ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Vol. 1 1971.pdf

- f 1 rf 1 A, Nelson Papa\cru ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS VOL. 1 MUSEU DE ZOOLOGIA Universidade de Sao Paulo ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY This which work, volumes, three comprise will complement will "Catalogue of the Diptera of the ricas South of edited by Museum States", of Zoology, Uni1966, with from of Paulo, S. book to is since The main purpose several countries. this United the cooperation of 50 specialists versity the the the Ame- of problems elucidate the type-localities of the species related to described by the dipterists of the past two centuries. The information according is book Linnaeus, will of first the volume cover the periods of Fabricius. Thunberg, Erich- Wiedeman, and son, Perty, arranged partly nationality the and authors. The collectors of this to the French authors. In the second volume will be covered the authors, the authors, of periods the of German and Wulp and Weyenbergh, Lynch Arribalzaga, brothers British Austrian dipterists, Fritz Miiller the the Italian and Emil Goeldi, Herbert Huntingdon Smith, the Scandi- naviam collectors, E. E. North American authors of century, the Austen, the the late 19th "Biologia Centrali Ameri- cana", ending with the travels of Schunuse. The gazetteer third of volume the will locality contain a names em- ployed by the authors and their actual meaning. SciELO Essays on the history of Neotropical Dipterology SciELO Museu de Zoologia Universidade de Sao Paulo N. Papavero Essays on the history of Neotropical Dipterology, with special reference to collectors (1750 - 1905) Vol. I "cu aXX 'For yap 'azi TL vvv TTOTe these 7« Kax6es, ^77 ravra." things live not today or yesterday, but for all time.' Sophocles Sao Paulo 1971 To Lindolpho Rocha Guimaracs Messias Carrera To all the diptcrists cooperated with the who Catalogue of Neotropical Diptera this book is dedicated SciELO List of Illustrations Figures Title-page of Loefling's book of travels 6-7) (pp. Party of naturalists collecting near Rio de Janeiro The (Rugcndas) 16-17) (pp. Boa (now Goias) (Pohl) (pp. 25-29) Baron von Langsdcrff's Farm Mandioca (Spix & Martius) (pp. 50-51) Neighborhood of Farm Mandioca, Scrra dos (Srgaos, Rio de Janeiro (Rucity of Vila gendas) (pp. 90-91) Lagoa das Aves, Minas Gerais & (Spix Tijuca waterfall, near Rio de Janeiro Negro naturalists returning from a The city of Vila Rica (now Ouro trip Martius) (pp. 104-105) (Rugendas) (pp. 124-125) (Debret) Preto), 134-135) (pp. Minas Gerais (Pohl) (pp. 17S- 179) Mules being loaded for a zoological journey (Prince Wicd-Neuwicd) (pp. 190-J91) Maps 1. Humboldt's travels through Venezuela 2. Humboldt's through 36-37) (pp. Nueva Grenada 4. (Colombia) (pp. Humboldt's travels through Ecuador and Peru (pp. 40-41) Humboldt's travels through Mexico (pp. 42-43) 5. Travels of Langsdorff through Brazil 3. travels (pp. 54-55) 3S-39) through Minas Gerais and Goias 6. Travels of Pohl 7. Travels of Spix and Martius through Brazil (pp. 8. Travels of Sellow through Brazil and Uruguay 9. Travels of Nattcrer through Brazil (pp. 62-63) 66-67) (pp. 74-75) (pp. 52-5.3) 11. Travels of Saint-Hilaire through Brazil and Uruguay (pp. llS-119) Travels of d'Orbigny through Bolivia (pp. 140-141) 12. Travels of Castelnau through South America 10. (pp. 154-155) Contents PAGE — The Systcma Naturae Carolus Linnaeus — The Treaty of Madrid and Chapter I Dahlberg and Rolander Chapter — II The The Cruise of — de Bcauvois L. Pflug and Yeats Chapter III Chapter IV ^ — Carolus Linnaeus period of the life trips to — — — Jr. 15 C. L. P. and works of von Rohr B. — M. Richard — Palisot "Smidt" — C. Fabricius J. 25 Travels of Humboldt and Bonpland — Humboldt and Bonpland xico — Fabricius "Endeavour" A. G. Bosc ]. The ^ ^ 1 Loefling P. The 33 — Venezuela The The trip through Me- travel through — Cuba, Nueva Granada, and Ecuador Humboldt and Bonpland after the travels — Pierre Andre Latreille V — Chapter Collectors Brazil in (1801-1835) Hoffmansegg's collectors: Sieber, expeditions Sellow and Freyreiss — Sellow's lachcr — Gomes. — — — — Collectors in — The Russian The Austrian journeys in the interior of Brazil Lund and Clausscn Besckc Chapter VI 47 Feijc Mexico and the J. — expeditions Nattcrer Kamer- West — Indies 103 — Ferdinand Dcppe's travels in Mexico — Hornbeck Chapter VII — Thunberg. Erichson. Perty and Wiedemann Chapter VIII — The French collectors Saint Hilaire — Gaudichaud-Bcauprc — A. Plec — The voyage of 'La Coquille' — Leschenault and Doumerc — The voyage of 'La Thetis' and 'L'Esperance' — Lacordaire and Banon — A. D. d'Orbigny — Vauthicr — Sylveira — The voyage of 'La Favorite' — F. R. M. P. Leprieur — Claude Gay — Francis de Castclnau — A. Pissis Germain — M. de Mathan — P. E. Gounelle ^ M. A. Rojas — Forsstrom Other 109 115 collectors Chapter IX The — Entomological collectors exploration of Mexico — in The Mexico and Cuba exploration of 175 Cuba: Sagra and Poey, Gundlach Chapter ~ X — The French — 187 dipterists — Olivier Robineau-Desvoidy Guerin-Meneville Blanchard Laboulbenc Bigot Coquerel — — — — Macquart SciELO Introduction One taxonomy of Neotropical Diptera is the by earUer authors; the task is still complicated by the fact that most descriptions are unacompanied by the citation of a definite type-locality. Every worker in the field is familiar with vague of the identification of problems in the species described "South America", "Brazil", or "New Grenada". The problem becomes acute because of the existence of closely related species occupying different areas, subspecies, ecotypcs, vicariant forms, etc. A more precise and restricted type-locality can be an important clue to identification, at the same time permitting a correlation of the taxon involved with the morphoclimatic aspects of the area it occupies. The lack of information on the citations such as sources of material available to the earlier dipterists caused many authors to misidentify the ancient species. Macquart's "Rio Negro, M. d'Orbigny has been interpreted as being the river of the same name in northern Brazil, whereas it means exactly (as will be seen in one of the chapters of this book) the city of Carmen de Patagones, Province of Buenos Aires, in Argen' A tina. similar error can catise serious problems not only in systematics, but more especially when one is working with the geographical distribution of a group. Instances like this could be cited for every author who dealt with Neotropical Diptera. With this in mind I have attempted to investigate the sources of materials available to the earlier authors, reconstructing the itineraries of the collectors who provided the specimens. The following compilation: sources bibliographic general were consulted for this — of collectors and authors Berger, 1964 (an exbibliography, containing all great voyages); Carpenter, 19-15, 1953 Chardon, 1949 (for naturalists tra(a basic bibliography of bioghaphies) velling in Central America and the West Indies); Garcia. 1922, and Hoehne, 1942 (itineraries of most collectors in Brazil); Horn 6 Schenkling, 1928-1929, and Mello-Leitao, 1941 (general information on collectors and collections, (i) For biographies cellent ; and expeditions); Montemont, 1834-1835 (an amazing compilation of early voyages); Pennel. 1945 (good information on "difficult" collectors); Urban, 1903, 1908 (one of the best sources on collectors; som.e of his are the only available data in the For the (ii) Horn, (iii) Leitao. 1929, fate all of and Horn literature). individual 6 collections Schenkling. of For information on the development of 1937. and Nordenskiold, 1936. More when entomology in the world — 1935-1937. biological sciences — Mello- are added at the end of each chapter. In the sources failed to give the required information, encyclopedias, more especially the "Grand Laroussc du XlXe. Siecle ', which contains many case specific references all — iii — data not found elsewhere, dias indicated are Geographical travelling in the names naturalist in have been used. text are his Data obtained from encyclope- by "(Enc.)". cited first writings, in the original form by the name and used followed by the present used Geographical names the coordinates necessary for its location on a map. and coordinates arc cited according to Hanson (19-15) for names of countries outside Brazil, and to Van:olini & Papavero (1968) for Brazilian names. To avoid confusions, since cities have names of rivers, and vice-versa, all the names of rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water are in italics in the text. The information herein compiled is arranged partially chronologically, and partially according to the nationality of the collectors and authors. The first volume of this bock will cover the periods of Linnaeus. Fabricius, Thunberg, Erichson, Perty, Wiedemann, and the French authors. In the second volume will be covered the periods of the British authors, the German and Austrian authors, of Wulp and Weyenbergh, the brothers Lynch Arribal:aga, the Italian diptcrists, Fritz Miiller and Emil Goeldi. Herbert Huntingdon Smith, the Scandinavian collectors, E. E. Austen, the North American authors of the late 19th century, the "B'iologia Centrali Americana", ending with The third volume will contain a gazetteer of names employed by century authors and their actual meaning. the travels of Schnusc. lity Of some collectors we have very information or no data at all. detailed Whenever the loca- of others, meager have included the comknown that in some parts of itineraries; possible, I plete itinerary of each collector, even if it is the trip he did not collect Diptera, thus rendering this work useful to other Included also are some biographical notes branches of Zoology as well. on the authors who dealt with Neotropical Diptera in the 18th and 19th centuries. The year 1905 was established as the deadline for this book — first, many of the 19th century authors died around that epoch, and because second, because the two last great works of that century were published the Diptera volumes of the Biologia Ccntrali-Americana, around that year and especially Aldrich's Catalogue of North American Diptera. which inaugurates a new era in the study of this branch of Entomology. — the preparation of this work I have been helped by many people, generously gave of their time and knowledge. I am very especially indebted to George C. Steyskal, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agric. Res. Serv., Washington, D. C, for his kindness in revising the manuscripts, translating several papers, and for many suggestions and ideas. Drs. S. Museum, Copenhagen: Mario Neme, L. Tuxen, Univcrsitetets Zoologiske Museu Paulista, Universidade de Sao Paulo: Gertrud Rita Kloss, Oliverio M. de O.'iveira Pinto, and especially Paulo E. Vanzolini, Museu de Zoologia. Universidade de SSo Paulo, also contributed several useful references and Dr. Mathildc criticisms, and revised the various parts of the manuscript. Goulard de Westberg, Director of the Institute Ibero-Americano. Goteborg. Sweden, has kindly permitted quotations from, the books referring to Loefling, published by that Institution. Prof. Ernest E. Williams, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., was also very In who helpful in the correction of the originals, and in offering many suggestions. Museum (Natural History), London: D. E. Taylor, Hope Department of Entomology, Oxford University, Oxford: and especially L. Matile, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, were extremely kind in facilitating the consult of several manus— Drs. Harold Oldrcyd. British M. Ackland and — iv — references and accession books. Consultation of historical manuscripts deposited in the archives of the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, was made possible through the cooperation of Dr. Jose Candido M. de Carvalho. cripts, To Pcsquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo, in the Prof. Alberto Carvalho da Silva, I am the Grant "Biolcgicas 68/604", which rendered possiseveral references in the libraries of the United States. Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas made possible the unpublished sources in England and France. the Fundaijao de person of its Amparo a ex-scientific especially indebted for ble the consultation of Grant 3289/59 of the examination of several director. The maps of this volume were partially prepared by Francisca Carolina photographs were taken by Giro Pastore, and the manuscript has been typed my Mrs. Odete Colombini Silva. To them my best thanks. do Val; the necessarily incomplete, due to the scarcity of published refeAnyway, I hope that the data herein assembled may prove of some value to taxonomists especialiiing in Neotropical Diptera, and that they will encourage further publication of new data gained through the study of type materials, manuscripts, diaries, accession books and other sources. This book rences to is collectors. N. Papavero References Bcrgcr, P. 1964. Bibliografia (1531-1900), Boinct, do Rio dc Janeiro de viajantcs e autorcs estrangciros 322 pp. Livraria Sao Jose, Rio de Janeiro, GB. A. 1914. Catalogue general dcs manascrifs dcs bibliotheques publiques dc France. 2 (Museum d'Histoire naturcUe. £cole des Mines, Bcoles 554 pp. Mides Ponts-et-chausecs, £cole P oly technique ) vii nistere de I'Instruction Publique et dcs Beaux-Arts. Plon-Nourrit + , ct Carpenter. 1945. 1953. Cie., — Imprimeur Paris. fiditeurs, M. M. Bibliography Nat. 33 (1) biographies of : of entomologists. Amer. Midland 1-116. Bibliogcaphy of biographies of entomologists. Midland Nat. 50 : Supplement. Anier. 257-348. Chardon, C. E. 1949. Tomo I. Los sighs XVI. la America Latina. Alejandro Humboldt, Carlos Darwin, La Espa386 pp., 27 pis. Secretaria dc fiola. Cuba y Puerto Rico, vii Estado de Agricultura Pecuaria y Colonizacion. Editora del Caribe, c. por A. Ciudad TrujiUo, R. Dominicana. Los naturalistas en XVII y XVIII, + — V — Garcia, R. 1922. Historia explora^oes das scientificas. 856-910, pp. Gcographico e Ethnographico Brasileiro, Historico, Gcographico c Ethnographico do Brasil 1 illus. Rio de Janeiro. in Historico, Hanson, E. 19-15. : Instituto Diccionario 1688 pp., ed. P., Index to map o[ Hispanic America 1:1.000.000. 923 pp. American Geographical Sosiety Publ. n' 5. U. S. Govrnmcnt Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Hoehne, F. C. 1942. Horn. Notas bio-bibliograficas de naturalistas botanicos, in F. C. Hoehne, M. Kuhlmann & O. Handro, O Jardim Botanico dc Sao Paulo, 656 pp., illus. Sao Paulo. W. 1926. Uber den Verbleih der entomologischen Sammlungen der 1-133. Supplcm. Ent. 72 Welt. der entomologischen Sammlungen der 72-120. (supplement with corrections). Siipplem. Ent. 17 Welt : 1929. Uber den Verbleib : Horn, W. 5 I. Kahle Uber entomologischen Sammlungen. Entomologen 1-536. tomo-Museologie (3 parts). Beitr. z. Ent. 1 1935-1937. und En- : Horn, W. 6 S. Schenkling Die Welt-Literatur Inde.x littcraturae cntomologicae. Serie I 1928-1929. 1-532, abcr die gcsamtc Entomologie bis inklusive 1863, 1 (1928) xxi 353-704, 1 pi.; 3 (1928) 1 pi.: 2 (1928) pp. 705-1056, 1067-1426, 1 pi. W. Horn, Berlin-Dahlera. pL: 4 (1929) 1 : : : : + : Mello-Leitao, C. de 1937. A biologia Serie 5', no 331 pp., Biblioteca Pedagogica Brasileira, Companhia Editora Nacional, Vol. 99. Brasil, Brasiliana, Sao Paulo. 1941. das expedifocs cicntt[icas no Brasil, 360 pp. Biblioteca Pedagogica Brasileira. Serie 5*, Brasiliana, Vol. 209. Companhia Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo. Historia Montemont, M. A. 1834-1835. terre Histoire dans les des voyages, eflcctues par mer et par cinq parties da monde, sur les divers points da naturclle — vi — globe, contenant merits, cultes, natureUes et la description dcs moeurs, costumes, gouvernc industrie et commerce, productions sciences et arts, 46 autres, Armand-Aubree vols. Libraire-fiditeur, Paris. Nordenskiold, 1936. E. The Publ. Pennell, F. 1945. Urban, history of biology, a survey, Co., New York. x + 629 + pp. illus. Tuder W. Historical sketch, pp. 35-48, in F. Verdoorn. cd.. Plants and plant sciences in Latin America, 381 pp. illus. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass. I. 1903. Notae biographicae percgrinatorum Indiac Occidcntalis botanico14-158. Lipsiae rum, in his Symbolae Antillanae 3 (1) : (= 1908. Leipzig). Vitae itineraque collectorum botanicorum, notae collaboratorum biographicae, Florae Brasiliae ratio edendi chronologica, systema, index familiarum, in C. F. F. von Martius et a!.. Flora Brasiliensis, enumeratio plantarum hactcnus detectarum quas suis aliorumque botanicorum studiis descriptas ct methodo naturali digestas CX -f 266 -f 31 pp., 59 pis. partim icones illustratas 7 ( I ) : Vanzolini, 1968. P. E. & N. Papavero Indice dos toponimos contidos na Carta do Brasil 1:1 .000.000 do I .B .G.E , (vi) -f- 292 pp. Funda?ao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo. — vii — Chapter I The Systema Naturae Carolus Linnaeus Carl Linne, or in Latinized form, Carolus Linnaeus, was born on 23 May 1707, in the small city of Raashult, in the province of Smaaland, Sweden. After primary studies in Vaxio, Linnaeus went to the University of Lund (1727). The Swedish universities at that time were passing through a severe financial crisis; the poor pay of the teachers was reflected in the quality of the lectures, and the students greatly suffered with the system. In Lund, the only place where Linnaeus could learn something was the library of Professor Kilian Stobaeus. During the night, with the help of a servant of Stobaeus, Linneaeus entered the library, and took books to study, promising they would be returned ne.xt morning. When Stobaeus discovered the fact, he not only opened the library to the young student, but gave him also full support. Soon afterwards Linnaeus moved to Uppsala, where he found the protection of two leading scientists, Olof Rudbeck and Olof Celsius. Here Linnaeus' fame began to grow with his first revolutionary botanical publications. During that time he lived in Rudbeck's house, as preceptor of his sons. After his first successes in Uppsala, Linnaeus was commissioned by the University to undertake an e.xcursion to Lapland, ^vhence he returned several months later, with large collections. ESSAYS ON 2 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY In 1734 he made another trip, this time invited and financed by Nils Reuterholm, mayor of Dalarna, to explore other regions of Scandinavia. In the meantime, Linnaeus' situation was indefinite — half- and simultaneously a travelling naturalist, the years were passing rapidly, and he neither obtained his grade nor abandoned the University to start on a career. As it was not obligatory to obtain a degree in the same university where one had studied, Linnaeus decided to go to a foreign university, having at the same time the chance to travel abroad. Before leaving Sweden, he went to Dalarna, where at the house of Johan Moraeus he had previously met the girl whom he would eventually marry — Sarah Elisabeth Moraeus. Her father financed Lin- -student, half-teacher, naeus' studies in Holland. In 1735, Linnaeus sailed from Helsingborg, in the south of for Liibeck, proceeding overland to Hamburg, where he remained for some time. Aboard a sailing ship he went to Ams- Sweden, terdam, but the cruise took 16 days due to contrary winds. Upon arriving in Holland he immediately headed for the small town of Hardewijk, in Gelderland, where there was a university much favoured by medical students. In the same day of his arrival Linnaeus passed the examinations for the medical course. On 24 June of the same year he received the title of "Doctor Mcdicinae", having defended the thesis De Hypothesis nova de [ebrium intermitentium causa. After that he decided to remain in the Netherlands for a and entered the University of Leyden. Here again he found the protection of influential scientists, }. F. Gronovius and Through the intercession of Hermann Boerhaave, Isaac Lowson. Linnaeus obtained the post of private doctor to George Clifford, the owner of a rich botanical and zoological garden at Hartecamp, between Leyden and Haarlem. There Linnaeus remained studying the natural productions. In the "Hortus Cliffortianus" he completed a manuscript which was printed in 1735 with the help of Gronovius and Lowson. The resulting booklet, with only 13 pages, devised a new system of classification and was destined to cause a revolution in the biological sciences it was the Systema Naturae. while, — By the end of 1737 Linnaeus decided to return to Sweden, gardens of Clifford. On his arrival to Leyden, however, he was persuaded by Boerhaave and Gronovius to remain a little longer in the Netherlands, so that he left the country only in May 1738. But instead of going directly home, he first went and left the THE SYSTEMA NATURAE 3 where he met the brothers Jussieu, the famous entomoRene Antoine Ferchauld de Reaumur, and other naturalists, "v^'hose acquaintance would be valuable to his future studies. In the middle of the summer of 1738 he arrived in Sweden. to Paris, logist The situation of the universities had not changed, and he could not get a position as a teacher. Hence he decided to live as a practicing doctor in Stockholm. Soon he became widely known as an excellent professional, and started making money. Now he was able to marry Sarah Elisabeth Moraeus, who had patiently waited for his return; the marriage was performed in June 1839. In that same year he founded the "Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien", and was its first president. In 1740 Olof Rudbeck died, aged 80, and Linnaeus applied for the chair of botany and anatomy, left vacant. However, his rival. Nils Rosen, was the winner. At the same time the chair of practical medicine was also left vacant on account of the retirement of Roberg. and Linnaeus occupied the post. As he preferred the chair of botany to that of m.edicine. he proposed to exchange chairs with Rosen, and as the authorities of the University of Uppsala had nothing against this, the exchange was made. Linnaeus could finally develop all his capacities as a researcher and a teacher. Due to his fame and influence, he was able to assemble a number of bright students who travelled to the most distant regions of the Earth, collecting plants and animals, which ^'ent to enrich the subsequent editions of the Systema Naturae, and the recently founded Museum of Natural History of the University of Uppsala. Of the South American fauna and flora, however, very little known. During the Dutch invasion of Brazil in the 17th century, Georg Marcgrave had studied the peculiar fauna of that colony, publishing in 1648 his Historiae rerum naturalium Brasiliae; his companion Wilhelm Piso had also discovered several ^vas secrets of the nature of that region, explained in his De Indiae utriusque re naturali et medica ( 1658). From the distant colony of Surinam, Madame Maria Sybilla Merian had brought to Hol- land magnificent insects, reproduced in superb coloured plates in her Metamorphoses insectorum Surinamensium (1705). These and other books, which excited the imagination of learned Europe, have certainly influenced Linnaeus, who eagerly Wanted to send some of his disciples to those mysterious regions. Linnaeus' wish would be satisfied in consequence of a treaty between the Kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, which shared, and zealously guarded, the South American continent. 