Banking

The Economy of Endowments: the case of Roman associations,” In Koenraad Verboven, Katelijn Vandorpe and Véronique Chankowski-Sable (eds.), ‘Pistoi dia tèn technèn’. Bankers, loans and archives in the Ancient World. Studies in honour of Raymond Bogaert, Studia Hellenistica 44. Leuven, Peeters, 2008: 231-256. For reviews of the book, see, e.g., Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2010.05.02.

Change is the law of nature. The environment and climate change are the most complicated issues that world is facing
today. So adoption of change is the need for the survival. Today's business is all about being green. From Wal-Mart to
Apple, everyone is talking about how green they are15. Being a financial organization banks are responsible for the
economic development of the nation. Green banking means promoting environmental friendly practices and reducing
carbon footprint from banking activities (Ritu, September 2014). Adoption of green banking practices will not only be
useful for environment, but also benefit in greater operational efficiencies, a minimum errors and frauds, and cost
reductions in banking activities. The present paper aims to highlight Indian initiatives by various banks adopting green
banking in India. Further, an attempt has been made to highlight the major benefits, confronting challenges of Green
Banking.

The financial industry has witnessed the so-called “fintech revolution” in recent years. Due to the emergence of information technologies such as cloud computing, big data, blockchain and artificial intelligence, the landscape of the traditional financial industry has been largely transformed. The interplay between finance and technology has resulted in various new forms of financial services and products, like online P2P lending, digital-based banking, insurtech, bitcoin as well as the burgeoning mobile payment sector. Alipay, the mobile payment service arm of the Ant Financial Services Group (hereafter referred to as Ant Financial), is a perfect example to illustrate the ongoing fintech revolution and how it is disrupting the conventional retail banking model and payment industry. This article aims to introduce and analyse the world’s largest mobile payment system as well as some of the regulatory challenges it poses. It attempts to offer some guidance for legal practitioners in banking and finance, in particular, the multi-billion dollar fintech sector.

Key points:
- Backed by the e-commerce giant Alibaba, Alipay has become the world’s largest mobile payment system. Together with Wechat Pay, they dominate China’s $5.7trn mobile payment sector. Alipay has a presence in over 70 countries including the UK, US, Japan, South Korea and Australia.
- Due to the popularisation of mobile payment facilities, many Chinese cities have become a cashless (and cardless) society, as 40% of Chinese people carry almost no cash when going out.
- Alipay relies on the Quick Response code (or QR code) technology, in contrast to the Near Field Communication (NFC) adopted by competitors like Apple Pay.
- Mobile payments and fintech have provoked debate as to legal and regulatory issues such as the regulatory approval regime, data protection, fund security and fintech financing. Most recently, China has set up a unified clearing house for all mobile payment service providers to strengthen the industry supervision.

There is a conspicuous lack of research on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices undertaken in the United Arab Emirates, more so in the banking sector. This paper attempts to fill the gap by examining the government policies drawn up to support enterprises in their CSR efforts. The paper aims to examine the nature and practices of CSR undertaken by the banking sectors in the UAE. UAE's desire to go beyond being a tourist destination to an international business hub and financial market has resulted in their desire to set up CSR activities. In the UAE the banking sectors are the first to have adopted social responsibility and worked to advance it. Banks like Mashreq, ADCB, and Emirates NBD have actively involved themselves in CSR projects. For this study, ten UAE banks (Islamic and Non-Islamic banks) have been chosen based on purposive sampling to ensure the selected banks are currently or in the recent past involved themselves in CSR projects.

A tanulmány az egyes finanszírozási szerződéseket elemzi a nemzetközi és az összehasonlító jog tükrében, amelyeknek legelterjedtebb formái: (i) pénzfinanszírozás (tőkejuttatás) – hitel, kölcsön; (ii) dologi finanszírozás – lízing; (iii) követelésfinanszírozás – faktoring.

This is the RAW DATA for a neural network price prediction system to be utilized for the prediction of stock prices on US markets.  To date the performances are doing well.

