nelson papavero

A wealth of names has been applied to the South American species of Tapirus: acuraua, Certain North African antelopes were called oryx by Greek and Roman authors. Arab authors knew them as Lamt (or lamta, elamt, lant, dant) and used their hide to make shields (daraqqa-lamṭiyya). With the Arab invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, daraqqa-lamṭiyya was transformed into adarga-danta and under this form was cited by numerous Spanish and Portuguese authors. Consequently, the African Oryx was called anta by Gomes Eanes de Zurara (1453) and danta by an anonymous autor (MS Valentim Fernandes, 1507) and Duarte Lopes (in Pigafetta & Lopes, 1589). Antonio Pigafetta (in Anôn., ca. 1526) referred under the name anta the strange animal that the Tupi Indians of Brazil called tapir. Both tapir and anta (with many variations and with the addition of several qualifications) were used by subsequent authors. Finally, in Brazil, the improper usage of anta to denote the species of Tapirus supplanted that of tapir. A further confusion was added when a few authors confounded the South American antas with the Old World elk and called the first grã-bestas (with variations).

For many years, it was believed that the first two notices about New World lantern-flies (Fulgoridae), with descriptions and illustrations of the insects, as well as mentions of their luminescence, were due to Nehemiah Grey (1681) and Maria Sibylla Merian (1705). However, there are illustrations of lantern-flies prior to Grew's paper, and the first of them, by Jacques de Heyn (1620), also refers to the bioluminescence of those insects. The second is a watercolour by Pieter Holstejn (1614-1673), a Dutch Golden Age painter and engraver. Several illustrations of lantern-flies were lately produced during the 17 th and 18 th centuries, for example by Alexander Marshal (ca. 1620-1682), an English entomologist, gardener, and botanical artist, by Iob Leutholf (1694), and also by an anonymous artist (first half of the 18 th century).

Pero Lopes de Souza, in 1531, was the first to give to the Panthera onca of Brazil the name onça, a designation until then conferred to the Old World leopard (Panthera pardus (Lin-naeus, 1758)), a very similar species. Since that time, lusophone and foreign authors coined 92 basic names for Panthera onca. Taking into consideration the variations, wrong transcriptions and alterations of those names, as will be seen in the text, 352 names have been applied to that animal, viz. Volume 48(2):37-93, 2017

Chapter I — The Systcma Naturae 1
Carolus Linnaeus — The Treaty of Madrid and P. Loefling —
Dahlberg and Rolander ^ Carolus Linnaeus Jr.
Chapter II — The period of Fabricius 15
The Cruise of the "Endeavour" — L. C. M. Richard — Palisot
de Bcauvois — L. A. G. Bosc — ]. P. B. von Rohr — "Smidt" —
Pflug and Yeats
Chapter III ^— The life and works of J. C. Fabricius 25
Chapter IV ^ Travels of Humboldt and Bonpland 33
Humboldt and Bonpland — The travel through Venezuela — The
trips to Cuba, Nueva Granada, and Ecuador — The trip through Mexico
— Humboldt and Bonpland after the travels — Pierre Andre
Latreille
Chapter V — Collectors in Brazil (1801-1835) 47
Hoffmansegg's collectors: Sieber, Gomes. Feijc — The Russian
expeditions — Sellow and Freyreiss — The Austrian expeditions —
Sellow's journeys in the interior of Brazil — J. Nattcrer — Kamerlachcr
— Besckc — Lund and Clausscn
Chapter VI — Collectors in Mexico and the West Indies 103
Forsstrom — Ferdinand Dcppe's travels in Mexico — Hornbeck
Chapter VII — Thunberg. Erichson. Perty and Wiedemann 109
Chapter VIII — The French collectors 115
Saint Hilaire — Gaudichaud-Bcauprc — A. Plec — The voyage
of 'La Coquille' — Leschenault and Doumerc — The voyage of 'La
Thetis' and 'L'Esperance' — Lacordaire and Banon — A. D. d'Orbigny
— Vauthicr — Sylveira — The voyage of 'La Favorite' — F. R. M.
Leprieur — Claude Gay — Francis de Castclnau — A. Pissis P.
Germain — M. de Mathan — P. E. Gounelle ^ M. A. Rojas —
Other collectors
Chapter IX — Entomological collectors in Mexico and Cuba 175
The exploration of Mexico — The exploration of Cuba: Sagra
and Poey, Gundlach
Chapter X — The French dipterists 187
Guerin-Meneville — Olivier — Robineau-Desvoidy — Macquart
~ Blanchard — Coquerel — Laboulbenc — Bigot