4 ESSAYS ON The Treaty of THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Madrid and P. Loefling By the Treaty of Madrid, entered into by Ferdinand VI of Spain and Dom Joao of Portugal, in 13 January 1750, it was agreed that new frontiers should be established between their respective colonies in South America. Portugal ceded to Spain the V Colony of Sacramento (now Colonia, in Uruguay), in exchange "Siete Pueblos de Misiones", the Jesuitic settlements situated in what is now the western part of the State of for the Spanish in Brazil. To the north, in the Amazonian were demarcated between several regions, one points being the dividing line between the rivers Rio Grande do Sul, region, the frontiers of the difficult Negro and Orinoco. The same Treaty also established two commissions, respona thorough study of the regions involved and for the demarcation of the northern frontiers, as both Kingdoms were very much concerned with the expansion of the French, English, and especially the Dutch, in the Guianas. The Portuguese commission was headed by Captain General Francisco Xavier de Mendonqa Furtado. In October 1754, he headed for the Rio Negro to wait there for his Spanish countersible for part. Mendonqa Furtado was accompanied by no less than 769 among them physicians, astronomers, geographers. 205 persons, soldiers. 24 river pilots, 411 canoemen (almost all Indian). 62 servants and slaves. Established in Mariua (presently Barcelos, State of Amazonas. Brazil), he waited in vain for the arrival of the Spanish commission and returned to Belem in 1755 (Serrano. 1922). The Spanish Commission was commanded by Don Joseph de and was composed of 800 members. Among them was one of Linnaeus' disciples, P. Loefling. Pehr Loefling was born on 31 January 1729, at Tollfors, Valbo, in the Province of Gastrikland, Sweden, the son of Erik Loefling and Barbara Strandman. He went to the University of Uppsala in 1743 to study natural history under Linnaeus, being one of his favorite disciples. As in 1751 the King of Spain had requested the presence of one of Linnaeus' students to investigate the flora of his Kingdom, Loefling who had already finished his courses and received his doctor's degree was invited and Iturriaga — — gladly accepted. Armed with a passport granted by King Adolf Frederick of Sweden, a letter of recommendation from the Dean of the University of Uppsala, and Linnaeus' instructions for the researches THE SYSTEMA NATURAE 5 he should undertake in Spain ("Instruction for Hr. P. Loefling Spanskariket"; see Anon., 1907), Loefling departed from Uppsala for Stockholm, where the Royal Academy of Sciences presented him with several instruments to be used in his investigations; the Director of the Company of the East Indies, Clas Grill, granted him a free voyage to Spain in one of the Company's ships, and finally the Ambassador of Spain, Marquis of Grimaldi, gave him the money necessary for the en- at observera uti terprise. Loefling left Stockholm on 16 May 1751. Two months later he landed in Oporto, Portugal, and proceeded to Lisbon, where he met Louis Goudin, one of the members of La Condamine's expedition to South America, back in Europe after 16 years of absence. Loefling and Goudin travelled to Madrid, arriving on 20 October 1751. Goudin introduced Loefling to the Prime Minister, Don Jose de Carvajal y Lencastre, as well as to other influential people in the Court. Loefling started collecting plants in Madrid and its neighborhood, assembhng more than 1,400 specimens. He was planning to follow on a botanical trip to the Pyrenees, but was officialy invited to join the scientific staff of Don Joseph de Iturriaga's e.xpeThis was a most rare and welcome opportunity to study the natural productions of the Spanish possessions in South America, and Loefling promptly accepted. Two young medical doctors interested in natural sciences, Benito Pastor and Antonio Condal, and two artists, Juan de Dios Castel and Bruno de Salvador y Carmona, would assist him in his scientific works. The members of the expedition sailed from Cadiz aboard the frigate "Santa Ana", on 15 February 1754. On the 24th passed the Canary Islands, on 3 April Tobago, and on the 4th Grenada and Margarita, arriving at Cumana, then the capital of the Vicekmgdom of Nueva Andalucia and presently the capital of the ^tate of Sucre, Venezuela, on 11 April 1754, However, the refusal of the local missionaries to furnish transportation up the Orinoco resulted in the failure of the expedition, and Iturriaga and Mendonqa Furtado never made contact to establish aition. the fron- tiers. Meanwhile, having for headquarters the city of Cumana UNC-20, 10-64a), where he stayed for almost 6 months, Loefling '^vent to Barcelona (NC-20. I0-65b; now in the State of Anzoategui), arriving on 25 July. From Barcelona he went to collect m the Misiones de Piritu (NC-20. 10-65a), then proceeding to he Quebrada de Chipicuapa" (locality unknown to me), the 6 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY "poblacion" of Clarities (NC-20, 10-65c), passing through Caracas (D.F.. NC-19, ll-67d) and Puerto Cabello (NC-19. 10-68a), and finally arrived at the Missions situated near the Rio Tocuyo (NC-19. 10-70d; NC-19, ll-69d). From there he returned to Barcelona, passing again by Piritu. On 19 September he was back at Cumana (see Map I). There he rested until December, recovering from a fever caught at Piritu. His second trip (Map I), from Cumana to the Rio Orinoco, can be only partially traced, from the data appearing in his "Species Plantarum observatae in itinere a Cumana die 17 Decembr, 1754, ad fluvium Orinoco, per Barcellonam & Las Misiones de Piritu" (Loefling, 1758, 1957). Cumana on 17 December 1754, Loefling arrived in day at Barcelona, where he stayed until 8 January 1755, making two excursions in the meantime to the "quinta" (small farm) of Miguel Roxas, on the 20th and 24th of December 1754. From Barcelona he left for San Bernardino (NC-20, 10-65d), 5 Leaving the next miles to the south, staying there from 19 to 22 January, when he went to El Pilar (NC-20, 10-65d), returning to San Bernardino on the 27th. There he stayed for two months (February and March), collecting around the city, and in the towns of Curataguiche (NC-20, 10-65d), Quiamare (NC-20, 10-65d), and Bergantin (NC-20, 10-64a). On 21 March he received a letter from Iturriaga with orders to abandon that region (designated by "MiLoefling started siones de Piritu") and proceed to the Orinoco. is very difficult to trace, since, very sparse and incomplete. for that river, but the route he took due to his sickness, the notes are On 5 April he left San Bernardino, heading for El Pilar; the next day he passed by San Miguel (NC-20, 10-65d), San Francisco (NC-20, 10-65d), and the Rio Giiere (NC-20, 10-65c) (7 From that point on, the route he took is unknown. April). next names appearing in his writings are Cupapui (NB(NC-20, 8-62a), Suay (locality unknown to me), and some others, all situated to the south of the confluence of the rivers Caroni and Orinoco. During his stay in the Mission of Santa Eulalia de Murucuri (locality unknow-n) Loefling suffered several attacks of intermitent fevers, followed by a Leucophlegmatia, and finally a Hydrops anasarca, in the words of Linnaeus (Anon., 1907; Ryden, 1957: 208). Loefling was transported to the Mission of Santo Antonio de Caroni (? San Antonio, NB-20, 8-63d), dying there on 22 February 1756. He was buried under an orange tree, near The -20, 8-62c), Altagracia the church of the mission, wrapped in his own clothes. N PETRI LOEFLING S. R. MiTis hi'/f6'^. Sue. Rr^. Si B remci. c!. Upf. Sec. ITER HISPANICUM, ELLER RESA Til SPANSKA LANDERNA UTl EUROPA ocH AMERICA, FORRATTAD IFRAN Ar J75I TIL Ar 1756, MED BESKRIFNING^R ocb Ro OFVER l^E MARKVART>lGASrE VAXTER UTCIFVEN Efter DESS Franfalle AF Carl Linn^us. Tryckt p1 STOCKHOLM^ Direct. LARS SALVII Ar 1758' Title-page of Loefling's book of travels kostnad THE SYSTEMA NATURAE 7 Lcefling's papers, containing many of his observations, descriptions of European and American plants, and his correspondence, were sent Botanico de Madrid, by order of Don There they were copied by one of the mem- to the Jardin Joseph de Iturriaga. bers of the Swedish Legation, Daniel Scheidenburg, who sent the manuscripts to Linnaeus, who edited and published them in 1758. Lcefling's original manuscripts are still preserved in the archives of the Jardin Botanico de Madrid. Pehr Loefling. the first naturalist who collected Diptera in South America, contributed only one species Tabanns occidentalis L.) to the Systema Naturae of his master, the tenth edition of which was published two years after Loefling's death. ( Dahlberg and Rolander In 1755 two other Dahlberg and Rolander. collectors arrived Carl Gustav Dahlberg was born in in South America: Nykoping. Sweden, in 1721. In 1743, during the Finnish war, he served as a gunner in the Swedish army; in the same year he took part in the defense of Stockholm during the Dalecarlian revolt. He went to Surinam as a corporal in the Dutch forces, arriving there probably at the end of 1746 with a letter of recommendation to the Governor General, Mauricius. On 3 May 1748, J. J. Dahlberg was promoted to the rank of sublieutenant; he left the service on March 1752. While in Surinam, he married Johanna Catharina Bedloo. rich widow of Captain C. Brouwer, and became owner of the Brouwershaven plantations, with about 100 slaves, situated on the Perica Creek, and the Carlsburg plantations, '^''ith about 40 slaves, on the Cottica River, and thus one of the ^'ealthiest citizens of Surinam. From 19 November 1735 to 5 February 1754 (before his departure for Europe), he filled the important position of "Raad van Policie en Crimineele Justitie" (councillor of police and criminal justice). Eventually he obtained the (lieutenant-colonel). On 20 He was Surinam to visit Sweden. much interested in natural history and had made extensive collections, both zoological and botanical, which he donated to King Adolf Fredrick in 1754. By that time he had probably become acquainted with Linnaeus. He returned to Surinam in 1755, talking Daniel Rolander with him. military rank of April 1754, "overst luitenant" Dahlberg left ESSAYS ON 8 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY On 25 April 1761, Dahlberg left Surinam for a second time, time accompanied by his wife and children. They visited Holland and Sweden: in Stockholm their third child was born. The family returned to Surinam on 20 March 1766. On 11 May 1771, Dahlberg and his wife went on a third trip to Europe; they stayed in Amsterdam and returned to Surinam on 9 July 1775. He never left Surinam again and died in Paramaribo in the afternoon of 6 September 1781. this 1762 Dahlberg brought collections to Sweden. This to King Gustav III. Dahlberg's collections later went into the cabinet of King Gustav Adolf IV, including the 1754 donation, and are at present preserved in the Zoological Institute of Uppsala University. Dahlberg also appears to have donated Surinam materials to Empress Catherina of Russia, who in 1763 presented them to the St. Petersburg Museum (Holthuis, 1959). Dahlberg's companion, Daniel Rolander, was born in Smaaland, Sweden, in 1726. He studied at the University of Uppsala, where Linnaeus showed his great confidence in Rolander by employing him as the private tutor of Carolus Linnaeus Jr. During the ten years of his stay in Uppsala, Rolander published several entomological papers in the transactions of the Also material in was donated Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien ( Skjutflugan, 1750; Siktbiet. 1751; Hvit-ax masken, 1752; Beskrifning paa vagg-smeden, 1754; Anmarkningar ofver en bar larve med 16 fotter och tvadelta som (Hornfii Schenkling, 1928). Linnaeus' request, Rolander joined Dahlberg on his return trip to Surinam. His trip was financed partly by Linnaeus, partly by the famous entomologist Baron De Geer. On 21 October 1754, Rolander left Uppsala for Amsterdam, whence he and Dahlberg sailed for Surinam, arriving in Paramaribo on 21 June 1755. During his sojourn in Surinam, Rolander made many collecting trips in the neighborhood of Paramaribo (NB-21, 6-55c) and leder, lefver af saafvel-mat, 1755) Upon went up the Commewijne River (NB-21, 6-55d). The unrest caused by the revolt of the escaped negro slaves prevented him from penetrating deeper into the interior. He seems to have given most of his attention to botany, but collected many animals as well. His health became undermined by fever, aggravated by the fact that, according to the prevailing ideas about fever cures, he had to drink more alcoholic beverages than he was used to in his native country. Later, because of his poor health, he could not find the necessary strength to get rid of the drinking habit. After a stay of slightly more than half a year, he left also THE SYSTEMA NATURAE 9 Surinam on 22 January 1756. "For about six months he has looked around that world" (ungefar sex maanader har han koxat omkring denna werld), Dahlberg wrote to Linnaeus (Paulin. 1951). i On his way home Rolander sailed to the Island of St. Eus(NE-20, 17-63b). in the Netherlands Antilles, arriving there on 23 February 1756. He stayed for ten days on the island, arranging his collections and gathering additional specimens. He reached Stockholm via Amsterdam on 2 October 1756. His collections were excellent, and he had kept a diary with many careful notes. Rolander retained most of his collections "while he w^as in Sweden; he sold part (or all?) of his insects to Baron De Gecr. After a stay of some years in Sweden, Rolander Went to Copenhagen. Here he sold a part of his herbarium to Professor Friis Rottboll. His diary, bearing the title "Diarium Surinamense, itinere exotica conscripsit Daniel Rolander" , was tatius acquired blished. by C. G. Kratzenstein, who tried The Latin manuscript is now kept in vain to get in the Botanical it pu- Cen- tral Library in Copenhagen, and consists of a large folio with about 700 pages. An article from this diary was published by F. Boie (1827). From Copenhagen Rolander went to Landskrona, on the Swedish coast of the Sound, where Major-General Strussenfelt and a certain Mr. Schau took care of him. Strussenfelt instructed him to make an inventory of the animals and plants of the Island of Hveen, in the Sound, but the list produced was of very poor quality. After the death of Schau and the departure of Strussenfelt, Rolander went to Lund, where he lived, ill and in the greatest poverty, until his death in 1793 (Holthuis, 1959). Linnaeus described the following species collected by Rolander in the tenth edition of the Systema Naturae: Musca leprae habitat in Elephantiasi Nigritarum Americae" ) Tabanus exaes( tuans, T. fervens, T. mexicamis (sic), and T. antarcticus. Other , species described in Geer either by Linnaeus and probably collected are Musca illucens and Musca Carolus Linnaeus, 1758 from the "Museum De by Dahlberg or Rolander, aequinotialis. Jr. Linnaeus had made the University of Uppsala the most famous center of natural history in Europe. The years, however, ^vere passing, and he was attacked by frequent illnesses. During 10 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY those periods his son Carolus Linnaeus Jr., who had been born on 20 January 1741. was his substitute in the chair of botany. When Linnaeus Jr. attained his 18th birthday, he was named demonstrator of botany in the Royal Gardens of Uppsala, and His three years later (1777) he definitely replaced his father. poor health, and a certain shyness prevented him from reaching He was happy with being an the fame enjoyed by his father. erudite and honest teacher, who consecrated his whole time to lectures and to the curatorship of the Royal Cabinet of Natural History. only paper published on zoology was the deson a letter received from Jose Celestino Mutis. who had been sent by Charles III of Spain to Colombia, to study the natural history of the place (see letter of Humboldt to Bonpland, in Hamy, 1906: 224, dated 10 June 1805). Linnaeus Jr.'s cription of the "Oestrus hominis" . based In this letter its it is said that in eggs (transported on worms Peru existed a abdomen) on its the fly which human laid the skin, and remaining there for half a year; if left alone, the worms would emerge by themselves, falling to the ground, and there they would transform into blackish flies, about penetrating it. the size of a housefly. The story seemed so fantastic to Linnaeus Jr. that he wrote Dru Drury a letter dated 10 March 1780. concerning this stran"Nuper litteras habui ex America Meridionali ubi morge fact: bus endemius est hominum etiam Europeos aggredit illuc venientes, to quae causatur a larva OEstri, quae intra cutem per integrum coelatus et nullo remedio expelli potest nisi periculo vitae: est nova species OEstri." annum In the following year he wrote a more detailed letter about the biology of the fly to the famous traveller and naturalist Peter Simon Pallas, naming the fly Oestrus hominis. The letter was printed cies by Pallas and became the original description of the speGuimaraes & Papavero, 1966). (see On 10 January 1778, Linnaeus died. In his last will he had directed that his collections should be sold for the benefit of his daughters: he desired, however, that they should be acquired by the University of Uppsala. He gave his library to his son, who, after having paid his sisters for their share of the collections, re- mained the sole many owner of the scientific collections and library. disputes with his family, Linnaeus Jr. decided to was sell the collections. J. G. Agrel. a friend of the family, who responsible for the details of the sale, wrote concerning it to Sir After THE SYSTEMA NATURAE 11 Joseph Banks. The letter was received by Banks at a social meeting where a certain Mr. James Edward Smith was present. Although only 24 years old, Smith was the owner of a considerable fortune. Knowing the great value of Linnaeus' collections, and at the instance of Banks, Smith offered 1.000 guineas for them. Two other offers were made one by Baron von Alstroemer, and another by a Russian nobleman, authorized by Empress Catherina of Russia to offer an unlimited price for Linnaeus' — collections. Smith's proposal, however, was accepted, and the price of 900 guineas was agreed upon, Linnaeus Jr's own herbarium being e.xcluded from the sale. The ship "Appearance" carried Linnaeus' colections to England in 26 large bo.xes in September 1783. The total cost of this acquisition, including all expenses of transportation, was 1,088 guineas and 5 shillings. The collections remained with Smith until his death, being afterwards bought by the Linnean Society of London, where they are still kept (Hoehne, 1942). Linnaeus father died in that same year, only 5 years after his Jr. (Enc). Refe rences Anony mous 1907. Carlos Linnco en el segundo centenario 1707-1778. Mem. Real Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat. 5 Homenaje a nacimiento, -f- Boie, 134 pp., pis. dc : su x-xxv 1-4. F. 1827. Mitgcdie Rcinigung dcs Wassers durch Muckcnlarvcn. von F. Boie aus des Vcrfassers Manuscript Diariuni Surinamicum (befindlich in der Bibliothek des Botanischcn Gartens zu 375-377. Kopenhagcn). his 20 (8) Ueber theilt : Guimaraes. 1966. J. H. 6 N. Papavero A tentative annotated bibliography of Dcmatobia hominis (Linnaeus Jr., 78 1) (Diptcra. Cuterebridae). Arq. Zoo!.. S. Paulo 14 (4) 223-294, 2 pis. 1 : H;imy, E. T. 1906. Aimc Bonpland, mcdecin du Slid, sa vie, et naturalistc cxplorateur dc I'Ameriquc son ocuvce, sa corrcspondance, avec un choix de ESSAYS ON 12 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY pieces relatives a sa biographic, + 1 300 pp., portrait, E. Guilmoto Editeur, map. un portrait Librairie cf unc Orientate XCVI carte, Americaine et Paris. Hoehne, F. C. Notas bio-bibliograficas de naturalistas botanicos, in F. C. Hoehne, M. Kuhlmann & O. Handro, O ]ardim Botanico de Sao Paulo, 656 pp., illus. Sao Paulo. 