A field experiment was carried out during the winter season (2016-2017) in Al-Rumaitha district ... more A field experiment was carried out during the winter season (2016-2017) in Al-Rumaitha district (43km northern Al-Samawa city, center of Al-Muthanna province) to evaluate the response bio fertilizer of R. leguminosarum (R 1 and R 2) and foliar application by vitamin B-complex 0, 20, 30mg/L on the growth and yield of bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce). The experiment was setup using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, the means were compared using LSD of each variety at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the experiment showed that the isolate R 1 was significant and superior than others in (dry weight of the shoot, number and size of the root nodes, number of pods, biological yield, total seed yield, and protein contain in the seeds reached (73.44 g, 8.41 nods, 0.73 cm 3 , 1.39t/ha, 5.15t/ha and 22.66% respectively). Treatment of 20mg vitamin B-complex/L was increased significantly on dry weight of shoot, number and size of root nodes, number of pods, biological yield, total seed yield, and protein contained in the seeds reached (71.81g, 7.78 nods, 0.71cm 3 , 16 pods, 1.34t/ha, 4.73t/ha and 22.57% respectively). The interaction of treatment R 1 with 20mg vitamin B-complex/L has increased significantly on the size of root node (0.78cm 3 /nod).
The histological study revealed that the secretary tubules in gland has epithelial lining consist... more The histological study revealed that the secretary tubules in gland has epithelial lining consists of four layers of cells, these are basal, intermediate, secretory cells and degenerative cells. The parenchyma of gland is divided into two zones: the first zone is the sebaceous zone which is far zone from the center of the lobe, and lined by thick epithelium, these tubules separated from each other by thin layer of connective tissue while increase in toward the lobe center, the second zone is the glycogen zone which is near from the lobe center, it contain secretary tubules less in diameter and has epithelial lining less thickness in compare with the sebaceous zone while the connective tissue between the secretary tubules is more clear. So the study of quail uropygial gland could be classified as exocrine and holocrine gland contain tubules and branched tubular secretory tubules.
The present work were aimed to study the histology of testis in male of quail (C.C. japonica). Te... more The present work were aimed to study the histology of testis in male of quail (C.C. japonica). Ten adult male of quails, nine weeks old, were used in this study. Experimental birds were anesthetaized by using chloroform inhalation in closed champers and then the necropsed technique were applied to remove the testis and study their histological characteristics. The histological examination were showed that the male of Quail birds has a compound tubular testis. It covers by dense irregular connective tissue which called Tunica albuginea. The testis did not clearly divided into lobes because there is thin interstitial connective tissue septa between the adjacent seminiferous tubules. The convoluted seminiferous tubules surrounded by thin sheath consist of connective tissue fibers, myoid cells and smooth muscle fibers. Epithelium lining of semniferous tubules have two types of cells: supporting cells (Sertoli) and spermatogonium cells which produce the sperms. The extension of these tubules toward the epidydimus became like striated tubules (tubuli recti) less in diameter and lined by sertoli cells only. The striated tubules were anastomosing with each other to form rete testis which is directly contact with efferent ducts. The histological study also showed that the testis of quail has no mediastinum testis.
In most animals, myofibers number gets established before birth and postnatal growth is due to mu... more In most animals, myofibers number gets established before birth and postnatal growth is due to muscle hypertrophy, with very little contribution from muscle hyperplasia. The muscle myofibers exhibit different contractile, metabolic, physiological, chemical and morphological characteristics but the interaction between these factors and their outcome is not fully understood. Since, there is lack of literature regarding the skeletal muscle morphology of Red jungle fowl (RJ) and Malaysian village chicken (VC), therefore, the present study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the morphology of skeletal muscle of Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus Spadiceus) and Malaysian Village Chicken (Gallus gallus Domesticus) and commercial broiler chicken. A total of 150 unsexed birds consisting of 50 Red jungle fowl (RJ), 50 Malaysian village chicken (VC) and 50 commercial broiler (CB) were used in this study. Pectoralis major and bicep femoris were analyzed at the age of 1, 10, 20, 56 and 120 days post hatch. The number of muscle fibers in the breast and thigh muscles increased as the age advanced and the slow growing birds (RJ and VC) had higher Type I muscle fibers in breast and thigh muscles than fast growing CB. The percentage of Type 1 muscle fibers increased as the age advanced due to prolonged activity and also the type of muscle fibers changed throughout the age and activity. The importance of muscle fiber type changes is applicable to determine the future production of birds especially with regard to better quality meat of VC and RJ.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of soluble probiotic on the production ... more The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of soluble probiotic on the production parameters of local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). A total of seventy two 1-day-old Akar Putra chicks were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, each having 3 replicates of 8 chicks. The treatments were as follows: (T1) control, (T2) probiotic supplemented at 1 g/liter tap water, (T3) probiotic supplemented at 2 g/liter tap water. The results revealed that supplementation of soluble probiotic at both the rates resulted in an improved performance of male and female Akar putra chicken. Birds who received 2 g of prepared probiotic per liter of water (T3) exhibited highly improved (p<0.05) body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio than other groups. It can be concluded that supplementation of prepared soluble probiotic would be economically beneficial in improving the production performance and health status of Akar Putra chicken.