In the introduction brief considerations are made about the first Mexican codex mentioning the cochineals, as nochetztli (Hemiptera, Homoptera, Dactylopiidae), the paper by Alzate y Ramírez (1794) dealing with its cultivation, collection and preparation and the report about the contraband of specimens undertook by Thiéry de Menonville (1787),
with some data about the value of exportations made from Oaxaca and the Canaries between 1758 and 1847. A classification of the genus Dactylopius is then presented, with the geographical distribution of its species. The fi rst papers to cite the name cochinilla in Spanish, French and Portuguese are listed. Follows a discussion about the etymological
hypotheses of the name cochinilla, the most probable one being that of Littré (1863), who advocates the transference to the representatives of Dactylopius of the expression “cochinilla de humedad”, a name conferred to isopod crustaceans, fundamented upon the similarity in body shape between those two arthropods. Finally, the several tentative of cultivation and expoitation of cochineal in various parts of Brazil, undertook during the 18th cenrury and the fi rst half of the 19th century are considered.

Since the Antiquity, parrots, parakeets and their relatives (Psittacidae) aroused a great interest in Europe, both for their colours as for their notorious capacity of interacting with human beings. With the discovery of the Americas, new species would be introduced in the traffic of exotic animals a long time ago established by Europeans with Africa and the East. Effectively, even before Columbus finished his fourth and last voyage (1502‑1504), neotropical parrots had already made their appearance in chronicles, in the cartography and the fine arts. Although the oldest notices about blue macaws of the genus Anodorhynchus date from the end of the 16th century, and the first image from the beginning of the 17th century, those birds would be better known by Europeans
only in the second half of the 18th century. In a general way, the sources examined herein proved to be especially significant for Anodorhynchus glaucus, as all the first hand information about the biology and the behavior of this macaw are registered in testimonies prior the 20th  century. It is not impossible to suppose, therefore, that further details about this species and a better understanding of its mysterious disappearance could be obtained from the perusal of the vast documentary collection about the Rio de la Plata basin left by Jesuits, as well as from a more accurate reading of the reports by travelers and naturalists which, such as Friedrich Sellow and Auguste de Saint-Hilaire, journeyed through Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil.

The name “brazil”, in Portuguese language sources, as applied to the species of Caesalpinia (Fabaceae) from the Old and the New Worlds or to the dyeing substance proper produced by them, is polysemic. It may refer to four different things (whose termini a quo are the folowing): (a) Caesalpinia bonduc – 1462, Afonso V de Portugal; (b) Cesalpinia sappan – 1499, Alvaro Velho and D. Manuel I de Portugal; (c) Caesalpinia echinata – 1502, Cantino’s Planisphere; (d) the dyeing substance proper – 1618, Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão. The termini a quo and further references to the synonyms or variants of those items are also included. The period covered is from the 15th to 17th centuries.

The name “brazil”, in Portuguese language sources, as applied to the species of Caesalpinia (Fabaceae) from the Old and the New Worlds or to the dyeing substance proper produced by them, is polysemic. It may refer to four different things (whose termini a quo are the folowing): (a) Caesalpinia bonduc – 1462, Afonso V de Portugal; (b) Cesalpinia sappan – 1499, Alvaro Velho and D. Manuel I de Portugal; (c) Caesalpinia echinata – 1502, Cantino’s Planisphere; (d) the dyeing substance proper – 1618, Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão. The termini a quo and further references to the synonyms or variants of those items are also included. The period covered is from the 15th to 17th centuries.