19-42. Holthuis, L. B. The Crustacea Decapoda 1959. Vcrh., Leiden 44 Horn, W. & : of 1-296, 68 Suriname (Dutch Guiana). map, 16 ph. Schcnkling S. Index cntomologicac. Seric I : Die Welt'Liferatur gcsamtc Entomologie bis inklusive 1863, 3 XXI pp. 705-1056, pi. 3. W. Horn, Berlin-Dahlem. 1928. litcraturac iiber die Linnaeus, Zool. figs., + : C. Sijstcma naturae per regna 1758. Holmiac [= tria naturae. Ed. X. Vol. / : 824 pp. Stockholm]. P. Loefling, 1758. hispanicum, cllcr Petri Loclling iter Resa til Spanska Iandcrna ati Europa och America, fotratad ifraan aar 1751 til aar 1756, med bcskrifningar och ron olver markvardigaste vaxter utg'Jven ettcr dcss fraan^aale a{ Carl Linnaeus, X\l 316 pp., 2 pis. Stockholm. 1957. Plantac americanae, 127 pp. Instituto Ibero-Americano de Gotcmburgo, Suecia. "Insula", Madrid. (Introduction and notes by Stig Rydcn). Marcgrav, G. 16-18. illus. 1942. rcrum naturaHum Brasiliae Libri Amsterdam. Hisforiae Historia natural Imprensa Oficial the Merian, M. 1705. Museu vill, 124 -f 300 pp., do Brasil, iv 4- [12] + 293 + [5] + CIV pp. do Estado, Sao Paulo (Edition organized by Paulista). S. Metamorphosis insectorum Surinamcnsium, o[te Verandering der Surinaamsche Insecten, ivaar in de Surinaamsche Rupfcn en Wormen mit alle des zells Veranderingen na hct leven afgcbeeld THE SYSTEMA NATURAE 13 cn bcschrccvcn warden, zijndc elk geplaast op die Gcwasscn, Bloemcn cn Vruchten, daar sy op gcvondcn zyn; waarc in ook dc gcncratic dcr Kirkvorschcn. wondcrbarcn Paddcn, Hagcdisscn, Slangcn, Spinncn cn Miercn werden vcrtoond cn bcschrccvcn. alles in America na hct Icven en levcnsgrootc geschildcrt cn beschrccvc, 60 pp., 60 pis. Amsterdam. Paulin, A. 1951. Svcnska odcn i Sydamcrika, 618 Stockholm. Forlag, Piso, pp., illus. P. & A. Horstcdt Soncrs G. 1658. Dc Indiac utriusque rc naturali ct mcdica libri xiv, 327 pp., illus. Amsterdam. 19-18. Historia natural do ilustrada, Brasil panhia Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo Museu XX + 434 pp., illus. (Edition organized Com- by the Paulista). Rydcn, S. 1957. Pedro Loetl ing cn tuto Serrano, 1922. Venezuela ( 1754-1756) , 266 pp., illus. InstiIbero-Americano de Gotcmburgo, Suecia. "Insula", Madrid. J. Historia Geral, pp. 763-874, in Brasileiro, Diccionario Historico, Brasil 1 : 1688 pp., illus. Historico e Geographico Geographico c Ethnographico do Institute Rio de Janeiro. SciELO Chapter II The period The of Fabricius cruise of the «Endeavour» The Royal Society of London decided to send astronomers the Southern Sea to observe a passage of Venus over the disk of the sun, which was to occur, according to the calculations of the time, in June 1759. The Island of Tahiti was finally chosen as the most appropriate for the operation. to The Royal Society submitted to His Majesty the King of The monarch 1768, a petition for an expedition. agreed and notified the Lords of the Admiralty of his wish to ^quip a ship to send the astronomers and other scientists to places to be determined by the Royal Society. In April, the Secretary of the Admiralty advised the Society that the 370 ton ship, the c-ngland, in Endeavour", was ready to sail, under the command of Captain James Cook, whose knowledge both of astronomy and navigation Was highly commendable. On 27 May 1768, Cook took command of the "Endeavour" in the Bay of Deptford. After loading with food stores and ammunition, the ship sailed for Plymouth. Then, in the middle of August, when the naturalists of the expedition, Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander were aboard, she sailed for the Southern Sea. Joseph B.^iNks was born in London, on 13 February 1743. "e studied at Harrow College and Christ's College, and obtained 16 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY the University of Oxford (1760-1763). His 1761 left him the master of a great fortune, which he employed in the study of natural sciences. Banks studied the works of Linnaeus and Buffon assiduously, made an extensive herbarium of the British flora, and built one of the largest and most famous libraries of natural history in Europe. In 1766 he went on a collecting trip to Newfoundland and Labrador. Encouraged by his success on that trip, he joined Cook's expedition, his M. A. degree in father's death in him two artists, it, and bringing with Parkinson and Buchan, to draw landscapes and natural history specimens. Upon his return to England, Banks was elected fellow of the Royal Society, being made its President in 1778. He was knighted in 1781, and made a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1802. He died on 19 June 1820 in Spring Grove, Isleworth, Middlesex, England (Enc). contributing financialy to Daniel Solander, born on 12 February 1733, in Piteaa, ProHe vince of Nordland, Sweden, was one of Linnaeus' disciples. studied medicine at the University of Uppsala in 1750; in 1753 he explored the Alps of Lapland and visited the regions between Archangelsk and St. Petersburg, and also collected in the Canary Coming to England in 1760, he arranged the Museum Islands. of Portland, composed the catalogue of the collections of the Bri- Museum, and 1765 was appointed assistant librarian of joined Cook's expedition as naturalist, botany being his major interest. When he returned to England, he served as secretary to Sir Joseph Banks, and in 1772 made another journey, this time to Iceland. In 1773 he was made He died on 13 May 1782 in curator of the British Museum. tish the same in institution. He London. The "Endeavour", after short stops at Madeira, Tcneriffe. and Cape Verde, arrived at Rio de Janeiro on 13 November 176S. Banks and Solander were anxious to collect in the neighborhood of the city, but the Viceroy, D. Antonio Alvares. Count da Cunha. for unexplained reasons, permitted only Cook and a small part of the crew to land. Several misunderstandings happened between Cook and the Viceroy, and only on the 26th Mr. Banks, after artfully eluding the vigilance of the Viceroy's guards, went ashore, making collections of natural history, with which he returned to the ship. On the previous day, a monk had asked for a surgeon of the ship, and Solander had thus the occasion to land. On 5 December, the "Endeavour" was moored in the Ilha Rasa ("Brasilia, Dom. Banks" of Fabricius) (SF-23, 43-23c), off the entrance of the Bay of Guanabara, where Banks and So- SciELO THE PERIOD OF FABRICIUS 17 lander had the chance to make natural history collections. They stayed there until 8 December 1 768, when the "Endeavour" sailed for Cape Horn. January 1769, they passed the Falkland Islands. On the Strait of Lemaire, and about noon passed between the Capes of San Diego and San Vicente (SN-19, Banks and Solander went 55-65a). and anchored near the latter. ashore for a few hours, and returned with more than one hundred On the 15th they landed in the Bay different plants and flowers. of Good Success (Bahia Buen Suceso, SN-19, 55-65a): next day the two naturalists, together with the surgeon Mr. Monkhouse, the astronomer Mr. Green, the artist Mr. Buchan, several other people, and accompanied by servants, went ashore for a botanical Although they were able to collect several plants, exploration. the expedition was hampered by the tremendous cold of those antarctic regions, and its members almost froze to death. But finally they were able to return to the "Endeavour" on the 17th. On the 20th the naturalists made another excursion into the country, collecting plants and molluscs, and went to visit an Indian village. In that same day Captain Cook weighed anchor, and after crossing Cape Horn the "Endeavour" sailed for Tahiti (Anon., 1906^; Banks, 1896; Banks & Solander, 1793; Cook, 1804). On the Hth L. C. 11 they entered M. Richard In 1781 Necker and Castries desired to send to French Guiana a man able to study the botany of that colony and find new The French Acaplants that might prove useful to agriculture. demy of Sciences recommended Louis Richard. Louis Claude Marie Richard was born in Auteuil, France, on 4 September 1754. His family was traditionally interested in botany, and his father, Claude Richard, was head of the Royal Gardens at Auteuil. Young Richard could draw excellently and The Archbishop of Paris, M. de also knew Greek and Latin. Beaumont, who frequently visited the gardens of Auteuil, became greatly interested in the boy and suggested that he join the Church, in order to further pursue his studies, since as the son of a mere gardener he would not have the funds necessary to make himself a career. This proposal, however, did not interest Richard. This so scandalized his father, that he banished him from home. At the age of only 14 years Richard left Auteuil for Paris, where he lived in the Quartier Latin, An architect gave him plans of gardens to draw^ by which means he made his ESSAYS ON 18 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY living. The beauty and accuracy of his drawings not only guaranteed his survival, but gave him a decent living and enabled him to accumulate 80,000 livres. and In Paris he attended the lectures at the College de France du Roi, and was soon known as a skilled bo- at the Jardin His nomination to go to French Guiana met with the approval of King Louis XVI, who personally showed him a chart tanist. worthy of investigation, rivers be mapped, etc. Richard left France in 1781, and for a few years collected in Cayenne (NB-22, 5-52c) and other parts of French Guiana. In 1785 he had the opportunity of going to Belem (SA-22, l-48c; SA-23, l-48d), in Brazil, where he gathered several species of plants to be introduced into Cayenne. In 1786 he went to the Antilles, visiting Martinique (ND-20, 15-61d), Guadeloupe (NE20, 16-62b), Antigua (NE-20, 17-62b), Barbuda (NE-20, 18-62d), Anguilla (NE-20, 18-63b), St. Croix (NE-20, 18-65d). Tortola (NE-20, lS-65b), St. John (NE-20, 18-65b), St. Thomas (NE-20, 18-65b), Puerto Rico and Haiti, returning to Cayenne of that possession, indicating points to November 1789. He made extensive collections of plants, animals, and minerals, and excellent drawings of objects of natu- in ral history. Meanwhile, in France, the Revolution had begun. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were practically prisoners. Richard, due to his relations with Minister Necker, was in a difficult position as royal botanist, and had some misunderstandings with the governor of Cayenne. He decided then to return to France, although very uncertain as to what he would encounter there. He landed at Le Havre. Because of the upset political siwas not reimbursed for the great expenses made during his voyages, which had been paid out of his own savings, and had to return to the same way of living as draftsman, until 1795, when Fourcroy, estabhshing the School of Medicine, made him professor of botany. He died on 7 June 1821, at the age of 67, "d'un catarre sur la vessie" (Cuvier, 1825; Urban. 1903). tuation he According "Mr. Richard, (1811: 127-128): que son zele pour I'avancement de I'histoire naturelle conduisit dans les retraites presque inacessibles de la Guyane franqoise, y avoit ramasse en peu de temps, et quoique ses recherches ne fussent que secondaires, pres de six mille especes d'insectcs" (italics mine). manuscript with Richard's observations made in St. Croix (1786) and St. Thomas (1786-1787) is preserved in Paris. membre de A to Latreille I'lnstitut, et . THE PERIOD OF FABRICIUS 19 Palisot de Bcauvois Ambroise Marie pRANgois Joseph, Baron de Palisot de Beauvois, was born at Arras, France in 1752, and died in Paris in 1820. He had been successively musketeer, "avocat" in the Paris Parliament (1772), and "receveur general dcs domaines et des bois" in Picardy, Flanders and Artois, when, in 1777, he decided to devote himself to the study of natural history. In 1786 he accompanied a black prince of Oware back to Africa, and explored as naturalist the Kingdoms of Oware and Benin, making a great collection of plants and animals. Ill with malaria, he left Guinea aboard a French ship, and went to Santo Domingo (via Cayenne ?) At that time there were several rebellions on the island. On 28 March 1790, the French "Assemblee Nationale", inspired in the principles of the Revolution, had decreed that in French colonies mulattoes and free negroes would have their citizenship The latter, who wanted to rights as the whites. get rid of the colonial system, had refused to share their preroThese revolted, with the help of gatives with the free negroes. the slaves, and the situation in the island was very dangerous. and the same In spite of all, Palisot de Beauvois, who had recovered his It is difficult health, collected insects in that turbulent region. to know at present whether he collected in the French portion of the island (nowadays Haiti) or in the Spanish portion (now the Republica Dominicana). Palisot de Beauvois was appointed, in 1790, a member of the Superior Council of the Cape, and a member of the Second CoThis latter body sent him in 1791 to Philalonial Assembly. delphia, to seek help against the rebellious negroes of Santo Domingo. When he returned in 1793, the rebels imprisoned him, but a negress whom he had set free saved his life. In the same year slavery was abolished, and the Act was ratified by the French Convention of 1794. The naturalist returned then to Philadelphia, where he had teaching music and languages. The Charge d'Affaires of France, M. Adet, obtained for him funds for a scientrip through North America. tific collecting He returned to France in 1798. In 1806 he was appointed a member of the Institut de France, and in 1815 a member of the University Council (Enc). From 1805 to 1821, he published the descriptions of to earn his living ESSAYS ON 20 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY the insects he had collected in Oware, Benin, Saint-Domingue and the United States (see Palisot de Beauvois, 1S05-1821). L. A. G. Rose Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc, son of Paul Bosc d'Antic. in Paris on 29 January 1759 and died in Paris on 10 was born July 1828. He filled several administrative posts ("Secretaire des postes", from 1784 to 1788, director of the same under Roland's ministry), but continued his studies of natural sciences. During the Terror he had to leave Paris and hide in the forest of Montmorency, becauce of his relations with Roland and the Girondins. After the 9 Thermidor (27 July 1794) with the fall of the Terror, and the execution of Robespierre, Bo.sc reappeared in Paris, and under the "Directoire" he left for America (New York) as French Consul. In the New World he collected numerous specimens which went to enrich the works of Lacepede, Latreille. and Fabricius. He must have collected also in Cayenne, as said by Fabricius in the "Systema Antliatorum", but this could be Fabricius' mistake. Bosc was appointed in 1803 inspector of Gardens of Versailles, and in 1806 inspector of the Gardens under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Interior; in 1825 he re- the placed Thouin as "professeur" was a the J. close friend of Fabricius. Museum P. B. in the Jardin des Plantes. His collections were placed National d'Histoire Naturelle (Enc. He in ). von Rohr Julius Philip Benjamin "Von Rohr (1735-1793) was born Merseburg on the Saale, Prussia. He began his studies of natural history and medicine in Halle, and finished the medical studies in Copenhagen. He went to the West Indies for the in first time in 1757, as "naturalista regius", but the collections of specimens he sent to Denmark were lost at sea. His financial circumstances were strait at the time of his first visit: however, they greatly improved in 1765, and he was appointed architect, with the rank of captain, in connection with the fortification of the Island of St. Croix (NE-20, 18-65d), then a Danish posIn 1783, by order of the Government, he made a zoosession. logical journey to Jamaica. Puerto Rico, and the Lesser Antilles, and to the nearest countries along the Caribbean coast of South THE PERIOD OF FABRICIUS 21 America, eastward to the Guianas (Cayenne). From this journey he sent home a large collection of insects. During this peHe was riod he also founded a botanical garden in St. Croix. plants, and published useful in a especially botany, interested in book on cotton (Henriksen, 1921-1937; Pennel, 1945; Zimsen, 1964). «Sniidt» Concerning "Smidt", whose name is the one most frequently very little is known. cited in Fabricius' works, Ella Zimsen (1964: 14) makes the following comments: "In Fabricius' later works the insects from the West Indies are very often mentioned from Smidt. On old-preserved original labels from Sehestedt and Tender Lund's collections the name is In the 1780's there lived a customhouse officer, spelled Schmidt. Adam Levin Smidt, and a surgeon, Johann Christian Smidt, both It is not certain who is meant." of them employed on St. Croi.x. On the other hand, we find in Staal's "Hemiptera Fabriciana" (1868: 3) the following notice about Smidt (kindly translated by George C. Steyskal) : numerous South American species that Fabriwhich a certain Smidt is cited as collector, are found only in the Copenhagen Museum, in Tonder Lund's and Sehestedt's famous collections, as well as a small part in Fabricius' own collection, which now belongs to the University The only information we have, kindly supplied by Prof. of Kiel. Schjodte. on Smidt (or Schmidt, as his name is written in the Copenhagen Museum and by Tonder Lund) is that he visited, besides several West Indian islands, certain places on the South American mainland, such as Essequibo and Demerara in the present British Guiana (italics mine); therefore, all of the South American species cited as having been collected by Smidt can with certainty be considered as coming from the vicinity of the named localities, and this is just what one who is familiar with American Hemiptera and their distribution immediately perceives." "Most of the cius described From and for by Smidt Fabricius described "Systema Antliatorum". the collection brought in more than 150 species in his The localities of Demerara River (NB-21, 7-58c) and Essequibo River (NA-21, 4-58c; NB-21, 7-59d), referred to by Staal, are confirmed by the examination of Fabricius' types by Moure, ESSAYS OX THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 22 who "In the Copenhagen collection the spestates (1960: 98): cimens of Formica of 'Smidt America Meridionalis' (Schmidt on the labels) are labelled from Essequibo River, British Guiana". Pflug and Yeats On two collectors who obtained insects for Fabricius very we have meager information. Paul Gottfried Pflug (1741-1789) went to Denmark in 1763, became a surgeon and gave lectures in medicine to students. In 1784 he obtained his doctor degree in Kiel and in 1785 travelled to the West Indies (perhaps a ship's doctor?), collecting especially in St. Croi.x. He He died in 1789 in also travelled to Sierra Leone and China. Thomas Parkinson Yeats (sometimes wrongly spelSt. Croix. led "Yates" by Fabricius), author of "Institutions of Entomology, the last being a translation of Linnaeus' Ordines et Genera Insectorum. or systematic arrangement of Insects (London, 1773)", collected in (or received collections from?) Jamaica. References Anonymous + 479 pp. Everyman's Captain Cook's voyages of discovery. IX Library Series, J. M. Dent & Co.. London; Dutton & Co., New York. 1906. Banks, J. Sir Joseph Banks during Captain of the Right Hon. Cook's [irst voyage in H. M. S. Endeavour in 176S-71 to Tierra del Fucgo, Otahite, Neiv Zealand. Australia, the Dutch East Indies, etc. (edited by Sir Joseph D. Hooker). 406 pp., 2 pis., 4 maps. Mac Millan & Co. Ltd., London & N. York. Journal 1896. Banks, J. 1793. & D. Solander Voyage dc M. de Bougainville, contenant Ic journal d'un voyage Banks & Solander. Angiois, en par 176S, 1769. 1770, 1771 (fraduit de V Angiois par M. dc Freville) xxi -\- 360 pp. Gay 6 Gide, Libraires, Paris. 3 autour du monde, fait MM. : Cook, J. 1804. Premier voyage dc James Cook autour du monde, fait en 176S, 1769, 1770 et 1771, precede dcs relations de MM. Byron. Carteret et Wallis. 2 254 pp. Veuve Lepetit. Paris. "An XII". : THE PERIOD OF FABRICIUS 23 G. Cuvicr, 12 : M. de historique filoge 1825. Richard. Mem. Miis. Hist. Nat. Paris 349-366. Henriksen, K. L. Mcddel. Ovcrsigt over Dansk cntomologi.s historinc. Ent 1921-1937. 49-96; (3) (1923) 97-144; (4) 1-48: (2) (1922) 15 (1) 193-240; (6) (1927) 241-288; 145-192; (5) (1926) (1925) 385-480; 289-384; (1936) (9-10) (11-12) (1936) (7-8) 481-578, 154 figs. (1937) . : : : : : : : : : A. P. Latrcille, 1811. dc rAmcriquc Equinoxialc, recucillis pendant Ic voyage de Humboldt ct Bonpland, pp. 127-252, in A. von Humboldt & A. Bonpland, Rccueil d'observations dc zoologie et d'anafomic comparec. Vol. /. Insectc; de Moure, J. 1960. MM. S. Notes on the types of the neotropical bees described by Fabricius 97-160. Apoidea). Sfudia Ent. 3 (Hymenoptera : : Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J. en Afriquc et en Ameriquc dans Ics Benin, a Saint-Domingue ct dans les BtatsUnis, pendant les annees 17S6-1797, pp. i-.\ci -f 1-24, 6 pis. (= livr. 1), 1805; pp. 25-40, 6 pis. (= livr. 2), [1805]; pp. 41-56, 6 pis. (= livr. 3), [1806]; pp. 57-72, 6 pis. (= livr. 4), I805-[1821]. Inscctcs recucillis Royaumcs d'Owarc et (= [1807]; pp. 73-88, 6 pis. [1809]; pp. livr. 6), (= pp. 225-240, (= livr. pp. (= pp. plates are 6 F. 1945. pis. (= 101-120, livr. 14), 5), 6 pis. [1820]; by J. G. A. Serville), [1821]. not numbered consecutively. The 15, are in livraisons Pennell, livr. [1807]; pp. 89-100, 6 pis. (= livr. 7), [1811]; 121-136, 6 pis. (= livr. 8), [1811]; pp. 137-156, 6 pis. livr. 9), [1817]; pp. 157-172, 6 ph. {= livr. 10), [1817]; 173-190, 6 pis., (= livr. 11), [1818]; pp. 191-208, 6 pis. livr. 12), [1818]; pp. 208-224, 6 pis. f= livr. 13), [1819]; (= 3, 6, and 241-276, 6 pis. "1805". [The 3 plates for Diptera pp. Paris, 13]. W. Historical sketch, pp. 35-48, in F. Verdorn, ed., Plants and plant sciences in Latin America. 