This study evaluated the effect of partial uropygialectomy (PU) on carcass traits of male and fem... more This study evaluated the effect of partial uropygialectomy (PU) on carcass traits of male and female Akar Putra chickens. Sixty chicks of each sex were evenly distributed into 5 treatment groups with 3 replicates per group containing 4 males and 4 females each, and reared for 12 wk. Homogeneity of the groups was satisfied with regard to the parity. Experimental treatments consisted of a control treatment (T1), and partial ablation of the uropygial gland was applied on the second, third, fourth, and fifth treatments at 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk of age, respectively. The chickens were fed ad libitum the same diets (1 to 13 d: starter; 14 d to slaughter: finisher). On the last d of the experiment, 12 birds were randomly selected from each treatment group (2 males and 2 females per repli-cate) and slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics , which included carcass weight, dressing percentage with or without eating giblets, and the relative weights of heart, liver, gizzard, thighs, wings, breast, back, and neck. From the results of the study, it was shown that the partial ablation of the uropygial gland at all ages had certain dependent effects concerning some carcass parameters, as shown by higher breast and back relative weights in males and breast relative weight in females. As a consequence, a positive effect also was noticed regarding the carcass morphology in terms of the increase in dressing percentage with or without eating giblets thus leading to an increase in the body weight and carcass weight. Furthermore, the best result was obtained in the second treatment when PU was applied at 3 wk of age compared with other experimental groups. Moreover , the current study provides a novel and economic alternative to enhance the body performance of poultry in general and Akar Putra chicken particularly.
Partial ablation of the uropygial gland is being used in the poultry industry as a new way to enh... more Partial ablation of the uropygial gland is being used in the poultry industry as a new way to enhance body performance of chickens. However, limited data are available estimating the efficacy of partial uropygialectomy (PU) to improve body organ activity. The present study evaluated the effect of partial ablation of the uropygial gland on the serum growth hormone concentration level and digestive system his-tology of 120 Akar Putra chickens in 5 trials with 3 replicates per trial. The experimental treatments consisted of a control treatment T1; partial ablation of the uropygial gland was applied in the T2, T3, T4, and T5 treatments at 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk of age, respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. All treatment groups were provided the same diet. Ve-nous blood samples were collected on wk 7, 10, and 12 to assay the levels of growth hormone concentration. On the last d of the experiment, 4 birds per replicate were randomly isolated and euthanized to perform the necropsy. Digestive system organs' cross sections were measured by a computerized image analyzer after being stained with haematoxylin and eosin. In comparison with the control group, surgical removal of the uropy-gial gland, especially at wk 3, had a greater (P < 0.01) effect on the total duodenum, jejunum, and ilium wall thickness. In addition, effects (P < 0.05) were observed on the wall thickness of males' cecum and colon. Moreover , the wall layers of the esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, and rectum were not affected by the treatment. However, removing the uropygial gland showed significant impact (P < 0.05) in males' growth hormone concentration level at wk 7 and (P < 0.01) effects at wk 12 in both sexes. This study provides a novel and economic alternative to enhance the body performance of poultry in general and Akar Putra chickens particularly.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid state fermented feed (SSFF) with and ... more This study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid state fermented feed (SSFF) with and without prepared probiotic (PP) on the live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of a local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). A total of 96 day-old Akar Putra chicks, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (24 chicken/ treatment), with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/ replicate). The four dietary treatments were the control T1 (no supplement), diet supplemented of SSFF with probiotic in the second treatment was prepared at the rate 1:1:1 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+ 1 liter tap water+ 1 gram PP). While the rate was 1:1:2 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+ 1 liter tap water+ 2 gram PP) in the third treatment. The chickens in fourth treatment were fed on SSFF without probiotic. The feeding mixtures of T2, T3 and T4 were placed in a plastic tray which closed ad incubate for 38 h. at 37±2 ºC for complete fermentation and used without drying. Supplementation the SSFF with PP resulted in a significant (p<0.01) increase in the males' and females' live body weight. Furthermore, (p<0.01) enhancement in the females' feed conversion ratio of supplemented treatments was observed. It can be concluded that using wet fermented feed with 1 and 2gm of prepared probiotic caused significant improvement in the production performance of Akar Putra chicken especially in the live body weight and growth rate traits.
