Union law, the paper examines the eligibility and appropriateness of these proposals for legislative interventions in the regulation of interest in Croatian and Serbian law. / Pravno pravilo prema kojemu kamate prestaju teći kada iznos kamata dostigne iznos glavnice naziva se zabranom ultra alterum tantum. Takvo zakonsko ograničenje tijeka kamata bilo je sadržano u ranijem Zakonu o obveznim odnosima iz 1978. godine, a ono je ukinuto 1989. godine. U Republici Hrvatskoj i Republici Srbiji aktualni su prijedlozi za ponovnim uvođenjem zabrane ultra alterum tantum u zakonsko uređenje kamata. Dok se u Republici Hrvatskoj predlaže novelom Zakona o obveznim odnosima ograničiti tijek zateznih kamata, u Republici Srbiji je u Nacrtu Građanskog zakonika predloženo zakonsko ograničenje tijeka ugovornih kamata. U radu se ispituje prihvatljivost i svrsishodnost tih prijedloga zakonodavnih intervencija u uređenje kamata u hrvatskom i srpskom pravu, a na temelju poredbenopravne analize pravila o zabrani ultra alterum tantum u austrijskom pravu, slovenskom pravu i pravu Europske unije.
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Raspravlja se o pojmu i temeljnim obilježjima repo posla te analiziraju stadiji odvijanja repo posla i gospodarski motivi sudionika u repo poslu. Analiziraju se pojavni oblici repo posla te se repo posao razgraničuje od pojedinih drugih... more
Raspravlja se o pojmu i temeljnim obilježjima repo posla te analiziraju stadiji odvijanja repo posla i gospodarski motivi sudionika u repo poslu. Analiziraju se pojavni oblici repo posla te se repo posao razgraničuje od pojedinih drugih funkcionalno sličnih poslova. Raspravlja se o pojmu, obilježjima i pravnoj prirodi repo ugovora. Analiziraju se glavne i sporedne obveze ugovornih strana repo ugovora. Raspravlja se o redovnom i prijevremenom prestanku repo ugovora.
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U poglavlju knjige uvodno se raspravlja o pojavi i razvoju posla leasinga te ekonomskom i pravnom pojmu posla leasinga. Uspostavlja se klasifikacija pojavnih oblika posla leasinga. Raspravlja se o pojmu, sadržaju, obliku, pravnoj prirodi... more
U poglavlju knjige uvodno se raspravlja o pojavi i razvoju posla leasinga te ekonomskom i pravnom pojmu posla leasinga. Uspostavlja se klasifikacija pojavnih oblika posla leasinga. Raspravlja se o pojmu, sadržaju, obliku, pravnoj prirodi i obilježjima ugovora o leasingu. Analizira se važnost pojedinih pojavnih oblika posla leasinga za pravnu kvalifikaciju ugovora između davatelja leasinga i primatelja leasinga.
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U poglavlju knjige se raspravlja o općem pravnom pojmu, obilježjima i vrstama kamata. Prikazuje se uređenje kamata u hrvatskom pravu i izmjene koje je ono doživjelo od donošenja Zakona o obveznim odnosima do danas. Raspravlja se o... more
U poglavlju knjige se raspravlja o općem pravnom pojmu, obilježjima i vrstama kamata. Prikazuje se uređenje kamata u hrvatskom pravu i izmjene koje je ono doživjelo od donošenja Zakona o obveznim odnosima do danas. Raspravlja se o zakonskim kamatama i pojedinim vrstama zakonskih kamata: kamate na zajam, kamate na depozit, kamate zbog stjecanja bez osnove, kamate zbog raskida ugovora, kamate na troškove nastale pri poduzimanju posla za tuđi račun, kamate na iznos naknade štete, drugi slučajevi zakonske obveze plaćanja zakonskih kamata. Posebno se analiziraju zatezne kamate kao posebna vrsta zakonskih kamata, u okviru čega se raspravlja o pojmu, obilježjima i funkcijama zateznih kamata, stopama zateznih kamata te odnosu zateznih kamata i naknade štete. Posebno se raspravlja o pojmu, obilježjima i funkcijama ugovornih kamata, stopama ugovornih kamata i vezanosti stopa ugovornih kamata sa zakonske stope zateznih kamata. Iznose se pojedina zajednička razmatranja za zakonske i ugovorne kamate.
Research Interests: Civil Law and Banking Law
The subject of the paper is the analysis of historical development of operating leasing transaction and the identification of its contemporary notion in European business practice. Conducted study of United States, Austrian and German... more
The subject of the paper is the analysis of historical development of operating leasing transaction and the identification of its contemporary notion in European business practice. Conducted study of United States, Austrian and German economic and legal literature points out to the different meanings of the terms operating leasing and operating lease. The paper argues that the use of similar terms in different scientific disciplines had resulted in a misunderstanding of the operating leasing transaction in domestic literature. The paper presents the results of the research conducted by the author in his doctoral thesis.
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Subject of the paper are those provisions of a proposal for a new Package Travel Directive which regulate personal scope of application of the coming new directive. The personal scope of application of the new directive according to the... more
Subject of the paper are those provisions of a proposal for a new Package Travel Directive which regulate personal scope of application of the coming new directive. The personal scope of application of the new directive according to the proposal is compared with the personal scope of application of the current Directive 90/314/EEC. Novelties of the proposal for a new directive are assessed in comparison with the provisions of the current Directive 90/314/EEC and with the provisions of national laws of selected Members States. In addition to the analysis of the provisions of the European Commission proposal, the amendments proposed by the European Parliament are analysed and reviewed as well. It is concluded that the European Commission proposal, regarding the personal field of application of the future directive, contains positive developments in relation to Directive 90/314/EEC. However, it would be advisable to adopt amendments proposed by the European Parliament, in particular those providing for the inclusion of a number of clauses of minimum harmonization in the proposal for a new directive, bearing in mind that the proposed intensity of harmonization in the European Commission proposal for a new directive is the targeted maximum harmonization.