381 pp., illus. Chronica Botanica Co, Waltham, Mass. Richard, L. C. Carnets dc notes dc voyages aux Antilles: Observations Sainte-Croi.x ( 1786) Varia in insula Sancfi Thomae observatae (1786-1787), (MS 1608, Bibliotheque du Museum National d' Hist aire Naturelle, Paris). (1786-1787). prises a — ESSAYS ON 24 Stal, THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY C. 1868. Hemiptera Fabriciana. Fabricianska Hemipterarter efter de i Kiel forvarade typenexemplaren granskade och Kongl. Svenska Vctensk. Akad. Hand!. 7 (11) 1-130. Kopenhamn och beskrifen. Urban, : I. 1903. Notac biographicae peregrinatorum Indiae occidcntalis botanicoin 14-158. his Symbolae Antillanae 3 Lipsiae (1) rum, (= 1908. : Leipzig). Vitae itineraque collectorum botanicorum, notae collaboratorum biographicae, Florae Brasiliae ratio cdendi chronologica, systema, index familiarum, pp. l-cx, in C. F. P. von Martius et al.. Flora enumeratio plantarum hacfenus dctectarum quas suis aliorumque botanicorum studiis descriptas partim iconcs illustratas 1 (1) cx 266 31 pp., 59 pis. Brasiliensis. + : + Zimsen, E, 1964. The type material Copenhagen. o} I. C. Fabricius, 656 pp. Munksgaard, Chapter The III and works life of J. C. Fabricius Johann Christian Fabricius was born in Tender, South Jutland (then and now in Denmark, but German from 1864-1920) on the 7th of January 1745. His father, J. C. Fabricius, was the physician appointed by the Government to that city and its county; his mother's name was Anne Henningsen; an elder brother and Johann Christian were the only children they had. His* father educated him in a spirit of liberality and freedom uncommon in his those days. father's Fabricius learned drawing, dance, and music. In he found Linnaeus' Species Plantarum, in library which he found "pleasure in reading", and when he was fourteen or fifteen years old he made an extensive analysis of Pontoppidan's Natural History of Norway. In 1761 Hospital Denmark) in to his father was appointed physician Copenhagen, and sent be prepared for college. Frederik's (then in In 1762 Fabricius went to him to to Altona Copenhagen. In the autumn of the same year his father sent him to Uppsala, where he remained for two years. There, he said, his "future destiny appears to have been laid" (Hope, 1845). From Linnaeus he learned the "systematic order with which the study of sciences ought to be pursued", and began to study insects. In Uppsala he formed a friendship with Thunberg. In 1764 he returned to Copenhagen, where he remained during the 26 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY There he laid the foundations of his "Systema Insectocompiled the "Genera Insectorum", based on the small and rum", winter. collection he then possessed. In 1765, through his father's influence, he went to Leipzig, hear the lectures of Professor Schreber on economy. His brother went at the same time to Leyden, where Siegfried Albin was teaching anatomy. Fabricius was zealously engaged in writing his "Entomologia", and in collecting plants and insects of On his vacations he visited Freiburg and the neighborhood. Dresden. In 1766 he went to Leyden, where he attended the lectures to of Gaubius on chemistry and those of Allemand on "natural philosophy". He also went to Amsterdam, the Hague, and Delft, where he e.xamined and described the several collections of insects to which he was able to obtain access. In the spring of 1767 he went by sea from Amsterdam to Edinburgh, where he met his brother, who introduced him to As soon as Fabricius had Cullen, Gregory, Young, and Hope. in some degree acquired the language, he bought himself a horse and travelled through the Highlands. He visited several parts of the country, gathering insects and plants, and in the beginning of September he and his brother went through the western part In London of England to London, arriving there in November. Fabricius had "the good fortune" of forming an intimate acquaintance with the Swedish botanist Daniel Solander, at that time Solander introduced him to the located at the British Museum. scientific clubs and to Joseph Banks. Hunter. Drury, and others, whose houses and libraries and collections were soon opened to He determined and described the insects, and his "Systema him. Entomologiae" gained ground considerably, as well as his insect collection, which was sent to Copenhagen. During the greatest part of 1768 he remained in London. In Banks and Solander went on their e.xpedition round the world with Captain Cook, aboard the "Endeavour". Their absence "made London appear (...) as if it were empty", said At the end of the year he left London and went to Fabricius. travelling through Lyons, Paris, which he left in December, Nimes. Marseille, Montpellier, Antibes, and, passing to Italy, through Nice, Como, Torino, Milano, Verona, and Padua, reached Venice. During this journey he became acquainted with At Padua he met Vallisneri. and from Vethe naturalist Allioni. nice he made a short trip to Bologna to examine the collections Very early in the spring he went by Laybach to of Aldrovandi. June, THE Idria. From to LIFE AND WORKS OF J. C. FABRICIUS get acquainted with the famous entomologist 27 Scopoli. he crossed the Tyrolean mountains, visiting Innsbruck, Halle, and passed through Munich, Regensburg. and Stuttgart. From Tubingen he travelled through part of Switzerland to Strasburg. and after remaining some weeks there, travelled to Hamburg, and returned at the end of autumn to Copenhagen. In 1768 he was again appointed to a professorship at the Charlottenborg-Institution of Natural History in Copenhagen, with permission to travel for another two years, but when he fiIdria nally returned, his professorship was transferred to the University and the salary very much reduced. In the autumn of 1769 he travelled through Schleswig and Holstein. and in the winter, after his return, he commenced lectures on political economy. His salary at that time was 400 rigsdaler. In 1771 he married the daughther of "Cancelieraad" Ambrosius of Flensborg, by whom he had two sons. In 1 773 he published his work "Anfangsgriinde der okonomischen Wissenschaften. zum Gebrauch akademischer Vorlesungen." From 1772 to 1775 he spent the winters in Copenhagen and the summers in London. His friends Banks and Solander had returned from their voyage around the world, and had brought numerous specimens of natural history, especially insects. With Banks, Hunter, and Drury, Fabricius found plenty to engage his time. He left Copenhagen in 1775 to accept an offer, made by Canzler Cramer, of a professorship of natural history, economics and finances at Kiel, which was then Danish, with a salary of 650 rigsdaler, but again his justified expectations were disappointed; he dit not get the necessary facilities for work. He missed there the use of good collections, being exclusively limited to own. During Easter his "Systema Entomologiae" appeared. In 1776 he published the "Genera Insectorum" and in 1778 the "Phi- his losophia Entomologica". In the summer of 1778 he joined Professor Weber in an excursion to Norway. That gave rise to the publication of his "Reise nach Norwegen" (Hamburg, 1779). In 1780 he went once more to England, and wrote his "Von der Volks-Vermehrung, insonderheit in Dannemark", which appeared in 1781, and in that same year his "Betrachtung iiber die Einrichtungen der Natur". In 1781 the two volumes of the "Species Insectorum" appeared, as a continuation of his "Systema". As there was at that period a prospect of his getting an appointment in England, 28 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY and, in consequence of his family increase he found his salary insufficient, he tended his resignation. This caused his government to add to his annual stipend 200 rigsdaler. bringing it up to 850 rigsdaler, so he remained in his professorship. In the summer he made a trip to England. In 1783 he published his "Briefe aus England", in 1784 "Von der die Erziehung insonderheit in Dannemark". In 1784 there appeared "Cultur der Gewiichse" ("Sanders Naturgeschichte fiir den Landmann. 4ter Theil"). In the summer he travelled with his family through most of the provinces of Germany to Vienna. On the way thither he visited Leipzig, Dresden, and Prague, where he renewed some old acquaintances and formed new friendships. In the autumn he returned to Nurenberg, Erlangen, Mannheim. Frankfurt. Cassel. and Gottingen. In 1786 he went to St. Petersburg, then returned to Copenhagen and published in 1787, his "Mantissa Insectorum". In the summer he went again with all his family to England. In 789 he requested his dismissal from the University which was granted, with a pension of 400 rigsdaler but he withdrew his petition and remained as professor. In 1790 he travelled with his wife and daughter to Paris, partly because he knew, from 1 Olivier, that the Parisian cabinets contained a considerable num- ber of insects with which he was unacquainted, and partly because, as an economist and politician, he wished to be fully informed about the new order of things which had been introduced by the Revolution. He was received by some of the leaders of the Revolution, especially the family Roland, and was distinguished wqth the friendship of Desfontaines, Jussieu, Bosc, Fourcroy, Olivier, and others, At midsummer. who opened to him all their collections. by England to Kiel, but went almost immediately to Copenhagen. Two years afterwards his daughter died. From 1792 to 1794 appeared the "Entomologia Systematica" in si.x volumes. In 1794 he was obliged, on account of his wife's health, to leave Kiel and travel to SwitzerThey went by way of Jena, where both Fabricius' sons land. were studying. Coburg, and Bamberg, to Erlangen, proceeding then through Nurenberg, Augsburg, Lindau and St. Gallen, to 1791, he returned Winterthur, Ziirich, Lucerne, and, through the republican cantons, back again to Zurich; afterwards they journeyed along the Rhine, by Frankfurt and Cassel, and at the close of the year were again In that same year Fabricius took his wife to Paris, at Kiel. whence she never returned and so in the autumn he returned alone to Kiel. In the following years he visited his wife in Paris, and again returned to Kiel. In 1798, after the publication of the SciELO THE LIFE AND WORKS OF supplementary volume of his J. C. FABRICIUS 29 "Entomologia Systematica", he went to Paris for a third time. From 1798 to 1804 he went each spring to Copenhagen, to many new insects which his friends and pupils Sehestedt and Tender Lund had amassed and which had already describe the formed basis for a great part of onwards. his descriptions from the Man- tissa Tonder Lund (1749-1809) was tutor to the young Count Sehestedt, and for a period of two years, both of them had attended lectures by Fabricius in Kiel and became keen collectors Niels Ove The collections also of Danish insects, especially Tonder Lund. included many tropical insects. Both Sehestedt and Tonder Lund held high posts in the Civil Service, through which they were able to contact officials sent out to the Danish colonies in Guinea, Tranquebar. and the West Indies (e. g. Rohr, Smidt, and Pflug), and from these regions they obtained large collections of insects. Later on, the two friends, Sehestedt and Tonder Lund, combined their collections, and the right of possession was transferred to Tonder Lund (Zimsen, 1964). After 1800 Fabricius decided to treat every "class" of insects This was the origin of the "Systema Eleutheratorum", "Systema Antliatorum", "Sytema PiezaRhyngotorum", "Systema torum", and "Systema Glossatorum". as a whole. Every summer Fabricius went to Paris in order to sec the obtaining the specimens collected by Richard, Bosc, and Palisot de Beauvois. In the winters he remained in Kiel to fulfill his duties to the University and give lectures on natural collections, history and economics. His last completed entomological publication was the "SysteAntliatorum", where he adds many new species to those already The collections made by described by Linnaeus and himself. Banks and Solander in Rio de Janeiro, those obtained by Richard, Palisot de Beauvois, Bosc, Rohr, Smidt, and Pflug in the Guianas and the West Indies, were included by Fabricius in the "Systema Antliatorum". ma The great entomologist died on the 3rd of March, 1808 (Ho- pe, 1845; Latreille, 1808; Tu.xen, 1959, 1967). Fabricius' own collection remained in Kiel after his death of Kiel. In 1950, it was transferred to the Zoological of Copenhagen, where it is now kept as a "Dauerleihen" from the Museum of Kiel. Accor- and belongs to the Zoological ding to Zimsen (1964: 11): Museum Museum "The Diptera collection is a tra- ESSAYS ON 30 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Among the ten existing boxes there is only one in which the insects are reasonably well preserved, the rest has been eaten away by dermestids. There is reason to suppose that the collection was spoiled even at the beginning of the last century, since gedy. mention its miserable condition. The have fortunately had the good idea to keep the name labels even if any insect was missing. They can It may be tell us with certainty that the type does not exist. noted that Sehestedt and Tender Lund's collection comprises many Fabrician species donated by himself. Among these specimens lectotypes may be chosen if the type itself is lost". many authors Kiel Museum at the time authorities References Fabricius, 1775. J. C. Systcma cntomologiac, species adiectis inscctorum dasscs, ordincs, genera, descriptionibiis, obseruationibas, Lipsiae (= Flensburg and Leipzig). sistcns synonymis, 832 pp. FIcnsburgi et locis, 1776. Genera insecforum corumquc characteres natarales secundum nameram, figuram, situm ct proportionem omnium partium oris adiecta mantissa spccicrum nuper detectaram. 310 pp. Chilonii (— Kiel). 1781. Species inscctocam cxhibcntes coram diffcrentias specificas, syno517 pp. nyma, auctoram, loca natalia, metamorphosin, 2 : Hamburgi et Kilonii (= Hamburg and Kiel). 1787. Mantissa Inscctorum sistcns species nuper detcctas 2 Hafniae {— Copenhagen). 1794. Entomologia systematica emendata (= Copenhagen). 1798. cntomologiac Supplcmentum (= Copenhagen). systematicac, 1805. Systema antliatorum secundum ordines, genera, species, 373 pp. Hope, T. 1845. : 472 pp. Hafniae 572 pp. Hafniae + 30 Brunswick). of John Christian Fabricius, translated from Trans. Ent. additional notes and observations. The autobiography Soc. 1808. (= 4 382 pp. W. the Latreille, Brunsvigae ct aucta : Danish -with London 4 (Suppl.) : 1-16. P. A. Notice biographique sur Jean Chretien Fabricius, conseiller detat du roi de Dannemarck, professeur d'histoire naturelle et d'economie rurale a Kiell, raembre d'un grand nombre d'academies. et 393-404. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 11 : THE Tuxen, S. 1959. 1967. AND WORKS OF C. J. FABRICIUS 31 L. Der Entomologe C. I. Fabricius beschriebenen Arten. Zool. Anz. The C. Calif. Zimsen, LIFE entomologist, 1-14, 22 : J. 1 Fabricius, iind 136 die Typen (11-12) Ann. Rev. : der von 344-350. Ent., ihm Palo Aito, pi. E. 1964. The type material Copenhagen. o/ /. C. Fabricius, 656 pp. Munksgaard, Chapter IV Travels of Humboldt and Bonpland Humboldt and Bonpland 5 June 1799, the frigate "Pizarro" sailed from the Spanish port of La Coruna for Havana, Cuba, with Alexander von On Humboldt and Aime Bonpland aboard, bound for a scientific ex- pedition to South America. Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Baron von Humboldt was born on 14 September 1769, in Berlin. After his father's death in January 1779, his education was continued under Joachim Heinrich Campe, and Gottlob J. Christian Kunth. Campe taught Humboldt the natural philosophy of Jean Jacques Rousseau, according to which the study of history and of the classics should be preceded by the study of nature. This influence of Campe, alhed with Alexander's natural tendency to collect everything he could lay his hands on, in the gardens of his family's house in Tegel, developed in him the wish to travel to distant countries to collect specimens and to broaden the knowledge of This tendency was also greatly strengthened the physical world. by the reading of books of travels by Banks and Solander, Cook, La Condamine, etc. In Tegel, in the autumn of 1785, Humboldt knew the botaLudwig Wildenow, who would later study the plants Karl nist collected by Humboldt and Bonpland in South America and en- ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 34 courage another naturalist. F. Sellow. to go collecting in South America. In September 1787, Humboldt went to the University of Frankfurt am Oder, and in the spring of 1787 he moved to Gottingen, as a student. There he met Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who was teaching anatomy and anthropology, and under his influence Humboldt became interested in those sciences, as well as In Gottingen. Alexanthe physiological effects of electricity. der was elected fellow of the "Philosophical Society", at whose in meetings he could hear the conferences of Christian Gottlob Heine, the establisher of the foundations of archeology. In 1789, while the French nobility was being decimated by the Revolution, Humboldt studied the geology of the Rhine valley, the subject of his first book, printed in 1790. He travelled in 1790 with the famous explorer and naturalist. George Forster. troughout Belgium. England, and other countries. In July 1790, both returned by way of Paris, where the Revolution was victo- Mainz Germany. Humboldt entered the Academy of Mines in Freiburg. The director of the Academy was the geologist Abraham Gottlieb Werner. Some of Humboldt's contemporaries would become famous in the geological sciences, as Leopold von Buch, and Fischer von Waldheim. Humboldt finished his course on 26 February 1792. and for some time worked as director of rious, to Upon in his return, During the epoch he travelled mines. to several localities in Europe. After his mother's death in November 1796. he became economically independent, having inherited 95,000 talers, which would So, in 1798, he decigive him a monthly interest of 3.476 talers. ded to move to Paris, at the time when Napoleon was undertaking his Campaign of Egypt. Paris was then the intellectual center of Europe. At the Jardin des Plantes (the former Jardin du Roi. saved from the rage of the "sans-culottes" by Lamarck), Humboldt made the acquaintance of Bougainville and saw the collections made by him in He also met Baron Cuvier and Geoffroy Saintthe Institut de France he knew Lagrange, Laplace, South America. -Hilaire. and At Berthollet. In Paris — he also met the companion of his AiME Jacques Goujaud Bonpland. future expedi- Bonpland was born in La Rochelle, parish of Saint-Barthelemy, on 28 August 1773. He studied in his native town, moving afterwards to Paris with his elder brother, Michel Simon, in order to study metions TRAVELS OF HUMBOLDT AND BONPLAND 35 With Bichat he learned comJoining the navy, he was sent to Rochefort. where he took some courses which permitted him to attain the grade of "chirurgien de 3e. classe". Returning to Paris in the beginning of 1795, he studied in several hospitals, and took courdicine, following a family tradition. parative anatomy. ses of natural history with Lamarck. Jussieu, and Desfontaines. His acquaintance with Humboldt was made at a hotel, where Bonpland taught Humboldt anatomy and boboth were staying. tany, who reciprocated teaching mineralogy and physics to Bonpland. October 1798, they went to Lyon and Marseilles, whenOn ce they intended to sail to Egypt, on a scientific expedition. their arrival at Marseilles, however, they learned that the Moslem tribes of northern Africa had rebelled against the French invasion On and the authorities denied passports to Argel. They proceeded to Spain, by way of the Mediterranean coast, coming to Madrid, where Humboldt had the pleasure of meeting an old friend of his family, the Ambassador of Saxony, Baron At that time, Humboldt and Bonpland had formed the Forell. in the Spanish possessions of America, and the collecting idea of was transmitted to Forell. The latter told the Minister of Foreign Relations, Marquis Luis Urquijo, of Humboldt's decision to travel, at his own expenses, to Mexico and South America. idea and Urquijo, Humboldt and BonKing of Spain, Charles IV. on 17 the to introduced pland were Through March the influence of Forell 1799, and the monarch became interested in the project. interview resulted in the royal permission for the two With the passport naturalists to explore the Spanish colonies. granted, they visited the museums of Spain, to study what had The in the Americas. Hipolito Ruiz and Jose Pavon, who had recently returned from their adventurous voyages in Peru and Chile, told them of the marvellous natural productions of those countries, but also of the difficulties they would encounter in their travels (an excellent translation of the careful diary of Ruiz and Pavon's travels is given by Dahlgren, 1940; it seems that Ruiz and Pavon collected some insects, which somehow ended in Baron von Hoffmansegg's collection, as shall be seen in Chapter VII). already been collected Nothing could dissuade Humboldt and Bonpland from their and they left Madrid in May 1799, heading for the port of La Coruiia, where the "Pizarro" was waiting for them. intent, 36 The ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY travel through Venezuela After the customary stops at Teneriffe and other points, the was approaching the West Indies when an epidemic occurred on board. The captain, fearing for the safety of the crew, if the ship were to continue to Havana, as originally planned, chanship ged route on the night of 15 July 1779, and headed for Cumana, on the coast of Venezuela where Loefling had landed 45 years before. Next day the passengers landed. Humboldt and Bonpland, by virtue of the passport granted by Charles IV, found no difficulties and were immediately received by the governor of the Province of Nueva Andalucia (Venezuela), Don Vicente Emparan. — Their first week in Cumana (NC-20, 10-64a) was employed which had recently the verification of their scientific instruments. On the 20th they went to the village of Manicuare (NC-20. 