Dr hab. Tomasz Graff, prof. UPJPII Head of the Department of Early Modern History in the Institute of History at the Pontifical University of John Paul II in Krakow, medievalist and researcher specialising in the first centuries of the early modern period. Member of the Central European Committee and the Textbook Assessment Committee at the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Czech History and Polish-Czech Relations Team at the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Krakow Branch of the Historical Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Polish Historical Society and the Society of the Enthusiast of Krakow’s History and Heritage Sites. He sits on the Editorial Board of the Czech science periodical “Husitský Tábor”, as well as other journals such as “Folia Historica Cracoviensia, “Wadoviana. Przegląd historyczno-kulturalny” and “Rocznik Spytkowicki”. He has published over 200 scientific and popular science texts, e.g. books on the Polish Episcopate in the late Middle Ages (2008, 2010), a monumental monograph on Marcin Campius Wadowita (2018), a history of the oldest Fraternity of the Rosary in Wadowice (2020) and co-authored a biography of Mikołaj Zebrzydowski, leader of the Zebrzydowski rebellion (2020).
T. Graff, Wkład biskupów krakowskich w odnowienie Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego - pierwsze próby, w: Człowiek w niewoli uczuć. Przyjaźń, miłość i nienawiść w Czechach i w Polsce w średniowieczu i wczesnej epoce nowożytnej, red. A. Januszek Sieradzka, W. Iwańczak, Warszawa-Bellerive-sur Allier 2024, s..., 2024
"Krakow bishops’ contribution to the restoration of the University of Krakow – early attempts"
Th... more "Krakow bishops’ contribution to the restoration of the University of Krakow – early attempts" The author analyses the involvement of Bishops of Krakow Jan Radlica and Piotr Wysz in efforts aimed at the restoration of the University of Krakow. Special emphasis was put on presenting the subject in the period prior to papal consent for the opening of the Faculty of Theology in Krakow in 1397. In the context of speeches given by Bartłomiej of Jasło, it appears that the concept of restoration was Bishop Jan Radlica’s brainchild. Together with other royal advisors, the hierarch influenced King Władysław Jagiełło so that the latter would offer his support to the re-opening of the University. Later on, there were also plans to open the Faculty of Theology, presumably with the aid of Mateusz of Krakow. Queen Jadwiga certainly did not oppose the idea. However, after Radlica’s death, the University, reactivated to a limited extent, was beset by both organisational and financial problems. At the beginning of his tenure, Bishop Piotr Wysz strove to restore the University – not in a vestigial form but, rather, as a fully operational institution with four faculties and Bishop of Krakow as its chancellor. His plans, generally accepted by the royal couple, stirred some controversies over e.g. the principle of the appointment to the chancellor’s office, with some royal advisers having their influence on the nomination. Also, Jadwiga’s and her circle’s plans to allocate substantial funds to the establishment of the College for Lithuanians in Prague did not help to create a stable financial basis for the University. This situation contributed to the restoration process being temporarily suspended. The author concludes with a claim that bishops Radlica and Wysz (the former at the close and the latter already in the early years of his pontificate) were the crucial supporters of the idea of the restoration, albeit their visions of the final form of this educational project were not necessarily aligned due to constantly changing circumstances.
"Walenty Fontana and the Cracow University at the Turn of the 16th and 17th Centuries".
The artic... more "Walenty Fontana and the Cracow University at the Turn of the 16th and 17th Centuries". The article presents key moments in the life of the Cracow academy at the turn of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, seen through the lens of the biography of the world's first university lecturer of De revolutionibus, Walenty Fontana (d. 1618). Particular emphasis is placed on the period after he obtained his doctorate in medicine in Padua (1593), namely the 1590s and the first two decades of the 17th century, during which Fontana repeatedly held the position of rector.
The oldest matriculation records of students from
Jastrząb in the pre-partition period (up to 16... more The oldest matriculation records of students from Jastrząb in the pre-partition period (up to 1602) Summary The author analyses records of matriculation entries of residents of Jastrząb in the metrics of the University of Cracow up to 1602. It has been possible to identify a group of nine people who could be linked to Jastrząb, however, due to the occurrence of the same or similar names in sources for other towns in the Diocese of Cracow, this identification has been sometimes uncertain. The first student from Jastrząb in this period was Gallus the son of John, matriculated in 1441, shortly after the town had been founded, while the last was Wojciech Pazdej the son of Maciej, who was immatriculated in 1602. The students from Jastrząb, with one exception, did not pay the entire enrolment fee, i.e. 8 grosz. Only one of them achieved the degree of Bachelor (Stanisław Sudolski), although, in his case, we cannot exclude the possibility that he came from the village of Jastrzębniki or that there was a simple misspelling of his place of origin. Keywords: Jastrząb, University of Cracow, Cracow, university studies, students
The importance of Jesuit colleges in the development of education in the Polish-Lithuanian Common... more The importance of Jesuit colleges in the development of education in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the contribution of the Society of Jesus to scientific progress, both Polish and European, remain indisputable. After all, it is worth noting that the Jesuits promoted knowledge of the Far East, the Christian missions carried out in India, China and Japan, on top of social, cultural and political consequences of their actions in this area. In this regard, it is important to note the activity carried out by the various seminaries, which, thanks to their relatively high formation level, are places where priestly vocations, and therefore missionary vocations, can grow. The reports and letters from the Far East influenced the decisions taken by individual disciples who wished, following the example of the Jesuit saints and martyrs, to preach the Gospel among the people of India, China and Japan. After all, Christian missions, in addition to the history and culture of countries in the Far East, were of interest not only to college students, but to a much wider range of people wishing to broaden their knowledge. Polish translations of Jesuit authors who described the Far East in their works served these purposes. In addition, among the methods of promoting knowledge, paratheatrical performances and stage plays with oriental themes were extremely important. Both these and the aforementioned translation activities covered an extremely wide range of people, which later contributed to a significant increase in interest in the Far East, with the consequent emergence of a fashion for so-called “Chineseness”. The purpose of this article is therefore to trace the themes indicated above, which, as can easily be seen, form a causal sequence. Consequently, it can therefore be concluded that the role of the Jesuit colleges as centers from which the impulse to promote knowledge of Far Eastern countries emerged seems unquestionable.
Teologowie uniwersyteccy w kapitule świętofloriańskiej u schyłku XVI i w I poł. XVII w., „Perspektywy Kultury” 43/4/1, (2023), p. 155-171.
University Theologians in the Chapter of St. Florian’s Collegiate Church
in Kleparz at the End o... more University Theologians in the Chapter of St. Florian’s Collegiate Church in Kleparz at the End of the 16th and Beginning of the 17th Centuries.
The author examines the relationship between the Theological Faculty and the University Collegiate Chapter of St. Florian’s Collegiate Church in Kleparz at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. During this period, the Theological Faculty was suffering from a staff crisis, which it gradually overcame after 1602. The teaching staff of the Theological Faculty consisted mostly of members of the St. Florian chapter (some of whom were later promoted to the canonry in the Krakow cathedral chapter). The author points out that so far historiography has not provided a picture of the daily life of the Saint Florian chapter, nor a picture of the functioning of the Theological Faculty during this period, not to mention interpersonal relations between professors, as well as between professors and the outside community. We also know little about the biographies of most of the theologians of the time, with the exception of Marcin Wadowit, as well as about the members of the Saint Florian chapter, who were often prominent intellectuals of the University of Krakow. Using selected examples, the author also shows further research perspectives on the history of the Saint Florian Chapter and its ties with the Faculty of Theology during the period in question and agues that theologians and members of the Saint Florian Chapter who were active in the first years of the 17th century need to be identified.
Regarding the 625th Anniversary of the Erection of the Faculty of Theology of the University of Krakow. Research Status and Prospects, „Perspektywy Kultury” 43/4/1 (2023), p. 29-42, 2023
The article reveals the status and prospects of research on the history of the Theological Facult... more The article reveals the status and prospects of research on the history of the Theological Faculty of the University of Krakow. To this end, the most important scholarly items relating to the history of the faculty from its establishment in 1397 to the present day are discussed. The author stresses the need to undertake new research, including on the biography and works of professors, as well as in relation to the period 1525-1780. The second part of the text briefly discusses the content of eight articles revealing new findings to the history of the Faculty, published in the same issue of the Perspectives on Culture journal.
The author analyses the career and academic work of those distinguished professors at the Univers... more The author analyses the career and academic work of those distinguished professors at the University of Krakow who studied in Padua in the age of first elective monarchs (from the 1570s to ca. mid-17 th century). One of the key questions in the article is to what extent the Paduan stage of education influenced the university career and intellectual culture of the Polish academics. More broadly, the author tries to indicate future research prospects of the studies on the implications of the University of Krakow professors' Paduan background.
"Influence of the culture of interwar Wadowice on the development of the personality of Karol Woj... more "Influence of the culture of interwar Wadowice on the development of the personality of Karol Wojtyła between 1920–1938" The article presents the cultural and social background of interwar Wadowice, a small town in southern Poland, where Karol Wojtyła, future Pope John Paul II the Great, was born. The author’s aim was to show the influence of the family environment, the local parish community and the school on the development of the young Wojtyła’s personality. The author attempted to prove that the young student of the Wadowice schools perceived the heritage of Polish culture as an important element of European culture. The future Pope became very familiar with this heritage by regularly deepening his knowledge of Polish history, Polish literature and especially the works of the Polish Romantics. As a young poet and budding actor and director, he believed that Polish culture had a messianic task in relation to the whole of Europe, but only on the foundation of Christian values. Wojtyła, a pupil at the prestigious neo-classical M. Wadowita Secondary School, a friend of the local Jews, also became acquainted with the most important works of European literature during this period, including Shakespeare’s works, learnt German, had an excellent knowledge of Latin and classical Greek, as well as the works of the most important classical writers of ancient literature. The intellectual atmosphere of his hometown certainly had a significant impact on his later perception of international dialogue and European integration. Keywords: John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła 1920–1938, Wadowice 1918–1938
500 lat dzwonu Zygmunta, red. M. Rokosz, ks. J. Urban, 2023
FULL-TEXT VERSION AVAILABLE AT: https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388627.02
In Honor and Memory of ... more FULL-TEXT VERSION AVAILABLE AT: https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388627.02 In Honor and Memory of the Cardinal’s Beloved Brother: From the History of the University Foundation of Sigismund I from 1518 at the Altar of St. St. Erasmus, King Sigismund the Martyr and Queen Brygida Abstract The article presents the history of the ministry at the altar of St. st. Erazm, King Sigismund the Martyr and Queen Brygida in the Krakow Cathedral, which was founded by Sigismund I in 1518. The king wanted to honor the memory of his brother Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, for whom he erected an impressive tombstone in the cathedral a few years earlier. According to the sources, the patronage of this foundation belonged to the Collegium Maius of the University of Krakow, and the last owner of the ministry was in 1602 Professor Franciszek Bogucki. Bishop Jakub Zadzik in 1638 already described the ministry at the demolished altar, which did not function, and one of the reasons for this state of affairs was the neglect of the right of patronage by the University. This state of affairs was confirmed by the visitation of Bishop Andrzej Trzebicki in 1670. The article is accompanied by a fragment of the visitation from 1638 along with a translation. Keywords: King of Poland Sigismund I Jagiellon, Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, Krakow Cathedral, Krakow University
Friendship, anger, even an excommunication. Krakow bishops and Jagiellonian University at the clo... more Friendship, anger, even an excommunication. Krakow bishops and Jagiellonian University at the close of the Middle Ages and the start of the Early Modern period. The main goal of this article is to present the relations between the bishops of Krakow and the University of Krakow in crisis situations at the end of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. It was a time when the university prided itself on many achievements and eminent professors. At the same time, the signs of deteriorating academic standards and lack of discipline among the university staff and the students were becoming increasingly apparent. The university curriculum was also in need of reform. In those circumstances, the attitude of Krakow bishops, who also held the office of chancellors of the university, was of particular significance. The university relied on good relations with bishops of Krakow, who often bestowed generous foundations and offered their protection. However, equally frequent were conflicts between professors and chancellors, which did not promote cooperation and caused anger on both sides, drawing the Church’s political elites, the monarch and even the Pope himself into the conflict. In terms of its timeline, this article encompasses the
pontificates of three Krakow bishops: Jan Rzeszowski (1471–1488), Fryderyk Jagiellończyk (1488–1503) and Jan Konarski (1503–1524).