The present work was undertaken to show the histological structure features of
bursa of Fabricius... more The present work was undertaken to show the histological structure features of bursa of Fabricius in quail ( C.C. japonica ). Ten adult birds of quail, nine weeks old, were used in this study. Experimental birds were anesthetized by using chloroform inhalation in closed champers and then the necropsy technique were applied to remove the bursa and study its histological characteristics. Generally the histological structure of bursa of Fabricius in quail was similar in other birds. Its sac-like dorsal diverticulum of the proctodeal wall of the cloaca . The histological examination were showed that the wall of the bursa in quail consist of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The study was determined that the tunica mucosa forms the plicae ( folds ) at different length and thickness which prolongate towards lumen. The numbers of plicae in bursa of quail were 14 . The surface of plicae was surrounded by pseudostratified epithelium except at the apex of each fold, which is covered by an epithelial tuft of simple columnar cells. Epithelium cells had usually an ovoid nucleus. The results of present Observation regarding that there were the lamina propria of each plicae was completely filled with follicles separated by connective tissue. The forms and sizes of follicles were different from one to another. Each follicles had a darker cortex with densely packed small lymphocytes , a lighter staining and less dense medulla containing cells of various sizes. The mean thickness of cortex and medulla of the lymphoid follicles in plicae were 85.03m and 193.02m respectively. The histological study of the quail bursa of fabricius showed that the layer of undifferentiated epithelial cells occupies the periphery of the medulla, which is separated from the cortex by a capillary layer. Tunica muscularis surrounding the mucosa, had been formed by an outer layer of longitudinal fibers and an inner layer of circular fibers. Blood vessels of subserosa under the tunica serosa were also seen in connective tissue of tunica mucosa and tunica muscularis and the results observe numerous blood vessels at the cortex of follicles, but the study could not observe any in the medulla.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of essential oils supplementation to broilers die... more An experiment was conducted to study the effect of essential oils supplementation to broilers diet on small intestine histological changes. One hundred and twenty eight day-old (Cobb) broiler chicks were allocated randomly tofour dietary treatments from 1-38 days of age, with two replicate pens (16 bird/pen). The experimental diets were as follows;control (T1), 300 mg/kg diet anise essential oil/kg diet (T2), 300 mg thyme essential oil/kg diet (T3) and 200 mg/kg diet anise and 200 mg/kg diet thyme essential oil mixture/kg diet (EOM)(T4).Three birds were isolated randomly from each treatment at 42 days and anesthetized by using chloroform inhalation in closed chambers and then the necropsy were applied to remove the small intestine to study the histological changes. The results indicated that feed conversion ratio were significantly (p>0.05) better in all supplemented groups. Duodenal wall and mucosal layer thickness were significantly (p>0.05) higher in (T4) while dietary supplementation of essential oil had no effect on jejunum wall and mucosal layer thickness. Supplementing 300 mg/kg diet anise oil (T2) resulted in significantly (p>0.05) increase in ileum wall and mucosal layer thickness.It couldbe concluded that supplementation of anise, thyme essential oils and their mixture in broiler diets,improved the overall function and efficiency of small intestine. The improvement could be related to histological changes of small intestine.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid state fermented feed (SSFF) with and ... more This study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid state fermented feed (SSFF) with and without prepared probiotic (PP) on the live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of a local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). A total of 96 day-old Akar Putra chicks, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (24 chicken/ treatment), with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/ replicate). The four dietary treatments were the control T1 (no supplement), diet supplemented of SSFF with probiotic in the second treatment was prepared at the rate 1:1:1 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+ 1 liter tap water+ 1 gram PP). While the rate was 1:1:2 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+ 1 liter tap water+ 2 gram PP) in the third treatment. The chickens in fourth treatment were fed on SSFF without probiotic. The feeding mixtures of T2, T3 and T4 were placed in a plastic tray which closed ad incubate for 38 h. at 37±2 ºC for complete fermentation and used without drying. Supplementation the SSFF with PP resulted in a significant (p<0.01) increase in the males' and females' live body weight. Furthermore, (p<0.01) enhancement in the females' feed conversion ratio of supplemented treatments was observed. It can be concluded that using wet fermented feed with 1 and 2gm of prepared probiotic caused significant improvement in the production performance of Akar Putra chicken especially in the live body weight and growth rate traits.
During the recent years, solid state fermented feed (SSFF) has been introduced with great success... more During the recent years, solid state fermented feed (SSFF) has been introduced with great success in poultry nutrition. Thus, the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dry fermented feed with prepared probiotic (PP) on the live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of a local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). The experiment comprised of 3 treatments (24 chicken/treatment), with 3 replicates of each (8 chicken/replicate). The treatments consisted of a control group (T1), the mixture of SSFF and PP at the rate 1:1:1 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+1 liter tap water+1 g PP) in T2 and 1:1:2 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+1 liter tap water+2 g PP) in T3. The results revealed remarkably significant (p<0.01) improvement in both male and female chicken in terms of final body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in treatment groups (T2 and T3) when compared to the control group. The variation ratio of production performance parameters was calculated and best results were indicated in T2 group wherein, 1 g prepared probiotic was used.