11 -64c), then visited the Peninsula de Araya in the exploration of the city's surroundings, been shaken by an earthquake, and in Cumanacoa (NC-20, 10-64b), as(Cocovar, NC-20, 10-64b), and made a visit to the mission of the Chayma Indians (all localities in the Afterwards they made an excursion to present State of Sucre). the mountains of Caripe (NC-20, 10-64b, State of Monagas), the "Cueva del Guacharo" (NC-20, 10-64b), and on 22 September they left for the Cerro de Santa Maria (NC-20, 10-64b), arriving at the missions of Catuaro (NC-20, 10-64b). Thence they returned to the Gulf of Cariaco (NC-20, ll-64d. State of Sucre), but the prevailing fevers prevented them from staying any longer, so they proceeded to Cumana. In the capital of Nueva Andalucia they remained for one further month, prepa(NC-20, 11 -64c), the valley of cended the "Cocollar" ring their voyage to the Orinoco and the Rio Negro. On November 4th they had the occasion to experience an earthquake. On 18 November Humboldt proceeded by sea to La Guaira (NC-19, ll-67d) and Caracas (D.F., NC-19, ll-67d), while Bonpland followed overland. When Bonpland returned to Caracas, both naturalists explored several parts of the region, spen- ding there the months of November and December 1799. On 14 December 1799, they had collected along the coasts of Venezuela 1600 plants, of which 500 were to be described as new. The rainy season forced them to remain in Caracas, and during that season they climbed the Silla de Caracas and went to the Lake of Valencia (NC-19, 10-6Sb, between the present States SciELO . TRAVELS OF of HUMBOLDT AND BONPLAND Aragua and Carabobo). as well as to Puerto Cabello 37 (NC-19, 10-68a, State of Carabobo). In February 1800, they finally left the coast to travel to the Orinoco. They crossed the mountains of Los Teques {NC-19, 10-67a), La Victoria (NC-19, 10-67a), Lake Valencia (NC-19, 10-68b). Guigiie (NC-19, 10-68b), Parapara (NC-20, 10-67c). and Calabozo (NC-19, 9-67c; midway between Caracas and the Orinoco, where Humboldt discovered the electric eel), they entered the Rio Guarico (NB-19, 8-67c), and arrived at San Fernando de Apure (NB-19, 8-67c), at the margins of the Rio Apure. San Fernando de Apure the missionaries set their pupils in 8 days, a pirogue 9 meters long was transformed into a sailboat which would transport the scientists to the frontiers of Brazil. Through the Apure. after two weeks of their departure, they arrived at Cabruta (NB-19, 8-66c), already in the Orinoco, and then proceeded to the mission of Concepcion de Urbana (now La Urbana, NB-19, 7-67b), and after passing the rapids of the Orinoco, the mouth of the Meta River (NB-19, 6-68b), the Raudal de Maipures (NB-19. 5-68b), where they spent 3 days, Atures, the mouth of the Sipapo River (NB-19, 5-68b), they arrived at the mission of San Fernando de Atabapo. The river trip, from San Fernando de Apure to San Fernando de Atabapo took 33 days. During the trip on the Orinoco they had been cruelly tormented by 'piuns', 'zancudos*, 'mosquitos', 'tempraneros' and other pests (Culicidae, Ceratopogonidae. and Simuliidae). Several In to work, and pages of Humboldt's narrative are the painful bites of those flies, filled with complaints about which made him remember the verses of Dante, "Noi siam venuti Che al luogo. ov'i't'ho detto tu vedrai le genti dolorose" Proceeding upstream, through the Atabapo, with many sathey then transported their canoe, overland to the Guainia River (NA-19, 3-67c), one of the rivers which forms the Rio Negro. crifices, Humboldt and Bonpland proceeded to the point at which the Orinoco joins the Rio Negro, by the Canal o[ Casiquiare. They arrived at the city of San Carlos (NA-19, 2-67c), in the frontier between Colombia and Venezuela, near the northern confines of Brazil. During their observations, they crossed to the Brazilian ESSAYS ON 38 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY treated as a spy by the Portuguese authoDuring the night he was arrested, and all his instruments and notes were confiscated. The Portuguese Crown had given orders to Captain General Francisco Mauricio de Souza Coutinho, Governor of Para, to prevent Humboldt's travel in Brazilian territory. The "Gazeta da Colonia" (2 July 1800) announced alarmingly: Humboldt was side. rities. Baron von Humboldt, from Berlin, has been through the interior of America, making astronomic observations in order to rectify certain errors in the existing Under this pretext this maps, and collecting plants (...). stranger may hide plans for the propagation of new ideas and new religious principles among the loyal subjects of this domain. His excellency [the Governor of Para) should investigate the case (...); otherwise, it would be extremely dangerous to the the if this were political interests of the Portuguese crown, "... a certain travelling case ..." much discussion, Humboldt was released, and everywas returned to him. On the way back, the scientific party proceeded through the Casiquiare (NA-19, 2-67b; NA-20, 3-66b). passing by Cerro Duida (NA-20, 3-66b), entering the Orinoco and descending the latter to San Fernando de Atabapo. Still After thing following the Orinoco, they reached Angostura (presently CiuThere Bonpland suffered attacks of fever, and his He was transferred to the house of a situation was alarming. doctor, where he was administered infusions of honey and quinine. dad Bolivar). Humboldt was very afraid of Bonpland's health, and the remembrance, that not far from there, Loefling had died with fevers, Fortunately Bonpland recovered, and the two nadid not help. turalists, crossing again the 'llanos' north of the Orinoco, returned to Barcelona, arriving there on 1 September 1880, after having travelled 6,443 miles in the lands of Venezuela (Garcia, 1922; Hagen, 1945; Humboldt, 1861-1862; Terra, 1956). The trips to Cuba, Nueva Granada (Map 2), and Ecuador (Map 3) On 24 December 1800, Humboldt and Bonpland left Venezuela for Cuba, where they made several e.xcursions in the inThe collections made terior, after which they returned to Havana. one in Venezuela and Cuba were then divided in 3 portions to go to Germany, via England; a second to go to France, via — SciELO TRAVELS Cadiz; OF HUMBOLDT AND BONPLAND 39 the third to remain in Havana. Father Juan Gonzales, the two naturahsts in the trip through the who had accompanied Lower Orinoco, was The to transport the collections destined to Paris. division of the collections proved an excellent idea, since when Father Gonzales approached the coast of Africa, the collections the Father were lost in a shipwreck, after an attack by pirates. and Leaving Havana, Humboldt and Bonpland arrived in Cartagena (NC-I8, I0-75a), in the Vicekingdom of Nueva Granada (Colombia). In April they went in a native canoe up the Magdalena River (NA-18, 4-75; NB-18, 5-75b: NC-18. 10-75d). At the end of 55 days of river trip, the canoe landed in the small Village of Honda (NB-18. 5-75b). With mules, the naturalists proceeded to Santa Fe de Bogota (NB-18. 5-74c. 5-75d). There they visited the well-known botanist Jose Celestino Mutis, who had been sent to Nueva Granada by Charles III of Spain to investigate the flora; his herbarium had 20,000 plants, and he owned a very rich library; an army of artists drew the plants of his collections. When Humboldt and Bonpland departed from Bogota, on 8 September 1801, they were accompanied by a disciple of Mutis, Jose de Caldas. Through the valley of the Magdalena, they passed by Cartago (NB-18, 5-76d). and going to the south, by the valley of the Cauca River (NB-18, 7-76b), they stopped at the village of Popayan (NA-18, 2-77b). where the month of November was spent. Still proceeding to the south, through the mountains, they spent Christmas in Pasto (NA-18, l-77a). Shortly after, they left the Vicekingdom of Nueva Granada, entering the "Audiencia de Quito" (Ecuador), passing by Tulcan (NA-18. l-78d), Ibarra (NA-17, 0-78a), and arriving in Quito (SA-17, 0-79d) on 6 February 1802. From Quito they visited the Pichincha (26-28 May' 1802), and V. Antisana (March 1802). Leaving Quito on 9 June 1802, they went southward, visiting Iliniza (SA-17, l-79b) and Cotopa.xi (SA-17, l-79b) before reaching Latacunga (SA-17, l-79b). From Latacunga they went to Riobamba (SA-17, 2-79b), where they stayed for a while, in the meantime making the famous ascension of the Chimborazo (23 June 1802), and visiting Tungurahua (SA-17, l-79d). From Kiobamba, through the Paramo de Asuay, they went to Cuenca (SA-17, 3-79b) and afterwards to Loja (SB-17, 4-79c) and Gonzanama (SB-17. 4-79c). Traversing the Rio Calvas (SB-17, 4-80d), south of Gonzanama, they entered the fabulous lands of the Vicekingdom of Peru. 40 The ESSAYS ON trip THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY through Peru (Map 3) After crossing the Calvas River, the naturalists passed through Lucarque, Ayabaca (SB-17, 5-80b; 2 August 1802), Olleros (SB-17, 5-80b), Santa Rosa (SB-17. 5-80b), Yanta, Aranza, Guallaquillo, Hacienda Chulucanas, Guamani (SB-17, 5-80b). Angostura (SB-17, 5-80a), Huancabamba (SB-17, 5-80d). Sonderillo, Mandor, Saulaca. San Felipe (SB-17. 6-70a). Llamoca, Pomahuaca (SB-17, 6-79a), Ingatambo. Pucara (SB-17. 6-80d), Las Huertas, Matara (SB-17. 6-97d). Cabico (SB-17, 6-79b), Chamaya (SB-17. 6-79b), Choros (SB-17, 6-79b), Jaen (SB-17, 6-78b), Tomependa (15 August to 1 September 1802), Jaen-la-Vieja, returning to Cabico, and then following by Querocotillo (SB-17, 6-97c) (5 September 1802). Sigues, Mollebamba (SB-17, 6- 79c). Huambos (SB-17, 6-79d). Montan. Santa Cruz (SB-17, 7- 79b), Hualgayoc (SB-17, 7-79b), Micuipampa, Yanahuanea, Cajamarca (SB-17, 7-79d), PuUamare (= Baiios del Inca). returning to Cajamarca (13-17 September 1802), Magdalena (SB7-79d), Aroma, Cunturcaga. Huangamarca, Contumaza -17, (SB-17, 7-79d), Chorillos, Los Mohnos. San Diego (SB-17, 5-80b). Trujillo (SC-17. 8-79a), Moche, Santa (near the mouth of the Santa River. SC-17, 9-79b). Huambacho (SC-17. 10-78c), Huaura, Huacho, Salinas, Ramadal. Chancay (SC-18, 12-77a), and finally arriving in Lima (SC-18. SD-18, 12-77b). At this point of the voyage they had made 3734 Latin descriptions of They had plants, of which two thirds were writen by Bonpland. collections, the plants with boxes 35 bringing miles, 4,000 travelled only being represented by 60,000 specimens. In Lima they remained from 23 October to 24 December From Callao they sailed aboard 1802, preparing their collections. the royal frigate "La Castor", on 24 December, going to Guayaquil (SA-17, 2-80d), where they remained from 3 January to 15 February 1803. In the meantime they went as far as Babahoyo (SA-17, 2-70a), returning to Guayaquil, and, sailing aboard the frigate Atlante, went to Acapulco, Mexico (Petersen, 1960). During the trip up the Magdalena River, as well as in the flooded plains of Guayaquil, Humboldt discovered new species of mosquitoes, which were called Culex cyanopensis, C. lineatus, C. ferox, C. chloroptenis and C. maculatus. The diagnoses of the new species are presented in a footnote on page 340 of the first volume of his "Relation Historique' (1814). Humboldrs travels through Ecuador and Peru TRAVELS The trip OF HUMBOLDT AND through Mexico (Map BONPLAND 41 4) On 15 February 1803 the naturalists had left the port of Guayaquil, carrying precious collections. On 23 March they arrived in Acapulco (NE-H, 17-lOOd), in the Vicekingdom of New Spain (Mexico). They began their march to the interior almost immediately, through the present State of Guerrero, passing by Chilpancingo (NE-14, 18-lOOd). Taxco (NE-14. 19-IOOd), and Cucrnavaca (NE-H, 19-99c). In Mexico City (NE-14. NF-14, 20-lOOd), they were received by the Viceroy, Count Iturrigaray. After a stay in the Capital, they went, on 1 August 1803, to Guanajuato (NF-13. 21-102d). On 9 September thev arrived in Jorullo (NE-14, 19-102d), near Uruapan (NE-14. 19-102b) proceeding thence to Toluca (NE-14, 19-lOOb), via Morelia (NE-14. 20-lOlc), on the 21st. ' , Returning to the city of Mexico, they packed their collecand on 20 January 1804, went to Veracruz (NE-14, 19-96a), passing through Puebla (NE-14, 19-98a). They arrived at the former city on 19 February. On 7 March they sailed once more to Cuba, staying shortly in Havana, where they picked up the collections made in the Orinoco and left there since 1801. Through the consul of the United States, Humboldt received a letter from Thomas Jefferson, inviting him to visit that country. The naturalists sailed for the United States, and after some weeks returned to Europe, arriving there in August 1804. tions, Humboldt and Bonpland after the travels The 85,000 talers owned by Humboldt in 1798 were now reduced to 38,500, due to the expenses of the travels in America. Humboldt made a contract to pay his editor, Candolle, 180,000 francs for the publication of the big folios relating his obser\'ations, and this consumed almost all his fortune. The situation was saved by the King of Prussia, who gave Humboldt a pension to cover his expenses. In Paris, Humboldt obtained from Napoleon an annual pension of 3,000 francs for Bonpland, who could then work on the elaboration of the "Plantes Equinoxiales". Bonpland was also nominated director of the botanical gardens of the Malmaison. and private doctor to the Empress Josephine, who was also interested in botany. Napoleon divorced Josephine, Bonpland's luck chan- When ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 42 ged, since he was a "protege" of the Empress. He was then invited to go to Caracas, in Venezuela, by Simon Bolivar, but could not accept for several reasons. By that time, Bernardino Rivadavia was in Paris, trying to find people who wanted to go to Argentina. Bonpland accepted the offer to go to Buenos Aires. On 23 November 1816. he embarked on the "Saint-Victor" Buenos Aires on IS January 1817. In 1820 he became established in the colony Santa-Ana, on the banks Francia, the dictator of Paraguay, had the of the Rio Parana. idea that the colony belonged to his country, and that Bonpland was an agent of the Argentinian government. On 8 December 1821, 400 Paraguayans invaded the colony, taking Bonpland as prisoner. The botanist remained imprisoned for seven and a half years (7 December 1821 to 12 May 1829). In spite of all the protests, Francia could not be moved from his silly idea of keeping Bonpland prisoner, not even the menaces of Simon Bolivar of invading Paraguay, as can be seen in the following letter (translated from the Spanish by George C. Steyskal): La for Plata, arriving to "To Scnor Doctor Francia. Dictator of Paraguay Lima. October 23. 1S23 Most Excclteni Sir: Since the earliest years of my youth I have had the honor of cultivating the friendship of Sefior Bonpland and Scnor Baron von Humboldt, whose knowledge has done more good to the Americas than all their conquerors. confronted with the information that my beloved friend Sefior being held in Paraguay for some reason unknown to me. I suspect that some false informers have been able to calumniate this worthy scientist, and that the government over which your excellency presides has been misled in regard to this gentleman. I am now Bonpland is Two circumstances impel me to ask your excellency most earnestly for The first is that I am the cause of his freedom of Sefior Bonpland. coming to America, because it was I who invited him to move to Colombia, and having already decided on his journey, the circumstances of war forced him to turn to Buenos Aires: the second is that this savant can brighten my country with the light of his wisdom, if you will only have the goodness to allow him to come to Colombia, whose government I preside over by the the will of the people. Doubtless your excellency knows neither my name nor my services to the American cause: but if 1 were to use all my power to secure the freedom May of Sefior Bonpland, J would still direct this request to your excellency. your excellency deign to hear the clamor of 4 million Americans freed by the army I command, all of whom together with me implore your excellency's clemency out of respect for humanity, wisdom, and justice, out of respect foe SeOoc Bonpland. , TRAVELS OF HUMBOLDT AND BONPLAND 43 Senor Bonpland can sweeir to your excellency before he leaves the you command, that he will leave the provinces o[ the Rio de la Plata in order not to be able in any manner at all to cause any prejudice toward the province ot Paraguay, and that I meanwhile will be awaiting him with the anxiety o[ a friend and the respect o[ a disciple who would be capable of marching on Paraguay just to liberate the greatest of men and the most famous of travelers. territory Most excellent Sir, I hope that your excellency will not leave my ardent request without effect and I also hope that your excellency may count me among your most faithful and thankful friends as soon as the blameless one whom I love is no longer a victim of injustice. I have the honor to be your excellency's attentive and obedient servant. Bolivar". Finally, after several interrogations, Bonpland was set free on 2 February 1830. Bonpland made then several trips in the region, and finally returned to Buenos Aires, in April 1832. From then on, he made several trips through Argentina ( Corrientes) Uruguay, and the western part of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil, always collecting plants. He died on 11 March 1858, in Restauracion. During his lifetime he collected 10,000 species of American plants. While all this occurred, Humboldt printed his monumental Voyage au regions equino.xiales du nouveau continent, fait en 1799, 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803 et 1804", and several other important works. He also made a trip to Russia, and, surrounded by great fame and the respect of the learned world, he died in 1859, age of 90 years (Hagen, 1945; Hamy, 1906; Terra, 1956). at the Pierre Andre Latreille The chapter on insects for Humboldt's 'Recueil d'observaet d'anatomie compare* was entrusted to the leading entomologist of France, Latreille. tions de zoologie Pierre Andre Latreille was born on 29 November 1762, in Brive, a small village in the Province of Limousin, France, and died in Paris on 6 February 1833, in consequence of a "vesical He was the natural son of General Jean Joseph Sahuguet d'Amarzit, Baron d'Espagnac, and a noble woman, whose name is not known. His mother, before his birth, took refuge in the village of Brive, being attended by a doctor named Laroche. The child was taken to a nearby church, where some peasants affection". ESSAYS ON 44 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY took care of him. He was baptized with the simple name of Pierre-Andre, since his father was unknown. Only in 1813, by decision of the Tribunal of Brive. "Latreille" was officially added name to the of the great entomologist. His first studies were made in his native town, and Dr. Laroche and a certain Malepeyre developed in him the taste for natural history, lending him some books on the subject. In 1778, he left Brive to live with his father, who had recognized him. and entered the college of Cardinal Lemoine. On his father's death, in 1783, his studies were financed by the family d'Espagnac, and Latreille was transferred to the Seminar of Limoges, where he was ordained priest in 1786. During the French Revolution, he took refuge among his friends in his native Brive. However, as he had not presented himself to swear the new Constitution, they could not help him. and Latreille priests, was arrested and condemned, together with 73 other to be deported to Cayenne. While he waited in the prisons of Bordeaux to be deported he saw a tiny beetle coming out of the walls of his cell. While he was examining it, the doctor of the prison, marvelling to see such an interest in a prisoner, asked him whether it was some rare insect. Receiving a positive answer, the doctor said: — who In that case, collects insects, I you have collected. Here you have — to have it. I know a person appreciate having the specimen would be glad who would answered it, informed of the name of Latreille, but I want to be this animal. The doctor's friend was Bory de Saint Vincent, a great student of natural history, who would later be a member of the French House of Representatives, and one of the founders of the Societe Entomologigue de France. Bory de Saint-Vincent was not able to identify the beetle, and it was returned to Latreille. Informed by the doctor, Latreille asked for Saint-Vincent's help, saying: "I am Latreille, condemned to die in Guiana, before finishing my studies of the genera of insects created by Fabricius ". Bory de Saint-Vincent used his influence among the repreand obtained an order of conditional liberty for Latreille, and went immediately to the prison. Arriving there, however, he had the disappointment of finding out that the prisoners had already sailed, and the ship was descending the Garone River. A friend of Bory de Saint-Vincent at once sentatives of the Revolution, TRAVELS OF HUMBOLDT AND BONPLAND 45 took a boat, and both reached the ship. Once the order was exhibited, Latreille was released. But only in 1794 would he be definitely set free. In 1796 Latreille published his 'Precis des caracteres generiques des Insectes, disposes dans un ordre naturel'. In 1798 he received a contract at the Paris Museum to work there for three months, receiving the miserable sum of 4.20 francs a day; through the influence of his protector, Lamarck, the contract was always renewed. 