Wokół postaci Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (1553–1620) i jego rodziny. Stan i perspektywy badań, 2023
Wokół postaci Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (1553-1620) i jego rodziny. Stan i perspektywy badań Mikoł... more Wokół postaci Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (1553-1620) i jego rodziny. Stan i perspektywy badań Mikołaj Zebrzydowski (1553-1620) and His Family. The Status and Prospects of Research Abstrakt Artykuł ukazuje w ujęciu problemowym stan badań nad postacią Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (1553-1620) oraz jego rodziny do roku 2022. Zwrócono uwagę na najważniejsze publikacje dotyczące jego biografii, fundacji oraz działalności politycznej. Zauważono, że dotychczasowa historiografia zajmowała się Zebrzydowskim głównie w kontekście rokoszu sandomierskiego, fundacji klasztoru, kalwarii oraz fundacji w rodowych Zebrzydowicach. Natomiast genealogią rodziny Zebrzydowskich, ich majątkiem oraz powiązaniami z innymi rodami zajmowano się sporadycznie. Nieco szerzej analizowano działalność Floriana Zebrzydowskiego, ojca Mikołaja, jednak głównie jako teoretyka wojskowości. Autorzy podkreślają
Florian Zebrzydowski i jego dobra w Radoczy w księstwie zatorskim, 2023
Artykuł ukazuje problematykę rozwoju majątku Floriana Zebrzydowskiego h. Radwan (zm. 1566), jedne... more Artykuł ukazuje problematykę rozwoju majątku Floriana Zebrzydowskiego h. Radwan (zm. 1566), jednego z najbardziej zaufanych dworzan, wojskowych i urzędników Zygmunta Augusta. Stosując metodę indukcyjną, zwrócono uwagę na niemal nieznane dotychczas w historiografii wejście przez Zebrzydowskiego w posiadanie majątku we wsi Radocza k. Wadowic w księstwie zatorskim. Jako współwłaściciel tej wsi Zebrzydowski procesował się w latach 1549-1550 z Jakubem Frydrychowskim. Z kolei dokumentem z 1551 roku król nadał Zebrzydowskiemu przywilej budowania tamy/ fosy na rz. Skawie w celu doprowadzania wody do majątku w Radoczy, co było niezbędne m.in. do zbudowania stawów rybnych (edycja wraz z tłumaczeniem w Aneksie). Osiem lat później Florian Zebrzydowski przeprowadził transakcję majątkową dotyczącą Radoczy z Felicją Frydrychowską i jej mężem Stanisławem Milanowskim. Nie udało się jednak ustalić, kiedy dostojnik pozbył się majątku w tej wsi, jednak źródła z okresu ostatnich lat jego życia i kolejnych dziesięcioleci wymieniające właścicieli Radoczy nie wspominają już o Zebrzydowskich. Przy okazji ustaleń dotyczących Radoczy ukazano także przykładowe inne transakcje majątkowe, w których brał udział Zebrzydowski. Studium miało za zadanie zasygnalizować
Prague or Kraków? The Dilemmas of Jadwiga Andegaweńska
Concerning the Education of Lithuanian Th... more Prague or Kraków? The Dilemmas of Jadwiga Andegaweńska Concerning the Education of Lithuanian Theologians The author analyzes the sources and accounts of historiography relating to the two‑track actions of Queen Jadwiga Andegaweńska that aimed to open a faculty of theology in Kraków and to reactivate the college founded by Casimir the Great and, at the same time, to found a College for Lithuanians in Prague at the local university. An analy‑ sis of the circumstances attendant on the establishment of the Prague foundation in cooperation with the Czech King Vaclav IV suggests that this decision, although noble, was damaging for the idea of a renewal of the university in Kraków. However, Jadwiga’s abandonment of further financing of the Lithuanian College and then the Queen’s death con‑ tributed to the implementation of the idea by King Władysław Jagiełło in 1400. The Queen Jadwiga College in Prague was not, however, in prac‑ tice, in accordance with her intentions, designated for Lithuanians but mainly served Czechs; nonetheless, from Długosz’s time to today, the myth is current of its supposedly considerable influence on the education and Christianization of the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Kardynał Zbigniew Oleśnicki i jego tablica fundacyjna dla kościoła parafialnego w Bodzentynie, w: Dziedzictwo kulturowe Bodzentyna, red. U. Oettingen, Wydawnictwo Kieleckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego, Kielce 2021, s. 65-84 , 2021
Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki and his Foundation Plaque for the Bodzentyn Parish Church
Queen Jadwiga of Anjou's Influence on the Composition of the Polish Episcopate, 2021
This article aims to present Queen Jadwiga’ actual influence on nominations for episcopal sees du... more This article aims to present Queen Jadwiga’ actual influence on nominations for episcopal sees during her reign (1384–1386) and joint rule with Władysław Jagiełło (1386–1399). Until now, except for Krzysztof Ożóg, researchers expressed only a marginal interest in the subject. The author cites relevant views contained in all major studies on Jadwiga’s reign as well as analyses all available sources, mainly printed ones, both papal documents and chronicles, with special regard to the works of Jan Długosz.Using the induction method, the author analyses 22 nominations for episcopal sees. Contrary to the views expressed in the literature of the
subject, Jadwiga did not influence all episcopal nominations she has
been attributed with. Nonetheless, in some cases (e.g. Piotr Wysz from
Kraków, Andrzej Jastrzębiec from Vilnius) we may argue that she exerted
noticeable pressure; in other instances it was probably only more or less
subtle. In all analysed nominations, whenever her role was clearly proved
in sources, we may notice that Jadwiga was invariably cooperative in the
common ecclesiastical policy which she pursued together with her husband. For example, both took advantage of the Holy Sees’ vulnerability in the era of the Occidental Schism, which allowed them to push their own candidates for episcopal seats. The present analysis revealed that with regard to the majority of most prestigious bishoprics in the Kingdom of Poland it was Jagiełło who had key influence on candidates for episcopal nominations, building his own political power base. At the same time, certain episcopal promotions, especially those in Ruthenia, Moldova and Mazovia, were reported inadequately and in few sources; hence, Jadwiga’s and Władysław’s influence on the nominations of bishops can only be hypothetically determined.
Keywords: Jadwiga of Anjou, Władysław Jagiełło, Polish episcopate
Abstrakt
"Wpływ królowej Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej
na kształt personalny polskiego episkopatu"
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie rzeczywistego wpływu królowej polskiej
Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej na obsadę stolic biskupich w okresie jej rządów
(1384–1386) i współrządów z Władysławem Jagiełłą (1386–1399). Do tej
pory badacze, z wyjątkiem Krzysztofa Ożoga, tylko marginalnie poświęcali
temu zagadnieniu swoje zainteresowanie. Autor prześledził opinię badaczy na ten temat we wszystkich ważnych pracach poświęconych rządom
królowej Jadwigi, jak również przeanalizował wszystkie dostępne źródła,
głównie drukowane, zarówno te proweniencji papieskiej, jak i kronikarskie
ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem twórczości Jana Długosza.
Autor, posługując się metodą indukcyjną, przeanalizował wszystkie 22
obsady na stolice biskupie. Wbrew opinii dotychczasowej literatury przedmiotu Jadwiga nie miała wpływu na wszystkie awanse biskupie, które
dotychczas jej przypisywano. W przypadku awansu niektórych biskupów
(np. krakowski Piotr Wysz, wileński Andrzej Jastrzębiec) można jednak
stwierdzić, że jej nacisk był widoczny. W innych przypadkach był on
prawdopodobnie tylko mniej lub bardziej subtelny. We wszystkich jednak badanych kazusach, gdy tylko rola Jadwigi została źródłowo wyraźnie
poświadczona, to równocześnie można zauważyć, że współpracowała ona stale z mężem, prowadząc z nim solidarną politykę kościelną. Oboje wykorzystywali m.in. słabość papiestwa w dobie wielkiej schizmy zachodniej, co umożliwiło im forsowanie własnych kandydatów do katedr biskupich.
Analiza wykazała, że w odniesieniu do większości najbardziej prestiżowych katedr biskupich w Królestwie Polskim to jednak król Jagiełło miał dominujący wpływ na nominację kandydatów do objęcia biskupstwa, dbając o tworzenie własnego zaplecza politycznego. Natomiast niektóre przypadki awansów biskupich, zwłaszcza dotyczące biskupstw ziemi ruskiej czy w lennach (Mołdawia, Mazowsze), nie zostały odpowiednio oświetlone przez nieliczne źródła, stąd wpływ Jadwigi i Jagiełły na obsadę biskupstw na tym terenie można określić tylko hipotetycznie.
Słowa klucze: Jadwiga Andegaweńska, Władysław Jagiełło, polski episkopat
Epidemie w dziejach Wadowic w okresie przedrozbiorowym – studium przypadku miasta małopolskiego, 2021
Epidemics in the history of Wadowice in the pre-partition period. A study of a town in Małopols... more Epidemics in the history of Wadowice in the pre-partition period. A study of a town in Małopolska
This article aims to analyze the traces of the pestilence in Wadowice in Małopolska up to 1772, when the town became part of the Austrian partition. Hitherto this topic has only been mentioned in the literature. Thanks to a use of sources from the period, and, above all, archives in, for example, the Archiwum Parafialnym Bazyliki Ofiarowania Najświętszej Marii Panny w Wadowicach and in the Archiwum Kurii Metropolitalnej w Krakowie, the author has discovered traces of the appearance of large-scale epidemics in Wadowice in 1585, 1601, 1652–1653, and probably in 1737, 1752, and 1758. In the Wadowice records of deaths (Liber Mortuorum), it has been possible to identify entries that would indicate the appearance of at least local epidemics in the period 1730–1772. In addition, a hitherto unknown note by the local pastor from 1756 has been found, which provides information about epidemics in the town in the XVIIth century and of their avoidance at the time of pestilence raging over large areas of the Polish Commonwealth and beyond its borders between 1708 and 1709. This source, published as an annex to the article, also shows the approaches of the inhabitants of Wadowice to the plague, which were typical of the period, and included: dedicating the town to the Mother of God, and the conviction that the misfortunes falling on the town, such as epidemics or fires, were a punishment for sins. The article ends with a recommendation in the future to carry out comparative research that makes it possible to compare the results from Wadowice with those from other towns in the western part of Małopolska.
Stephen Báthory’s attitude towards the University of Krakow, 2021
This research paper discusses the evolution of the attitude of Stefan Bathory (1576-1586), king o... more This research paper discusses the evolution of the attitude of Stefan Bathory (1576-1586), king of Poland, towards the University of Krakow. Being aware of the university's obsolete structures and its functioning, the king planned to create an elite royal college, in which foreign scholars, especially Italians, were to provide education. Due to the failure of his plan, Batory changed his attitude towards the University, and became its important patron and benefactor. At the same time, however, he also contributed to the establishment of the Jesuit Vilnius University (1578/1579). The author analyses the monarch's relations with the Krakow Alma Mater over ten years of his reign, trying to explain the circumstances and motives of his conduct towards Krakow's University elites.