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The aim of the paper is to evaluate the transposition of the EU directives on combating late payments into laws of Croatia and Slovenia. The research is restricted to the provisions of national laws which deal with the payment periods in... more
The aim of the paper is to evaluate the transposition of the EU directives on combating late payments into laws of Croatia and Slovenia. The research is restricted to the provisions of national laws which deal with the payment periods in commercial transactions, the notion of late payment and the private law consequences of the late payments. It is argued that in some aspects Croatia failed to implement the directives properly, while Slovenia's approach is perceived as being mostly in accordance with the conditions set forth in the directives. Noticing that the new laws brought into force in 2012, both in Croatia and Slovenia, contain provisions which are more favourable to the creditors than the provisions necessary to comply with the directives, these original solutions are particularly examined in the paper. It is concluded that some of these solutions may serve as a model for the future changes which could be made to Directive 2011/7/EU.
Key-words: payment period, late payment, interest, commercial transactions, Directive 2000/35/EC, Directive 2011/7/EU
Key-words: payment period, late payment, interest, commercial transactions, Directive 2000/35/EC, Directive 2011/7/EU
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The model rules on sublease set out in the Draft Common Frame of Reference for a European Private Law (DCFR) are analysed and compared to the existing legal norms provided in the laws of various European countries, including Croatia.... more
The model rules on sublease set out in the Draft Common Frame of Reference for a European Private Law (DCFR) are analysed and compared to the existing legal norms provided in the laws of various European countries, including Croatia. Noting that in several European jurisdictions there are at least two contractual types that correspond to what is referred to as „lease of goods” in the DCFR, the author identifies the common features and explores the differences regarding the substance of sublease in diverse types of lease contracts (e.g. „najam“, „zakup“ and „leasing“ in Croatian law, „Miete“ and „Pacht“ in German law). The limitation of the scope of application of DCFR model rules on the assets other than immovables is perceived as a probable obstacle to a broader implementation of the DCFR, taking into consideration that majority of the lease contracts refer to immovable property such as land, apartment and business premises. This article examines in particular how the national rules differ regarding the lessee's right to sublease without lessor's consent, the lessor's right to extraordinary termination of the lease if the lessee subleases without lessor's consent, the lessee's right to extraordinary termination of the lease if consent to sublease is withheld without sufficiently good reason, and the lessee's liability for the performance of the contract of lease. Although DCFR does not deal with the expiration of sublease at the termination of the lease nor with the lessor's right to direct action against sub-lessee, it is observed that in some countries these subjects are explicitly regulated. Finally, bearing in mind that one of the objectives of DCFR is to create a toolbox for the drafters of EU law rules, the author tries to answer whether the rules relating to the contract of sublease as defined in the DCFR may serve as specific guidelines to EU legislators.
Key-words: DCFR, lease of goods, lease contracts, sublease
Key-words: DCFR, lease of goods, lease contracts, sublease
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This paper deals with the relation between embargo as a coercive economic measure provided in Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, and human rights as peremptory norms of international law. The authors try to answer the... more
This paper deals with the relation between embargo as a coercive economic measure provided in Article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, and human rights as peremptory norms of international law. The authors try to answer the question how to find a balance between demands for more efficient embargoes and demands for more humane embargoes. Firstly, the theoretical concept of the embargo is discussed, and then we analyze various types of embargoes in the light of the United Nations Security Council practice. Afterwards, an analysis of the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations is given, and the embargo implementation machinery is presented, with a concise review of the legal nature of the embargo. Finally, fundamental human rights protected by peremptory norms of international law are explained, along with the limitations they present to the implementation of embargo in the United Nations system.
Key-words: embargo, economic measures, United Nations, human rights
Key-words: embargo, economic measures, United Nations, human rights
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Sažetak: Dana 14. prosinca 2010. godine u prostorijama Ekonomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu održana je znanstvena konferencija „2nd Conference on Merger Control–Recent Trends in EU and Croatian Law “koja je okupila niz istaknutih... more
Sažetak: Dana 14. prosinca 2010. godine u prostorijama Ekonomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu održana je znanstvena konferencija „2nd Conference on Merger Control–Recent Trends in EU and Croatian Law “koja je okupila niz istaknutih hrvatskih, ali i stranih, ...
Abstract: Trenutak ispunjenja novčane obveze uređen je u hrvatskom pravu različito u ovisnosti od sredstva i načina kojim se ispunjava novčana obveza. U ovome radu analiziraju se odgovarajuće odredbe Zakona o obveznim odnosima o... more
Abstract: Trenutak ispunjenja novčane obveze uređen je u hrvatskom pravu različito u ovisnosti od sredstva i načina kojim se ispunjava novčana obveza. U ovome radu analiziraju se odgovarajuće odredbe Zakona o obveznim odnosima o ispunjenju novčane obveze ...
Abstract: Neposredan cilj prava tržišnog natjecanja je održavanje uvjeta za slobodno tržišno natjecanje, a što doprinosi ostvarivanju gospodarskog prosperiteta i blagostanju potrošača. Cilj kaznenog prava je zaštita subjektivnih prava... more
Abstract: Neposredan cilj prava tržišnog natjecanja je održavanje uvjeta za slobodno tržišno natjecanje, a što doprinosi ostvarivanju gospodarskog prosperiteta i blagostanju potrošača. Cilj kaznenog prava je zaštita subjektivnih prava građana i drugih društvenih vrijednosti ...
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Abstract:„Ugovore o uslugama “moglo bi se definirati kao ugovore kojima se jedna ugovorna strana kao pružatelj usluge obvezuje pružiti određenu uslugu drugoj ugovornoj strani kao primatelju usluge, a primatelj usluge se zauzvrat obvezuje... more
Abstract:„Ugovore o uslugama “moglo bi se definirati kao ugovore kojima se jedna ugovorna strana kao pružatelj usluge obvezuje pružiti određenu uslugu drugoj ugovornoj strani kao primatelju usluge, a primatelj usluge se zauzvrat obvezuje pružatelju usluge platiti ...