1794, Latreille had been appointed "aide-natura1805 was confirmed in that position. During the years 1802 to 1805 he printed the 14 volumes of his 'Histoire Naturelle, generale et particuliere, des crustaces et des insectes'. He remained as "aide-naturaliste" until 1820, publishing in the meantime his 'Genera crustaceorum et insectorum' (18061809), the 'Considerations generales sur I'ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes' (1810), the chapter on insects in Cuvier's 'Regne Animal', and the 'Memoires pour servir a I'histoire des Insectes' (1819). liste", In and in In 1820, he replaced old With gy of and at Lamarck, then almost entirely blind. the death of the great zoologist in 1829, the chair of "zoolo- worms, and microscopic animals" became vacant, same time it was divided to create a separate chair of insects, the entomology, the first created in the world. On 10 March 1830. Latreille was designated to occupy it. He remained in that post until his death in 1833 (Nussac, 1907; Carrera. 1958). one species of Neotropical Diptera Tabanus de I'Ameriquc Equinoxiale" (1811) trilineatus. The remaining flies collected by Humboldt and Bonpland in the Americas would be described by Wiedemann, Robineau-Desvoidy, and Macquart. Latreille described only — in his "Insectes References Carrera, M. 1958. Pierre-Andre (9) : 7-18, Latreille. Bol. Soc. Brasil. Ent.. Sao Paulo 1 illus. Garcia, R. 1922. Historia Historico, Historico, das expedigoes scientificas, pp. 856-910, Geographico e Ethnographico Brasileiro, Geographico e Ethnographico do Brasil 1 Rio de Janeiro. in Institute Diccionario 1688 pp. : THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 46 W. Hagen, von South America called them, xn Knopf. N. York. 1945. Hamy, + 311 + ix Alfred A. illus. pp., E. T. 1906. Aime Bonpland, medecin et naturaliste, cxplorafeur de I'Amerique son oeuvre, sa correspondence, avec un choix de pieces relatives a sa biographic, un portrait et une carte, xcvi 300 pp., portrait, 1 map. Librairie Orientale & Americaine E. Guilmoto, fiditeur. Paris. du Sud: sa vie, + Humboldt, A. von 1814. 352 pp. [Atlas geographique et physique (18H-1819], in A. von Humboldt & A. Bonpland, 1805-1837 Voyage aax regions equinoxiales du nouveau continent, [ait en 1799. ISOO. 1801. 1802. 1803 et 1804. 24 vols. Paris. Relation historique 1 : : 1861-1862. Reise in die aequinoctial-Gcgendcn des neuen Continents 1 XVI -f 260 pp.: 2 (1861) (1561) 242 pp.; 300 pp.; 3 (1862) 4 (1862) 293 pp.; 5 (1862) 396 pp. 267 pp.; 6 (1862) G. Gotta schcr Verlag, Stuttgart. J. : Latreille, 1811. : : : : : P. A. de I'Amerique fiquinoxiale, recueilUs pendant le voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland, pp. 127-252, in A. von Humboldt & A. Bonpland, Voyage aux regions equinoxiales du nouveau continent. Recueil d" observations de zoologie et d'anatomie compare, vol. 1. Insectes de MM. Nussac. L. de 1907. Les debuts d'un savant naturaliste. le prince de I'entomologie. Pierre-Andre Latreille. a Brive de 1762-1798, VI 264 pp., illus. G. Steinhcil fiditeur. Paris. + Petersen, G. 1960. de viaje de Alexander von Humboldt y sus observaFacultad de Letras, y gcofisicas en el Peru. (Serie I, MonoUniversidad de San Marcos. Publ. Inst. Geogr. grafias y Ensayos Geograficos) 4 101-124, 1 map. Sobre ciones la ruta geologicas : Terra, H. de 1956. Humboldt, su vida y su epoca. 1769-1859. 313 grafias Gandesa, Mexico, D.F. pp.. illus. Bio- Chapter V Collectors in Brazil (1801-1835) Hoffmannsegg's collectors: Siebcr, As we have seen, Gomes, Feijo Humboldt had been special favor of the Spanish Crown "'as strictly forbidden to enter Brazil ties. This was able to count on the for his travels. However, he by the Portuguese authoriin accord with the regulations made by the Por- tuguese Government that no foreigners could enter the Brazilian territory. A small kingdom like Portugal did not feel that it could afford, in an epoch of fierce competition with other Euro- pean powers over colonies in South America, that strangers could travel through an enormous colony like Brazil, disseminating ideas of independence. No naturalist, therefore, was allowed to enter the colony to study the land and its products, or to collect natural history specin;ens, even if that was his sole purpose. However, by the end of the 18th century, Johann Centurius, Count von Hoffmannsegg, who had been travelling in Portugal to collect and study plants, was able not only to obtain the esteem and friendship of the inhabitants, but even that of the King himself. He was much interested in increasing his collections of insects, and had written a booklet with instructions to collectors "^ho might be interested in sending him insects of the Portuguese possessions in the four continents (1798). 48 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Hoffmannsegg's influence was so great that he obtained from the King of Portugal a permission, absolutely unique in that epoch, to send to Brazil his servant and preparator, Friedrich Wilhelm Sibber. Leaving Lisbon in the first year of the new century (1801). Sieber went to the Province of Para, where he remained 12 years in constant activity, not only in the vicinity of Belem (SA-22. 49-ld), but also travelling to different parts of the Provinces of Para and Rio Negro (the latter now the State of Amasonas). He collected along the Rio Amazonas, near the mouth of the Rio Tocantins (SA-22, 55-2a), Cameta (SA-22, 50-2d). Monte Alegre (SA-2I, 5'}-2a), Santarem (SA-22, 54-3a), Obidos (SA-21, 55-2a), and in the vicinity of the Rio Negro (SA-19, 67-Od). He gathered many specimens, which were sent to the Count, especially in 1806 and 1809 (Stresemann, 1950, 1951: Urban, 1908). The collections of Count von Hoffmannsegg were also enriched by the efforts of two other collectors Gomes and Feijo. Francisco Agostinho Gomes was born in Sao Salvador. Bahia, on 4 July 1769. In accordance with the wishes of his parents, he began to study for an ecclesiastical career, but upon their death, owner of a reasonable fortune, he abandoned those studies for natural history, political economy, and literature. He collaborated in the foundation of the public library of the Province of Bahia, making the gift of his own, at the time the second in the Province. While studying in the University of Coimbra, Portugal, he met Count von Hoffmannsegg, to whom, after his Elected return to Brazil, he sent several insects from Bahia. deputy in Lisbon, Gomes refused to swear the Portuguese constitution, since he was one of those who wanted the independence of Brazil, and had to leave Portugal, going to England, and thence Also from to Brazil, where he spent one year in Pernambuco. Pernambuco he sent some insects to the Count. Gomes was afterwards elected deputy to the first Brazilian Legislation (As- — He sembleia Constituinte. 3 May 1823), and senator in 1826. was a correspondent member of the Edinburgh Natural History Society, to which he sent several collections from his own museum. He had not only a private cabinet of natural history, but also He died on 19 February a laboratory of physics and chemistry. 1842 (Blake. 1893: Stresemann, 1950, 1951). JoAO DA SiLVA Feijo was born in Rio de Janeiro in 1760 and He studied madied in the Province of Ceara on 9 March 1824. thematics in the University of Coimbra and served in the corps of engineers, attaining the post of colonel, as well as secretary of the government in the island of St. Jago, in Cape Verde, in the . COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 49 last years of the 18th century. Returning to Brazil, he worked years in the Province of Ceara. and was named teacher in the Military Academy in Rio de Janeiro. He was a distinguished naturalist, being a member of the Portuguese Royal Acafor many demy of Sciences, in Lisbon. He published a book on the Province of Ceara ( 1 8 1 0 ), and an article on the same sub ject ) ( 1 8 His other writings were published in other books (1874), or left H unpublished, in the National Library of Rio de Janeiro 1809. 1810). The (ISOO Hoffmannsegg. consisting of materials gaSicber. in Pernambuco and Bahia by Gomes, and in Ceara by Feijo. were afterwards presented by the Count to the Museum of Berlin, and served for the first dipterelogical publications of Wiedemann. A certain Beltrao, who seems to have been a judge in Rio de Janeiro, and about whom nothing else is known, also seems to have sent material to the collections of thered in the Count. A Amazons by butterfly (Calligo beltrao) The Russian was named after him. expeditions Several events changed the politics of isolation imposed by Portugal on her Brazilian colony. During his war with England. Napoleon demanded that all European nations close their ports to British merchant vessels. Portugal, who had been a traditional ally of England, refused to obey those orders. In retaliation. Napoleon sentenced the small European kingdom, dividing her territory between the Queen of Etruria and the King of Spain, Charles IV. On 19 November 1807, the troops of General Junot invaded Portugal. The small country could not resist the Napoleonic troops, and the royal family decided to transfer the government to Brazil, leaving on a fleet 27 November 1807, accompanied by the nobility and protected by British warships. During the voyage the ships were separated by a storm, one part landing at Salvador, Bahia, and the other at Rio de Janeiro. The Regent Prince, Dom Joao VI. arrived in Salvador on 23 January 1808, sailing immediately to Rio de Janeiro, where he landed on 7 March. Brazil was elevated to the status of United Kingdom, with Portugal and Algarves, with the capital in Rio de Janeiro. One of Dom Joao's first acts was to open ports of Brazil to the nations of the world, and to permit entrance of foreigners into the country, and travels into the interior. This caused a tremendous affluence ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 50 of naturalists desirous of studying the magnificent nature of the country. One of the first naturalists to arrive was Baron Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, in 1813, as General Consul of Russia. Langsdorff was born on 18 April 1774, in Wollstein, Grand Duchy of Hesse (Germany). He graduated in medicine and natural history from the University of Gottingen. In 1797, at the age of 23 years, he defended a thesis on obstetrics, published under the title "Commentatione medicinae obstetriciae sistens phantasmarum sive machinarum ad artis obstetricia facientium vulgo Fasmae dictorum brevem historiam" Once he had obtained his medical degree, he departed in the same year to Portugal, in the train of Prince Christian von Waldeck. the "generalissimo" After the death of the Prince he reof the Portuguese Army. mained in Lisbon as a private doctor, introduced there the practice of vaccination, and learned the language, which would be so useful . in his future travels. engaged himself as surgeon of the British troops, After the Peace of Amiens he returned to his homeland (1802). On 29 January 1803. he was made corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In 1801 he in war against Spain. His first voyage to Brazil was made from 20 December 1803 February 1804, as a naturalist in the Russian expedition aboard the ships 'Neva' and 'Nadezhda', destined to the exploration of the Americas. This expedition, commanded by Captain, afterwards Admiral, Adam Krusenstern, landed on the Island of Santa Catarina (in the city of Desterro, presently Florianopolis, SG-22, 48-28a), on its way to Cape Horn. While the ship underwent repairs Langsdorff used his time profitably making frequent excursions in the island and the nearby continent. In those excursions he was accompanied by Manoel Cardoso Caldeira, also a naturalist. There Langsdorff obtained good collections, both to 2 and botanical (Krusenstern, 1818). voyage was printed by Langsdorff in 1812. zoological The relation of the On 1 April 1812. he was made "academic extraordinary" in In that same year, probably zoology, and on 17 June, in botany. according to his own wishes, he was appointed Consul General of Russia in Rio de Janeiro, where he arrived on 5 April 1813, after a voyage of 67 days. During his stay in Rio de Janeiro as Consul, from 1813 to 1820. he shared his time between his official duties as consul and agricultural pursuits on a farm, named 'Mandioca' (cassava), which he had bought in the present State of Rio de Janeiro, near SciELO COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 51 (SF-23, 43-23a). There, and Rio de Janeiro, especially in the Corcovado Mountain (1815-1816), as well as in the shore regions of the State of Rio de Janeiro, as far as Cabo Frio (SF-23, 42-23a), he collected many insects, which were sent to the Museum of the Russian the foot of the Serra da Estrela in the city of Academy of Sciences, in St. Petersburg. While Langsdorff collected insects in Rio, another Russian expedition explored the coasts of Brazil. On 31 January 1815. the ship 'Rurick' had left St. Petersburg, sailing from Kronstadt, Denmark, on 30 July, for Copenhagen (17 August), and from Plymouth sailed for South America. Passing by Teneriffe on 28 October, the expedition crossed the equator on the 23rd of November. The expedition was destined to a study of the seas, especially of the Bering Strait, being financed by the Chancellor of the Russian Empire, Count von Romanroff. The captain was Otto von Kotzebue, and two naLouis Claude Adelaide Charaisso de turalists were present Boncourt (1781-1838). and. the one who interests us now, scientific — JOHANN FrIEDRICH EsCHSCHOLTZ. Eschscholtz was born in Dorpat, Estland. on 1 November 1793, and died in the same city, on 19 May 1831. He was very well educated, having received a degree of Doctor of Medicine. At the time of his death he was Professor Extraordinary of Medicine and teacher at the University of Dorpat, Professor of Zoo- logy and Director of the Zoological Museum of that same Unimember of the natural history societies of Moscow and of the Leopold-Carolin Academy of Natural Research of Bonn, and Knight of the Order of St. Vladimir. He acted both as versity, and doctor aboard the 'Rurick'. 6 December 1815, the 'Rurick' passed along Cabo Frio, and followed to the south, arriving in the neighborhood of the Island of Santa Catarina, where they landed on the 13th. in the same place where Krusenstern had anchored the 'Nadezhda' 12 years before. The following day, the naturalists went to the city of Desterro (or Nostro-Senhor-dudesterro. as it was spelled by Kotzebue, the present city of Fiorianopolis; SG-22, 48-28a), a few naturalist On hours from their landing place. Governor, Major Luis Mauricio they collected insects and made tronomy. They left the Island There they were received by the da Silveira, and around the city observations on physics and ason 26 January 1817, sailing for Cape Horn. After the passage of the Straits of Magellan, they sailed to Concepcion, where they were anchored on 11 February. In the port of Concepcion (SJ-18, 37-73d), they were visited aboard by 52 ESSAYS ON Don Miguel THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY de Rivas, Commander of Talcahuano ( "Talcaguano" of Kotzebue; SJ-18. 37-73a), who marvelled at the Russian ImThey colleperial flag, seen for the first time in a Chilean port. cted around the city, leaving for Karatchatka on the 8th of March. The (1821). sited in narrative of the voyage was The specimens collected during the Museums of Berlin and St. by Kotzebue voyage were depo- published that Petersburg. In 1816, with Saint-Hilaire (see Chapter VIII), Langsdorff made a trip to the Province of Minas Gerais, passing through Vila Rica (now Ouro Preto. SF-23. 20--44d), Mariana (SF-23. 43-20c), Catas Altas (SF-23, 43-20c), Inficionado. and Itajuru. There Langsdorff had to leave Saint-Hilaire and return to Rio de Janeiro. Returning to Europe in 1820, in November he arrived at Paris, where he published a booklet destined to increase immigration to Brazil, entitled "Memoire sur le Bresil pour servir de guide a ceux qui desirent s'y etablir, par M. le Chevalier G. de Langsdorff, Consul general de Russie au Bresil. Membre de I'Academie Imperiale des Sciences a Saint-Petersbourg et de plusieurs From Paris he went to Germany, societcs savantes" (20 pp.). where he published a German edition of the same booklet, which appeared in 1821, with 107 pages. He gave his collections, made during 7 years of residence in Brazil, to the Berliner Zoologisches Museum. The value of the collection was calculated at 40,000 francs. In the beginning of the spring of 1821 Langsdorff was in Petersburg. In February he was invested with the title of State Counsellor and with the Order of St. Vladimir, and was St. made an effective member of the Academy of Sciences. Before returning to Rio de Janeiro, Langsdorff was encharged by the Czar with the mission of making an expedition to the On 20 June 1821, he informed the Conference interior of Brazil. Academy of Sciences of the project, asking for special of the committments, and asked the Academy's permission to contract the entomologist Edouard Menetries and the artist Moritz RugenThe Academy das, whom he had met either in Paris or Bremen. had no special recommendations, and accepted the services of Menetries, who remained on duty until his death, in 1863. in Paris on 2 October 1802. studied medicine, but very soon, stimulated by the discoveries in the field of natural sciences in the beginning of the last century, abandoned medicine in order to work at the Museum Edouard Menetries was born He first of the Jardin des Plantes. under Cuvier and Latreille. Having COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 53 met Alexander von Humboldt, and after having read his relaof travels, Menetries had also thought of going to some country to collect, when in 1821 Czar Alexander planned the expedition to Brazil under the direction of Baron von Langsdorff. He published "Observations sur quelques lepidopteres du Bresil" {"Mem. Soc. Nat. Moscou. vol. 7. 1829). tions After the voyages in Brazil Menetries became established in Petersburg, being charged with the curatorship of the zoological collections of the Museum of the Academy of Sciences. In 1829, by order of Nicholas I, he explored the Caucasus, being at that time only 27 years old. Returning from that trip, he studied the collections of the St. Petersburg Museum until his death on 10 April 1861, victim of a severe emphysema (Anon., 1863). St. Some of his Brazilian collections were given to the Paris Museum, and were later studied by Macquart. On his arrival in Brazil on 3 March 1822, Langsdorff found a changed political situation. The King, Dom Joao VI, had returned to Portugal, and with him, a part of the diplomatic legations. Later, on 7 September 1822, his son, Dom Pedro de Alcantara, proclaimed the independence of Brazil, assuming the title of Em- peror. After making a Langsdorff returned once more to Europe, Urals in 1823. During his absence, Menethe Provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo that, trip to the tries collected in (Hagen, 1855). In 1824, returning to Brazil, Langsdorff made a trip to Minas Gerais. accompanied by Rugendas and Menetries (Pinto, 1952). By the end of April they left Rio de Janeiro and crossed the Rio They passed Paraiba, entering the Province of Minas Gerais. by Barbacena (SF-23, 21-44d), where they stayed during May and June, the Serra da Mantiqueira, Sao Joao del Rei (SF-23. 44-21 c), Prados, Serra de Sao Jose, Vila Rica (Ouro Preto, SF-23, 44-20d), Serra de Itacolomi (SE-24, 44-19d; 18 August), Mariana (SF-23. 43-20c), Bento Rodrigues, Inficionado, Catas Altas (SF-23, 43-20c), Brumado, Serra do Caraqa (SF-23, 43-20c), Congo Soco (October). Caete (SF-23. 43-22a). Rio das Velhas (SF-23. 44-20d), Sabara (SE-24. 44-20b), Santa Luzia (SE-23. 44-20b) (3-12 September), Lagoa Santa (SE-23, 44-20b). Serra da Lapa (16 October to 4 December), Congonhas (SE-23, 44-19b), Parauna, and arrived at the limit of their excursion, the city of Tejuco (now Diamantina, SE-23, 44-1 8d), on the 11th of December. There they stayed until the 29th. returning through Serra da Lapa (3 January 1825), Serra da Piedade, Vila Rica, Ouro Branco, Queluz (SF-23. 44-21b), Barba- 54 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY cena, and Rio Paraibuna, to the city of Rio de Janeiro, where they arrived in February 1825. The insects collected on this trip also went to the Museum of Berlin, except for 6 boxes with several collections, made in 1824. which were received by the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg in August 1825. The beginnings of a mental sickness in Langsdorff caused disagreements between the consul and his companions Menetries and Rugendas. who secured their dismissal, being substituted by the zoologist Christian Hasse and the and Hercules Florence. Langsdorff decided then to artists Aime Adrien Taunay launch the long-protracted expe- by Czar Alexander I. composed by Langsdorff as the chief. Ludwig Riedel as botanist. Christian Hasse as zoologist, Aime Adrien Taunay and Hercules Florence as artists, and Rubzoff as astronomer, left Rio de Janeiro on 3 September 1825 aboard the ship 'Aurora", and arrived in Santos (State of Sao Paulo) 48 hours Landing in that port, they proceeded, after a stay of 20 later. days, to Cubat£io (SF-23. 46-24a), and to the City of Sao Paulo dition to the interior of Brazil, ordered The party, (SF-23. 