T. Graff, Wkład biskupów krakowskich w odnowienie Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego - pierwsze próby, w: Człowiek w niewoli uczuć. Przyjaźń, miłość i nienawiść w Czechach i w Polsce w średniowieczu i wczesnej epoce nowożytnej, red. A. Januszek Sieradzka, W. Iwańczak, Warszawa-Bellerive-sur Allier 2024, s..., 2024
"Krakow bishops’ contribution to the restoration of the University of Krakow – early attempts"
Th... more "Krakow bishops’ contribution to the restoration of the University of Krakow – early attempts" The author analyses the involvement of Bishops of Krakow Jan Radlica and Piotr Wysz in efforts aimed at the restoration of the University of Krakow. Special emphasis was put on presenting the subject in the period prior to papal consent for the opening of the Faculty of Theology in Krakow in 1397. In the context of speeches given by Bartłomiej of Jasło, it appears that the concept of restoration was Bishop Jan Radlica’s brainchild. Together with other royal advisors, the hierarch influenced King Władysław Jagiełło so that the latter would offer his support to the re-opening of the University. Later on, there were also plans to open the Faculty of Theology, presumably with the aid of Mateusz of Krakow. Queen Jadwiga certainly did not oppose the idea. However, after Radlica’s death, the University, reactivated to a limited extent, was beset by both organisational and financial problems. At the beginning of his tenure, Bishop Piotr Wysz strove to restore the University – not in a vestigial form but, rather, as a fully operational institution with four faculties and Bishop of Krakow as its chancellor. His plans, generally accepted by the royal couple, stirred some controversies over e.g. the principle of the appointment to the chancellor’s office, with some royal advisers having their influence on the nomination. Also, Jadwiga’s and her circle’s plans to allocate substantial funds to the establishment of the College for Lithuanians in Prague did not help to create a stable financial basis for the University. This situation contributed to the restoration process being temporarily suspended. The author concludes with a claim that bishops Radlica and Wysz (the former at the close and the latter already in the early years of his pontificate) were the crucial supporters of the idea of the restoration, albeit their visions of the final form of this educational project were not necessarily aligned due to constantly changing circumstances.
"Walenty Fontana and the Cracow University at the Turn of the 16th and 17th Centuries".
The artic... more "Walenty Fontana and the Cracow University at the Turn of the 16th and 17th Centuries". The article presents key moments in the life of the Cracow academy at the turn of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, seen through the lens of the biography of the world's first university lecturer of De revolutionibus, Walenty Fontana (d. 1618). Particular emphasis is placed on the period after he obtained his doctorate in medicine in Padua (1593), namely the 1590s and the first two decades of the 17th century, during which Fontana repeatedly held the position of rector.
The oldest matriculation records of students from
Jastrząb in the pre-partition period (up to 16... more The oldest matriculation records of students from Jastrząb in the pre-partition period (up to 1602) Summary The author analyses records of matriculation entries of residents of Jastrząb in the metrics of the University of Cracow up to 1602. It has been possible to identify a group of nine people who could be linked to Jastrząb, however, due to the occurrence of the same or similar names in sources for other towns in the Diocese of Cracow, this identification has been sometimes uncertain. The first student from Jastrząb in this period was Gallus the son of John, matriculated in 1441, shortly after the town had been founded, while the last was Wojciech Pazdej the son of Maciej, who was immatriculated in 1602. The students from Jastrząb, with one exception, did not pay the entire enrolment fee, i.e. 8 grosz. Only one of them achieved the degree of Bachelor (Stanisław Sudolski), although, in his case, we cannot exclude the possibility that he came from the village of Jastrzębniki or that there was a simple misspelling of his place of origin. Keywords: Jastrząb, University of Cracow, Cracow, university studies, students
The importance of Jesuit colleges in the development of education in the Polish-Lithuanian Common... more The importance of Jesuit colleges in the development of education in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the contribution of the Society of Jesus to scientific progress, both Polish and European, remain indisputable. After all, it is worth noting that the Jesuits promoted knowledge of the Far East, the Christian missions carried out in India, China and Japan, on top of social, cultural and political consequences of their actions in this area. In this regard, it is important to note the activity carried out by the various seminaries, which, thanks to their relatively high formation level, are places where priestly vocations, and therefore missionary vocations, can grow. The reports and letters from the Far East influenced the decisions taken by individual disciples who wished, following the example of the Jesuit saints and martyrs, to preach the Gospel among the people of India, China and Japan. After all, Christian missions, in addition to the history and culture of countries in the Far East, were of interest not only to college students, but to a much wider range of people wishing to broaden their knowledge. Polish translations of Jesuit authors who described the Far East in their works served these purposes. In addition, among the methods of promoting knowledge, paratheatrical performances and stage plays with oriental themes were extremely important. Both these and the aforementioned translation activities covered an extremely wide range of people, which later contributed to a significant increase in interest in the Far East, with the consequent emergence of a fashion for so-called “Chineseness”. The purpose of this article is therefore to trace the themes indicated above, which, as can easily be seen, form a causal sequence. Consequently, it can therefore be concluded that the role of the Jesuit colleges as centers from which the impulse to promote knowledge of Far Eastern countries emerged seems unquestionable.
Teologowie uniwersyteccy w kapitule świętofloriańskiej u schyłku XVI i w I poł. XVII w., „Perspektywy Kultury” 43/4/1, (2023), p. 155-171.
University Theologians in the Chapter of St. Florian’s Collegiate Church
in Kleparz at the End o... more University Theologians in the Chapter of St. Florian’s Collegiate Church in Kleparz at the End of the 16th and Beginning of the 17th Centuries.
The author examines the relationship between the Theological Faculty and the University Collegiate Chapter of St. Florian’s Collegiate Church in Kleparz at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. During this period, the Theological Faculty was suffering from a staff crisis, which it gradually overcame after 1602. The teaching staff of the Theological Faculty consisted mostly of members of the St. Florian chapter (some of whom were later promoted to the canonry in the Krakow cathedral chapter). The author points out that so far historiography has not provided a picture of the daily life of the Saint Florian chapter, nor a picture of the functioning of the Theological Faculty during this period, not to mention interpersonal relations between professors, as well as between professors and the outside community. We also know little about the biographies of most of the theologians of the time, with the exception of Marcin Wadowit, as well as about the members of the Saint Florian chapter, who were often prominent intellectuals of the University of Krakow. Using selected examples, the author also shows further research perspectives on the history of the Saint Florian Chapter and its ties with the Faculty of Theology during the period in question and agues that theologians and members of the Saint Florian Chapter who were active in the first years of the 17th century need to be identified.
Regarding the 625th Anniversary of the Erection of the Faculty of Theology of the University of Krakow. Research Status and Prospects, „Perspektywy Kultury” 43/4/1 (2023), p. 29-42, 2023
The article reveals the status and prospects of research on the history of the Theological Facult... more The article reveals the status and prospects of research on the history of the Theological Faculty of the University of Krakow. To this end, the most important scholarly items relating to the history of the faculty from its establishment in 1397 to the present day are discussed. The author stresses the need to undertake new research, including on the biography and works of professors, as well as in relation to the period 1525-1780. The second part of the text briefly discusses the content of eight articles revealing new findings to the history of the Faculty, published in the same issue of the Perspectives on Culture journal.
The author analyses the career and academic work of those distinguished professors at the Univers... more The author analyses the career and academic work of those distinguished professors at the University of Krakow who studied in Padua in the age of first elective monarchs (from the 1570s to ca. mid-17 th century). One of the key questions in the article is to what extent the Paduan stage of education influenced the university career and intellectual culture of the Polish academics. More broadly, the author tries to indicate future research prospects of the studies on the implications of the University of Krakow professors' Paduan background.
"Influence of the culture of interwar Wadowice on the development of the personality of Karol Woj... more "Influence of the culture of interwar Wadowice on the development of the personality of Karol Wojtyła between 1920–1938" The article presents the cultural and social background of interwar Wadowice, a small town in southern Poland, where Karol Wojtyła, future Pope John Paul II the Great, was born. The author’s aim was to show the influence of the family environment, the local parish community and the school on the development of the young Wojtyła’s personality. The author attempted to prove that the young student of the Wadowice schools perceived the heritage of Polish culture as an important element of European culture. The future Pope became very familiar with this heritage by regularly deepening his knowledge of Polish history, Polish literature and especially the works of the Polish Romantics. As a young poet and budding actor and director, he believed that Polish culture had a messianic task in relation to the whole of Europe, but only on the foundation of Christian values. Wojtyła, a pupil at the prestigious neo-classical M. Wadowita Secondary School, a friend of the local Jews, also became acquainted with the most important works of European literature during this period, including Shakespeare’s works, learnt German, had an excellent knowledge of Latin and classical Greek, as well as the works of the most important classical writers of ancient literature. The intellectual atmosphere of his hometown certainly had a significant impact on his later perception of international dialogue and European integration. Keywords: John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła 1920–1938, Wadowice 1918–1938
500 lat dzwonu Zygmunta, red. M. Rokosz, ks. J. Urban, 2023
FULL-TEXT VERSION AVAILABLE AT: https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388627.02
In Honor and Memory of ... more FULL-TEXT VERSION AVAILABLE AT: https://doi.org/10.12797/9788381388627.02 In Honor and Memory of the Cardinal’s Beloved Brother: From the History of the University Foundation of Sigismund I from 1518 at the Altar of St. St. Erasmus, King Sigismund the Martyr and Queen Brygida Abstract The article presents the history of the ministry at the altar of St. st. Erazm, King Sigismund the Martyr and Queen Brygida in the Krakow Cathedral, which was founded by Sigismund I in 1518. The king wanted to honor the memory of his brother Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, for whom he erected an impressive tombstone in the cathedral a few years earlier. According to the sources, the patronage of this foundation belonged to the Collegium Maius of the University of Krakow, and the last owner of the ministry was in 1602 Professor Franciszek Bogucki. Bishop Jakub Zadzik in 1638 already described the ministry at the demolished altar, which did not function, and one of the reasons for this state of affairs was the neglect of the right of patronage by the University. This state of affairs was confirmed by the visitation of Bishop Andrzej Trzebicki in 1670. The article is accompanied by a fragment of the visitation from 1638 along with a translation. Keywords: King of Poland Sigismund I Jagiellon, Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, Krakow Cathedral, Krakow University
Friendship, anger, even an excommunication. Krakow bishops and Jagiellonian University at the clo... more Friendship, anger, even an excommunication. Krakow bishops and Jagiellonian University at the close of the Middle Ages and the start of the Early Modern period. The main goal of this article is to present the relations between the bishops of Krakow and the University of Krakow in crisis situations at the end of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. It was a time when the university prided itself on many achievements and eminent professors. At the same time, the signs of deteriorating academic standards and lack of discipline among the university staff and the students were becoming increasingly apparent. The university curriculum was also in need of reform. In those circumstances, the attitude of Krakow bishops, who also held the office of chancellors of the university, was of particular significance. The university relied on good relations with bishops of Krakow, who often bestowed generous foundations and offered their protection. However, equally frequent were conflicts between professors and chancellors, which did not promote cooperation and caused anger on both sides, drawing the Church’s political elites, the monarch and even the Pope himself into the conflict. In terms of its timeline, this article encompasses the
pontificates of three Krakow bishops: Jan Rzeszowski (1471–1488), Fryderyk Jagiellończyk (1488–1503) and Jan Konarski (1503–1524).