Sir Robert Dudley (August 7, 1574 – September 6, 1649) was an illegitimate son of Robert Dudley, First Count of Leicester. In 1594 he undertook an expedition to Trinidad and Puerto
Rico, to capture Spanish ships, publishing a report about it, where he presented an Arawak vocabulary with 69 words or short sentences. Abandoning England definitely in 1605, he
entered into the service of Ferdinando I (Medici), the Great-Duke of Tuscany (and afterwards also into the service of Ferdinando II). He worked as an engineer and cartographer. In 1608 he convinced Ferdinand I to send the pirate ship Santa Lucia Buonaventura to Guyana and northern Brazil. As head of that expedition he indicated William Davies, Barber-Surgeon of
London, who would later (1614) publish his memoirs, including his experiences at the mouth of the Amazon River (here transcribed and translated) – the first report on the Amazons
known in the 17th century. Dudley’s most important work, however, was Dell’Arcano del Mare (On the secret of the sea) (1646-1648, in four volumes). This impressive and detailed treatise about astronomy, navigation, naval construction and cartography included 130 maps, all newly made by him and not copied from other sources, as was usual at that time, summing up all the nautical knowledge of the age. The maps of the  Brazilian coast (herein reproduced) are remarkably detailed, showing the names of numerous Indian tribes. Twelve years after his death the second edition of his magum opus was published (Dudley, 1661), now with two volumes. A considerable rearrangement of the text was made, with the
inclusion of many additions, apparently obtained from manuscripts left by the author. In this edition, in the second volume, a small vocabulary in the Tupinambá language may be found, with 136 words or short sentences, extracted, without any apparent criterion, from Jean de  Léry’s works (1578, 1594) – the vocabulary is here facsimilarly presented, transcribed,
corrected and translated.

... poiein paschein, substantia quantitas qualitas relatio ubi quando situs habitus actio passio, ... A ambigüidade do termo artha (como a do inglês meaning), comentou Staal ... paratva), posterioridade (apa-ratva), conhecimento (budhi), felicidade (sukha), tristeza (dukkha), desejo (ichha ...

A brief historical overview is given of the most relevant taxonomic studies of insect groups vectors of transmissible diseases in Brazil, from the "heroic" times of the foundation of the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz in Rio de Janeiro up to the present. The following orders are considered: Phthiraptera (Anoplura, Amblycera and Ischnocera), Hemiptera (Reduviidae: Triatominae), Siphonaptera and Diptera (Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae, Psychodidae: Phlebotominae, Simuliidae, Tabanidae, Chloropidae and Muscidae). The most important Brazilian collections of each group are cited.

Sir Robert Dudley (August 7, 1574 – September 6, 1649) was an illegitimate son of Robert Dudley, First Count of Leicester. In 1594 he undertook an expedition to Trinidad and Puerto
Rico, to capture Spanish ships, publishing a report about it, where he presented an Arawak vocabulary with 69 words or short sentences. Abandoning England definitely in 1605, he
entered into the service of Ferdinando I (Medici), the Great-Duke of Tuscany (and afterwards also into the service of Ferdinando II). He worked as an engineer and cartographer. In  1608 he convinced Ferdinand I to send the pirate ship Santa Lucia Buonaventura to Guyana and northern Brazil. As head of that expedition he indicated William Davies, Barber-Surgeon of
London, who would later (1614) publish his memoirs, including his experiences at the mouth of the Amazon River (here transcribed and translated) – the first report on the Amazons
known in the 17th century. Dudley’s most important work, however, was Dell’Arcano del Mare (On the secret of the sea) (1646-1648, in four volumes). This impressive and detailed treatise about astronomy, navigation, naval construction and cartography included 130 maps, all newly made by him and not copied from other sources, as was usual at that time, summing up all the nautical knowledge of the age. The maps of the  Brazilian coast (herein reproduced) are remarkably detailed, showing the names of numerous Indian tribes. Twelve years after his death the second edition of his magum opus was published (Dudley, 1661), now with two volumes. A considerable rearrangement of the text was made, with the
inclusion of many additions, apparently obtained from manuscripts left by the author. In this edition, in the second volume, a small vocabulary in the Tupinambá language may be found, with 136 words or short sentences, extracted, without any apparent criterion, from Jean de Léry’s works (1578, 1594) – the vocabulary is here facsimilarly presented, transcribed,
corrected and translated.

The popular names attributed in Brazil to the species of the genus Leopardus (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) ) (L. pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758), L. colocolo (Molina, 1782), L. geoffroyi (d’Orbigny & Gervais, 1844), L. tigrinus (Schreber, 1775) and L. wiedii (Schinz, 1821)) are chronologically listed with their  respective bibliographical references. Comments are added  about the name ocelot, improperly attributed to Lepardus tigrinus.