47-24b), capital of the Province. From that city the commission went to Jundiai (SF-23, 47-23d), Itu (SF-23, 47-23c), Sao Joao de Ipanema (presently Varnhagen), and arrived in Porto Feliz (SF-23, 47-23c), where Langsdorff had decided to embark on the Ticte Rircr (SF-23, 46-24b, 48-23d) in order to use the facilities of a river communication with the city of Cuiaba. On 7 December, however, the commission was still stationed Porto Feliz, being always delayed by Langsdorff, who had to go to Rio to dispatch some important business. In his absence Riedel commanded the expedition, which explored the western parts of the Province of Sao Paulo. After 5 months, Langsdorff came back to join his companions, and finally, on 22 June 1826, they embarked. Meanwhile, the zoologist Hasse abandoned the expedition, and Langsdorff took over his functions as zoological in collector. The members of the expedition embarked on the Tiete in two big canoes, two small ones, and three bateloes' (large dugouts), with a crew of approximately 40 persons. They went down the Tiete (which runs westward) to its confluence with the Parana River (SF-23, 52-22c). making a short digression to the waterfalls of Urubupunga. On 13 August they entered the Parana, and on the 18th the mouth of the Rio Pardo (SE-21, 54-20a). reaching Camapua (SE-21. 54-19c), on 9 October, where they resided for 43 days. Then, the canoes were trans- COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 55 in wagons through mountainous regions, to the Rio Coxim (SE-21, 54-18c, 55-19b), where the scientists reassumed navigation. After portaging the many waterfalls of the Coxim, they entered the Rio Taquari (SE-21, 54- 18c) on 3 December, arriving at the Paraguay River (SE-21, 57-1 7c) on 12 December. On the 27th they entered the Rio Sao Lourenco (SE-21, 55-17a); on 4 January 1827, the Rio Cuiaba (SE-21, 56-I6c), and finally landed in the city of Cuiaba (SE-21, 56-16a), the capital of the Province of Mato Grosso. on 30 January 1827, after seven and a half months of a painstaking voyage. ported The important collections made during the first part of the to Rio de Janeiro from Cuiaba, through a certain Sr. Angelini an Italian merchant who was going to Rio. The boxes with the specimens, reports, manuscripts, and drawings by Taunay and Florence were addressed to Mr. Kielche, vice-consul of Russia in Rio de Janeiro. From Cuiaba, Langsdorff addressed a letter to the Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, with a catalogue of the ethnological artifacts, the observations on astronomy, meteorology and geography by N, Rubzoff and the dra^'ings made from June 1826 to January 1827. representing birds existing in the collections. The letter was received on June 1828 and published in the St. Petersburgische Zeitung, n'' 52, of 29 trip were sent June 1828. e.xpedition stayed in Cuiaba until 6 December 1827. On day of May, they made a short trip to Chapada (dos Guimaraes) (SF-21, 56-21d), where they remained for one and a half months. While Langsdorff remained in Cuiaba. Riedel and Taunay went to Diamantino (SE-22, 53-1 7a), and Rubzoff and Florence to Vila Maria (Caceres. SE-21, 5S-16d), 40 leagues ^est of Cuiaba, on the banks of the Rio Paraguay. By that time Langsdorff was mentally ill and causing serious They decided, betroubles to the members of the expedition. The the first Angelini, when young, had abandoned his parental home in and travelled through Europe. Eventually he came to Brazil, in the times of D. Joao VI, and began selling precious stones in the streets of Rio de Janeiro. Increasing his capital, he became very wealthy, and lived a Srand life, inviting to his dinners contemporary ministers and ambassadors. Having a By this means he may have known Baron von Langsdorff. special bent for financial speculations, he went in 1827 to Mato Grosso, in order to do business in diamonds, thus meeting Langsdorff in Cuiaba, and '"inging hu collections to Rio de Janeiro. Later on Angelini travelled to the "nines of Potosi, and became an intimate friend of Bolivar (Cenni, F., Os i'alianos no Brasil. p. 53). ' Trieste, This 56 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY — one, cause of that, to divide the commission into two sections composed of Langsdorff, Rubzoff, and Florence, to go to the north, and, leaving the village of Diamantino, descend the Rivers Preto. Arinos. juruena. and Tapajos. arriving in the city of Santarem, and then proceed to Manaus; the second, composed of Riedel and Taunay, to go to Vila Bela (the city of Mato Grosso now) and. descending the Rivers Giiapore. Mamore and Madeira, would meet the others the Rio Negro in Manaus. Thence, both sections would ascend Canal of the Casiquiare, and, through the to the Orinoco, try to reach the Guianas. The project, however, did not succeed. Already in the village of Diamantino (SE-22, 53- 17a). while the first section waited for the arrival of the other, the illness of Langsdorff became aggravated. The members of the expedition descended the Rio Arinos (SD-21. 56-14a. 56-Hd), and remained for many months The stay in the Arinos proved in a post of the Apiaca Indians. attacked by malignant fevers many fatal to the expedition lives were lost; Rubzoff. with beriberi, remained invalid for the There also Langsdorff lost his powers of reason rest of his days. remaining members descended the Rio Juruena The completely. (SD-21. 59-15a, 59-13c. 59-12d; SC-21. 59-llb. 58-9c; SB-21. 58-8a) and the Tapajos (SB-21. 57-5d: SA-21, 55-3a). reaching the city of Santarem (SA-21. 55-2d). whence they sent Langsdorff to Belem. and then to Rio de Janeiro, in 1829. — In that same year the unfortunate naturalist was transported Europe, and lived in Freiburg in Brisgau until 29 June 1852. without regaining his sanity. Nicholas I, with the generosity of the Russian autocrats, and as a homage to the memory of his brother, who had had the idea of this ill-fated expedition, granted Langsdorff a pension during his lifetime (Florence, 1942; Garcia. 1922; Hoehne, 1942; Ihering, 1902; Manizer, 1967; Stresemann. 1950; Urban, 1908). to Sellow and Frcyrciss Langsdorff was one of the most enthusiastitc naturalists in Almost every collector during the First Empire had some One of the naturalists aided advice or substantial help from him. by Baron von Langsdorff was F. Sellow. Brazil. Friedrich (or Sello) was bom on 12 March Germany, son of Carl Julius Samuel Sello. a Sellow 1789. in Potsdam, royal gardener of the Sanssouci. Friedrich practiced gardening COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 57 with his uncle, Johann Wilhelm Sello, and was employed as auxiliary gardener at the Botanisches Garten in Berlin. There he met Wildenow. then occupied with the study of the American plants brought by Humboldt and Bonpland. Through Wildenow, Sellow went to Paris, working at the Jardin des Plantes, studying botany under Jussieu and attending classes of Cuvier, Haiiy, Lamarck, and Godeffroy. Helped by Baron Alexander von Humboldt, he was transferred to England, in 1811, where he utilised the facilities of the library of Sir Joseph Banks. In London, Sellow studied zoology with Leach and Koenig. In January 1813, he became acquainted with Baron Langsdorff, who was in the stage of final preparations to go to Rio de Janeiro as Consul of Russia. Sellow was invited to join him. Hobut for financial reasons, his acceptance was impossible. wever, Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. J. Sims offered to finance his voyage, and Sellow embarked for Brazil in 1814. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro, Sellow went to live in the house of Langsdorff, learned Portuguese, and in his first year of residence made frequent excursions in the surroundings of the Capital, going also to Petropolis (SF-23. 43-23a). to the Farm Mandioca. Serra dos Orgaos (SF-23, 43-22d. 42-22c), and Su- midouro (SF-23. 43-22d). In the city of Rio de Janeiro his faHe also the forest-clad Corcovado Mountain. was vorite place visited the coastal regions of Angra dos Reis (SF-23. 44-23c) and probably also Macae (SF-23. 43-22c) and Cabo Frio (SF-23, 42-23a). The collections made during those trips were sent to Banks and Sims as a compensation for their financing. As Sellow was now free from his obligations to the English zoologists, Langsdorff suggested that he go to the northern regions of Brazil. The trip would be financed by Langsdorff, who Sellow in turn would keep the zoological collections for himself. was ready Rio: to start on his trip when another naturalist arrived in G. Freyreiss. Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss was born in Frankfurt on 12 In 1812 he had left Russia with Langsdorff, but as July 1789. the trip had been a tiresome one. he remained in Carlshamn, Sweden, and went on to Uppsala. There he met the eminent botanist Swartz. and Thunberg. The latter furnished Freyreiss with letters of tomologist, recommendation to the General Consul of Norway Lorentz Westin. also an amateur enwho had sent some insects to Thunberg. and Sweden in Rio, Freyreiss became a good friend of Westin, did everything to help him to travel and collect natural history specimens. In July 1814. Freyreiss went to Minas Gerais, pro- Once who in Rio, ESSAYS ON 58 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY made by Wilhelm von Eschwcge, then the direcmining companies of Brazil, by appointment of the Brazihan Government, and one of the most learned students of filing by a trip tor of the Brazilian geography and natural resources. Leaving Rio on 29 June 1814, Eschwege and Freyreiss took a boat as far as Porto Estrela, crossed the Serra dos Orgaos, and after crossing the River Paraibuna, entered the Province of Minas Gerais, via Juiz de Fora (SF-24, 44-21d), Chapeu d'Uvas (SF-23, 44-22b), Barbacena (SF-24, 44-21d; which they left on Congonhas do Campo (SF-23, 44-20d). to Vila Rica Ouro Preto, SF-23, 44-20d), where Eschwege had 7 August), (presently his headquarters. Leaving Vila Rica on the 2nd of September, Freyreiss returned to Congonhas do Campo, and went on to the Rio Paraopeba (SE-23, 44-20a; SF-23, 44-20c), visiting two farms (Bicas and Varginhas), the city of Pompeu (SE-23, 45-1 9c; on 10 and 11 September), the Rio Sao Francisco (SE-23, 45-18a; SE-23, 44-18a), the village of Santana (SE-23, 43-20a), and the Rio Indaia (SE-23, 46-19b. 46-19d; SF-23, 45-20c). He returned to Vila Rica, going to visit a lead factory situated 80 leagues away of that city, where he remained for a month, which he dedicated to "the discovery of the most important objects of natural history". On 22 December 1814, he again left Vila Rica for another time passing by Mariana (SF-23, 43-20a), Serra do Itacolomi (SE-23, 44-19d), Santana dos Ferros (?), Santa Rita (SE-23, 43-1 9b), Presidio de Sao Joao Batista (?). This voyage was made with the sole purpose of studying Indian tribes trip, at this (Freyreiss, On 1902, 1907). his return to Rio, after meeting Sellow house, Freyreiss decided to join the trip which Sellow and Freyreiss received letters of ned. in Langsdorff's plan- was being recommendation and the title of "financed naturalists", granted by the Brazilian Government, with Everything an annual pension of 400:000 (400,000 'reis'). to the authorities of the Brazilian Provinces, was ready for the trip, when in zu Wied-Neuwied, who was also July. 1815, Prince Maximilian a naturalist, and was interested in undertaking a trip to the interior of Brazil, arrived in Rio de Wied-Neuwied, who was a guest of Baron von LangsJaneiro. dorff, decided to accompany Sellow and Freyreiss in their voyage. The three naturalists left Rio de Janeiro on 4 August 1815, taking 13 beasts of burden with the equipment, and 10 ser\'ants. From Sao Cristovao (now a district of the city of Rio de Ja- COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 59 nciro), they went by the coast to Cabo Frio (SF-24. 41 -22a), Macae {SF-24. 42-22d), and Campos {SF-24, 41 -22a). with a short trip up the Rio Paraiba. to visit a village of the Puri Indians. Entering the Province of Espirito Santo, they reached Vitoria {SF-24, 40-20c) in November 1815. There Sellow and Frey- decided to stay for some time, collecting more specimens, proceeded to the north, to Caravelas {SE-24, 39-18a). Sellow and Freyreiss stayed in Vitoria for some 6 months, occupied with the collection of plants and animals (until June 1816). Near the Rio Mucud {SE-24, 40-18d), they again met the Prince. Arriving in Salvador, in Bahia (SD-24, 38-I3c), Wied-Neuwied considered that his collections were sufficient, and departed for Europe on 10 May 1817. His book of travels (1820-1821) is one of the best ever written about Brazil (for a gazetteer of Wied-Neuwied's voyage, with annotated localities, reiss w-hile the Prince see Bokermann, 1957). no hurry, camping frequently, and always collecpassed by way of Caravelas {SE-24, 39-1 8a) in December, 1816, Porto Seguro {SE-24, 39-16d), Belmonte, Una (SE-24, 39-1 5c), Olivenga (SE-24, 39-1 5b), and reached Salvador (SD-24, 38-13c) at the end of 1817, staying afterwards in Nazare (SD-24. 39-13c). From the trip through Freyreiss returned to Rio de Janeiro. Espirito Santo and Bahia he sent three shipments to the Berliner Sellow, in ting, Zoologisches 1- 2. 3. Museum: The first in March 1816, from Vitoria; The second in September 1816. from Caravelas; The third in January 1817, also from Caravelas. He made four more shipments of collections of specimens collected in Salvador, between July 1817 and August 1818, prising in the total 2,000 bird skins and 8,000 insects. com- Freyreiss contributed later to the foundation of a German colony in southern Bahia (Colonia Leopoldina), where he died in 1825. In 1824, he published his "Beytrage zur Kentniss der Kai- serthums Brasiliens". His collections were distributed among the museums of Stockholm, Uppsala. Moscow, Berlin, Leyden, Hannover, and Frankfurt (Senckenberg). Sellow still remained in Bahia. In a letter dated 15 De- cember 1817, to the Prussian Minister of Culture, Karl Freiherr von Altenstein, he offered his services as collecting naturalist to ESSAYS ON 60 the Berliner THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Museum. If his proposal was accepted, he asked that the funds be sent in the name of Count von Flemming. in Rio de Janeiro. By Humboldt's influence, his request was granted, and Sellow received instructions from the professors of bo- tany and zoology. Lichtenstein and Link, with a credit of 8,000 marks, payable at a rate of 4.000 a year. On 7 May 1818. this news was communicated to him in Bahia by von Altenstein. He collected a little more in the surroundings of Salvador, and sent from there, on 4 October 1817. 600 skins of birds. 3,000 insects, 300 species of plants (with 4 to 6 specimens of each species), and several kinds of seeds, collected between Caravelas and Salvador between December 1816 and July 1817. Lichtenstein received that collection in Berlin on 25 March 1818. This may ha\-e induced Lichtenstein to accept Sellow as a collector. After the receipt of the letter by von Altenstein. Sellow sent collection, also from Salvador (made from September 1S17 to May 1818), and this shipment arrived at the Museum of After that he returned to Rio de Berlin on 25 September 1818. a new Janeiro. We shall now leave Sellow for a while to consider the expeditions of the Austrian scientists, and we shall return to the other journeys undertaken by him. The Austrian expeditions In 1817, several events resulted in the coming of still more zoologists to study the Brazilian fauna. Dom Joao VI had sent his Ambassador, the Marquis of Mabeg the hand of the Archduchess Leopoldina Carolina Josefa of Austria for the crownprince, Dom Pedro de Alcantara, the future Emperor of Brazil. Kaiser Friedrich I conceded, and Count von Wrbna was immediately sent to Rio de Janeiro with the good news from Vienna. rialva. to The Chancellor of the Austrian Empire. Prince von Metternich-Winneburg, was responsible for the organization of a scientific commission which would join the train of the Archduchess on her departure to Brazil. Those scientists were to e.xplore the Brazilian Kingdom, making collections of animals, plants, and minerals, investigating the productions of the countries visited, the culture, the inhabitants, etc. Counsellor Ritter von Schreibers, Director of the Imperial and Royal Cabinet of Natural History COLLECTORS in IN BRAZIL 61 Vienna, was to report the activities of the scientific commission return to Austria. The Austrian commission was composed of the zoologist Johann Natterer. the Imperial hunter Dominick Sochor, the mineralogist and botanist Johann Emmanuel Pohl, the entomologist and botanist Johann Christian Mikan, the painter of plants Johann Buchberger. the royal gardener Heinrich Wilhelm Schott. the painters Thomas Ender and Franz Joseph Friibeck. and the librarian Rochus Schiich, who had been until then curator of the cabinet of natural history in Vienna. Dr. Johann Kamerlacher, upon its came as the private doctor of the Archduchess. the instance of the House of Tuscany, the botanist Giuseppe Raddi, who arrived with the Grand Duke Karl August of also a naturalist, At Saxony- Weimar, joined the scientific commission. King Ma.x'imilian Joseph I of Bavaria, who had had since 1815 the idea of sending a scientific e.xpedition to South America, took the occasion to send the zoologist Johann Baptist von Spix and the botanist Karl Friedrich Philip von Martius. The Archduchess left Vienna on 2 June 1817. and proceeded overland to Livorno. sailing on 5 August aboard the Portuguese Pohl and Raddi also sailed from Licorvette Dom Joao VI'. vorno, aboard the warship "Sao Sebastiao", with the Grand Ambassador Count von Eltz. Mikan and his wife, Ender, Spix, Martius. the counsellor of the Austrian Embassy, Baron von Neveu, and the Counts von Schonfeld and von Palfy, embarked on the frigate 'Austria'; Natterer. Buchberger. Schott, and Sochor, aboard the 'Augusta'. Both frigates sailed from Trieste on 10 April 1817. the arrival in Rio, the naturalists intended to make a joint expedition to the interior of the country, but several reasons On having rendered the plan impossible, each group took a separate route. Mik.\n, born on 5 December 1769, in Teplitz, Bohemia, studied medicine in Prague, and obtained his His dedication to entomology 793. title of 'Doctor Medicinae' in and botany obtained him the post of professor of natural history In 1812 he replaced his in the University of Prague in 1800. His travels in Brazil, which he father in the chair of botany. undertook with Schott and Buchberger. were hmited to the City of Rio de Janeiro (Corcovado, Boa Vista, Laranjeiras, etc.). the regions of Saquarema (SF-23, 43-23b). and Cabo Frio (SF-24. "11-223). He left Rio on 1 June 1818, and died in Prague on 24 December 1844. His collections are kept in the Museum of Johann Christian 1 Vienna (Urban. 1908). THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 62 JoHANN Emmanuel Pohl, bom in Kanit:, Bohemia, on 22 February 1782, was also laureated in medicine, in 1808, and proHe died on 22 fessor of botany in the University of Prague. May 1834, as curator of the Imperial and Royal Brazilian Museum of Vienna, where were deposited the collections made by the Austrian scientists. During weeks Rio de Janeiro (he arrived on 7 around the city, and tried several techniques to preserve the zoological and botanical collections from the ants, termites, and humidity. On 15 February 1818 he started a new journey going first On the to Sepetiba (SF-23, 44-23b), where he met Natterer. 4th of March he visited the Ilha da Madeira (SF-23. 44-23b). and on the next day went to Itaguai (SF-23, 44-23b) and Pirai (SF-23, 44-23b). On 19 March he started to Angra dos Reis (SF-23. 44-23c). where he arrived only on the 25th, due to the his first November 1817), he heavy rains, that in collected rendered the roads almost impracticable. From Angra dos Reis he went by sea to Mangaratiba (SF-24. to Sepetiba, where Natterer was waiting On the 5th of April he arrived in Rio. There he learfor him. ned that Buchberger had suffered a severe accident, falling from a branch of a tree had wounded his abdomen, cauhis mule Due to this unfortunate accident, Mikan. sing internal damage. Ender and Raddi had returned to Rio. The collections gathered thus far were arranged and packed, and on the 1st of July 1818, when the Grand Ambassador Count von Elt; returned to Europe, Buchberger, Mikan, Ender and Raddi embarked with him, ta- 44-23b) and returned — king the collections. Buchberger was installed in the Imperial palace in Schon- brunn, where he died in January 1821. Karl von Schreibers received the collections, and wrote a notice about them in a booklet published in Briinn (1820). After the departure of von Eltz, Baron von Neveu, now plenipotentiary Minister from Austria, took up the direction and the financing of the expeditions of the remaining members. On 6 September 1818, furnished with the portarias authorizing his voyages through Minas Gerais and Goias. Pohl left Rio de Janeiro, and went to Porto Estrela. After collecting in Farm Mandioca, he passed the Serra dos (irgaos. and the Paraibuna Rii^er, entering the Province of Minas Gerais. Pohl travelled through Simao Pereira (SF-23, 43-22a), Matins Barbosa (SF-23, 43-22a), Chapeu d'Uvas (SF-23. 44-22b) (28 September), Barbacena (SF-24, 44-21 d), where he remained the COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 63 October, and Sao Joao del Rei (SF-23. 4-4-2 Ic), to Rio the collections gathered in this first part On 21 October 1S18 he left that city, and proceeded of the trip. (SF-23. 45-20c) (31 October). Bambui (SF-23, to Formiga 46- 20b), Guarda-Mor (SE-23. 47-18a), and Paracatu (SE-23, 47- 1 7d) (25 November). From Paracatu he visited the Serra dos Cristais. where he went to investigate the mineral productions, and arrived at Santa Luzia (?), sending again collections to Rio de from 1 to II whence he sent Janeiro. the Province of Goias, Pohl journeyed to Corumba (de Goias. SD-22, 49-16b). crossed the Pirineus Mountains, proceeding to Jaragua (SD-22. 