I have experiemented with multiple architectures and now am attempting a 4 day swing trade prediction network that has its results included here.
so far:

Neural net 1= average portfolio error .4627%
Neural net 2= average portfolio error 1.7%
and
4 day swing trade neural net = average portfolio error of 4.84%

A well-regulated economic system requires incentives that reward productive and withhold rewards from unproductive activity. Such incentives are put in place by means of legislation and enforced with the help of regulatory agencies. A well-managed system will allocate resources more efficiently than a system in which income may be gained without active participation in economic activity, by lending at interest in particular, which invariably increases the prices of finished goods without, however, adding any value. Interest-based lending produces a range of important, though rarely highlighted, side effects. They include inefficiency, indebtedness, instability, inflation, unemployment, slow or declining economic growth, and an uneven distribution of wealth. (224 pages)

The economic and financial history of Greece offers interesting in- sights into the current worldwide economic crisis. In the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries, Greece went through a series of financial disasters due to external factors and to policies that failed to take fiscal stability into account, insofar as they relied heavily on foreign loans. These, in many cases, led to real bankruptcies. This article compares the attempted bailout by a British bank in 1893 with the salvage operation of 2010 that avoided the technical bank- ruptcy of Greece. Although the outcomes differed, owing to sharply different geopolitical and geo-economic contexts and to the amount of money committed to these financial operations, in both cases Greece relied on Europe to avoid impending financial disaster.

The preoccupation with modelling credit scoring systems including their relevance to predicting and decision making in the financial sector has been with developed countries, whilst developing countries have been largely neglected. The focus of our investigation is on the Cameroonian banking sector with implications for fellow members of the Banque des Etats de L'Afrique Centrale (BEAC) family which apply the same system. We apply logistic regression (LR), Classification and Regression Tree (CART) and Cascade Correlation Neural Network (CCNN) in building our knowledge-based scoring models. To compare various models' performances, we use ROC curves and Gini coefficients as evaluation criteria and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov curve as a robustness test. The results demonstrate that an improvement in terms of predicting power from 15.69% default cases under the current system, to 7.68% based on the best scoring model, namely CCNN can be achieved. The predictive capabilities of all models are rated as at least very good using the Gini coefficient; and rated excellent using the ROC curve for CCNN. Our robustness test confirmed these results. It should be emphasised that in terms of prediction rate, CCNN is superior to the other techniques investigated in this paper. Also, a sensitivity analysis of the variables identifies previous occupation, borrower's account functioning, guarantees, other loans and monthly expenses as key variables in the forecasting and decision making processes which are at the heart of overall credit policy.

TOPIC:
REASONS ACCOUNTING FOR THE INCREASE IN THE PRODUCTION OF READY TO WEAR GARMENTS IN GHANA

ABSTRACT
This paper examined the role of perception, personality and price on consumer preference for “ready to wear” garments as well as their assessment of locally made wears. The study was however restricted to working class consumer in Accra metropolis. Data were collected through the use of questionnaire and analysed using t- statistics. It was discovered that most consumer attributed their inability to patronise locally made garments to their social status, low quality and durability of the wears.  Also, the prices of the wears have great influence on them.  It was, therefore, recommended that local manufacturers should improve on the quality of their products.  Government should as well enforce laws intended to reduce the exploitation of consumers by producers in the areas of product quality and price.  In addition, government should ensure that high quality long fibre cotton is grown locally by providing farmers with high quality seeds at subsidized rates.  Finally, consumer should also have a change of attitude towards Ghanaian “ready to wear” garments.