The current study proposes anatomical changes in the digestive system of 120 Akar Putra chicken a... more The current study proposes anatomical changes in the digestive system of 120 Akar Putra chicken after surgical removing of an uropygial gland. The experiment comprised five treatments (24 chicken/ treatment), with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/ replicate). Experimental treatments consist of a control treatment T1; partial ablation of the uropygial gland were applied on T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks of age respectively. The results presents that males of partial uropygialectomy (PU) treatments had (P<0.01) longer esophagus 9.9-16.2%, proventriculus 11.1- 34.4%, gizzard 26.7-220%, pancreas 0-20.4%, jejunum 4.9-26.1 and colon 18.1-60.6 than their control group counterparts. Furthermore, females of PU treatments had (P<0.01) longer esophagus 6.8-22.3%, pancreas 8.3-33.3% and cecum 13-26% compared with females in control. In contrast, total GIT weight were 21.2 to 78.8% heavier (P < 0.01) in males of PU treatments, mainly in the esophagus, duodenum, pancreas, jejunum, ilium and cecum. No significant impact (P>0.05) between treatments was recorded in the total females GIT weight; however, females of PU treatments had 5.9-41.2% heavier ilium (P<0.01) and 11.1-77.8% heavier cecum (P<0.01). Total GIT density, did not show significant different (P>0.05) between treatments in females. Nevertheless, it was highly different (P<0.01) for males of PU treatments, mainly in esophagus (P<0.05), gizzard (P<0.05), pancreas (P<0.01) and cecum (P<0.05). This new characterization of treatments shows that divergent selection based on modified the morphology of most GIT parts, suggesting greater activity of this compartment in PU treatments' bird than control bird.
In an experiment with 120 Akar Putra chicken, the partial uropygialectomy effects at 4 ages on
pr... more In an experiment with 120 Akar Putra chicken, the partial uropygialectomy effects at 4 ages on production performance was determined. The experiment comprised 5 treatments (24 chicken/treatment), with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/replicate). Experimental treatments consist of a control treatment T1, partial ablation of uropygial gland (uropygialecomy) were applied on T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks, respectively. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio for males and females were recorded weekly. The results revealed remarkable significant (p<0.01) enhancing for partial uropygialectomy treatments than control group in all of males and females body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio measurements. Variation ratio of production performance parameters for Partial Uropygialectomy treatments than control group was calculated to support the results. Best results were indicated in T2 treatment when partial uropygialectomy performed at week 3.
A field experiment was carried out during the winter season (2016-2017) in Al-Rumaitha district ... more A field experiment was carried out during the winter season (2016-2017) in Al-Rumaitha district (43km northern Al-Samawa city, center of Al-Muthanna province) to evaluate the response bio fertilizer of R. leguminosarum (R 1 and R 2) and foliar application by vitamin B-complex 0, 20, 30mg/L on the growth and yield of bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Aquadulce). The experiment was setup using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates, the means were compared using LSD of each variety at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the experiment showed that the isolate R 1 was significant and superior than others in (dry weight of the shoot, number and size of the root nodes, number of pods, biological yield, total seed yield, and protein contain in the seeds reached (73.44 g, 8.41 nods, 0.73 cm 3 , 1.39t/ha, 5.15t/ha and 22.66% respectively). Treatment of 20mg vitamin B-complex/L was increased significantly on dry weight of shoot, number and size of root nodes, number of pods, biological yield, total seed yield, and protein contained in the seeds reached (71.81g, 7.78 nods, 0.71cm 3 , 16 pods, 1.34t/ha, 4.73t/ha and 22.57% respectively). The interaction of treatment R 1 with 20mg vitamin B-complex/L has increased significantly on the size of root node (0.78cm 3 /nod).
The histological study revealed that the secretary tubules in gland has epithelial lining consist... more The histological study revealed that the secretary tubules in gland has epithelial lining consists of four layers of cells, these are basal, intermediate, secretory cells and degenerative cells. The parenchyma of gland is divided into two zones: the first zone is the sebaceous zone which is far zone from the center of the lobe, and lined by thick epithelium, these tubules separated from each other by thin layer of connective tissue while increase in toward the lobe center, the second zone is the glycogen zone which is near from the lobe center, it contain secretary tubules less in diameter and has epithelial lining less thickness in compare with the sebaceous zone while the connective tissue between the secretary tubules is more clear. So the study of quail uropygial gland could be classified as exocrine and holocrine gland contain tubules and branched tubular secretory tubules.
The present work were aimed to study the histology of testis in male of quail (C.C. japonica). Te... more The present work were aimed to study the histology of testis in male of quail (C.C. japonica). Ten adult male of quails, nine weeks old, were used in this study. Experimental birds were anesthetaized by using chloroform inhalation in closed champers and then the necropsed technique were applied to remove the testis and study their histological characteristics. The histological examination were showed that the male of Quail birds has a compound tubular testis. It covers by dense irregular connective tissue which called Tunica albuginea. The testis did not clearly divided into lobes because there is thin interstitial connective tissue septa between the adjacent seminiferous tubules. The convoluted seminiferous tubules surrounded by thin sheath consist of connective tissue fibers, myoid cells and smooth muscle fibers. Epithelium lining of semniferous tubules have two types of cells: supporting cells (Sertoli) and spermatogonium cells which produce the sperms. The extension of these tubules toward the epidydimus became like striated tubules (tubuli recti) less in diameter and lined by sertoli cells only. The striated tubules were anastomosing with each other to form rete testis which is directly contact with efferent ducts. The histological study also showed that the testis of quail has no mediastinum testis.