Full text available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/224476 --- The invalidity of contract in Croatian law, as well as in Swiss, Austrian, and German law, in principle has ex tunc effect. One of the legal consequences of the invalidity of... more
Full text available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/224476 --- The invalidity of contract in Croatian law, as well as in Swiss, Austrian, and German law, in principle has ex tunc effect. One of the legal consequences of the invalidity of contract is the obligation of restitution that arises when one of the parties provides the other with an act of performance in fulfilment of an obligation under an invalid contract, while the rules on unjustified enrichment are also to be applied to the obligation relationship between the parties. According to a legal standpoint found in Swiss, Austrian, and German law, in relation to continuing contracts, in cases where the provision of a continuing obligation has already begun, the effect of invalidity of a contract is to be limited to effect only from now on. Under this view, invalidity of a continuing contract, that is a contract under which a continuous obligation relationship is established between the parties, has ex nunc effect, therefore there is no unwinding of the continuous obligation relationship. This standpoint of Swiss, Austrian, and German law, as well as the various theoretical foundations on which it is based is analysed in the paper. The legal consequences of invalidity of contract under Croatian law are discussed, especially in relation to the obligation of restitution. The paper examines whether it is possible and necessary under Croatian law de lege lata to apply the comparative law doctrine on the limitation of the effect of invalidity of continuing contracts.
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Full-text available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=316031 --- The paper deals with the general rules on termination of continuing obligation relationships which are in Croatian law contained in the... more
Full-text available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=316031 --- The paper deals with the general rules on termination of continuing obligation relationships which are in Croatian law contained in the provisions of Art. 211 and Art. 212 of the Law on Obligations. According to these general rules, the passing of time is the regular way of termination of fixed-term continuing obligation relationships, while termination by notice is the regular way of termination of continuing obligation relationships concluded for indefinite period of time. Both of the regular ways of termination of continuing obligation relationships have effects only pro futuro and, unlike the unilateral revocation, they do not result with the obligation to return what was received as performance before the termination of continuing obligation relationship. A prevailing standpoint of the Swiss, Austrian and German law is that any continuing obligation relationship may be terminated by extraordinary termination by notice for an important reason. By contrast, Croatian law prevails on the view that continuing obligation relationships are terminated extraordinarily by unilateral revocation, with the effects of the termination of the continuing obligation relationship being teleologically reduced only to the ex nunc effects. The aim of this paper is to re-examine this predominant standpoint of Croatian law. The paper argues that in Croatian law every continuing obligation relationship is terminated in an extraordinary manner by an extraordinary termination by notice for an important reason, not by unilateral revocation. --- Rad se bavi općim uređenjem prestanka trajnih obveznih odnosa koje je u hrvatskom pravu sadržano u odredbama čl. 211. i 212. Zakona o obveznim odnosima. Prema tom općem uređenju, protek vremena je redovni način prestanka trajnih obveznih odnosa zasnovanih na određeno vrijeme, dok je otkaz redovni način prestanka trajnih obveznih odnosa zasnovanih na neodređeno vrijeme. Oba redovna načina prestanka trajnih obveznih odnosa imaju učinke samo pro futuro i za razliku od jednostranog raskida ne dovode do nastanka obveze vraćanja primljenog u ime ispunjenja prije prestanka obveznog odnosa. U švicarskom, austrijskom i njemačkom pravu prevladava gledište prema kojemu svaki trajni obvezni odnos na izvanredan način može prestati izvanrednim otkazom iz važnog razloga. Nasuprot tomu, u hrvatskom pravu prevladava gledište prema kojemu trajni obvezni odnosi na izvanredan način prestaju jednostranim raskidom, pri čemu se učinci raskida trajnog obveznog odnosa teleološki svode samo na učinke ex nunc. Cilj je rada preispitati to prevladavajuće gledište hrvatskoga prava. U radu se argumentira gledište prema kojemu i u hrvatskom pravu svaki trajni obvezni odnos na izvanredan način prestaje izvanrednim otkazom iz važnog razloga, a ne jednostranim raskidom.
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Full-text available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/204215 --- The paper deals with the definition of the concept of a continuing obligation relationship (continuing contract). Crucial for this definition is the notion of a continuing... more
Full-text available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/204215 --- The paper deals with the definition of the concept of a continuing obligation relationship (continuing contract). Crucial for this definition is the notion of a continuing obligation, as well as notions of a continuing act of performance and of consecutive acts of performance. Both the notion of a continuing obligation and the distinction between the consecutive obligations and the performance of an obligation in parts or instalments have been discussed in the paper. Moreover, it differentiates between the contracts for successive delivery, where the repeating of single acts of performance and counter performance at certain time intervals represent partial fulfilment of the contractual obligations, and the contracts for continuous delivery, where the obligation of successive deliveries is a continuing obligation, the scope of which depends on the duration of the contractual relationship. Based on the views developed in German, Austrian and Swiss laws, the conclusion has been drawn that it is adequate for the Croatian law to define continuing obligation relationships as obligation relationships, where the typical main obligation is a continuing obligation, that is, an obligation the subject of which is a continuing act of performance or continuous repeating of single acts of performance. The paper points out the typical continuing obligation relationships and their key distinctive features from obligation relationships that are not continuing obligation relationships, which are referred to as simple obligation relationships. --- Rad se bavi određenjem pojma trajnog obveznog odnosa. Za to određenje odlučan je pojam trajne obveze te pojmovi trajne činidbe i uzastopnih činidbi. Raspravlja se o pojmu trajne činidbe te o razlikovanju trajne činidbe, jednokratne činidbe i uzastopnih činidbi. Raspravlja se o pojmu uzastopnih obveza i razgraničenju uzastopnih obveza od ispunjenja obveze u dijelovima ili obrocima. Razgraničuju se ugovori s uzastopnim isporukama kod kojih ponavljanja jednokratnih činidbi i protučinidbi u određenim vremenskim razmacima predstavljaju djelomična ispunjenja obveza ugovornih strana te ugovori s trajnom isporukom kod kojih je obveza uzastopnih isporuka trajna obveza čiji je opseg ovisan o vremenu trajanja ugovornog odnosa. Na temelju gledišta razvijenih u njemačkom, austrijskom i švicarskom pravu, zaključuje se da je za hrvatsko pravo prihvatljivo trajne obvezne odnose odrediti kao obvezne odnose u kojima je tipična glavna obveza trajna obveza, odnosno obveza koja za predmet ima trajnu činidbu ili trajno ponavljanje jednokratnih činidbi. Ukazuje se na tipične trajne obvezne odnose te na ključne posebnosti trajnih obveznih odnosa prema obveznim odnosima koji nisu trajni, a koji se nazivaju jednostavnim obveznim odnosima.