Wokół postaci Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (1553–1620) i jego rodziny. Stan i perspektywy badań, 2023
Wokół postaci Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (1553-1620) i jego rodziny. Stan i perspektywy badań Mikoł... more Wokół postaci Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (1553-1620) i jego rodziny. Stan i perspektywy badań Mikołaj Zebrzydowski (1553-1620) and His Family. The Status and Prospects of Research Abstrakt Artykuł ukazuje w ujęciu problemowym stan badań nad postacią Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (1553-1620) oraz jego rodziny do roku 2022. Zwrócono uwagę na najważniejsze publikacje dotyczące jego biografii, fundacji oraz działalności politycznej. Zauważono, że dotychczasowa historiografia zajmowała się Zebrzydowskim głównie w kontekście rokoszu sandomierskiego, fundacji klasztoru, kalwarii oraz fundacji w rodowych Zebrzydowicach. Natomiast genealogią rodziny Zebrzydowskich, ich majątkiem oraz powiązaniami z innymi rodami zajmowano się sporadycznie. Nieco szerzej analizowano działalność Floriana Zebrzydowskiego, ojca Mikołaja, jednak głównie jako teoretyka wojskowości. Autorzy podkreślają
Florian Zebrzydowski i jego dobra w Radoczy w księstwie zatorskim, 2023
Artykuł ukazuje problematykę rozwoju majątku Floriana Zebrzydowskiego h. Radwan (zm. 1566), jedne... more Artykuł ukazuje problematykę rozwoju majątku Floriana Zebrzydowskiego h. Radwan (zm. 1566), jednego z najbardziej zaufanych dworzan, wojskowych i urzędników Zygmunta Augusta. Stosując metodę indukcyjną, zwrócono uwagę na niemal nieznane dotychczas w historiografii wejście przez Zebrzydowskiego w posiadanie majątku we wsi Radocza k. Wadowic w księstwie zatorskim. Jako współwłaściciel tej wsi Zebrzydowski procesował się w latach 1549-1550 z Jakubem Frydrychowskim. Z kolei dokumentem z 1551 roku król nadał Zebrzydowskiemu przywilej budowania tamy/ fosy na rz. Skawie w celu doprowadzania wody do majątku w Radoczy, co było niezbędne m.in. do zbudowania stawów rybnych (edycja wraz z tłumaczeniem w Aneksie). Osiem lat później Florian Zebrzydowski przeprowadził transakcję majątkową dotyczącą Radoczy z Felicją Frydrychowską i jej mężem Stanisławem Milanowskim. Nie udało się jednak ustalić, kiedy dostojnik pozbył się majątku w tej wsi, jednak źródła z okresu ostatnich lat jego życia i kolejnych dziesięcioleci wymieniające właścicieli Radoczy nie wspominają już o Zebrzydowskich. Przy okazji ustaleń dotyczących Radoczy ukazano także przykładowe inne transakcje majątkowe, w których brał udział Zebrzydowski. Studium miało za zadanie zasygnalizować
Prague or Kraków? The Dilemmas of Jadwiga Andegaweńska
Concerning the Education of Lithuanian Th... more Prague or Kraków? The Dilemmas of Jadwiga Andegaweńska Concerning the Education of Lithuanian Theologians The author analyzes the sources and accounts of historiography relating to the two‑track actions of Queen Jadwiga Andegaweńska that aimed to open a faculty of theology in Kraków and to reactivate the college founded by Casimir the Great and, at the same time, to found a College for Lithuanians in Prague at the local university. An analy‑ sis of the circumstances attendant on the establishment of the Prague foundation in cooperation with the Czech King Vaclav IV suggests that this decision, although noble, was damaging for the idea of a renewal of the university in Kraków. However, Jadwiga’s abandonment of further financing of the Lithuanian College and then the Queen’s death con‑ tributed to the implementation of the idea by King Władysław Jagiełło in 1400. The Queen Jadwiga College in Prague was not, however, in prac‑ tice, in accordance with her intentions, designated for Lithuanians but mainly served Czechs; nonetheless, from Długosz’s time to today, the myth is current of its supposedly considerable influence on the education and Christianization of the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Kardynał Zbigniew Oleśnicki i jego tablica fundacyjna dla kościoła parafialnego w Bodzentynie, w: Dziedzictwo kulturowe Bodzentyna, red. U. Oettingen, Wydawnictwo Kieleckiego Towarzystwa Naukowego, Kielce 2021, s. 65-84 , 2021
Cardinal Zbigniew Oleśnicki and his Foundation Plaque for the Bodzentyn Parish Church
Queen Jadwiga of Anjou's Influence on the Composition of the Polish Episcopate, 2021
This article aims to present Queen Jadwiga’ actual influence on nominations for episcopal sees du... more This article aims to present Queen Jadwiga’ actual influence on nominations for episcopal sees during her reign (1384–1386) and joint rule with Władysław Jagiełło (1386–1399). Until now, except for Krzysztof Ożóg, researchers expressed only a marginal interest in the subject. The author cites relevant views contained in all major studies on Jadwiga’s reign as well as analyses all available sources, mainly printed ones, both papal documents and chronicles, with special regard to the works of Jan Długosz.Using the induction method, the author analyses 22 nominations for episcopal sees. Contrary to the views expressed in the literature of the
subject, Jadwiga did not influence all episcopal nominations she has
been attributed with. Nonetheless, in some cases (e.g. Piotr Wysz from
Kraków, Andrzej Jastrzębiec from Vilnius) we may argue that she exerted
noticeable pressure; in other instances it was probably only more or less
subtle. In all analysed nominations, whenever her role was clearly proved
in sources, we may notice that Jadwiga was invariably cooperative in the
common ecclesiastical policy which she pursued together with her husband. For example, both took advantage of the Holy Sees’ vulnerability in the era of the Occidental Schism, which allowed them to push their own candidates for episcopal seats. The present analysis revealed that with regard to the majority of most prestigious bishoprics in the Kingdom of Poland it was Jagiełło who had key influence on candidates for episcopal nominations, building his own political power base. At the same time, certain episcopal promotions, especially those in Ruthenia, Moldova and Mazovia, were reported inadequately and in few sources; hence, Jadwiga’s and Władysław’s influence on the nominations of bishops can only be hypothetically determined.
Keywords: Jadwiga of Anjou, Władysław Jagiełło, Polish episcopate
Abstrakt
"Wpływ królowej Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej
na kształt personalny polskiego episkopatu"
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie rzeczywistego wpływu królowej polskiej
Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej na obsadę stolic biskupich w okresie jej rządów
(1384–1386) i współrządów z Władysławem Jagiełłą (1386–1399). Do tej
pory badacze, z wyjątkiem Krzysztofa Ożoga, tylko marginalnie poświęcali
temu zagadnieniu swoje zainteresowanie. Autor prześledził opinię badaczy na ten temat we wszystkich ważnych pracach poświęconych rządom
królowej Jadwigi, jak również przeanalizował wszystkie dostępne źródła,
głównie drukowane, zarówno te proweniencji papieskiej, jak i kronikarskie
ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem twórczości Jana Długosza.
Autor, posługując się metodą indukcyjną, przeanalizował wszystkie 22
obsady na stolice biskupie. Wbrew opinii dotychczasowej literatury przedmiotu Jadwiga nie miała wpływu na wszystkie awanse biskupie, które
dotychczas jej przypisywano. W przypadku awansu niektórych biskupów
(np. krakowski Piotr Wysz, wileński Andrzej Jastrzębiec) można jednak
stwierdzić, że jej nacisk był widoczny. W innych przypadkach był on
prawdopodobnie tylko mniej lub bardziej subtelny. We wszystkich jednak badanych kazusach, gdy tylko rola Jadwigi została źródłowo wyraźnie
poświadczona, to równocześnie można zauważyć, że współpracowała ona stale z mężem, prowadząc z nim solidarną politykę kościelną. Oboje wykorzystywali m.in. słabość papiestwa w dobie wielkiej schizmy zachodniej, co umożliwiło im forsowanie własnych kandydatów do katedr biskupich.
Analiza wykazała, że w odniesieniu do większości najbardziej prestiżowych katedr biskupich w Królestwie Polskim to jednak król Jagiełło miał dominujący wpływ na nominację kandydatów do objęcia biskupstwa, dbając o tworzenie własnego zaplecza politycznego. Natomiast niektóre przypadki awansów biskupich, zwłaszcza dotyczące biskupstw ziemi ruskiej czy w lennach (Mołdawia, Mazowsze), nie zostały odpowiednio oświetlone przez nieliczne źródła, stąd wpływ Jadwigi i Jagiełły na obsadę biskupstw na tym terenie można określić tylko hipotetycznie.
Słowa klucze: Jadwiga Andegaweńska, Władysław Jagiełło, polski episkopat
Epidemie w dziejach Wadowic w okresie przedrozbiorowym – studium przypadku miasta małopolskiego, 2021
Epidemics in the history of Wadowice in the pre-partition period. A study of a town in Małopols... more Epidemics in the history of Wadowice in the pre-partition period. A study of a town in Małopolska
This article aims to analyze the traces of the pestilence in Wadowice in Małopolska up to 1772, when the town became part of the Austrian partition. Hitherto this topic has only been mentioned in the literature. Thanks to a use of sources from the period, and, above all, archives in, for example, the Archiwum Parafialnym Bazyliki Ofiarowania Najświętszej Marii Panny w Wadowicach and in the Archiwum Kurii Metropolitalnej w Krakowie, the author has discovered traces of the appearance of large-scale epidemics in Wadowice in 1585, 1601, 1652–1653, and probably in 1737, 1752, and 1758. In the Wadowice records of deaths (Liber Mortuorum), it has been possible to identify entries that would indicate the appearance of at least local epidemics in the period 1730–1772. In addition, a hitherto unknown note by the local pastor from 1756 has been found, which provides information about epidemics in the town in the XVIIth century and of their avoidance at the time of pestilence raging over large areas of the Polish Commonwealth and beyond its borders between 1708 and 1709. This source, published as an annex to the article, also shows the approaches of the inhabitants of Wadowice to the plague, which were typical of the period, and included: dedicating the town to the Mother of God, and the conviction that the misfortunes falling on the town, such as epidemics or fires, were a punishment for sins. The article ends with a recommendation in the future to carry out comparative research that makes it possible to compare the results from Wadowice with those from other towns in the western part of Małopolska.
Stephen Báthory’s attitude towards the University of Krakow, 2021
This research paper discusses the evolution of the attitude of Stefan Bathory (1576-1586), king o... more This research paper discusses the evolution of the attitude of Stefan Bathory (1576-1586), king of Poland, towards the University of Krakow. Being aware of the university's obsolete structures and its functioning, the king planned to create an elite royal college, in which foreign scholars, especially Italians, were to provide education. Due to the failure of his plan, Batory changed his attitude towards the University, and became its important patron and benefactor. At the same time, however, he also contributed to the establishment of the Jesuit Vilnius University (1578/1579). The author analyses the monarch's relations with the Krakow Alma Mater over ten years of his reign, trying to explain the circumstances and motives of his conduct towards Krakow's University elites.
T. Graff, Marcin Campius Wadowita (ok. 1567-1641). Duchowny i profesor Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego ok. 1567-1641, Kraków 2018, ss.608., 2018
Title: Marcin Campius Wadowita (ca. 1567–1641).
A Priest and University of Krakow Professor
Abstr... more Title: Marcin Campius Wadowita (ca. 1567–1641). A Priest and University of Krakow Professor Abstract This publication is part of research on Polish ecclesiastical and intellectual elites in the early modern period. It presents the life and work of a man who started out as a swineherd and died as a distinguished theologian and university professor whose fame extended beyond Poland. His erudition was admired in places such as Hungary, France, Rome, but also at the papal court. This book is the first one to contain the most significant aspects of the work of this seminal clergyman and professor of the University of Krakow in the Vasa era. Such a comprehensive take on Marcin Campius Wadowita’s biography allowed us to reveal his relations with the social and cultural environment in which he functioned at different stages of his life. A multi-faceted view on the life of the priest and scholar during the silver age of the reign of the Vasa dynasty made it possible to highlight those areas of his activity which so far have not been discussed in detail in publications concerning the University of Krakow priest professors of the period.