In most animals, myofibers number gets established before birth and postnatal growth is due to mu... more In most animals, myofibers number gets established before birth and postnatal growth is due to muscle hypertrophy, with very little contribution from muscle hyperplasia. The muscle myofibers exhibit different contractile, metabolic, physiological, chemical and morphological characteristics but the interaction between these factors and their outcome is not fully understood. Since, there is lack of literature regarding the skeletal muscle morphology of Red jungle fowl (RJ) and Malaysian village chicken (VC), therefore, the present study was undertaken with the aim to evaluate the morphology of skeletal muscle of Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus Spadiceus) and Malaysian Village Chicken (Gallus gallus Domesticus) and commercial broiler chicken. A total of 150 unsexed birds consisting of 50 Red jungle fowl (RJ), 50 Malaysian village chicken (VC) and 50 commercial broiler (CB) were used in this study. Pectoralis major and bicep femoris were analyzed at the age of 1, 10, 20, 56 and 120 days post hatch. The number of muscle fibers in the breast and thigh muscles increased as the age advanced and the slow growing birds (RJ and VC) had higher Type I muscle fibers in breast and thigh muscles than fast growing CB. The percentage of Type 1 muscle fibers increased as the age advanced due to prolonged activity and also the type of muscle fibers changed throughout the age and activity. The importance of muscle fiber type changes is applicable to determine the future production of birds especially with regard to better quality meat of VC and RJ.
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of soluble probiotic on the production ... more The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of soluble probiotic on the production parameters of local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). A total of seventy two 1-day-old Akar Putra chicks were randomly assigned to three treatment groups, each having 3 replicates of 8 chicks. The treatments were as follows: (T1) control, (T2) probiotic supplemented at 1 g/liter tap water, (T3) probiotic supplemented at 2 g/liter tap water. The results revealed that supplementation of soluble probiotic at both the rates resulted in an improved performance of male and female Akar putra chicken. Birds who received 2 g of prepared probiotic per liter of water (T3) exhibited highly improved (p<0.05) body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio than other groups. It can be concluded that supplementation of prepared soluble probiotic would be economically beneficial in improving the production performance and health status of Akar Putra chicken.
This study evaluated the effect of partial uropygialectomy (PU) on carcass traits of male and fem... more This study evaluated the effect of partial uropygialectomy (PU) on carcass traits of male and female Akar Putra chickens. Sixty chicks of each sex were evenly distributed into 5 treatment groups with 3 replicates per group containing 4 males and 4 females each, and reared for 12 wk. Homogeneity of the groups was satisfied with regard to the parity. Experimental treatments consisted of a control treatment (T1), and partial ablation of the uropygial gland was applied on the second, third, fourth, and fifth treatments at 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk of age, respectively. The chickens were fed ad libitum the same diets (1 to 13 d: starter; 14 d to slaughter: finisher). On the last d of the experiment, 12 birds were randomly selected from each treatment group (2 males and 2 females per repli-cate) and slaughtered to determine carcass characteristics , which included carcass weight, dressing percentage with or without eating giblets, and the relative weights of heart, liver, gizzard, thighs, wings, breast, back, and neck. From the results of the study, it was shown that the partial ablation of the uropygial gland at all ages had certain dependent effects concerning some carcass parameters, as shown by higher breast and back relative weights in males and breast relative weight in females. As a consequence, a positive effect also was noticed regarding the carcass morphology in terms of the increase in dressing percentage with or without eating giblets thus leading to an increase in the body weight and carcass weight. Furthermore, the best result was obtained in the second treatment when PU was applied at 3 wk of age compared with other experimental groups. Moreover , the current study provides a novel and economic alternative to enhance the body performance of poultry in general and Akar Putra chicken particularly.
Partial ablation of the uropygial gland is being used in the poultry industry as a new way to enh... more Partial ablation of the uropygial gland is being used in the poultry industry as a new way to enhance body performance of chickens. However, limited data are available estimating the efficacy of partial uropygialectomy (PU) to improve body organ activity. The present study evaluated the effect of partial ablation of the uropygial gland on the serum growth hormone concentration level and digestive system his-tology of 120 Akar Putra chickens in 5 trials with 3 replicates per trial. The experimental treatments consisted of a control treatment T1; partial ablation of the uropygial gland was applied in the T2, T3, T4, and T5 treatments at 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk of age, respectively. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. All treatment groups were provided the same diet. Ve-nous blood samples were collected on wk 7, 10, and 12 to assay the levels of growth hormone concentration. On the last d of the experiment, 4 birds per replicate were randomly isolated and euthanized to perform the necropsy. Digestive system organs' cross sections were measured by a computerized image analyzer after being stained with haematoxylin and eosin. In comparison with the control group, surgical removal of the uropy-gial gland, especially at wk 3, had a greater (P < 0.01) effect on the total duodenum, jejunum, and ilium wall thickness. In addition, effects (P < 0.05) were observed on the wall thickness of males' cecum and colon. Moreover , the wall layers of the esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard, and rectum were not affected by the treatment. However, removing the uropygial gland showed significant impact (P < 0.05) in males' growth hormone concentration level at wk 7 and (P < 0.01) effects at wk 12 in both sexes. This study provides a novel and economic alternative to enhance the body performance of poultry in general and Akar Putra chickens particularly.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid state fermented feed (SSFF) with and ... more This study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid state fermented feed (SSFF) with and without prepared probiotic (PP) on the live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of a local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). A total of 96 day-old Akar Putra chicks, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (24 chicken/ treatment), with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/ replicate). The four dietary treatments were the control T1 (no supplement), diet supplemented of SSFF with probiotic in the second treatment was prepared at the rate 1:1:1 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+ 1 liter tap water+ 1 gram PP). While the rate was 1:1:2 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+ 1 liter tap water+ 2 gram PP) in the third treatment. The chickens in fourth treatment were fed on SSFF without probiotic. The feeding mixtures of T2, T3 and T4 were placed in a plastic tray which closed ad incubate for 38 h. at 37±2 ºC for complete fermentation and used without drying. Supplementation the SSFF with PP resulted in a significant (p<0.01) increase in the males' and females' live body weight. Furthermore, (p<0.01) enhancement in the females' feed conversion ratio of supplemented treatments was observed. It can be concluded that using wet fermented feed with 1 and 2gm of prepared probiotic caused significant improvement in the production performance of Akar Putra chicken especially in the live body weight and growth rate traits.