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Full-text paper available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/203325 --- Directive 2002/47/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 June 2002 on financial collateral arrangements (‘Financial Collateral Directive’) was adopted as a part... more
Full-text paper available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/203325 --- Directive 2002/47/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 June 2002 on financial collateral arrangements (‘Financial Collateral Directive’) was adopted as a part of the EU legal framework for financial markets in order to enhance the stability of the financial system in the EU. Several of its key provisions dealing with the financial collateral arrangements had required the Member States to introduce new rules in the national legal systems which were substantially different from the existing legal solutions employed in the national property, contract, and insolvency laws. These provisions of Financial Collateral Directive represent a reception of the financial market practice embodied in the various standard master agreements drawn up by the international financial market associations. The level of this reception indicates that the true legislator of the European financial market in the field of financial collateral is the financial market itself. This paper identifies and explores the origins of the provisions of Financial Collateral Directive in the financial market practice and the effects of the Financial Collateral Directive on the national legal systems in the EU.
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https://hrcak.srce.hr/193108 --- The paper analyses the precontractual relationships that arise between the participants of an indirect leasing transaction when the leasing and the supply contracts are concluded simultaneously. In an... more
https://hrcak.srce.hr/193108 --- The paper analyses the precontractual relationships that arise between the participants of an indirect leasing transaction when the leasing and the supply contracts are concluded simultaneously. In an indirect leasing transaction a distinctive triangular relationship is conceived between the supplier, the lessor and the lessee. A peculiar characteristic of this relationship is that the particulars agreed between the supplier and the lessee in the precontractual phase become part of the contracts not concluded between those parties: the leasing contract between the lessor and the lessee, and the supply contract between the supplier and the lessor. This characteristic of indirect leasing transactions raises several questions connected with the precontractual liability of the participants in the transaction and their mutual rights and obligations: Could the business contact between the lessee and the supplier be considered as precontractual negotiations? Is there a precontractual liability of the supplier to the lessee? Could the lessee be considered as an agent of the lessor in the precontractual negotiations on the conclusion of the supply contract? Could the supplier be considered as an agent of the lessor in the precontractual negotiations on the conclusion of the leasing contract? What duties to inform arise between the participants to an indirect leasing transaction? The paper discusses comparative legal solutions of Austrian and German law, and examines their acceptability in the context of Croatian law. --- U radu se analiziraju predugovorni odnosi koji nastaju među sudionicima posla neizravnog leasinga prilikom simultanog sklapanja ugovora o leasingu i ugovora o isporuci. U poslu neizravnog leasinga između dobavljača objekta leasinga, primatelja leasinga i davatelja leasinga zasniva se karakterističan trostrani odnos čija je specifičnost u tome da pojedinosti koje su u predugovornom stadiju dogovorili dobavljač i primatelj leasinga postaju dijelom sadržaja ugovora koji oni ne sklapaju među sobom: ugovora o leasingu između davatelja leasinga i primatelja leasinga te ugovora o isporuci objekta leasinga između dobavljača i davatelja leasinga. Iz te specifičnosti posla neizravnog leasinga proizlazi niz pitanja u vezi s predugovornom odgovornošću sudionika posla i njihovim međusobnim pravima i obvezama u i iz predugovornog stadija: može li se poslovni kontakt između primatelja leasinga i dobavljača smatrati pregovorima ; postoji li vlastita predugovorna odgovornost dobavljača prema primatelju leasinga ; može li se primatelja leasinga smatrati zastupnikom davatelja leasinga u pregovorima o sklapanju ugovora o isporuci ; može li se dobavljača smatrati zastupnikom davatelja leasinga u pregovorima o sklapanju ugovora o leasingu ; koje obveze pojašnjenja i obavještavanja terete pojedine od tih sudionika prema ostalim sudionicima posla. U radu se analiziraju poredbenopravna rješenja austrijskog i njemačkog prava i propituje njihova prihvatljivost u kontekstu hrvatskog prava.
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The subject of the research in this paper are automotive operating lease contracts in the Croatian business practice. The provisions of the general terms and conditions for operating lease contracts of the Croatian leasing companies are... more
The subject of the research in this paper are automotive operating lease contracts in the Croatian business practice. The provisions of the general terms and conditions for operating lease contracts of the Croatian leasing companies are being analysed, particularly those relating to the rights and obligations of the parties to the contract after the operating lease contract was terminated and the motor vehicle returned to the lessor. The existence of three contractual models of the automotive operating lease contract in the Croatian business practice is established, which vary with regard to the assignment and the distribution of the residual value risk. Those contractual models are being compared with the two most common contractual models of automotive lease contracts in the Austrian and German business practice: the lease contract with the excess mileage adjustment and the lease contract with the terminal rent adjustment. On the basis of the results of this comparison, applicability of the legal solutions, developed in the Austrian and German jurisprudence and legal literature regarding the lease contract with the excess mileage adjustment and the lease contract with the terminal rent adjustment, to the automotive operating lease contract within the framework of Croatian law, is being examined.
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This article analyses recent and pending cases at the Court of Justice concerning the interpretation of the provisions of the Directive 2011/7/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 on combating late payment... more
This article analyses recent and pending cases at the Court of Justice concerning the interpretation of the provisions of the Directive 2011/7/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 on combating late payment in commercial transactions. So far the Court of Justice had issued only one judgment in which it had interpreted the provisions of the Directive 2011/7/EU, the judgment in the case Federconsorzi in which the referring court was concerned with the issues of the scope of application of Directive 2011/7/EU rationae materiae and rationae temporis. There are three more pending cases at the Court of Justice in which the referring courts asked for interpretation of the various provisions of Directive 2011/7/EU. This article reviews the judgment of the Court of Justice in Federconsorzi, and also discusses and offers answers to the questions raised by the referring courts in the still pending cases.