Episkopat monarchii jagiellońskiej w dobie soborów powszechnych XV wieku, 2008
The Polish bishops of the Jagiellonian monarchy during the time of Councils in the XV century.
T... more The Polish bishops of the Jagiellonian monarchy during the time of Councils in the XV century.
The book analyzes a group of Polish bishops from various aspects (among other things, their church career and political importance).
But the main object of this book is, first, to review Poland’s relations with the Papacy during periods of schism following elections pope and anti-pope, second, to find out whether polish bishops shifted their allegiance from the popes whose legitimacy has been confirmed by the Catholic tradition.
This publication reviews also the relations between polish bishops and the Kingdom of Poland.
Generally, this work reviews Poland’s relations with Rome during the reign of king Władysław Jagiełło, the reign of Władysław Warneńczyk and his brother Kazimierz Jagiellończyk. During that time Poland’s monarchs knew how to exploit Rome’s weakened position. Their request were never turned down for fear that a frustrated Poland may slip into the rival obedience.
Of all periods when Poland belonged to the obedience of an anti-popse the period 1409- 1415 is the most abundantly documented. In the last great medieval schism (1439-1449) the Kingdom of Poland remained officially neutral, although the top church dignitaries gave their backing to Felix V, elected at the Council of Basle.
Mikołaj Zebrzydowski 1553-1620. Szkic biograficzny, 2020
This book by Tomasz Graff, Bartłomiej Wołyniec, and Sister Elżbieta Elena Wróbel, CSFN, is the fi... more This book by Tomasz Graff, Bartłomiej Wołyniec, and Sister Elżbieta Elena Wróbel, CSFN, is the first attempt at presenting a complete biography of Mikołaj Zebrzydowski, a Voivode of Krakow and one of the most important Polish politicians of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. This devout Catholic was also a patron and founder of numerous works of piety, the largest of which is the so-called “Jerusalem Calvary;” i.e., the Bernardine abbey and complex of pathways near his ancestral town of Zebrzydowice.
Table of Contents/Spis treści
Wstęp 9 CZĘŚĆ I. MAGNAT I POLITYK 1 5
I. Genealogia Zebrzydowskich (BW) 15
1. Legendarne początki 15
2. Linia (wielkopolska) na Więcborku 18
3. Linia (małopolska) na Zebrzydowicach 23
4. Wojewoda krakowski i jego potomkowie 25
5. Relacje między obu gałęziami 38
II. Młodość i edukacja (EW) 46
1. Dziecko epoki 46
2. W jezuickiej szkole 46
III. W służbie państwa – okres przedrokoszowy (TG) 53
1. Błyskotliwe początki 53
2. Obrońca Krakowa 60
3. Kolejne dostojeństwa 66
4. Między królem a kanclerzem 68
IV. W matni rokoszu (TG) 77
1. Kamienica starościńska 77
2. Kości zostały rzucone – zjazdy stężycki i lubelski 83
3. Rokosz sandomierski 87
4. Ugoda w Janowcu 91
5. W stronę Guzowa 96
6. Bitwa pod Guzowem i rojenia o wolnej elekcji 102
7. Pojednanie 105
8. Ostatnie lata 109
KA_Zebrzydowski_47.indd 5 2020-09-24 10:10:30
CZĘŚĆ II. FUNDATOR I DOBRODZIEJ 115
I. Kalwaria (BW/EW) 115
1. Fundacja klasztoru oo. bernardynów 115
2. Kalwaryjska Jerozolima 129
3. Założenie Zebrzydowa (Kalwarii) 138
II. Czynna pobożność (EW) 146
1. Synowie Świętego Ignacego 146
2. „Współbracia” bernardyni 150
3. Zakonnicy z góry Karmel 154
4. Troska o Dom Boży 158
III. Rodowe gniazdo (EW) 164
1. Zebrzydowice – wieś i parafia 164
2. Bractwo św. Michała Archanioła 170
3. Szpital dla inwalidów wojskowych 174
CZĘŚĆ III. W PAMIĘCI WSPÓŁCZESNYCH I POTOMNYCH 181
I. Mikołaj Zebrzydowski
w literaturze XVI–XVII w. (BW/EW) 181
1. Listy dedykacyjne 182
2. Stemmata 189
3. Cykle poetyckie 195
4. Literacki wizerunek za życia 196
5. Legenda 201
II. Ikonografia Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (BW) 209
1. Medal 210
2. Grafika 211
3. Portrety 212
Zakończenie 217
Bibliografia 223
Summary 237
Wykaz skrótów 241
Spis ilustracji 243
Indeks osobowo-geograficzny 247
This book describes the activity of the oldest Fraternity of the Rosary in Wadowice, which was es... more This book describes the activity of the oldest Fraternity of the Rosary in Wadowice, which was established which was established in 1616 by the foundation of the burgher Jakub Wierczkowic. The Fraternity of the Rosary was an institution that gathered not only some of the inhabitants of this small city in Lesser Poland, but also people from neighboring communities who represented various states: the clergy, the nobility, and the common folk. Its activity focused not only on Marian piety, which flourished in the post-Tridentine period. The origins of such organizations reach back to secular fraternities that were founded in late antiquity and in the Middle Ages. Unfortunately, the foundation charter of the Fraternity of the Rosary in Wadowice has not been found, although it is known that in order for it to have been written the approval of the bishop of Krakow and the superiors of the Dominican Order were necessary. Formally , the Dominican Order was the patron of the Wadowice fraternity from the beginning of its existence, as was the case with other Fraternities of the Rosary; however, in archival materials the traces of the Dominicans' control over this fraternity were only sporadic in the seventeenth century, on the occasion of the election of the fraternity's authorities.
Die Haltung der Kirche in Polen zu dem Konflikt
mit dem Deutschen Orden im 15. Jahrhundert
Zur Ge... more Die Haltung der Kirche in Polen zu dem Konflikt mit dem Deutschen Orden im 15. Jahrhundert Zur Geschichte des polnischen Episkopats und seiner politischen Kultur Zusammenfassung Die Absicht des Autors ist es, die Haltung der polnischen Bischöfe während der Kriege zwischen Polen und dem Deutschen Orden im 15. Jahrhundert darzustellen. Es werden die wichtigsten Etappen des Konflikts sowie die Beteiligung der hochrangigen polnischen Geistlichen beschrieben. Eine große Bedeutung kommt den Friedensverträgen zu; sie markieren die aufeinanderfolgenden Phasen der Auseinandersetzungen: Raciążek 1404, Thorn 1411, Mełno 1422, Brest Kujawski 1435 und Thorn 1466. Ebenso werden die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Polen und dem Deutschen Orden zur Zeit der Konzilien während des 15. Jahrhunderts geschildert. Einen besonderen Schwerpunkt bilden die beiden Konzilien von Konstanz (1414–1418) und Basel (1431–1449). Die Analyse zeigt, dass die polnischen Bischöfe als führende Diplomaten an den Konflikten beteiligt waren. Als Mitglieder des königlichen Rats haben sie den herrschenden Königen in den schwierigen Zeiten beigestanden und sie verteidigten aktiv die polnischen Interessen bei den Verhandlungen mit dem Orden. Nicht selten traten sie durch eigene Initiativen bei den Abschlüssen von Friedensverträgen hervor. Besonders aktiv waren hierbei die Bischöfe der Metropole von Gnesen, darunter der Erzbischof von Gnesen (Polens Primas) und seine Bischöfe von Krakau, Posen, Włocławek und Płock. Zu den bekanntesten Bischöfen, die auch in der Diplomatie tätig waren, zählten zu dieser Zeit: Mikołaj Kurowski, Mikołaj Trąba, Jakub Kurdwanowski, Wojciech Jastrzębiec, Andrzej Łaskarzyc, Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Władysław Oporowski und Jan Gruszczyński. Im Rahmen seiner Analyse geht der Autor auch auf die übrigen höheren Geistlichen der Jagiellonen-Monarchie ein, auch auf diejenigen, deren Kathedralen sich in der Metropole Lemberg (z. B. der humanistische Erzbischof Gregor von Sanok) und im Großherzogtum Litauen befanden. Der Beteiligung der polnischen Bischöfe im Kampf gegen den Deutschen Orden auf den Konzilien wurde besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt, so etwa in Konstanz, wo als Leiter der polnischen Delegation der erste polnische Primas, Mikołaj Trąba, auftrat. Zu seiner polnischen Gesandtschaft gehörten der bekannte Gelehrte Paweł Włodkowic, der in ganz Europa berühmte Ritter Zawisza der Schwarze, Intelektuelle, wie der Bischof von Płock, Jakub Kurdwanowski und der Bischof Elekt von Posen, Andrzej Łaskarzyc. Während dieses Konzils wehrte sich die polnische Delegation erfolgreich gegen den Aufruf zur Vernichtung der Polen, wie dies der Dominikaner Jan Falkenberg in seiner berüchtigter „Satire“ aus dem Jahre 1416 getan hatte. Falkenberg wanderte schließlich ins Gefängnis und sein Machwerk wurde öffentlich verurteilt. Wie die übrigen Mitglieder der polnischen Delegation, so verkündete auch Paweł Włodkowic auf dem Konstanzer Konzil, dass der Deutsche Orden keine Berechtigung hat, die Heiden mit dem Schwert zu konvertieren. Er klagte den Deutschen Orden an, grausame und blutige Methoden angewendet zu haben. Auch Heiden, als Kinder Gottes, hätten das Recht einen eigenen Staat zu haben. Außerdem könnten sie besser durch friedliche Methoden zum christlichen Glauben konvertiert werden. Darüber hinaus hätten nur Polen die Berechtigung, die Christianisierung in Litauen und Schemaitien zu betreiben. Im übrigen hätten sie diese Mission im Auftrag Gottes sehr erfolgreich durchgeführt. So seien nach der Auffassung der polnischen Intelektuellen die Ritter des Deutschen Orden nutzlos und sie sollten ihr Land abtreten und ihren Sitz verlegen, da sie gegenüber ihren Untertanen als ungerechte Tyrannen aufgetreten sind. Ähnliche Anschuldigungen der polnischen Seite gegen den Orden gab es auch während des Konzils von Basel. Der Deutsche Orden beschuldigte wiederum die polnische Seite, eine Allianz mit den Hussiten eingegangen zu sein, die 1432 mit der Zustimmung fast aller wichtigen Mitglieder des polnischen Episkopats geschlossen worden war. Eine Ausnahme war der radikale Antihussit Zbigniew Oleśnicki, der erste polnische Kardinal und Bischof von Krakau. Das Werk behandelt eine Thematik, die bisher noch nicht eingehender von der Historiographie aufgegriffen worden ist. Der Autor richtet den Focus auf die geistlichen Eliten Polens und ihre Rolle während der Jagiellonen-Monarchie des 15. Jahrhunderts. Übersetzung aus dem Polnischen von Maciej Łęcki und Anna Maria Łęcka
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The author analyses the involvement of Bishops of Krakow Jan Radlica and Piotr Wysz in efforts aimed at the restoration of the University of Krakow. Special emphasis was put on presenting the subject in the period prior to papal consent for the opening of the Faculty of Theology in Krakow in 1397. In the context of speeches given by Bartłomiej of Jasło, it appears that the concept of restoration was Bishop Jan Radlica’s brainchild. Together with other royal advisors, the hierarch influenced King Władysław Jagiełło so that the latter would offer his support to the re-opening of the University. Later on, there were also plans to open the Faculty of Theology, presumably with the aid of Mateusz of Krakow. Queen Jadwiga certainly did not oppose the idea. However, after Radlica’s death, the University, reactivated to a limited extent, was beset by both organisational and financial problems. At the beginning of his tenure, Bishop Piotr Wysz strove to restore the University – not in a vestigial form but, rather, as a fully operational institution with four faculties and Bishop of Krakow as its chancellor. His plans, generally accepted by the royal couple, stirred some controversies over e.g. the principle of the appointment to the chancellor’s office, with some royal advisers having their influence on the nomination. Also, Jadwiga’s and her circle’s plans to allocate substantial funds to the establishment of the College for Lithuanians in Prague did not help to create a stable financial basis for the University. This situation contributed to the restoration process being temporarily suspended. The author concludes with a claim that bishops Radlica and Wysz (the former at the close and the latter already in the early years of his pontificate) were the crucial supporters of the idea of the restoration, albeit their visions of the final form of this educational project were not necessarily aligned due to constantly changing circumstances.