The present work was undertaken to show the histological structure features of
bursa of Fabricius... more The present work was undertaken to show the histological structure features of bursa of Fabricius in quail ( C.C. japonica ). Ten adult birds of quail, nine weeks old, were used in this study. Experimental birds were anesthetized by using chloroform inhalation in closed champers and then the necropsy technique were applied to remove the bursa and study its histological characteristics. Generally the histological structure of bursa of Fabricius in quail was similar in other birds. Its sac-like dorsal diverticulum of the proctodeal wall of the cloaca . The histological examination were showed that the wall of the bursa in quail consist of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The study was determined that the tunica mucosa forms the plicae ( folds ) at different length and thickness which prolongate towards lumen. The numbers of plicae in bursa of quail were 14 . The surface of plicae was surrounded by pseudostratified epithelium except at the apex of each fold, which is covered by an epithelial tuft of simple columnar cells. Epithelium cells had usually an ovoid nucleus. The results of present Observation regarding that there were the lamina propria of each plicae was completely filled with follicles separated by connective tissue. The forms and sizes of follicles were different from one to another. Each follicles had a darker cortex with densely packed small lymphocytes , a lighter staining and less dense medulla containing cells of various sizes. The mean thickness of cortex and medulla of the lymphoid follicles in plicae were 85.03m and 193.02m respectively. The histological study of the quail bursa of fabricius showed that the layer of undifferentiated epithelial cells occupies the periphery of the medulla, which is separated from the cortex by a capillary layer. Tunica muscularis surrounding the mucosa, had been formed by an outer layer of longitudinal fibers and an inner layer of circular fibers. Blood vessels of subserosa under the tunica serosa were also seen in connective tissue of tunica mucosa and tunica muscularis and the results observe numerous blood vessels at the cortex of follicles, but the study could not observe any in the medulla.
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of essential oils supplementation to broilers die... more An experiment was conducted to study the effect of essential oils supplementation to broilers diet on small intestine histological changes. One hundred and twenty eight day-old (Cobb) broiler chicks were allocated randomly tofour dietary treatments from 1-38 days of age, with two replicate pens (16 bird/pen). The experimental diets were as follows;control (T1), 300 mg/kg diet anise essential oil/kg diet (T2), 300 mg thyme essential oil/kg diet (T3) and 200 mg/kg diet anise and 200 mg/kg diet thyme essential oil mixture/kg diet (EOM)(T4).Three birds were isolated randomly from each treatment at 42 days and anesthetized by using chloroform inhalation in closed chambers and then the necropsy were applied to remove the small intestine to study the histological changes. The results indicated that feed conversion ratio were significantly (p>0.05) better in all supplemented groups. Duodenal wall and mucosal layer thickness were significantly (p>0.05) higher in (T4) while dietary supplementation of essential oil had no effect on jejunum wall and mucosal layer thickness. Supplementing 300 mg/kg diet anise oil (T2) resulted in significantly (p>0.05) increase in ileum wall and mucosal layer thickness.It couldbe concluded that supplementation of anise, thyme essential oils and their mixture in broiler diets,improved the overall function and efficiency of small intestine. The improvement could be related to histological changes of small intestine.
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid state fermented feed (SSFF) with and ... more This study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid state fermented feed (SSFF) with and without prepared probiotic (PP) on the live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of a local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). A total of 96 day-old Akar Putra chicks, were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (24 chicken/ treatment), with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/ replicate). The four dietary treatments were the control T1 (no supplement), diet supplemented of SSFF with probiotic in the second treatment was prepared at the rate 1:1:1 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+ 1 liter tap water+ 1 gram PP). While the rate was 1:1:2 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+ 1 liter tap water+ 2 gram PP) in the third treatment. The chickens in fourth treatment were fed on SSFF without probiotic. The feeding mixtures of T2, T3 and T4 were placed in a plastic tray which closed ad incubate for 38 h. at 37±2 ºC for complete fermentation and used without drying. Supplementation the SSFF with PP resulted in a significant (p<0.01) increase in the males' and females' live body weight. Furthermore, (p<0.01) enhancement in the females' feed conversion ratio of supplemented treatments was observed. It can be concluded that using wet fermented feed with 1 and 2gm of prepared probiotic caused significant improvement in the production performance of Akar Putra chicken especially in the live body weight and growth rate traits.