Finans sektörü her geçen gün yeni bir kavram ile karşılaşmaktadır. Bazı kavramların anlamlarının birbirine yakın ve fakat önemli farklılıkların olduğu görülmektedir. Finansın Temel Kavramları ismini verdiğimiz bu kitapta finans alanına ait kavramların geniş tanımlarını, farklılıklarını, İngilizce karşılıklarını, özelliklerini ve güncel durumlarına ait bilgileri bulacaksınız. Bu yönü ile çalışmanın literatüre önemli bir katkısının olacağı kanaatindeyim.
“Finansın Temel Kavramları” eseri, anlaşılır ve açık bir dil ile yazılmış, konuları detaylı inceleyen bir çalışmadır. Tüm bölüm yazarları finans alanında araştırma yapan ve eğitim veren öğretim üyelerinden oluşmaktadır. Uzun soluklu ve özverili bir sürecin sonucunda ortaya çıkan eser, yazarların teorik bilgisi ile derslerdeki uygulamalarının sonucunda detaylı bir çalışma niteliğine kavuşmuştur. Çalışmamız A’dan Z’ye tüm harfler ile başlayan finansal kavramların yer aldığı finansın temel kavramlarını geniş bir açıdan incelemektedir.
Finans, ekonomi, bankacılık gibi bölümlerde okuyan önlisans, lisans ve yüksek lisans öğrencilerinin her zaman başvuracağı referans bir kaynak olacağını düşündüğümüz eserin tüm okuyuculara fayda sağlaması temennimizdir. Kitabın hazırlık aşamasında gerekli özveriyi gösteren tüm bölüm yazarlarına, yayın aşamasında desteklerinden dolayı Gazi Yayınevi satış ve pazarlama müdürü Sayın Serdar Baysal’a eserin editörü olarak teşekkür ederim.

Doç.Dr.Aysel Gündoğdu
İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi
İşletme ve Yönetim Bilimleri Fakültesi
Bankacılık ve Sigortacılık Bölümü

This Paper explores and summarises the Director's Duties of the UK Companies Act 2006 with emphasis on "the duty to promote the success of the company.

Tags:
Companies Act 2006 model articles, Companies Act 2006 summary
companies act 2006 pdf
companies act 2006 model articles
companies act 2006 regulations 2013
Companies Act 2006 UK
UK Companies Act 2006

In Our Economy, al-Sadr strives to show that Islam has answers to problems of the modern world by presenting an Islamic alternative to both capitalism and socialism. He rejects socialism on the basis that Islam distinguishes between the individual and the ruler in an Islamic state in a manner that requires a distinction between private and public property. However, he also rejects capitalism's notion that private property is justified in its own right, arguing instead that both private and public property originate from God, and that the rights and obligations of both private individuals and rulers are therefore dictated by Islam. He also rejects the conclusion that this makes Islamic economics a mixture between capitalism and socialism, arguing that capitalism and socialism each come about as the natural conclusion of certain ideologies, while Islamic economics comes about as the natural conclusion of Islamic ideology and therefore is justified entirely independently of other systems of economics.

This book is divided into 4 sections. Volume 1 - I, Volume 1 - II, Volume 2 - I and Volume 2 - II.

The purpose of this paper is to explore various motivations of Merger and Acquisitions in the Indian banking sector. This includes the various aspects of banking Industry's Merger and Acquisitions. It also compares pre and post merger financial performance of merged banks with the help of financial parameters like Gross-Profit Margin, Net-Profit Margin, Operating Profit Margin, Return on Capital Employed (ROCE), Return on Equity (ROE) and Debt-Equity Ratio. Through literature review it comes to know that most of the work done high lightened the impact of Merger and Acquisitions on different aspects of the companies. The data of Merger and Acquisitions since economic liberalization are collected for a set of various financial parameters. This study also examines the changes occurring in the acquiring firms on the basis of financial ground and also the overall impact of Merger and acquisitions (M&As) on acquiring banks. The Researcher used independent t-test for testing the statistical significance and this test is applied not only for the ratio analysis but also to test the effect of Merger and Acquisitions on the performance of banks. This performance is being tested on the basis of two grounds i.e. Pre merger and Post merger. The result of the study indicates that the banks have been positively affected by the event of Merger and acquisitions (M&As). These results suggest that merged banks can obtain efficiency and gains through Merger and Acquisitions (M&As) and passes the benefits to the equity share holders' in the form of dividend.