The article presents key moments in the life of the Cracow academy at the turn of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, seen through the lens of the biography of the world's first university lecturer of De revolutionibus, Walenty Fontana (d. 1618). Particular emphasis is placed on the period after he obtained his doctorate in medicine in Padua (1593), namely the 1590s and the first two decades of the 17th century, during which Fontana repeatedly held the position of rector.
Jastrząb in the pre-partition period (up to 1602)
Summary
The author analyses records of matriculation entries
of residents of Jastrząb in the metrics of the University of
Cracow up to 1602. It has been possible to identify a group
of nine people who could be linked to Jastrząb, however, due
to the occurrence of the same or similar names in sources for
other towns in the Diocese of Cracow, this identification has
been sometimes uncertain. The first student from Jastrząb in
this period was Gallus the son of John, matriculated in 1441,
shortly after the town had been founded, while the last was
Wojciech Pazdej the son of Maciej, who was immatriculated
in 1602. The students from Jastrząb, with one exception, did
not pay the entire enrolment fee, i.e. 8 grosz. Only one of
them achieved the degree of Bachelor (Stanisław Sudolski),
although, in his case, we cannot exclude the possibility that
he came from the village of Jastrzębniki or that there was
a simple misspelling of his place of origin.
Keywords: Jastrząb, University of Cracow, Cracow,
university studies, students
taken by individual disciples who wished, following the example of the
Jesuit saints and martyrs, to preach the Gospel among the people of
India, China and Japan. After all, Christian missions, in addition to the
history and culture of countries in the Far East, were of interest not only to
college students, but to a much wider range of people wishing to broaden
their knowledge. Polish translations of Jesuit authors who described the
Far East in their works served these purposes. In addition, among the
methods of promoting knowledge, paratheatrical performances and stage
plays with oriental themes were extremely important. Both these and the
aforementioned translation activities covered an extremely wide range
of people, which later contributed to a significant increase in interest in
the Far East, with the consequent emergence of a fashion for so-called
“Chineseness”. The purpose of this article is therefore to trace the themes
indicated above, which, as can easily be seen, form a causal sequence.
Consequently, it can therefore be concluded that the role of the Jesuit
colleges as centers from which the impulse to promote knowledge of Far
Eastern countries emerged seems unquestionable.
in Kleparz at the End of the 16th and Beginning of the 17th Centuries.
The author examines the relationship between the Theological Faculty
and the University Collegiate Chapter of St. Florian’s Collegiate Church in
Kleparz at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. During
this period, the Theological Faculty was suffering from a staff crisis, which it gradually overcame after 1602. The teaching staff of the Theological Faculty consisted mostly of members of the St. Florian chapter (some of whom were later promoted to the canonry in the Krakow cathedral chapter). The author points out that so far historiography has not provided a picture of the daily life of the Saint Florian chapter, nor a picture of the functioning of the Theological Faculty during this period, not to mention interpersonal relations between
professors, as well as between professors and the outside community. We also know little about the biographies of most of the theologians of the time, with the exception of Marcin Wadowit, as well as about the members of the Saint Florian chapter, who were often prominent intellectuals of the University of Krakow. Using selected examples, the author also shows further research perspectives on the history of the Saint Florian Chapter and its ties with the Faculty of Theology during the period in question and agues that theologians and members of the Saint Florian Chapter who were active in the first years of the 17th century need to be identified.
The article presents the cultural and social background of interwar Wadowice, a small town in southern Poland, where Karol Wojtyła, future Pope John Paul II the Great, was born. The author’s aim was to show the influence of the family environment, the local parish community and the school on the development of the young Wojtyła’s personality. The author attempted to prove that the young student of the Wadowice schools perceived the heritage of Polish culture as an important element of European culture. The future Pope became very familiar with this heritage by regularly deepening his knowledge of Polish history, Polish literature and especially the works of the Polish Romantics. As a young poet and budding actor and director, he believed that Polish culture had a messianic task in relation to the whole of Europe, but only on the foundation of Christian values. Wojtyła, a pupil at the prestigious neo-classical M. Wadowita Secondary School, a friend of the local Jews, also became acquainted with the most important works of European literature
during this period, including Shakespeare’s works, learnt German, had an excellent knowledge of Latin and classical Greek, as well as the works of the most important classical writers of ancient literature. The intellectual atmosphere of his hometown certainly had a significant impact on his later perception of international dialogue and European integration.
Keywords: John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła 1920–1938, Wadowice 1918–1938
In Honor and Memory of the Cardinal’s Beloved Brother:
From the History of the University Foundation of Sigismund I from 1518 at the Altar of St. St. Erasmus, King Sigismund the Martyr and Queen Brygida
Abstract
The article presents the history of the ministry at the altar of St. st. Erazm, King Sigismund the Martyr and Queen Brygida in the Krakow Cathedral, which was founded by Sigismund I in 1518. The king wanted to honor the memory of his brother Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, for whom he erected an impressive tombstone in the cathedral a few years earlier. According to the sources, the patronage of this foundation belonged to the Collegium Maius of the University of Krakow, and the last owner of the ministry was in 1602 Professor Franciszek Bogucki. Bishop Jakub Zadzik in 1638 already described the ministry at the demolished altar, which did not function, and one of the reasons for this state of affairs was the neglect of the right of patronage by the University. This state of affairs was confirmed by the visitation of Bishop Andrzej Trzebicki in 1670. The article is accompanied by a fragment of the visitation from 1638 along with a translation.
Keywords: King of Poland Sigismund I Jagiellon, Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, Krakow Cathedral, Krakow University
pontificates of three Krakow bishops: Jan Rzeszowski (1471–1488), Fryderyk Jagiellończyk (1488–1503) and Jan Konarski (1503–1524).
Concerning the Education of Lithuanian Theologians
The author analyzes the sources and accounts of historiography relating to the two‑track actions of Queen Jadwiga Andegaweńska that
aimed to open a faculty of theology in Kraków and to reactivate the
college founded by Casimir the Great and, at the same time, to found
a College for Lithuanians in Prague at the local university. An analy‑
sis of the circumstances attendant on the establishment of the Prague
foundation in cooperation with the Czech King Vaclav IV suggests that
this decision, although noble, was damaging for the idea of a renewal of
the university in Kraków. However, Jadwiga’s abandonment of further
financing of the Lithuanian College and then the Queen’s death con‑
tributed to the implementation of the idea by King Władysław Jagiełło
in 1400. The Queen Jadwiga College in Prague was not, however, in prac‑
tice, in accordance with her intentions, designated for Lithuanians but
mainly served Czechs; nonetheless, from Długosz’s time to today, the
myth is current of its supposedly considerable influence on the education
and Christianization of the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
subject, Jadwiga did not influence all episcopal nominations she has
been attributed with. Nonetheless, in some cases (e.g. Piotr Wysz from
Kraków, Andrzej Jastrzębiec from Vilnius) we may argue that she exerted
noticeable pressure; in other instances it was probably only more or less
subtle. In all analysed nominations, whenever her role was clearly proved
in sources, we may notice that Jadwiga was invariably cooperative in the
common ecclesiastical policy which she pursued together with her husband. For example, both took advantage of the Holy Sees’ vulnerability in the era of the Occidental Schism, which allowed them to push their own candidates for episcopal seats. The present analysis revealed that with regard to the majority of most prestigious bishoprics in the Kingdom of Poland it was Jagiełło who had key influence on candidates for episcopal nominations, building his own political power base. At the same time, certain episcopal promotions, especially those in Ruthenia, Moldova and Mazovia, were reported inadequately and in few sources; hence, Jadwiga’s and Władysław’s influence on the nominations of bishops can only be hypothetically determined.
Keywords: Jadwiga of Anjou, Władysław Jagiełło, Polish episcopate
Abstrakt
"Wpływ królowej Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej
na kształt personalny polskiego episkopatu"
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie rzeczywistego wpływu królowej polskiej
Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej na obsadę stolic biskupich w okresie jej rządów
(1384–1386) i współrządów z Władysławem Jagiełłą (1386–1399). Do tej
pory badacze, z wyjątkiem Krzysztofa Ożoga, tylko marginalnie poświęcali
temu zagadnieniu swoje zainteresowanie. Autor prześledził opinię badaczy na ten temat we wszystkich ważnych pracach poświęconych rządom
królowej Jadwigi, jak również przeanalizował wszystkie dostępne źródła,
głównie drukowane, zarówno te proweniencji papieskiej, jak i kronikarskie
ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem twórczości Jana Długosza.
Autor, posługując się metodą indukcyjną, przeanalizował wszystkie 22
obsady na stolice biskupie. Wbrew opinii dotychczasowej literatury przedmiotu Jadwiga nie miała wpływu na wszystkie awanse biskupie, które
dotychczas jej przypisywano. W przypadku awansu niektórych biskupów
(np. krakowski Piotr Wysz, wileński Andrzej Jastrzębiec) można jednak
stwierdzić, że jej nacisk był widoczny. W innych przypadkach był on
prawdopodobnie tylko mniej lub bardziej subtelny. We wszystkich jednak badanych kazusach, gdy tylko rola Jadwigi została źródłowo wyraźnie
poświadczona, to równocześnie można zauważyć, że współpracowała ona stale z mężem, prowadząc z nim solidarną politykę kościelną. Oboje wykorzystywali m.in. słabość papiestwa w dobie wielkiej schizmy zachodniej, co umożliwiło im forsowanie własnych kandydatów do katedr biskupich.
Analiza wykazała, że w odniesieniu do większości najbardziej prestiżowych katedr biskupich w Królestwie Polskim to jednak król Jagiełło miał dominujący wpływ na nominację kandydatów do objęcia biskupstwa, dbając o tworzenie własnego zaplecza politycznego. Natomiast niektóre przypadki awansów biskupich, zwłaszcza dotyczące biskupstw ziemi ruskiej czy w lennach (Mołdawia, Mazowsze), nie zostały odpowiednio oświetlone przez nieliczne źródła, stąd wpływ Jadwigi i Jagiełły na obsadę biskupstw na tym terenie można określić tylko hipotetycznie.