During the recent years, solid state fermented feed (SSFF) has been introduced with great success... more During the recent years, solid state fermented feed (SSFF) has been introduced with great success in poultry nutrition. Thus, the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dry fermented feed with prepared probiotic (PP) on the live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of a local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). The experiment comprised of 3 treatments (24 chicken/treatment), with 3 replicates of each (8 chicken/replicate). The treatments consisted of a control group (T1), the mixture of SSFF and PP at the rate 1:1:1 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+1 liter tap water+1 g PP) in T2 and 1:1:2 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+1 liter tap water+2 g PP) in T3. The results revealed remarkably significant (p<0.01) improvement in both male and female chicken in terms of final body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in treatment groups (T2 and T3) when compared to the control group. The variation ratio of production performance parameters was calculated and best results were indicated in T2 group wherein, 1 g prepared probiotic was used.
The current study proposes anatomical changes in the digestive system of 120 Akar Putra chicken a... more The current study proposes anatomical changes in the digestive system of 120 Akar Putra chicken after surgical removing of an uropygial gland. The experiment comprised five treatments (24 chicken/ treatment), with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/ replicate). Experimental treatments consist of a control treatment T1; partial ablation of the uropygial gland were applied on T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks of age respectively. The results presents that males of partial uropygialectomy (PU) treatments had (P<0.01) longer esophagus 9.9-16.2%, proventriculus 11.1- 34.4%, gizzard 26.7-220%, pancreas 0-20.4%, jejunum 4.9-26.1 and colon 18.1-60.6 than their control group counterparts. Furthermore, females of PU treatments had (P<0.01) longer esophagus 6.8-22.3%, pancreas 8.3-33.3% and cecum 13-26% compared with females in control. In contrast, total GIT weight were 21.2 to 78.8% heavier (P < 0.01) in males of PU treatments, mainly in the esophagus, duodenum, pancreas, jejunum, ilium and cecum. No significant impact (P>0.05) between treatments was recorded in the total females GIT weight; however, females of PU treatments had 5.9-41.2% heavier ilium (P<0.01) and 11.1-77.8% heavier cecum (P<0.01). Total GIT density, did not show significant different (P>0.05) between treatments in females. Nevertheless, it was highly different (P<0.01) for males of PU treatments, mainly in esophagus (P<0.05), gizzard (P<0.05), pancreas (P<0.01) and cecum (P<0.05). This new characterization of treatments shows that divergent selection based on modified the morphology of most GIT parts, suggesting greater activity of this compartment in PU treatments' bird than control bird.
In an experiment with 120 Akar Putra chicken, the partial uropygialectomy effects at 4 ages on
pr... more In an experiment with 120 Akar Putra chicken, the partial uropygialectomy effects at 4 ages on production performance was determined. The experiment comprised 5 treatments (24 chicken/treatment), with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/replicate). Experimental treatments consist of a control treatment T1, partial ablation of uropygial gland (uropygialecomy) were applied on T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments at 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks, respectively. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio for males and females were recorded weekly. The results revealed remarkable significant (p<0.01) enhancing for partial uropygialectomy treatments than control group in all of males and females body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio measurements. Variation ratio of production performance parameters for Partial Uropygialectomy treatments than control group was calculated to support the results. Best results were indicated in T2 treatment when partial uropygialectomy performed at week 3.
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bursa of Fabricius in quail ( C.C. japonica ). Ten adult birds of quail, nine weeks old, were
used in this study. Experimental birds were anesthetized by using chloroform inhalation in
closed champers and then the necropsy technique were applied to remove the bursa and
study its histological characteristics.
Generally the histological structure of bursa of Fabricius in quail was similar in
other birds. Its sac-like dorsal diverticulum of the proctodeal wall of the cloaca .
The histological examination were showed that the wall of the bursa in quail consist
of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The study was determined that the
tunica mucosa forms the plicae ( folds ) at different length and thickness which prolongate
towards lumen. The numbers of plicae in bursa of quail were 14 . The surface of plicae
was surrounded by pseudostratified epithelium except at the apex of each fold, which is
covered by an epithelial tuft of simple columnar cells. Epithelium cells had usually an
ovoid nucleus.
The results of present Observation regarding that there were the lamina propria of
each plicae was completely filled with follicles separated by connective tissue. The forms
and sizes of follicles were different from one to another. Each follicles had a darker cortex
with densely packed small lymphocytes , a lighter staining and less dense medulla
containing cells of various sizes. The mean thickness of cortex and medulla of the lymphoid
follicles in plicae were 85.03m and 193.02m respectively.