This book is produced using paper that is made from wood grown in managed, sustainable forests. It is natural, renewable and recyclable. The logging and manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

This is the comprehensive presentation of the first results of several years of research of the official participants lists of the Bilderberg conferences. I decided to publish it here so everyone can do his own research based on this preliminary database of all participants from almost 65 years of Bilderberg conferences. Feel free to draw your own conclusions. Peace <3

This case study, written for Harvard Law School, proposes a fictional scenario in which students, playing the role of Federal Reserve staff members, are asked to consider two possible designs involving central bank digital currencies:  “Fedcoin” and “Fedcount.” Students are equipped with the information necessary to evaluate whether either design offers better payment efficiencies and monetary policy implementation. In conducting their analysis, students are encouraged to grapple with the policy, monetary and legal issues that could arise either from the two proposals or from a decision that the Federal Reserve stays out of the fray.

How did a health crisis translate to an economic crisis? Why did the spread of the coronavirus bring the global economy to its knees? The answer lies in two methods by which coronavirus stifled economic activities. First, the spread of the virus encouraged social distancing which led to the shutdown of financial markets, corporate offices, businesses and events. Second, the exponential rate at which the virus was spreading, and the heightened uncertainty about how bad the situation could get, led to flight to safety in consumption and investment among consumers, investors and international trade partners. We focus on the period from the start of 2020 through March when the coronavirus began spreading into other countries and markets. We draw on real-world observations in assessing the restrictive measures, monetary policy measures, fiscal policy measures and the public health measures that were adopted during the period. We empirically examine the impact of social distancing policies on economic activities and stock market indices. The findings reveal that the increasing number of lockdown days, monetary policy decisions and international travel restrictions severely affected the level of economic activities and the closing, opening, lowest and highest stock price of major stock market indices. In contrast, the imposed restriction on internal movement and higher fiscal policy spending had a positive impact on the level of economic activities, although the increasing number of confirmed coronavirus cases did not have a significant effect on the level of economic activities.

Reference: Jindal Mayank, Dr. Vijay Laxmi Sharma, (2020). Usability of Online Banking in India during Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp. 69-72... Abstract: Covid-19 is a virus developed in 2019 from the corona family virus. It is spreading across the world since Dec 2019 by the close contact of an infected person or fomites of Covid-19. It developed naturally in Wuhan (An State of China) or possibly develop by China research center &amp;quot;Wuhan Institute of Virology&amp;quot;. It is spreading very fast across the world. World Health Organization and most countries including India it has declared a pandemic. People can protect themselves by this pandemic by maintaining social distance. But the basic need (Food and Medicine) is important for continuo their life and in it the transfer of money plays an important role. Online banking can make the transaction through an electronic basis without the exchange of any tangible commodity with maintaining social distance. Online banking is the modern concept of banking in which people can do some banking activities (like Transfer cash transfer and in the account, Check Bank Balance, Payment of Bills, Phone recharge and etc.) through using the Internet in their phone, computer. One of the most important features of online banking is that it can totally operate electronically basis without the exchange of any tangible commodity and it has made it an important tool to protect from the pandemic. The purpose of this study is to assess the contribution of online banking to stop the pandemic of Covid-19. A survey has been done to achieve the objectives of this paper. It is found that online banking playing an important role in the Covid 19 period to protect the people. People felt completely safe from the COVID 19 virus in the online payment of bills and recharge of prepaid mobiles and dish T.V.

To the honorable Maxine Waters;
This letter is being written with intent to have remedy for the men and women of these united states and end the banking crimes. The Financial Services Committee is laying out new acts regarding Wells Fargo crimes and fraud upon the people, we ask that you please end these crimes once and for all and help shut down the foreign banks pirating our accounts, our identities and committing human trafficking, securities crimes and more as they launder our lives for their own unjust enrichment.
You and i spoke on the matters of bank crimes, securities fraud and the countless other crimes that are being committed against the people, for over 30 minutes last year. Thank you for speaking to me. You were reminded that i am a registered whistle blower with agencies such as the SEC and am a member of a large committee of whistle blowers. We spoke due to the fact your office laughed and mocked my requests to know if you were seeing anything being sent to you and because i was belittled. People from California to Florida called your office demanding an apology and for a review of evidence sent into your office. As the head of the Financial Services Committee you asked for information to be sent to you.