Słowa klucze: Jadwiga Andegaweńska, Władysław Jagiełło, polski episkopat
This article aims to analyze the traces of the pestilence in Wadowice in Małopolska up to 1772, when the town became part of the Austrian partition. Hitherto this topic has only been mentioned in the literature. Thanks to a use of sources from the period, and, above all, archives in, for example, the Archiwum Parafialnym Bazyliki Ofiarowania Najświętszej Marii Panny w Wadowicach and in the Archiwum Kurii Metropolitalnej w Krakowie, the author has discovered traces of the appearance of large-scale epidemics in Wadowice in 1585, 1601, 1652–1653, and probably in 1737, 1752, and 1758. In the Wadowice records of deaths (Liber Mortuorum), it has been possible to identify entries that would indicate the appearance of at least local epidemics in the period 1730–1772. In addition, a hitherto unknown note by the local pastor from 1756 has been found, which provides information about epidemics in the town in the XVIIth century and of their avoidance at the time of pestilence raging over large areas of the Polish Commonwealth and beyond its borders between 1708 and 1709. This source, published as an annex to the article, also shows the approaches of the inhabitants of Wadowice to the plague, which were typical of the period, and included: dedicating the town to the Mother of God, and the conviction that the misfortunes falling on the town, such as epidemics or fires, were a punishment for sins. The article ends with a recommendation in the future to carry out comparative research that makes it possible to compare the results from Wadowice with those from other towns in the western part of Małopolska.
The author analyses the involvement of Bishops of Krakow Jan Radlica and Piotr Wysz in efforts aimed at the restoration of the University of Krakow. Special emphasis was put on presenting the subject in the period prior to papal consent for the opening of the Faculty of Theology in Krakow in 1397. In the context of speeches given by Bartłomiej of Jasło, it appears that the concept of restoration was Bishop Jan Radlica’s brainchild. Together with other royal advisors, the hierarch influenced King Władysław Jagiełło so that the latter would offer his support to the re-opening of the University. Later on, there were also plans to open the Faculty of Theology, presumably with the aid of Mateusz of Krakow. Queen Jadwiga certainly did not oppose the idea. However, after Radlica’s death, the University, reactivated to a limited extent, was beset by both organisational and financial problems. At the beginning of his tenure, Bishop Piotr Wysz strove to restore the University – not in a vestigial form but, rather, as a fully operational institution with four faculties and Bishop of Krakow as its chancellor. His plans, generally accepted by the royal couple, stirred some controversies over e.g. the principle of the appointment to the chancellor’s office, with some royal advisers having their influence on the nomination. Also, Jadwiga’s and her circle’s plans to allocate substantial funds to the establishment of the College for Lithuanians in Prague did not help to create a stable financial basis for the University. This situation contributed to the restoration process being temporarily suspended. The author concludes with a claim that bishops Radlica and Wysz (the former at the close and the latter already in the early years of his pontificate) were the crucial supporters of the idea of the restoration, albeit their visions of the final form of this educational project were not necessarily aligned due to constantly changing circumstances.
The article presents key moments in the life of the Cracow academy at the turn of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century, seen through the lens of the biography of the world's first university lecturer of De revolutionibus, Walenty Fontana (d. 1618). Particular emphasis is placed on the period after he obtained his doctorate in medicine in Padua (1593), namely the 1590s and the first two decades of the 17th century, during which Fontana repeatedly held the position of rector.
Jastrząb in the pre-partition period (up to 1602)
Summary
The author analyses records of matriculation entries
of residents of Jastrząb in the metrics of the University of
Cracow up to 1602. It has been possible to identify a group
of nine people who could be linked to Jastrząb, however, due
to the occurrence of the same or similar names in sources for
other towns in the Diocese of Cracow, this identification has
been sometimes uncertain. The first student from Jastrząb in
this period was Gallus the son of John, matriculated in 1441,
shortly after the town had been founded, while the last was
Wojciech Pazdej the son of Maciej, who was immatriculated
in 1602. The students from Jastrząb, with one exception, did
not pay the entire enrolment fee, i.e. 8 grosz. Only one of
them achieved the degree of Bachelor (Stanisław Sudolski),
although, in his case, we cannot exclude the possibility that
he came from the village of Jastrzębniki or that there was
a simple misspelling of his place of origin.
Keywords: Jastrząb, University of Cracow, Cracow,
university studies, students
taken by individual disciples who wished, following the example of the
Jesuit saints and martyrs, to preach the Gospel among the people of
India, China and Japan. After all, Christian missions, in addition to the
history and culture of countries in the Far East, were of interest not only to
college students, but to a much wider range of people wishing to broaden
their knowledge. Polish translations of Jesuit authors who described the
Far East in their works served these purposes. In addition, among the
methods of promoting knowledge, paratheatrical performances and stage
plays with oriental themes were extremely important. Both these and the
aforementioned translation activities covered an extremely wide range
of people, which later contributed to a significant increase in interest in
the Far East, with the consequent emergence of a fashion for so-called
“Chineseness”. The purpose of this article is therefore to trace the themes
indicated above, which, as can easily be seen, form a causal sequence.
Consequently, it can therefore be concluded that the role of the Jesuit
colleges as centers from which the impulse to promote knowledge of Far
Eastern countries emerged seems unquestionable.
in Kleparz at the End of the 16th and Beginning of the 17th Centuries.
The author examines the relationship between the Theological Faculty
and the University Collegiate Chapter of St. Florian’s Collegiate Church in
Kleparz at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries. During
this period, the Theological Faculty was suffering from a staff crisis, which it gradually overcame after 1602. The teaching staff of the Theological Faculty consisted mostly of members of the St. Florian chapter (some of whom were later promoted to the canonry in the Krakow cathedral chapter). The author points out that so far historiography has not provided a picture of the daily life of the Saint Florian chapter, nor a picture of the functioning of the Theological Faculty during this period, not to mention interpersonal relations between
professors, as well as between professors and the outside community. We also know little about the biographies of most of the theologians of the time, with the exception of Marcin Wadowit, as well as about the members of the Saint Florian chapter, who were often prominent intellectuals of the University of Krakow. Using selected examples, the author also shows further research perspectives on the history of the Saint Florian Chapter and its ties with the Faculty of Theology during the period in question and agues that theologians and members of the Saint Florian Chapter who were active in the first years of the 17th century need to be identified.
The article presents the cultural and social background of interwar Wadowice, a small town in southern Poland, where Karol Wojtyła, future Pope John Paul II the Great, was born. The author’s aim was to show the influence of the family environment, the local parish community and the school on the development of the young Wojtyła’s personality. The author attempted to prove that the young student of the Wadowice schools perceived the heritage of Polish culture as an important element of European culture. The future Pope became very familiar with this heritage by regularly deepening his knowledge of Polish history, Polish literature and especially the works of the Polish Romantics. As a young poet and budding actor and director, he believed that Polish culture had a messianic task in relation to the whole of Europe, but only on the foundation of Christian values. Wojtyła, a pupil at the prestigious neo-classical M. Wadowita Secondary School, a friend of the local Jews, also became acquainted with the most important works of European literature
during this period, including Shakespeare’s works, learnt German, had an excellent knowledge of Latin and classical Greek, as well as the works of the most important classical writers of ancient literature. The intellectual atmosphere of his hometown certainly had a significant impact on his later perception of international dialogue and European integration.
Keywords: John Paul II, Karol Wojtyła 1920–1938, Wadowice 1918–1938
In Honor and Memory of the Cardinal’s Beloved Brother:
From the History of the University Foundation of Sigismund I from 1518 at the Altar of St. St. Erasmus, King Sigismund the Martyr and Queen Brygida
Abstract
The article presents the history of the ministry at the altar of St. st. Erazm, King Sigismund the Martyr and Queen Brygida in the Krakow Cathedral, which was founded by Sigismund I in 1518. The king wanted to honor the memory of his brother Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, for whom he erected an impressive tombstone in the cathedral a few years earlier. According to the sources, the patronage of this foundation belonged to the Collegium Maius of the University of Krakow, and the last owner of the ministry was in 1602 Professor Franciszek Bogucki. Bishop Jakub Zadzik in 1638 already described the ministry at the demolished altar, which did not function, and one of the reasons for this state of affairs was the neglect of the right of patronage by the University. This state of affairs was confirmed by the visitation of Bishop Andrzej Trzebicki in 1670. The article is accompanied by a fragment of the visitation from 1638 along with a translation.
Keywords: King of Poland Sigismund I Jagiellon, Cardinal Fryderyk Jagiellończyk, Krakow Cathedral, Krakow University
pontificates of three Krakow bishops: Jan Rzeszowski (1471–1488), Fryderyk Jagiellończyk (1488–1503) and Jan Konarski (1503–1524).
Concerning the Education of Lithuanian Theologians
The author analyzes the sources and accounts of historiography relating to the two‑track actions of Queen Jadwiga Andegaweńska that
aimed to open a faculty of theology in Kraków and to reactivate the
college founded by Casimir the Great and, at the same time, to found
a College for Lithuanians in Prague at the local university. An analy‑
sis of the circumstances attendant on the establishment of the Prague
foundation in cooperation with the Czech King Vaclav IV suggests that
this decision, although noble, was damaging for the idea of a renewal of
the university in Kraków. However, Jadwiga’s abandonment of further
financing of the Lithuanian College and then the Queen’s death con‑
tributed to the implementation of the idea by King Władysław Jagiełło
in 1400. The Queen Jadwiga College in Prague was not, however, in prac‑
tice, in accordance with her intentions, designated for Lithuanians but
mainly served Czechs; nonetheless, from Długosz’s time to today, the
myth is current of its supposedly considerable influence on the education
and Christianization of the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
subject, Jadwiga did not influence all episcopal nominations she has
been attributed with. Nonetheless, in some cases (e.g. Piotr Wysz from
Kraków, Andrzej Jastrzębiec from Vilnius) we may argue that she exerted
noticeable pressure; in other instances it was probably only more or less
subtle. In all analysed nominations, whenever her role was clearly proved
in sources, we may notice that Jadwiga was invariably cooperative in the
common ecclesiastical policy which she pursued together with her husband. For example, both took advantage of the Holy Sees’ vulnerability in the era of the Occidental Schism, which allowed them to push their own candidates for episcopal seats. The present analysis revealed that with regard to the majority of most prestigious bishoprics in the Kingdom of Poland it was Jagiełło who had key influence on candidates for episcopal nominations, building his own political power base. At the same time, certain episcopal promotions, especially those in Ruthenia, Moldova and Mazovia, were reported inadequately and in few sources; hence, Jadwiga’s and Władysław’s influence on the nominations of bishops can only be hypothetically determined.
Keywords: Jadwiga of Anjou, Władysław Jagiełło, Polish episcopate
Abstrakt
"Wpływ królowej Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej
na kształt personalny polskiego episkopatu"
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie rzeczywistego wpływu królowej polskiej
Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej na obsadę stolic biskupich w okresie jej rządów
(1384–1386) i współrządów z Władysławem Jagiełłą (1386–1399). Do tej
pory badacze, z wyjątkiem Krzysztofa Ożoga, tylko marginalnie poświęcali
temu zagadnieniu swoje zainteresowanie. Autor prześledził opinię badaczy na ten temat we wszystkich ważnych pracach poświęconych rządom
królowej Jadwigi, jak również przeanalizował wszystkie dostępne źródła,
głównie drukowane, zarówno te proweniencji papieskiej, jak i kronikarskie
ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem twórczości Jana Długosza.
Autor, posługując się metodą indukcyjną, przeanalizował wszystkie 22
obsady na stolice biskupie. Wbrew opinii dotychczasowej literatury przedmiotu Jadwiga nie miała wpływu na wszystkie awanse biskupie, które
dotychczas jej przypisywano. W przypadku awansu niektórych biskupów
(np. krakowski Piotr Wysz, wileński Andrzej Jastrzębiec) można jednak
stwierdzić, że jej nacisk był widoczny. W innych przypadkach był on
prawdopodobnie tylko mniej lub bardziej subtelny. We wszystkich jednak badanych kazusach, gdy tylko rola Jadwigi została źródłowo wyraźnie
poświadczona, to równocześnie można zauważyć, że współpracowała ona stale z mężem, prowadząc z nim solidarną politykę kościelną. Oboje wykorzystywali m.in. słabość papiestwa w dobie wielkiej schizmy zachodniej, co umożliwiło im forsowanie własnych kandydatów do katedr biskupich.
