Introduction: Cardiac output (CO), venous oxygenation (SvO2), and arterial blood pressure decreas... more Introduction: Cardiac output (CO), venous oxygenation (SvO2), and arterial blood pressure decrease during hemorrhage, and are proportional to blood volume lost. However, these invasive metrics are not available early in care. Standard noninvasive continuous vital signs of heart rate and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) have little or no predictive value during hypovolemia. On the other-hand, non-invasive Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of cerebral tissue oxygenation saturation (ScrO2) has been found to reproducibly decrease during hemorrhage. However, compared to invasively measured variables, the decrease in ScrO2 is delayed by 3-9 minutes (min). Studies have shown that heart and brain are favored in the redistribution of CO during hemorrhage at the expense of skin, muscle, and splanchnic organs. Methods: Propofol-anesthetized swine underwent a 5-7 hour regimen of hemorrhage and resuscitation. The model is representative of critical care monitoring for supportive therapy of fluid a...
Introduction: Cardiac output (CO), venous oxygenation (SvO2), and arterial blood pressure decreas... more Introduction: Cardiac output (CO), venous oxygenation (SvO2), and arterial blood pressure decrease during hemorrhage, and are proportional to blood volume lost. However, these invasive metrics are not available early in care. Standard noninvasive continuous vital signs of heart rate and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) have little or no predictive value during hypovolemia. On the other-hand, non-invasive Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of cerebral tissue oxygenation saturation (ScrO2) has been found to reproducibly decrease during hemorrhage. However, compared to invasively measured variables, the decrease in ScrO2 is delayed by 3-9 minutes (min). Studies have shown that heart and brain are favored in the redistribution of CO during hemorrhage at the expense of skin, muscle, and splanchnic organs. Methods: Propofol-anesthetized swine underwent a 5-7 hour regimen of hemorrhage and resuscitation. The model is representative of critical care monitoring for supportive therapy of fluid a...
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