All students in the Faculty of Foreign Language Studies at Kansai University are required to study abroad for approximately ten months during their second year. One daunting aspect for students abroad may be how to deal with financial problems. This paper analyses the stressful but ultimately successful email negotiation by Mariko Tanaka (pseudonym) to get her funds returned by John Solo at Inhabil Bank (both pseudonyms). After using a schematic Move analysis, this paper discusses the strategies used by the client and the bank, and highlights the essential Moves that led to the successful conclusion of negotiation. The implications are then discussed from two perspectives. First, I suggest ways that the bank can improve customer service through improved communication and a proactive problem-solving approach. Second, I look at the perspective of the clients (in particular, students from Japan) by discussing how knowledge of cultural differences, the banking system and email communication can help them to deal with this type of problem.

The paper describes the last major failure of an Irish bank, that of the Munster Bank in 1885.  It discusses whether the Bank of Ireland, as quasi-central bank at the time, should have rescued the ailing Munster. The discussion bears on the issue of moral hazard for lenders of last resort.

Blockchain has been gaining focus in research and development for diverse industries in recent years. Nevertheless, innovations that impact to the banking nurture a potential for disruptive impact globally for economic reasons; however it has received less scholarly attention. Hence the effect of blockchain technologies on banking industry is systematically reviewed. The relevant literature is extracted from Scopus, Web of Science and bibliometric techniques are applied. While a bulk of earlier papers focuses only on bit coins, a broader framework is envisaged that synthesizes interdisciplinary thematic areas for advancement; hence novelty in current work. A few practical and theoretical implications for stakeholders in view of technology, law and management are discussed.

This paper examines the asymmetrical relationship between exchange rate and consumer prices in 40 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 1990q1 to 2017q4. The exchange rate pass-through (ERPT) to consumer prices is estimated for each country by using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) framework and dynamic panel estimators robust to cross-sectionally correlated errors. Firstly, our findings suggest an asymmetrical ERPT in the SSA region during the short-term, whereas there are mixed results across sub-regions in the long-term. Next, we find incomplete and significant ERPT to consumer prices in the entire SSA region which is higher during the depreciation of the local currency than after appreciations. Third, we find nonlinear ERPT with respect to the size of the exchange rate. The pass-through is higher during large exchange rate changes than after small changes.&nbsp; Finally, we find that the pass-through is greater in the countries with fixed exchange rate re...

This explanatory research paper uses mixed methods. Research about e-banking has been conducted from different angles on different topics by a number of researchers. The paper aims to examine the current status of Jordan's e-banking industry, identify its strengths and weaknesses, and use the findings in formulating future recommendations to make a contribution to knowledge in the chosen area. The choice of the topic was informed by previous studies and experiences of the researcher and his former students from different countries but currently focuses on the e-banking industry in Jordan. The methodology used to achieve the research objectives included carrying out interviews with two local banking executives, a direct questionnaire for banking customers, and the review of the extant literature. The research commenced by formulating four hypotheses that address the positive impact of e-banking for both the banks and their clients. However, a limited size sample was selected due to research limitations. The orientation of the paper turned out to be explanatory and in the direction of being a case study within the Jordanian context. This exploratory research therefore, focused on three main dimensions of e-banking in Jordan namely; Infrastructure readiness, behavioral influences, and the regulatory coverage. The findings indicated that while the infrastructure is advanced in comparison to some of the other regional examples, it was still below the Western standards. It also has been established that the Jordanian e-banking is still not trusted enough by the individual clients. Finally, the legal or regulatory coverage in Jordan was found to be not fully satisfactory yet, although not very different from what exists in some of the most advanced country examples that it was benchmarked with. Some important recommendations to enhance the e-banking industry are

This study provides rather scares evidence on the effect of bank competition when information asymmetries exists. The study was done in one unique setting; i.e. the commercial banking sector in Sri Lanka for the period from 1996 to 2016. By using bank level panel data the GLS model was developed to assess the first order effect of bank competition on banking sector efficiency. Applying Panzar-Rosse approach to measure bank competition, the study finds that Sri Lankan banking market is characterized with imperfect competition. Further, by using non parametric (DEA) approach study revealed a moderate level efficiency of Sri Lankan banking sector. Findings of the study reveal that level of competition negatively related to the banking sector efficiency. Therefore, findings of the present study suggest that competition amongst banks may weaken lending relationships, leading to a decrease in the supply of bank credit to borrowers due to the large informational asymmetries which is a common scenario in an imperfect competitive market.