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In the ordinary legislative procedure before the European Parliament and the Council, there is a proposal of the European Commission for the adoption of a new directive that would bring the regulation of the contract on organized tours... more
In the ordinary legislative procedure before the European Parliament and the Council, there is a proposal of the European Commission for the adoption of a new directive that would bring the regulation of the contract on organized tours into line with current market development of organized trips. The proposal is intended to regulate the various combinations of travel services that are today offered to passengers, particularly online, which are identical or comparable to the travel services provided in a classic pre-arranged package. The subject of the paper are the provisions of the proposal of the directive which govern the field of application of the proposed directive, in particular the proposed changes regarding the concept of “package” contained in the European Commission proposal and amendments of the European Parliament, as well as the analysis of the proposed new concept of “assisted travel arrangements.” The paper also critically refers to the method of targeted maximum harmonization as a proposed new intensity of the harmonization. The conclusion is that, despite the welcome updating of an outdated text of the directive on package travel which is in line with the current market needs, the proposed text of the new directive is burdened with technical and complex definitions that could lead to significant difficulties in their transposition into the provisions of national law of the Member States.
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The provisions of the Directive 2011/7/EU on combating late payment in commercial contracts governing the recovery procedures for unchallenged claims are analyzed in this paper in comparison with the solutions contained in the relevant... more
The provisions of the Directive 2011/7/EU on combating late payment in commercial contracts governing the recovery procedures for unchallenged claims are analyzed in this paper in comparison with the solutions contained in the relevant sources of European civil procedure law. Since they are necessary for the understanding of the provisions of Directive 2011/7/EU, the interpretations of the earlier Directive 2000/35/EC given by the European Court of Justice are critically described in the paper. In addition to determining the meaning of the provisions of Directive 2011/7/EU, the aim of this paper is to examine whether these provisions provide adequate protection to creditors of monetary obligations in commercial transactions. It is concluded that certain other sources of European civil procedure law contribute more to the protection of creditors than the provisions of Directive 2011/7/EU and that in order to achieve a higher degree of creditor protection from the negative effects of late payment, the focus of the discussions should be directed to the harmonization of rules enforcement procedure.
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The subject of the paper is the legal regime of default interest contained in the Law on the Financial Operations and Pre-Bankruptcy Settlement (ZFPPN) which is in force since June 2013 alongside with the general legal regime of default... more
The subject of the paper is the legal regime of default interest contained in the Law on the Financial Operations and Pre-Bankruptcy Settlement (ZFPPN) which is in force since June 2013 alongside with the general legal regime of default interest provided for in the Law on Obligations (ZOO). Provisions of the ZFPPN are analyzed in comparison with the provisions of ZOO and the scope of application of the provisions of ZFPPN is being determined as the relations which fall under the general legal regime of ZOO are separated from those which fall under the application of the special legal regime set forth in the ZFPPN as lex specialis. One objective of the paper is to determine which of the competing legal regimes of default interest is more favourable to the creditors of monetary obligations. Second objective of the paper is to evaluate whether the provisions of ZFPPN are in conformity with the requirements set out in the Directive 2011/7/EU on Combating Late Payment in Commercial Transactions, for the purposes of whose transposition the new provisions on default interest contained in the ZFPPN were adopted. The shortcomings of the legal regime of the ZFPPN are pointed out while proposals for the more adequate legal solutions de lege ferenda are being given. It is concluded that the legal regime of default interest under the provisions of the ZFPPN undermines legal certainty, circumvents the protection of creditors and causes doubts of the constitutional nature, while in addition its particular features are contrary to the Directive 2011/7/EU.
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The paper presents the provisions of Directive 2011/7/EU on combating late payment in commercial transactions by virtue of which the EU Member States are obliged to limit the contractual freedom in contracts between undertakings. The... more
The paper presents the provisions of Directive 2011/7/EU on combating late payment in commercial transactions by virtue of which the EU Member States are obliged to limit the contractual freedom in contracts between undertakings. The Directive’s rules on the contractual payment period of 60 calendar days and on the exceptionally longer contractual payment period, as well as on payment schedules providing for instalments, are also analysed. The author argues the position that, if the payment period is not fixed in the contract but the contract stipulates that the determination of the payment period is left to the will of one of the contracting parties, then such unilaterally decided payment period should be considered as the payment period fixed in the contract in the sense of the provisions of Directive 2011/7/EU. The same solution should be applied when the payment period is determined through commercial customs or practice established between undertakings. As one of the possible improvements of the legal regime established by the Directive, the author proposes a restriction of the contractual freedom of undertakings regarding the stipulation of the date of commencement of contractual payment period in order to prevent potential abuse of freedom of contract.
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This paper deals with the provisions of the Directive 2011/7/EU on combating late payment in commercial transactions which regulate the statutory periods of performance of monetary obligations in commercial transactions that should be... more
This paper deals with the provisions of the Directive 2011/7/EU on combating late payment in commercial transactions which regulate the statutory periods of performance of monetary obligations in commercial transactions that should be applied if the payment period is not agreed by the parties in the contract. Given that there are disputes in the legal doctrine regarding the question whether or not does Directive 2011/7/EU, as well as the earlier Directive 2000/35/EC, regulate statutory periods of performance of primary monetary obligations in commercial transactions, the paper first and foremost addresses this controversial issue. After the conclusion that the teleological interpretation requires that the provisions of both directives are interpreted in a manner that European Union Member States are obliged to set forth in their national laws the statutory periods of performance of primary monetary obligations in commercial transactions, the provisions of the directive on statutory periods of performance of monetary obligations are being analysed in the paper. The aim of the paper is to determine whether an adequate level of creditor protection from negative effects of late payment is achieved through the provisions of the directive. The paper highlights the deficiencies of the existent legal regime and provides for more satisfactory legal solutions de lege ferenda. The provisions of the Directive 2011/7/EU are examined in comparison to the provisions of the earlier Directive 2000/35/EC and in comparison to the provisions of the proposed regulation for a Common European Sales Law which were partially prepared on the basis of the provisions of the Directive 2011/7/EU.
Key-words: statutory periods of performance of monetary obligations, statutory payment periods, Directive 2000/35/EC, Directive 2011/7/EU
Key-words: statutory periods of performance of monetary obligations, statutory payment periods, Directive 2000/35/EC, Directive 2011/7/EU
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This paper identifies and analyses the causes of late payments, as well as the negative effects of late payments that led the EU institutions to counter this problem through the provisions of Directive 2011/7/EU of the European Parliament... more
This paper identifies and analyses the causes of late payments, as well as the negative effects of late payments that led the EU institutions to counter this problem through the provisions of Directive 2011/7/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 2011 on combating late payment in commercial transactions. The legal basis of the Directive is 2011/7/EU is being examined. Author delivers arguments on invalidity of the directive on the basis of the possible lack of competence of the EU institutions. Finally, the objectives of the Directive 2011/7/EU are defined, while they are issues of practical importance for the transposition of the directive into national law.