A manuscript in Francisco Xavier Ribeiro de Sampaio’s own handwriting, preserved in the Arquivo Utramarino de Lisboa, where the author describes his travels and adventures in
the Captaincy of São  José do Rio Negro,  down the Rio Negro and up  the  Rio Solimões until the frontier with the Spanish possessions, during 1774 and 1775, is transcribed and
commented. Certainly the most learned traveller of the 18th
century who journeyed in Amazonia, Sampaio wrote about the history, the geography and the natural products of the region, listing an impressive amount of Indian tribes. He criticized certain opinions of Charles Marie de la Condamine and also treated the question of the Amazon women. As an appendix, a commented transcription of Hulsius booklet (1559) is included, where the subject of the Amazons of the Old and New Worlds
is treated at length.

Published in Portugal in 1754, the leaflet entitled “Relação e notícia da gente que nesta segunda monção chegou ao sítio do Grão-Pará e às terras do Mato Grosso” [Relation and notice of the people that in this second voyage arrived at the site of Grão-Pará and the lands of Mato Grosso] shows the advantages that possible immigrants would enjoy by establishing themselves in the Grão-Pará and Mato Grosso. A second leaflet, anonymous and undated, called “Relação curiosa do sitio do Grão Pará e das terras de Mato Grosso” [A curious relation of the site of Grão-Pará and of the lands of Mato Grosso] seems to
have been published in Portugal some time after that first one, with the same purpose. Both pamphlets are exceedingly rare and went unnoticed by most specialists on Colonial Brazil subjects, although representing a valuable witness not only of the propaganda efforts dedicated to the peopling of the Amazon, but also of the vision of Brazilian nature current among certain circles of Portuguese society during the 18thcentury.

The name of African equids internationally known as zebra is not derived from an African language, but from the Galician-Portuguese zebro, which probably referred to the extinct Equus
hydruntinus Regalia, 1907 That animal was mentioned with  several other spellings in Medieval documents (zevro, zevra, zebro , ezevro etc.), but its name began to be confused with the wild ass (Equus hemionus Pallas, 1775) in some post-extinction Renaissance texts, about the same time that another parallel confusion happened with the African equids. Given the impossibility of association of the name with a Latin origin, with the Arabic language or with some Iberian substrate, an alternative etymology was searched in the Suebian superstrate, which is present in the Romanic dialects of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula

A considerable confusion was promoted by European authors concerning the identity of the feline called lonza (and variants). Under this name were included the leopard or panther (Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)), the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus (Schreber, 1775)), the lynx (Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758)) and the caracal (Caracal caracal (Schreber, 1776)), and even the hyaena (Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758)) was included in that list. The leopard was considereda hybrid between the lion (leo) and a mythic feline, the pard (pardus) and different from the panther. The lonza was sometimes treated as a fourth distinct species and as another case of hybridization. A survey of the literature about those various animals, from the Antiquity up to the 19th century, is presented. The hypotheses about the etymology of the several names of
those felines are commented. The most probable ones are the following: (i) for pard: from the Sanskrit pṛdākuh (पृदाकु); (ii) for leopard: from the Latin leo + pardus, based on the erroneous idea that this animal was a hybrid of those two species; (iii) for panther: from the Sanskrit puṇḍarīka (पु'डर*क); (iv) for lonza: from leontia; the derivation from lynx, commonly accepted, must be discarded, as the leopard (or panther) and the lynx proper have different folklores and appearances; (v) the name chita (cheetah in English), for the Acinonyx, was published for the first time by Garcia d’Orta (1563), registered by him in India; (vi) for caracal: from the Turkish qarah-qoulaq = black ear ( = black, = ear); (vii) finally, for the word guepardo, it comes from the Mediterranean Lingua Franca or Sabir gattopardo, altered into gapardus, gapar(d) and guépard, the latter form due to Buffon (1765), who had it from Parisian furriers; through Buffon’s influence, it was incorporated in the modern romance languages.