Nel paese ove sarebbe in costruzione l'economia socialista non solo dunque esistono i rubli, coi quali il salario dei lavoratori viene pagato, ma esiste anche il risparmio sul salario, il deposito di esso nelle casse statali o nelle banche, la possibilità di investire l'accumulato risparmio in titoli fruttifero, da cui ogni sei mesi la salda mano dell'operaio, come quella delle vecchie signore che si affollano nei saloni delle banche, taglierà esitante la "cedola" dell'interesse, il borghesissimo "coupon". E con tutto ciò esiste del pari il pieno diritto di negoziare i titoli, venderli e comprarli, accumulare in quantità illimitata, e passare da stakhanovista a fannullonissimo "rentier".

This research aims to determine the influence of Capital Adequacy ratio, Bopo, Loan To Deposits ratio, and Net profit Margin on profit growth in banking companies from the 2014-2018 period. This Research conducted by the kind of data is used for secondary financial report banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018. The population in this research is a company bank's samples from 22 banks through purposive sampling. The analytical techniques used are multiple linear regression, multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test, heteroscedasticity test, F-test, T-test, and determination test. The F test results of the research concluded that all independent variables of CAR, BOPO, LDR, and NPM were simultaneously affecting profit growth. The T-test results of this research show only BOPO variables that affect on profit growth, while CAR, LDR, and NPM have no effect on profit growth.

Basel III is a framework to protect the global banking system. This article provides a policy discussion on Basel III in Africa. The significance of Basel III is discussed, and some ideas to consider when implementing Basel III to make it work in Africa, are provided. Under Basel III, the African banking industry should expect better capital quality, higher capital levels, minimum liquidity requirement for banks, reduced systemic risk, and differences in Basel III transitional arrangements. This article also emphasizes that (i) there should be enough time for the transition to Basel III in Africa, (ii) a combination of micro and macro-prudential regulations is needed; and (iii) the need to repair the balance sheets of banks, in preparation for Basel III. The discussions in this article will benefit policymakers, academics and other stakeholders interested in financial regulation in Africa such as the World bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). JEL codes: E44, G21, G28

 Sellers of Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDO) can exclude liability arising from fraudulent and negligent misrepresentation by careful drafting of transaction documents;  Sophisticated investors cannot rely on the advice of the seller, who is not obliged to disclose its internal valuations;  Sophisticated parties cannot claim justifiable reliance if the alleged misrepresentations concern publicly available information;  Sophisticated parties in arms' length transactions have an affirmative duty to exercise diligence and independently appraise transaction risks.

The development of financial systems is shaped by the high level of the global economy situation changeability indirectly influenced by interventionist economic policies as well as financial crisis and state of finances of a given country. The attempts undertaken by particular governments to activate economic growth indirectly contributed to the growth of investment and credit risk as well as to creating speculation bubbles in the capital markets stocks. The latest global financial crisis from 2008 was an effect of increasing discrepancy, mismatch between that fast growth of financial instruments including credit financial instruments and the matter of improvement of credit risk management process connected with concluding transactions based on those instruments. In this dissertation, there is a growth of the significance of the credit risk management improvement presented in the context of appearing temporarily financial crisis and thus undertaken interventionist anti-cyclic economic policy.

Various taxing power-related challenges have negatively affected the governance of state and federal governments of Nigeria since1999 to date. For instance, the poor drafting of the Nigerian constitution of 1999 and the failure on the part of the policy makers to adequately distinguish and delineate the taxing powers of the state and federal governments has given rise to sharp divisions and jurisdictional conflict-related litigation. Accordingly, the article examines these and other related flaws in the Nigerian and Ethiopian tax laws. Moreover, the relevant constitutional provisions in these countries are comparatively discussed to, inter alia, recommend possible measures that could be employed to remedy such flaws in Nigeria and Ethiopia. In this regard, it is submitted that the Nigerian tax laws and the Nigerian constitution of 1999 should be amended to provide a clear position on the taxing powers for both state and federal governments. Lastly, the authors submit that the Nigerian policy makers should consider adopting the Ethiopian model for the allocation of taxing powers.