Key-words: late payments, Directive 2011/7/EU, Directive 2000/35/EC, objectives of directive, transposition of directive
Key-words: late payments, Directive 2011/7/EU, Directive 2000/35/EC, objectives of directive, transposition of directive
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"This paper deals with the notion of late payment set out in the Directive 2011/7/EU on combating late payment in commercial transactions, as well as with the legal consequences of late payment provided by the provisions of the Directive.... more
"This paper deals with the notion of late payment set out in the Directive 2011/7/EU on combating late payment in commercial transactions, as well as with the legal consequences of late payment provided by the provisions of the Directive. The first aim of the paper is to determine the meaning of certain provisions of the Directive, through conceptual analysis and grammatical, systematic and teleological interpretation. The second aim is to assess the extent to which the Directive can achieve its operative objective: to provide creditors with instruments that will enable them to fully and effectively exercise their rights in cases of late payment. Analyzing the notion of late payment, it is determined that the directive provides for a subjective concept of late payment. The differences between the subjective and the objective concept of late payment are being discussed and the conclusion is drawn that the objective concept is more acceptable and favourable to creditors of monetary obligations. In light of the theoretical disputes about the function of interest for late payment, it is examined which function the interest for late payment has in the context of the provisions of the Directive. Since the latter also introduced a special compensation for recovery costs, attempt is made to determine its function as well. As a matter of practical importance, the defects of the regulation of late payment set forth in the Directive 2011/7/EU are identified, accompanied with the proposals for more efficient solutions de lege ferenda.
Key words: late payment, interest for late payment, compensation for recovery costs, Directive 2000/35/EC, Directive 2011/7/EU."
Key words: late payment, interest for late payment, compensation for recovery costs, Directive 2000/35/EC, Directive 2011/7/EU."
Research Interests:
"Directive 2011/7/EU on Combating Late Payments in Commercial Transactions, which is a recast of the earlier Directive 2000/35/EC of the same name, contains the same definition of „commercial transactions“ as the previous directive.... more
"Directive 2011/7/EU on Combating Late Payments in Commercial Transactions, which is a recast of the earlier Directive 2000/35/EC of the same name, contains the same definition of „commercial transactions“ as the previous directive. According to Directive 2011/7/EU, „commercial transactions“ mean transactions between undertakings and public authorities which lead to the delivery of goods or the provision of services for remuneration. In order to comprehend the scope of the Directive 2011/7/EU, it is necessary to precisely determine the meaning of the terms used in directive's provisions, such as „undertaking“ and „public authority“. To determine the meanings of these two terms in the context of the directive's provisions is the primary objective of this paper. The other objective of the paper is to evaluate the transposition of directive's definitions into Croatian law which is done through analysis of the relevant norms of the Obligations Act, the Act on the Time Limits for Performance of Monetary Obligations, and the Act on Financial Operations and Pre-Insolvency Settlements.
Key-words: undertaking, public authority, legal person of public law, Directive 2011/7/EU, Directive 2000/35/EC"
Key-words: undertaking, public authority, legal person of public law, Directive 2011/7/EU, Directive 2000/35/EC"
Research Interests:
The term commercial transactions used by European Union directive on combating late payments in its title and its specific provisions is usually translated in Croatian legal literature as commercial transactions (“transakcije”),... more
The term commercial transactions used by European Union directive on combating late payments in its title and its specific provisions is usually translated in Croatian legal literature as commercial transactions (“transakcije”), commercial acts (“poslovi”) and commercial contracts (“ugovori”), although these translations should not be considered as synonyms. The comprehension of the term commercial transactions is necessary for a complete apprehension of the Directive’s provisions and its scope. It is also a necessary starting point before assessing the conformity of the national legislation with the requirements of the Directive. Therefore, the primary objective of this paper is to determine the meaning of the term commercial transactions. After an analysis of the Directive's provisions and their interpretation in a systematic, teleological and grammatical manner, it is concluded that the Directive uses the term transactions with a meaning of the term contracts. Consequently, it is determined that the most appropriate translation of the term commercial transactions to Croatian language is the translation with the term “commercial contracts” (“trgovački ugovori”). For that reason the differences in the meaning of term “commercial contracts” in Croatian law and in Directive are being examined and described. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the meaning of the term “commercial contract” as used in the Directive should not be identified with the meaning of the same term in Croatian law. Finally, it is determined in the paper to which categories and types of “commercial contracts” is Directive to be applied.
Key-words: transactions, commercial transactions, commercial contracts, Directive 2011/7/EU, Directive 2000/35/EC
Key-words: transactions, commercial transactions, commercial contracts, Directive 2011/7/EU, Directive 2000/35/EC
Research Interests:
Osobe slobodnih zanimanja u hrvatskom se pravu u pravilu ne smatraju trgovcima jer se djelatnosti slobodnih zanimanja tradicionalno ne smatraju gospodarskim djelatnostima. Jedna od posljedica takvog uređenja je i da se ugovori s osobama... more
Osobe slobodnih zanimanja u hrvatskom se pravu u pravilu ne smatraju trgovcima jer se djelatnosti slobodnih zanimanja tradicionalno ne smatraju gospodarskim djelatnostima. Jedna od posljedica takvog uređenja je i da se ugovori s osobama slobodnih zanimanjima ne smatraju trgovačkim ugovorima, što dovodi do toga da se na ugovore s osobama slobodnih zanimanja primjenjuje niža zakonska stopa zateznih kamata od one koja se primjenjuje na trgovačke ugovore. U radu se dovodi u pitanje opravdanost postojećeg uređenja kako s aspekta zahtjeva suvremenog tržišnog gospodarstva, tako i s aspekta obveza preuzetih u postupku pridruživanja Europskoj uniji. Iznosi se i obrazlaže stav kako već i prema pozitivnom uređenju postoji mogućnost da se osobama slobodnih zanimanja prizna pravo na zatezne kamate po stopi predviđenoj za odnose iz trgovačkih ugovora, te stav da će danom pristupanja Republike Hrvatske u članstvo Europske unije takav pristup iz mogućnosti prerasti u pravnu obvezu države prema osobama slobodnih zanimanja preuzetu na razini Europske unije.