Analiza wykazała, że w odniesieniu do większości najbardziej prestiżowych katedr biskupich w Królestwie Polskim to jednak król Jagiełło miał dominujący wpływ na nominację kandydatów do objęcia biskupstwa, dbając o tworzenie własnego zaplecza politycznego. Natomiast niektóre przypadki awansów biskupich, zwłaszcza dotyczące biskupstw ziemi ruskiej czy w lennach (Mołdawia, Mazowsze), nie zostały odpowiednio oświetlone przez nieliczne źródła, stąd wpływ Jadwigi i Jagiełły na obsadę biskupstw na tym terenie można określić tylko hipotetycznie.
Słowa klucze: Jadwiga Andegaweńska, Władysław Jagiełło, polski episkopat
This article aims to analyze the traces of the pestilence in Wadowice in Małopolska up to 1772, when the town became part of the Austrian partition. Hitherto this topic has only been mentioned in the literature. Thanks to a use of sources from the period, and, above all, archives in, for example, the Archiwum Parafialnym Bazyliki Ofiarowania Najświętszej Marii Panny w Wadowicach and in the Archiwum Kurii Metropolitalnej w Krakowie, the author has discovered traces of the appearance of large-scale epidemics in Wadowice in 1585, 1601, 1652–1653, and probably in 1737, 1752, and 1758. In the Wadowice records of deaths (Liber Mortuorum), it has been possible to identify entries that would indicate the appearance of at least local epidemics in the period 1730–1772. In addition, a hitherto unknown note by the local pastor from 1756 has been found, which provides information about epidemics in the town in the XVIIth century and of their avoidance at the time of pestilence raging over large areas of the Polish Commonwealth and beyond its borders between 1708 and 1709. This source, published as an annex to the article, also shows the approaches of the inhabitants of Wadowice to the plague, which were typical of the period, and included: dedicating the town to the Mother of God, and the conviction that the misfortunes falling on the town, such as epidemics or fires, were a punishment for sins. The article ends with a recommendation in the future to carry out comparative research that makes it possible to compare the results from Wadowice with those from other towns in the western part of Małopolska.
A Priest and University of Krakow Professor
Abstract
This publication is part of research on Polish ecclesiastical and intellectual elites in the early modern period. It presents the life and work of a man who started out as a swineherd and died as a distinguished theologian and university professor whose fame extended beyond Poland. His erudition was admired in places such as Hungary, France, Rome, but also at the papal court.
This book is the first one to contain the most significant aspects of the work of this seminal clergyman and professor of the University of Krakow in the Vasa era. Such a comprehensive take on Marcin Campius Wadowita’s biography allowed us to reveal his
relations with the social and cultural environment in which he functioned at different stages of his life. A multi-faceted view on the life of the priest and scholar during the silver age of the reign of the Vasa dynasty made it possible to highlight those areas of his activity which so far have not been discussed in detail in publications concerning the University of Krakow priest professors of the period.
The book analyzes a group of Polish bishops from various aspects (among other things, their church career and political importance).
But the main object of this book is, first, to review Poland’s relations with the Papacy during periods of schism following elections pope and anti-pope, second, to find out whether polish bishops shifted their allegiance from the popes whose legitimacy has been confirmed by the Catholic tradition.
This publication reviews also the relations between polish bishops and the Kingdom of Poland.
Generally, this work reviews Poland’s relations with Rome during the reign of king Władysław Jagiełło, the reign of Władysław Warneńczyk and his brother Kazimierz Jagiellończyk. During that time Poland’s monarchs knew how to exploit Rome’s weakened position. Their request were never turned down for fear that a frustrated Poland may slip into the rival obedience.
Of all periods when Poland belonged to the obedience of an anti-popse the period 1409- 1415 is the most abundantly documented. In the last great medieval schism (1439-1449) the Kingdom of Poland remained officially neutral, although the top church dignitaries gave their backing to Felix V, elected at the Council of Basle.
Table of Contents/Spis treści
Wstęp 9 CZĘŚĆ I. MAGNAT I POLITYK 1 5
I. Genealogia Zebrzydowskich (BW) 15
1. Legendarne początki 15
2. Linia (wielkopolska) na Więcborku 18
3. Linia (małopolska) na Zebrzydowicach 23
4. Wojewoda krakowski i jego potomkowie 25
5. Relacje między obu gałęziami 38
II. Młodość i edukacja (EW) 46
1. Dziecko epoki 46
2. W jezuickiej szkole 46
III. W służbie państwa – okres przedrokoszowy (TG) 53
1. Błyskotliwe początki 53
2. Obrońca Krakowa 60
3. Kolejne dostojeństwa 66
4. Między królem a kanclerzem 68
IV. W matni rokoszu (TG) 77
1. Kamienica starościńska 77
2. Kości zostały rzucone – zjazdy stężycki i lubelski 83
3. Rokosz sandomierski 87
4. Ugoda w Janowcu 91
5. W stronę Guzowa 96
6. Bitwa pod Guzowem i rojenia o wolnej elekcji 102
7. Pojednanie 105
8. Ostatnie lata 109
KA_Zebrzydowski_47.indd 5 2020-09-24 10:10:30
CZĘŚĆ II. FUNDATOR I DOBRODZIEJ 115
I. Kalwaria (BW/EW) 115
1. Fundacja klasztoru oo. bernardynów 115
2. Kalwaryjska Jerozolima 129
3. Założenie Zebrzydowa (Kalwarii) 138
II. Czynna pobożność (EW) 146
1. Synowie Świętego Ignacego 146
2. „Współbracia” bernardyni 150
3. Zakonnicy z góry Karmel 154
4. Troska o Dom Boży 158
III. Rodowe gniazdo (EW) 164
1. Zebrzydowice – wieś i parafia 164
2. Bractwo św. Michała Archanioła 170
3. Szpital dla inwalidów wojskowych 174
CZĘŚĆ III. W PAMIĘCI WSPÓŁCZESNYCH I POTOMNYCH 181
I. Mikołaj Zebrzydowski
w literaturze XVI–XVII w. (BW/EW) 181
1. Listy dedykacyjne 182
2. Stemmata 189
3. Cykle poetyckie 195
4. Literacki wizerunek za życia 196
5. Legenda 201
II. Ikonografia Mikołaja Zebrzydowskiego (BW) 209
1. Medal 210
2. Grafika 211
3. Portrety 212
Zakończenie 217
Bibliografia 223
Summary 237
Wykaz skrótów 241
Spis ilustracji 243
Indeks osobowo-geograficzny 247
mit dem Deutschen Orden im 15. Jahrhundert
Zur Geschichte des polnischen Episkopats
und seiner politischen Kultur Zusammenfassung
Die Absicht des Autors ist es, die Haltung der polnischen Bischöfe während der Kriege zwischen Polen und dem Deutschen Orden im 15. Jahrhundert darzustellen.
Es werden die wichtigsten Etappen des Konflikts sowie die Beteiligung der hochrangigen polnischen Geistlichen beschrieben. Eine große Bedeutung kommt
den Friedensverträgen zu; sie markieren die aufeinanderfolgenden Phasen der
Auseinandersetzungen: Raciążek 1404, Thorn 1411, Mełno 1422, Brest Kujawski
1435 und Thorn 1466. Ebenso werden die Auseinandersetzungen zwischen
Polen und dem Deutschen Orden zur Zeit der Konzilien während des 15. Jahrhunderts
geschildert. Einen besonderen Schwerpunkt bilden die beiden Konzilien von Konstanz (1414–1418) und Basel (1431–1449).
Die Analyse zeigt, dass die polnischen Bischöfe als führende Diplomaten an
den Konflikten beteiligt waren. Als Mitglieder des königlichen Rats haben sie
den herrschenden Königen in den schwierigen Zeiten beigestanden und sie verteidigten
aktiv die polnischen Interessen bei den Verhandlungen mit dem Orden.
Nicht selten traten sie durch eigene Initiativen bei den Abschlüssen von Friedensverträgen
hervor. Besonders aktiv waren hierbei die Bischöfe der Metropole von Gnesen, darunter der Erzbischof von Gnesen (Polens Primas) und seine Bischöfe
von Krakau, Posen, Włocławek und Płock. Zu den bekanntesten Bischöfen, die auch in der Diplomatie tätig waren, zählten zu dieser Zeit: Mikołaj Kurowski, Mikołaj Trąba, Jakub Kurdwanowski, Wojciech Jastrzębiec, Andrzej Łaskarzyc, Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Władysław Oporowski und Jan Gruszczyński.
Im Rahmen seiner Analyse geht der Autor auch auf die übrigen höheren Geistlichen der Jagiellonen-Monarchie ein, auch auf diejenigen, deren Kathedralen sich in der Metropole Lemberg (z. B. der humanistische Erzbischof Gregor von Sanok) und im Großherzogtum Litauen befanden. Der Beteiligung der polnischen Bischöfe im Kampf gegen den Deutschen Orden auf den Konzilien wurde besondere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt, so etwa
in Konstanz, wo als Leiter der polnischen Delegation der erste polnische Primas,
Mikołaj Trąba, auftrat. Zu seiner polnischen Gesandtschaft gehörten der bekannte
Gelehrte Paweł Włodkowic, der in ganz Europa berühmte Ritter Zawisza der Schwarze, Intelektuelle, wie der Bischof von Płock, Jakub Kurdwanowski und
der Bischof Elekt von Posen, Andrzej Łaskarzyc. Während dieses Konzils wehrte sich die polnische Delegation erfolgreich gegen den Aufruf zur Vernichtung der Polen, wie dies der Dominikaner Jan Falkenberg in seiner berüchtigter „Satire“ aus dem Jahre 1416 getan hatte. Falkenberg wanderte schließlich ins Gefängnis und sein Machwerk wurde öffentlich verurteilt. Wie die übrigen Mitglieder der polnischen Delegation, so verkündete auch Paweł Włodkowic auf dem Konstanzer Konzil, dass der Deutsche Orden keine Berechtigung hat, die Heiden mit dem Schwert zu konvertieren. Er klagte den Deutschen Orden an, grausame und blutige Methoden angewendet zu haben. Auch Heiden, als Kinder Gottes, hätten das Recht einen eigenen Staat zu haben. Außerdem könnten sie besser durch friedliche Methoden zum christlichen Glauben konvertiert werden. Darüber hinaus hätten nur Polen die Berechtigung, die Christianisierung in Litauen und Schemaitien zu betreiben. Im übrigen hätten sie diese Mission im Auftrag Gottes sehr erfolgreich durchgeführt. So seien nach der Auffassung
der polnischen Intelektuellen die Ritter des Deutschen Orden nutzlos und sie sollten ihr Land abtreten und ihren Sitz verlegen, da sie gegenüber ihren Untertanen
als ungerechte Tyrannen aufgetreten sind. Ähnliche Anschuldigungen der polnischen Seite gegen den Orden gab es auch während des Konzils von Basel.
Der Deutsche Orden beschuldigte wiederum die polnische Seite, eine Allianz mit den Hussiten eingegangen zu sein, die 1432 mit der Zustimmung fast aller wichtigen Mitglieder des polnischen Episkopats geschlossen worden war. Eine Ausnahme war der radikale Antihussit Zbigniew Oleśnicki, der erste polnische Kardinal und Bischof von Krakau.
Das Werk behandelt eine Thematik, die bisher noch nicht eingehender von der Historiographie aufgegriffen worden ist. Der Autor richtet den Focus auf die geistlichen Eliten Polens und ihre Rolle während der Jagiellonen-Monarchie des 15. Jahrhunderts.
Übersetzung aus dem Polnischen von Maciej Łęcki und Anna Maria Łęcka