Este trabalho busca analisar a composição das receitas dos bancos digitais e dos bancos tradicionais, com base nas suas demonstrações contábeis, tendo como objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa entre bancos para identificar as principais diferenças. Foram estudados os anos de 2015, 2016, 2017 e 2018 e os bancos Inter e Original, como bancos digitais, e Bradesco, Santander, Banco do Brasil, Itaú e Caixa Econômica Federal, como bancos tradicionais. As principais diferenças encontradas apontam para um maior direcionamento dos bancos tradicionais para a obtenção de receitas não ligadas à intermediação financeira, como receitas de prestação de serviços e rendas de tarifas bancárias, e para um maior direcionamento dos bancos digitais para as receitas ligadas à intermediação financeira, sobretudo as relacionadas às operações de crédito. Palavras-chave: Bancos. Bancos digitais. Receitas bancárias. *** This paper aims to analyze the composition of revenues of both digital and traditional banks, based on their financial statements, with the objective of conducting a comparative analysis among banks to identify the main differences. The years 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 of the digital banks Inter and Original were studied, as well as Bradesco, Santander, Banco do Brasil, Itaú and Caixa Econômica Federal, as traditional banks. The main differences found point to a greater targeting of traditional banks in order to obtain non-interest income, such as service revenues and bank fee income, and to a greater targeting of digital banks to revenues related to financial intermediation, especially interest income. Keywords: Banks. Digital banks. Banks' revenue.

With the advent of New Year there will be a lot of recruitment notifications in upcoming days. Especially for banking aspirants one of the most expected notification is SBI PO recruitment 2019. But yet now there are some arguments regarding this notification

The focus of the paper is to examine the extent and nature of the process of consolidation in Polish Banking Sector and its impact on efficiency and competition. The paper is organised into the following sections. After the introduction, the second section deals with the social role of the banks. Section three briefly sets out the theoretical underpinnings of the banking consolidation process. It also spells out the motives and factors driving mergers and acquisitions (M&As) and the various methods of consolidation. Trends in M&A activity and the progress in banking consolidation in Poland are detailed in next section. The impact of the consolidation process on competition in the Polish banking sector and efficiency of the merged entities is analysed in section five. The final section briefly sets out the conclusions.

This article explores relationship lending in the small business context: it discusses the roles of entrepreneurial competence and voluntarily disclosed information as determinants of credit access. More specifically, it proposes that the loan manager’s evaluation of the information voluntarily disclosed by the entrepreneur is an important complement to publicly available financial data and soft information collected through observation and third parties in framing the loan manager’s perception of entrepreneur competence. Further, the article argues that banks charge lower interest rates if the loan manager perceives the entrepreneur to be competent. Econometric analysis based on 433 bank–firm relationships supports these hypothesised relationships. The results imply that entrepreneurs need to communicate their competence effectively to loan managers, and that banks should utilise these personal evaluations as inputs to lending decisions.

The demand for credit is increasing constantly. Banks are looking for various methods of credit evaluation that provide the most accurate results in a shorter period in order to minimize their rising risks. This study focuses on various methods that enable the banks to increase their asset quality without market loss regarding the credit allocation process. These methods enable the automatic evaluation of loan applications in line with the sector practices, and enable determination of credit policies/strategies based on actual needs. Within the scope of this study, the relationship between the predetermined attributes and the credit limit outputs are analyzed by using a sample data set of consumer loans. Random forest (RF), sequential minimal optimization (SMO), PART, decision table (DT), J48, multilayer perceptron (MP), JRip, naïve Bayes (NB), one rule (OneR) and zero rule (ZeroR) algorithms were used in this process. As a result of this analysis, SMO, PART and random forest algorithms are the top three approaches for determining customer credit limits.