Key-words: liberal professions, commercial contract, default interest, Directive 2000/35/EC, Directive 2011/7/EU
Key-words: liberal professions, commercial contract, default interest, Directive 2000/35/EC, Directive 2011/7/EU
Research Interests:
Nacrt Zajedničkog referentnog okvira za europsko privatno pravo (DCFR) opsežan je akademski tekst koji predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih rezultata suvremenih napora na unifikaciji i harmonizaciji ugovornog prava na razini Europske unije.... more
Nacrt Zajedničkog referentnog okvira za europsko privatno pravo (DCFR) opsežan je akademski tekst koji predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih rezultata suvremenih napora na unifikaciji i harmonizaciji ugovornog prava na razini Europske unije. Autori u radu analiziraju model-pravila DCFR-a koja se odnose na ugovore o leasingu te razmatraju mogu li navedena model-pravila ispuniti predviđene svrhe proklamirane DCFR-om.
Key-words: DCFR, leasing contract, financial leasing, lease of goods
Key-words: DCFR, leasing contract, financial leasing, lease of goods
Research Interests:
Trenutak ispunjenja novčane obveze uređen je u hrvatskom pravu različito u ovisnosti od sredstva i načina kojim se ispunjava novčana obveza. U ovome radu analiziraju se odgovarajuće odredbe Zakona o obveznim odnosima o ispunjenju novčane... more
Trenutak ispunjenja novčane obveze uređen je u hrvatskom pravu različito u ovisnosti od sredstva i načina kojim se ispunjava novčana obveza. U ovome radu analiziraju se odgovarajuće odredbe Zakona o obveznim odnosima o ispunjenju novčane obveze plaćanjem putem banke te o zakašnjenju dužnika s takvim ispunjenjem novčane obveze. Uz osvrt na domaću sudsku praksu, ocjenjuje se i usklađenost rješenja Zakona o obveznim odnosima sa zahtjevima Direktive 2000/35/EC Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća od dana 29. lipnja 2000. godine o suzbijanju zakašnjenja u plaćanju u trgovačkim ugovorima, te s tumačenjem odgovarajućih odredbi navedene direktive danim u praksi Suda pravde Europske Unije, posebno u predmetu C-306/06.
Key-words: late payment, payment, payments by bank transfer, period of execution of payment transactions, Directive 2000/35/EC
Key-words: late payment, payment, payments by bank transfer, period of execution of payment transactions, Directive 2000/35/EC
Research Interests:
Full-text available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/213659 --- In the European financial markets, the most common types of collateralised transactions are classic repos, sell/buy-backs and securities loans. In them all, financial collateral is... more
Full-text available at: https://hrcak.srce.hr/213659 --- In the European financial markets, the most common types of collateralised transactions are classic repos, sell/buy-backs and securities loans. In them all, financial collateral is provided under the title transfer method: in order to grant the collateral taker with a general right of disposal of collateral, the full legal title to financial collateral is transferred to the collateral taker. The title transfer financial collateral arrangements had prevailed in the European financial markets before the adoption of the Financial Collateral Directive (‘FCD’), and they remained dominant after its transposition into the laws of EU Member States. One of the aims of the FCD is to eliminate the so-called recharacterisation of such arrangements as security interests. The FCD is not quite clear on whether its provisions on title transfer financial collateral arrangements are concerned only with the full outright transfers of title or should they also be applied to fiduciary transfers of title. As the fiduciary transfer of title is in substance a form of a security interest, it should not be covered under the notion of title transfer financial collateral arrangement. The ambiguity of the notion of title transfer financial collateral arrangement has spilled over into laws of a couple of Members States, as for instance in the Croatian law. This paper argues that Croatian law extends the scope for possible recharacterisation of title transfer financial collateral arrangements, instead of eliminating the risk of recharacterisation of such arrangements as arrangements creating a security interest in the collateral.
Research Interests:
U radu se prikazuju vrste i tijek postupaka koje Europska komisija vodi po službenoj dužnosti u slučajevima povreda čl. 101. i 102. UFEU-a. Prema kriteriju materijalnopravne odluke koju Komisija donosi u postupku, moguće je razlikovati... more
U radu se prikazuju vrste i tijek postupaka koje Europska komisija vodi po službenoj dužnosti u slučajevima povreda čl. 101. i 102. UFEU-a. Prema kriteriju materijalnopravne odluke koju Komisija donosi u postupku, moguće je razlikovati nekoliko pojedinih postupaka koje Komisija može voditi protiv poduzetnika radi povrede pravila tržišnog natjecanja iz čl. 101. i 102. UFEU-a. Uredbom 1/2003 predviđeni su: postupak u kojemu Komisija odlukom utvrđuje postojanje povrede čl. 101. ili 102. UFEU-a i nalaže poduzetniku da takvu povredu otkloni ; postupak u kojemu Komisija u hitnim slučajevima odlukom nalaže privremene mjere ; postupak u kojemu Komisija odlukom obvezuje poduzetnika na preuzimanje obveze izvršenja određenih mjera i uvjeta ; te postupak u kojemu Komisija odlukom utvrđuje da čl. 101. UFEU-a nije primjenjiv na sporazum među poduzetnicima, odluku udruženja poduzetnika ili usklađeno djelovanje, odnosno da čl. 102. nije primjenjiv na postupak poduzetnika. Poseban postupak postizanja nagodbe predviđen je Uredbom 773/2004 za slučajeve kartela. U radu se analiziraju zajednički stadiji navedenih upravnih postupaka od inicijative za provođenje istrage do okončanja istrage, te specifični stadiji svakog od navedenih postupaka koji se odvijaju od okončanja istrage do donošenja konačne odluke u postupku.