The histological study of the quail bursa of fabricius showed that the layer of
undifferentiated epithelial cells occupies the periphery of the medulla, which is separated
from the cortex by a capillary layer. Tunica muscularis surrounding the mucosa, had been
formed by an outer layer of longitudinal fibers and an inner layer of circular fibers. Blood
vessels of subserosa under the tunica serosa were also seen in connective tissue of tunica
mucosa and tunica muscularis and the results observe numerous blood vessels at the cortex
of follicles, but the study could not observe any in the medulla.
in poultry nutrition. Thus, the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dry fermented feed
with prepared probiotic (PP) on the live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of a
local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). The experiment comprised of 3 treatments (24 chicken/treatment), with
3 replicates of each (8 chicken/replicate). The treatments consisted of a control group (T1), the mixture of
SSFF and PP at the rate 1:1:1 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+1 liter tap water+1 g PP) in T2 and 1:1:2 (1
kg of commercial broiler feed+1 liter tap water+2 g PP) in T3. The results revealed remarkably significant
(p<0.01) improvement in both male and female chicken in terms of final body weight gain, feed intake and
feed conversion ratio in treatment groups (T2 and T3) when compared to the control group. The variation ratio
of production performance parameters was calculated and best results were indicated in T2 group wherein,
1 g prepared probiotic was used.
production performance was determined. The experiment comprised 5 treatments (24 chicken/treatment),
with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/replicate). Experimental treatments consist of a control treatment T1,
partial ablation of uropygial gland (uropygialecomy) were applied on T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments at 3, 4, 5
and 6 weeks, respectively. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio for males and
females were recorded weekly. The results revealed remarkable significant (p<0.01) enhancing for partial
uropygialectomy treatments than control group in all of males and females body weight, weight gain, feed
intake and feed conversion ratio measurements. Variation ratio of production performance parameters for
Partial Uropygialectomy treatments than control group was calculated to support the results. Best results
were indicated in T2 treatment when partial uropygialectomy performed at week 3.
bursa of Fabricius in quail ( C.C. japonica ). Ten adult birds of quail, nine weeks old, were
used in this study. Experimental birds were anesthetized by using chloroform inhalation in
closed champers and then the necropsy technique were applied to remove the bursa and
study its histological characteristics.
Generally the histological structure of bursa of Fabricius in quail was similar in
other birds. Its sac-like dorsal diverticulum of the proctodeal wall of the cloaca .
The histological examination were showed that the wall of the bursa in quail consist
of tunica mucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. The study was determined that the
tunica mucosa forms the plicae ( folds ) at different length and thickness which prolongate
towards lumen. The numbers of plicae in bursa of quail were 14 . The surface of plicae
was surrounded by pseudostratified epithelium except at the apex of each fold, which is
covered by an epithelial tuft of simple columnar cells. Epithelium cells had usually an
ovoid nucleus.
The results of present Observation regarding that there were the lamina propria of
each plicae was completely filled with follicles separated by connective tissue. The forms
and sizes of follicles were different from one to another. Each follicles had a darker cortex
with densely packed small lymphocytes , a lighter staining and less dense medulla
containing cells of various sizes. The mean thickness of cortex and medulla of the lymphoid
follicles in plicae were 85.03m and 193.02m respectively.
The histological study of the quail bursa of fabricius showed that the layer of
undifferentiated epithelial cells occupies the periphery of the medulla, which is separated
from the cortex by a capillary layer. Tunica muscularis surrounding the mucosa, had been
formed by an outer layer of longitudinal fibers and an inner layer of circular fibers. Blood
vessels of subserosa under the tunica serosa were also seen in connective tissue of tunica
mucosa and tunica muscularis and the results observe numerous blood vessels at the cortex
of follicles, but the study could not observe any in the medulla.
in poultry nutrition. Thus, the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dry fermented feed
with prepared probiotic (PP) on the live body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of a
local Malaysian chicken (Akar Putra). The experiment comprised of 3 treatments (24 chicken/treatment), with
3 replicates of each (8 chicken/replicate). The treatments consisted of a control group (T1), the mixture of
SSFF and PP at the rate 1:1:1 (1 kg of commercial broiler feed+1 liter tap water+1 g PP) in T2 and 1:1:2 (1
kg of commercial broiler feed+1 liter tap water+2 g PP) in T3. The results revealed remarkably significant
(p<0.01) improvement in both male and female chicken in terms of final body weight gain, feed intake and
feed conversion ratio in treatment groups (T2 and T3) when compared to the control group. The variation ratio
of production performance parameters was calculated and best results were indicated in T2 group wherein,
1 g prepared probiotic was used.
production performance was determined. The experiment comprised 5 treatments (24 chicken/treatment),
with 3 replicates for each (8 chicken/replicate). Experimental treatments consist of a control treatment T1,
partial ablation of uropygial gland (uropygialecomy) were applied on T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments at 3, 4, 5
and 6 weeks, respectively. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio for males and
females were recorded weekly. The results revealed remarkable significant (p<0.01) enhancing for partial
uropygialectomy treatments than control group in all of males and females body weight, weight gain, feed
intake and feed conversion ratio measurements. Variation ratio of production performance parameters for
Partial Uropygialectomy treatments than control group was calculated to support the results. Best results
were indicated in T2 treatment when partial uropygialectomy performed at week 3.