Chapter I — The Systcma Naturae
Carolus Linnaeus — The Treaty of Madrid and P. Loefling —
Dahlberg and Rolander - Carolus Linnaeus Jr.
Chapter II — The period of Fabricius
The Cruise of the "Endeavour" — L. C. M. Richard — Palisot
de Beauvois — L. A. G. Bosc — ]. P. B. von Rohr — "Smidt" —
Pflug and Yeats
Chapter III ^— The life and works of J. C. Fabricius
Chapter IV ^ Travels of Humboldt and Bonpland
Humboldt and Bonpland — The travel through Venezuela — The
trips to Cuba, Nueva Granada, and Ecuador — The trip through Mexico
— Humboldt and Bonpland after the travels — Pierre Andre
Latreille
Chapter V — Collectors in Brazil (1801-1835)
Hoffmansegg's collectors: Sieber, Gomes. Feijó — The Russian
expeditions — Sellow and Freyreiss — The Austrian expeditions —
Sellow's journeys in the interior of Brazil — J. Natterer — Kamerlacher
— Bescke — Lund and Claussen
Chapter VI — Collectors in Mexico and the West Indies
Forsström — Ferdinand Deppe's travels in Mexico — Hornbeck
Chapter VII — Thunberg. Erichson. Perty and Wiedemann
Chapter VIII — The French collectors
Saint Hilaire — Gaudichaud-Beaupré — A. Plée — The voyage
of 'La Coquille' — Leschenault and Doumerc — The voyage of 'La
Thetis' and 'L'Esperance' — Lacordaire and Banon — A. D. d'Orbigny
— Vauthier — Sylveira — The voyage of 'La Favorite' — F. R. M.
Leprieur — Claude Gay — Francis de Castelnau — A. Pissis - P.
Germain — M. de Mathan — P. E. Gounelle - M. A. Rojas —
Other collectors
Chapter IX — Entomological collectors in Mexico and Cuba
The exploration of Mexico — The exploration of Cuba: Sagra
and Poey, Gundlach
Chapter X — The French dipterists
Guerin-Meneville — Olivier — Robineau-Desvoidy — Macquart
- Blanchard — Coquerel — Laboulbène — Bigot

Chapter XI — British collectors
W. Swainson — L. Guilding — H. Cuming — W. J. Burchell
King and Fit: Roy — Darwin — P. H. Gosse ^ A. R. Wallace — H.
W. Bates .— Other collectors
Chapter XII — Westwood and Walker
J. O. Westwood — F. Walker
Chapter XIII — Rudolph A. Philippi
Chapter XIV — The voyages of the 'Eugenics' and the 'Novara' ....
The voyage of the 'Eugenics' — The voyage of the 'Novara'
Chapter XV — German and Austrian collectors
Appun — Bilimek — Burmeister — Ehrenberg .— Garlepp — Gollmer
— Helmreichen — Hensel — Karstch — Krug — Moritz — Nolcken — Pehlke .— Petersen — Poeppig — Rengger — Schomburgk —
Steinheil — Sintenis — Stübel — Thieme — Other collectors
Chapter XVI — German and Austrian dipterists
F. M. Brauer — C. E. A. Gerstaecker — H. Loew — J. Mik —
V. von Roeder — E. Riibsaamen — I. R. Schiner
Chapter XVII — The brothers Lynch Arribalzaga
Felix Lynch Arribalzaga — Enrique Lynch Arribalzaga
Chapter XVIII — Italian dipterists and collectors
Camillo Rondani .— Luigi Bellarli — Ermanno Giglio-Tos
Chapter XIX — Weyenbergh and Wulp
Weyenbergh — F. M. van der Wulp
Chapter XX — Scandinavian collectors and collections
C. E. Kiellerup — H. Kroeyer — F. M, Liebmann — F. V. A.
Meinert — A. S. Oersted — J. T. Reinhardt — R. F. Sahlberg —
W. Soerensen — The Westcrmann collection
Chapter XXI — Fritz Müller and Emil Goeldi
J. F. T. Müller — Emil Goeldi
Chapter XXII — Herbert Huntingdon Smith 377
Chapter XXIII - The trip of E. E. Austen to the Brazilian Amazonia
387
Chapter XXIV — Osten Sacken, Williston, Aldrich and Hunter
C. R. Osten Sacken — S. W. Williston — J. M. Aldrich —
W. D. Hunter
Chapter XXV — The Biologia Centrali Americana
Chapter XXVI — The travels of C. A. W. Schnuse
Synopsis of countries and their respective zoological collectors
(Vol. II)
Chronological Table