Research Interests:
Neposredan cilj prava tržišnog natjecanja je održavanje uvjeta za slobodno tržišno natjecanje, a što doprinosi ostvarivanju gospodarskog prosperiteta i blagostanju potrošača. Cilj kaznenog prava je zaštita subjektivnih prava građana i... more
Neposredan cilj prava tržišnog natjecanja je održavanje uvjeta za slobodno tržišno natjecanje, a što doprinosi ostvarivanju gospodarskog prosperiteta i blagostanju potrošača. Cilj kaznenog prava je zaštita subjektivnih prava građana i drugih društvenih vrijednosti od napada kojima se te vrijednosti ugrožavaju ili povrjeđuju, i to putem, između ostalog, javnog kažnjavanja počinitelja takvih povreda. Te dvije pravne grane međusobno su komplementarne toliko koliko se cilj prava tržišnog natjecanja može ostvariti i putem instrumentarija specifičnog za kazneno pravo. Imajući u vidu ove uvodne napomene, temeljno istraživačko pitanje ovoga rada jest trebaju li se povrede tržišnog natjecanja sankcionirati isključivo sankcijama predviđenim pravom tržišnog natjecanja ili ih je potrebno sankcionirati i kaznenopravnim sankcijama? Jesu li sankcije koje stoje na raspolaganju pravu tržišnog natjecanja dovoljno učinkovite da će odvratiti počinitelje od budućih povreda tržišnog natjecanja? Je li prikladno počinitelje povreda tržišnog natjecanja kažnjavati kaznama kao vrstama kaznenopravnih sankcija? Ako jest, treba li to činiti novčanom kaznom ili kaznom zatvora? Ako jest, koje povrede tržišnog natjecanja je potrebno kažnjavati kaznama predviđenim kaznenim pravom? Odgovori na navedena pitanja u ovome radu daju se u kontekstu hrvatskog prava, imajući u vidu nedavno aktualiziranje ove teme kroz nacrt prijedloga novog hrvatskog Kaznenog zakona. Naglasak je stavljen na kaznu zatvora kao moguću sankciju počinitelju povrede tržišnog natjecanja, iz razloga što je upravo ta kaznenopravna sankcija bila zapriječena nacrtom prijedloga Kaznenog zakona počiniteljima kaznenih djela protiv slobode tržišnog natjecanja, te iz razloga što je ona i jedina kaznenopravna sankcija zapriječena u pozitivnom hrvatskom kaznenom pravu počiniteljima kaznenih djela propisanih sa svrhom zaštite slobodnog tržišnog natjecanja. Pri razmatranju je li kazna zatvora, kao mjera koja je akcesorna mjerama predviđenim pravom tržišnog natjecanja, učinkovita za ostvarenje ciljeva prava tržišnog natjecanja, u smislu da može odvratiti počinitelje od povreda tržišnog natjecanja, naglasak će biti stavljen prije svega na hard core kartele obzirom su isti najštetniji oblik povrede tržišnog natjecanja, kao i iz razloga što je u pravnoj doktrini općeprihvaćen stav da je jedino taj oblik povrede tržišnog natjecanja podoban za sankcioniranje kaznenopravnim sankcijama.
Key-words: custodial sanctions, competition, prohibited anti-competitive agreements, cartel, bid-rigging
Key-words: custodial sanctions, competition, prohibited anti-competitive agreements, cartel, bid-rigging
Research Interests:
"A contract for services" could be defined as a contract under which one party, the service provider, undertakes to provide a particular service to the other party, the recipient of services, in exchange for a price. With regard to the... more
"A contract for services" could be defined as a contract under which one party, the service provider, undertakes to provide a particular service to the other party, the recipient of services, in exchange for a price. With regard to the content of the service that is the object of such contracts, such contracts can be either subsumed under the concept of a specific nominate contract regulated in the Law of Obligations, or regarded as a mixed contract, or perceived as specific contracts sui generis. This paper provides an overview and critical review of the considerations about the nature and legal classification of a “service contract” given in the Croatian legal science. The author gives reasons against the classification of certain types of contracts under which services contracts are being classified in a separate group of contracts. The author supports the view that service contracts should primarily be seen as contracts for work, rather than as separate innominate “service contracts”. Only if the legal nature of individual “service contracts” developed in business practices would not be adequately described by the features of the contract for work, a particular service contract should be considered as a mixed contract or a contract sui generis.
Key-words: contract for services, classification of contracts, specific types of contracts, contract for work
Key-words: contract for services, classification of contracts, specific types of contracts, contract for work
Research Interests:
Suvremeni razvoj trgovačkog ugovornog prava u prvom desetljeću 21. stoljeća iznjedrio je, kao jedno od zajedničkih obilježja pravnih sustava država u tranziciji, pojačani državni nadzor i regulaciju financijskih usluga što se očituje,... more
Suvremeni razvoj trgovačkog ugovornog prava u prvom desetljeću 21. stoljeća iznjedrio je, kao jedno od zajedničkih obilježja pravnih sustava država u tranziciji, pojačani državni nadzor i regulaciju financijskih usluga što se očituje, između ostaloga, i u intervencijama nacionalnih zakonodavaca u ugovor o leasingu, čime je ugovor o leasingu kao neimenovani ugovor autonomnog trgovačkog prava pretvoren u imenovani ugovor opisan u posebnom propisu. U ovome radu analiziraju se i uspoređuju pravne norme kojima se uređuju ugovori o leasingu u odabranim pravnim porecima država članica Europske Unije te u pravnom poretku Republike Hrvatske kao države kandidata za članicu Europske Unije, ali i u pravnim porecima Republike Srbije te Bosne i Hercegovine kao potencijalnim državama kandidatima. Nacionalna rješenja promatrana su u kontekstu postojeće pravne stečevine Europske Unije, ali i u kontekstu mogućih budućih rezultata aktualnih procesa harmonizacije i unifikacije ugovornog prava na europskoj razini, i to prije svega u svjetlu načela, definicija i model-pravila sadržanih u opsežnom akademskom tekstu poznatom kao Nacrt zajedničkog referentnog okvira za europsko privatno pravo (Draft Common Frame of Reference for a European Private Law – DCFR). Uspoređujući nacionalna rješenja s prijedlozima sadržanim u DCFR-u, a imajući u vidu proklamirane svrhe DCFR-a, autori ocjenjuju mogu li model-pravila DCFR-a o ugovorima o leasingu biti temelj za budući opcijski instrument i podloga tijelima Europske Unije za regulaciju ugovora o leasingu kroz sekundarne izvore europskog prava.
Key-words: leasing contracts, financial leasing, DCFR
Key-words: leasing contracts, financial leasing, DCFR