49-16a) and Vila Boa (presently Already in the city of Goias, SD-22, 50- 16a), where he arrived on 23 Ja- nuary 1819. With the arrival of the rainy season, he was forced to remain some time in Goias, and also had to wait to buy new beasts of burden, which had to come from Mato Grosso or Sao Paulo. In the meantime, he went to Anicuns (SE-22, 50-16d) to investigate gold mines, returning to Vila Boa in the middle of March, and again, desirous of seeing the mining of diamonds, proceeded on 22 March to Sao Jose de Mossamedes (Mossamedes. SE-22. 50- 16c). and to Piloes (SE-22, 51-16d), on the Rio Claco. on for the 28th. He left Vila Boa (Goias) on 22 April, resuming his trip, going to Santa Rita (27 April), Crixas (SD-22, 50-14d) May), Ouro Fino, Agua Quente (28 May), Trairas, on banks of Rio Trairas ^(SD-22, 48-15a), where he remained some time, making exxursions in the surroundings, collecting There he left the collections of nerals and exploring caves. tural histor>', to be taken to Vila Boa and then to Rio, and and (18 the for minaleft on 28 June. Following the upper course of the Rio Tocantins, he passed by Sao Fehx (4 July), Sao Joao da Palma, on the banks of the ^(o da Palma (SD-23, 46-13a. 47-I2c). where he again left his recently gathered collections, and left on 20 July, proceeding to Porto Real (now Porto Nacional, SC-22. 48-1 la), arriving on 1 August 1819. He decided then to travel on the Rio Tocantins (called "Maranhao" by Pohl, SC-22, 4S-10c, 49-12b), and descended it as far as Sao Pedro de Alcantara (Tocantinopolis, SB-23, 4S-6d). Returning the same way via the river, he explored several of its tributaries by the Rio Manuel Ahes (SC-23. 47-12a, 48-12b) he went to Natividade (SC-23. 48- 12b); by the Rio da Palma — 64 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY (SD-23, -46-133. 47-1 2c) and by the Rio das Acraias (SC-23. 48-9d; SD-23, 47-1 3a) to the village of Arraias (SD-23. 47-1 3b); via the Rivers Parana (SD-23. 48-13b) and Campos Bclos (SD-23, 47- 13d) to Chapeu. He also explored the rivers Preto (SD-23, 48- 14d). Tocantinzinho (SD-23, 48-14d. 47-14c; SD-22, 4S-14c). da Bagagem (SC-23, 48- 12b), and. overland, after crossing the Rios Maranhao and dos Pafos (SD-22. 49-1 6a. 49-1 5d), he returned once more to Vila Boa (6 December 1819). Leaving the capital of the Province of Goias definitely on 15 April 1820, where he had waited for the end of the rains, he returned to Paracatu and went on to Abaete (presently Sao Gon^alo do Abaete, SE-23, 46-18d), where he arrived on 4 July. Afterwards he followed the Rio Sao Francisco to Pirapora (SE-23, 45-1 7d; 22 July), and Barra do Rio das Velhas (presently On the 2Sth he left Barra. and arrived on the 30th to Guaicu). Proceeding to the east, after having Jequitai (SE-23, 45-1 7d). crossed the Rios Jequitinhonha and Aracuat. Pohl arrived at the Vila do Fanado (Minas Novas, SE-23. 43-1 7d) on 13 August, leaving on the 19th. and. following the Rios Setubal, Aracuai and Jequitinhonha. reached Sao Miguel (now Jequitinhonha. SE-24. 41-16d). From Sao Miguel he navigated down the Jequitinhonha River, to Salto Grande (now Salto da Divisa, SE-24, 40-16c), arriving on 7 September. The village of Salto Grande situated Gerais and Porto Seguro (Bahia), Province of Minas between the marked the easternmost point of his trip. Thence he departed for Sao Miguel and Fanado. arriving in the latter city on 17 November, and still making several excursions in the neighborhood. Deciding that it was time to return to Rio de Janeiro. Pohl proceeded southwards, through Vila do Principe (Serro. SE-23, 43-19a), Itapanhoacanga (SE-23, 43-19a), Itambe do Mato de Dentro (SE-23, 43-19c). Bento Rodrigues (SF-23, 43-20c), Camargos (SF-23. 43-20c), Mariana (SF-23, 43-20a). Vila Rica (Ouro Preto: SF-23. 44-20d; 4 December 1820). where he remained until 7 February 1821. resting and collecting. Queluz (Queluzita. SF-23, 44-21b), Barbacena (SF-23. 44-21d), and, crossing the Rio Paraibuna, entered the Province of Rio de Janeiro, arriving in Rio on 28 February 1821. In Rio he again met Natterer and Schott, who had returned from their voyage to Sao Paulo, and a month afterwards Pohl Although primarily a botanist and minerareturned to Europe. logist, he also collected some animals. In Austria he published the first volume of his book of travels (1832). but died before the publication of the second, which was printed by order of the Emperor, in 1837. . COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 65 Included in his "Reise" there is a short paper on Brazilian 'Vorziiglich lastige Inarthropods, coauthored by V. Kollar secten' in which Simulium pertinax is described. — — naturalists Karl Friedrich Philip von Mar(born 17 April 1794 in Erlangen, northern Bavaria; died in Munich, 13 December 1868) and Johann Baptist von Spix (born 9 February 1781 in Hochstadt; died 14 March 1826 in Munich), after some weeks in Rio, where they made the acquaintance of Krusenstern and Langsdorff, decided to initiate their trip The Bavarian Tius through Brazil. Through Baron von Neveu they obtained permission to enter They collected in the the Brazilian Provinces (see Appendix I). city of Rio de Janeiro (Laranjeiras, Corcovado, Aqueduto, Fonte da Carioca (where the English Consul, Mr. Chamberlain, an amateur entomologist, had a coffee plantation), Tijuca, Botafogo, Jardim Botanico). Invited by Langsdorff, they spent some days at the Farm Mandioca, and continued for a distance on the road to Minas Gerais, to a farm not too far from the Rio Para'iba. Upon their return to Rio, informed by Count von Wrbna that they could not stay in Brazil for more than two years, they decided to go immediately on their expedition. After acquiring mules for the transportation of the equipment, they went through Itaguai (SF-23, 44-23b) (13 December 1817). Areais (already in the Province of Sao Paulo, SF-23. 45-23a), Lorena, Guaratingueta (SF-23, 45-23a), Aparecida (SF-23, 45-23a. 46-23b). Pindamonhangaba, Taubate (SF-23, 46-23c), Jacarei (SF-23. 46-23d). Mogi das Cruzes (SF-23. 46-23c), arriving in the City of Sao Paulo (SF-23, 47-24b) on 31 December 181 7. In Sao Paulo they met Count von Wrbna, Thomas Ender (who had been making drawings along the Rio-Sao Paulo road). Prince von Thurn and Ta.xis, and Count von Palfy, who had come with the Archduchess' train. Leaving Sao Paulo on 9 January 1818, they proceeded by way of Cotia. Sao Roque (SF-23. 47-24a), Sorocaba (whence they sent collections of natural history to Sao Paulo and Rio), Ipanema (now Varnhagen), Porto Feliz (SF-23, 47-23c). then returned to Sorocaba (SF-23. 47-24a). and proceeded to Itu (SF-23. 47-23c). Jundiai (SF-23. 47-23d). and Atibaia (SF-23, 47-23d). all in the Province of Sao Paulo. Entering Minas Gerais. Spix and Martius journeyed through Camanducaia (SF-23. 46-23a). crossed the Rio Sapucai (SF-23, 46-22b) continued along Sao Gonqalo (do Sapucai, SF-23, 46-22b), (SF-23. 45-22a) (14 February 1818). crossed Campanha 66 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY the Rio do Peixe and the Rio Grande, passing by Sao Joao del Rei (SF-23. 44-21c). and arrived at the then capital of the Province of Minas Gerais, Vila Rica (Ouro Preto, SF-23, 4'l-20d). From Vila Rica they went to visit a village of the Coroado and afterwards continued their trip via Mariana (SF-23, 43-20a; 21 April 1818), whence they visited the Serra do Caraqa, and returned on the 28th to Vila Rica. Through the Governor, Indians, Manuel de Portugal e Castro, they dispatched the collections gathered in the itinerary between Sorocaba and Vila Rica. On 1 May 1818, they left the capital of the Province, Sahara (SF-23, 44-20b), Caete (SF-23. 43-22a. at that time also called Vila Nova da Rainha). Vila do Principe (Serro. SE-23, 43-19a). Tcjuco (Diamantina, SE-23. 44-I8d), Fanado or Bom Sucesso (presently Minas Novas. SE-23. 43-1 7d). Montes Claros (SE-23, 44-1 7a), and Contendas (Brasilia de Minas. SE-23, 44-16c), where they remained for some time, for that region was ver>' rich in zoological specimens, and left on 12 August 1818. Following a N-NE direction, they crossed the Rio Sao Francisco and the Rio Carinhanha. entering the present State of Bahia (at that time a part of the Province of Pernambuco), going as far as the Scrra Geral. and returning by Cocos (SD-23. 45-4d) to Carinhanha (SD-23. 44-14d) and Malhada (SD-23. 44-14d). Proceeding through the Province of Porto Seguro or Bahia. they passed by Vila Nova do Principe or Caitite (SD-23, 43-14d), Rio das Contas (SD-24. 42- 14b: which they left on 17 October 1818), Maracas (SD-24. 40-13c). Sao Felix, and Cachoeira, on the banks of the Rio Paragua^u (SD-24, 39-13b). Navigating the Paraguagu downstream, after passing the Island of Itaparica, they arrived at the capital of the Province, Salvador (SD-23, 38- 13c). on 10 November 1818. From Salvador, on 11 December, they went to Ilheus (SD-24. 39-15b). S. Pedro de Alcantara (now Itabuna. SD-24, 39-15a). and Almada; then returned to Ilheus. and along the coast, proceeded to Maraii (SD-24, 39-14d), returning to Salvador by sea. and went on to In Salvador they received letters from von Neveu, with the permission, which they were an.\ious to receive, to travel to the Province of Maranhao, and the money necessary for the trip. In Salvador they left the boxes with the collections, which should be dispatched to Hamburg. On 18 February 1819. they left Salvador, and passed by Cachoeira (SD-24, 39-13b). Feira de Santana (SD-24. 39-12d: 1st of March), and Arraial do Coite (presently Conceiqao do COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 67 Coite, SC-24. 39-1 2a). The voyage was made under severe conditions of drought. In the burning 'caatingas' water was a most difficult thing to find. What little supply they had, had to be carefully transported abandonned by in rubberbags. their inhabitants. Many villages had been When the naturalists arrived in Coite, almost 30 persons were surrounding a scantily flowing spring in some rocks, waiting to obtain some water. Men armed with guns kept order. Martius asked for some water, When — was an angry answer "This water here is only for us, not for wandering Englishmen". Martius was forced to buy a little water from a soldier, who advised him that he should leave that place with all his party, and so he did, going to a farm, where a providential rain saved the naturalists. Proceeding with many sacrifices through Santo Antonio das Queimadas (Queimadas, SC-24, 40-llb; which they left on 8 March 1819). Vila Nova da Rainha or Jacobina Nova (Jacobina. SC-24, 41-1 Id), food became very scarce, and had to be acquired at exorbitant prices, due to the severe drought. In Jacobina the situation was slightly better, and there they stayed, going to Monte Santo (SC-24, 39-lOc) to investigate a meteorite which had fallen on the rivulet Bendego (this meteorite is now at the Museu Nacional do Rio dc Janeiro), and the fossils which existed in that area. On 25 March they returned to Jacobina. Leaving the latter city, after 4 days of marching, they arrived in Joazeiro (SC-24. 41-9d), on the north of the Province, at the banks of the Rio Sao Francisco, on the frontier with Pernambuco, where finally they found abundant water. the only thing he obtained Crossing the Province of Pernambuco, they entered the Province of Piaui, and following the Rio Caninde. arrived in Oeiras (SB-23, 42-7c), then the capital of that province, on 3 May 1819. After some days of rest, they left on the 11th. and on the 15th arrived in Sao Gonqalo do Amarante (Amarante, SB-23, 43-6d). In the next days of travel, Martius was attacked by a violent fever. His condition was very bad, and Spix remained faithfully at his side, helping with what remedies he could apply. Spix. on his turn, when he took a bath in a shallow pond, contracted a and his body was covered with small ulceratumors (probably he contracted a schistosomiasis, of which malady of the ting skin, Proceeding with incredible difficulties, they died in 1826). crossed the Rio Paraiba. entering the Province of Maranhao, and finally arrived in Caxias (SB-23, 43-5a), where they remained until 3 June 1819. to recuperate from the sickness and privations. Of further relief to the naturalists was the fact that here f^e ended their voyage by land. Embarking on the Rio Itapiciini 68 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY (SB-23, 43-5a. 44-5d). they reached the capital, Sao Luis (SAThere they were received by the Enghsh Consul, Robert Hesketh, and in his company made some excursions on the Island of Sao Luis, as well as to the nearby city of Alcantara, In Sao Luis they heard of the death of von Neveu, who had helped them in all their previous trips, but at the same time received they had been permitted to investigate a piece of good news Finally they could the Province of Grao-Para, their great dream. study the Amazonian forest. Knowing that a Portuguese brig, the 'Prontidao' was ready to proceed to Belem they left Sao Luis on 20 July, and reached the capital of the Province of Grao-Para on 25 July 1819. In Belem (SA-22, 49-ld). the two naturalists collected in On 21 several places, and went to the Rio Guama (near Belem). August they decided to proceed up the River Amazonas. Entering the Rio Moju (SA-22, 49-2d), they arrived at the Tocantins River, in front of the city of Cameta (SA-22, 50-2d). Going up the Tocantins. they entered the Fiiro do Japim and reached Breves (SA-22, 50-2a), in the south of the Island of MaProceeding by the Canal do Tajapuru, on 9 September they raj'6. were in Gurupa (SA-22, 52-1 d), and on the following day in Porto de Mo: (SA-22, 52-2a), on the Xingu River. Navigating along the right bank of the Amazons, they went by Santarem (SA-21, 55-2d) (19-30 September 1819), Obidos (SA-21. 55-2a), Vila Nova da Rainha (Parintins. SA-21, 56-3a; on the 1st of October), Serpa (Itacoatiara, SA-21, 58-3c) (12 October), arriving to Barra do Rio Negro (Manaus, SA-20, 60-3c; SA-21, 60-3d), where they stayed from 22 October to 2 -23. 44-3a). — November 1819. Passing by Manacapuru (SA-20, 61-3d), Codajas (SA-20, 62-4a), and Coari (SB-20, 63-4c; 16 November), all localities on the Amazon River, the naturalists reached Ega (Tefe, SA-20, 65-3d) on 26 November. They decided then to follow different routes, in order to better explore the region. Spix left Ega on 7 December 1819. ascending the Rio Solimoes. by Fonte Boa (SA-19, 66-3a), Tonantins (SA-19, 68-3b), Sao Paulo de OliNcnqa (SA-19, 64-4b), and arriving in Taba(SB-19, 70-4d), on the border between Brazil and Peru. From Tabatinga he returned to Manaus. where he arrived on 3 February 1820. Leaving again, he went up the Rio Negro to Moura (SA-20, 62-1 d) and Barcelos (SA-20, 63-la). the ancient capital of the Province of Sao Jose do Rio Negro (now State of Amazonas), whence he returned to Manaus, arriving on 26 Fe- tinga bruary. COLLECTORS BRAZIL IN 69 leaving Ega on 12 December, ascended the Rio (SA-20. 65-2c; SA-19. 69-2b, 66-2a). to the border of Brazil, and returned to Manaus on 1 March. In Manaus, Spix and Martius received news from Belem Martius. Japura 1 that a Brazilian fleet go immediately was leaving for Lisbon, and that they should to Belem. They left Manaus. descending the Amazons to the mouth of the Rio Madeira, and entering the latter, passed south of the Island of Tupinambarana (SA-21. 58-3b), reaching Parintins. Proceeding by Obidos, Santarem, Almeirim (SA-22, 53-2b), Guand Breves, they finally arriv^ed in Belem on 16 April 1820. After arranging all the collections, they took the ship "Nova Amazona", and on 13 June 1S20 embarked for Europe. Their stay in Brazil lasted for 2 years and 11 months. Their rupa, collections, sent to Munich, via Hamburg, consisted of 3,381 spe85 species of mammals, 350 of cies of animals, thus distributed: birds, 130 of reptiles (including amphibians), 116 of fishes, 1,800 of Coleoptera. 120 of Orthoptera, 30 of Neuroptera (in the' old sense), 120 of Hymenoptera, 120 of Lepidoptera, 250 of Hemiptera, 100 of Diptera. 80 of Arachnida, of crustaceans. Of and about the same amount Martius collected 6,500 species, which formed the work "Flora Brasiliensis". on which almost every botanist worked, until the beginning of this century, and plants, basis of the gigantic ^vhich was financed by Dom Pedro 6 Martius. II five emperors, including that of Brazil, (Garcia, 1922; Hoehne. 1942; Sommer 1954- Spix' 1823, 1828, 1831; Urban, 1908). Let us return now to the other voyages undertaken by F. Sellow, before following the expeditions of the last member of the Austrian commission, Johann Natterer, and the travels of P W. Lund. Sellow's journeys in the interior of Brazil After the receipt of the letter of von Altenstein, Sellow returned to Rio de Janeiro in July 1818. Two years before, in the company of the Prussian Consul, Count von Flemming, another naturalist had arrived — Ignaz Franz Werner Maria Von who had studied natural histor>' and languages at the University of Gottingen from 1812 to 1815. Desirous of studying Brazilian nature, he joined the Legation of Prussia, as secretary to Count von Flemming. Olfers (born in Miinster, Westphalia), 70 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Upon his return to Rio. Sellow met von Olfers, and both planned a trip to some provinces of Brazil, financed by Count von Flemming. On 10 August 1818, all the equipment was ready; Sellow was in charge of the plants, while Olfers would collect insects and geological samples. Leaving Rio de Janeiro, they crossed the Serra dos Orgaos, and on 3 September passed the Rio Paraibuna (SF-23. 44-22b). entering the Province of Minas Gerais. Then thev headed for Barbaccna (SF-24, 44-21b), Ouro Branco ( SF-23, '44-20d ) Vila Rica (Ouro Preto. SF-23. 44-20d) 2 October). Itambe do Mato dc Dentro (SE-23. (23 September 43-19c) (9 October). Serra de Santo Antonio (?) (17 October)! Ribeirao do Galheiro (SE-23. 44-18d) (20 October). Serra do Vento (?) (22 October). Serra da Meada (?) (26 December), and Itabira (SE-23. 43-20a) (27 December). In 1819 they went by Serra da Cachoeira (10 January). Serra de Itacolomi (SE-24, 44-1 9d) (20 January and again on 10 May), arriving at the Serra da Piedade (SE-23. 45- 18b) on the 30th of March, visiting the Serra do Caraqa on 2 April, and returned afterwards to Vila Rica. , — Leaving Vila Rica on 20 April 1819. they proceeded to Sao Joao del Rei (SF-23. 44-21 c). entered the Province of Sao Paulo, passing by Jundiai (SF-23. 47-23d) and Itu (SF-23, 47-23c). and arrived in the City of Sao Paulo (SF-23, 47-24b) at the end of the month. From Sao Paulo they went to Ipanema (presently Varnhagen). where they were received by the director of the Varnhagen. There they met Natterer. iron forges. From Ipanema Olfers returned to Sao Paulo, proceeded to Santos, and embarked for Rio. There he sent his collection to the Museums of Vienna and Berlin. Sellow remained in Ipanema for a while and then went to Sao Paulo, making an excursion to the Serra de Paranapiacaba (SF-23, 46-24a: now a biological station belonging to the Instituto de Botanica da Secretaria da Agricultura de Sao Paulo), and went also to Ribeira do Iguape (SG-23, 47-25a: SG-23. 48-24d). where he worked during the month of October. The two following months he remained in Ipanema, which he left on 7 January 1820. going to the city of Sao Paulo, where he stayed from 12 January to 8 February. He proceeded then to Santos (SF-23. 46-24a). working there until II April, visited the Island of Sao Sebastitao (SF-23. 45-24a). and. going up the coast, arrived to Angra dos Reis (the ancient Vila da Ilha Grande, as was called in that period. SF-23. 44-23a). Back in Rio. where he arrived on 9 May. Sellow had already spent 6,500 marks. With Olfers he made a new plan to explore COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 71 the southern provinces of Brazil, going afterwards to Mato Grosso. The plan was subthen, down the Amazon River, to Para. mitted to von Altenstein. who gave them a grant of 12.000 marks. On 16 April 1820, Dom Joao VI had granted Sellow an annual pension of 600$000 (600.000 reis), "for voyages and philosophical observations in several parts of Brazil", with the condition that duplicates should be deposited in the National Museum of and Rio de Janeiro. Olfers. however, gave up the idea of joining the expedition, and Sellow decided to travel alone. Before going on to Uruguay, as he had planned. Sellow sent four shipments of collections to the Berliner Zoologischer Museum. The first was sent on 21 May 1820. and included the collections made in the trip from Rio to Minas Gerais. Minas Gerais to Sao Paulo and Sao Paulo to Rio (10 August 1818 to 9 May 1820); The this first shipment arrived to Berlin on 8 November 1820. arriving on 27 November 20 1820. on sent July j820. was second The third and fourth collections were envoyed on 18 February 1821, and reached the Zoologisches Museum on 4 and 13 August The plants, birds, and mammals contained in 1821, respectively. those collections were mainly collected by Sellow, while Olfers took care of insects, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, helminths (later studied by Rudolphi), and geological samples. Early in November 1821, Sellow sailed from Rio de Janeiro Montevideo, arriving there after 18 days of voyage. He collected in the neighborhood of that city, and then, ascending the Rio Santa Lucia (SI-22, 35-56a; between the Provinces of San Jose and Canelones) up to its sources, proceeded to the Rio Cebollati (SI-22, 33-54d); then, passing by Minas (Lavalleja Proto vince, SI-22, 34-55c). San Carlos (Maldonado Province, SI-22, 35-55b) and Maldonado (SI-21, 35-55b). returned to Montevideo. From the Capital he sent, in the end of September 1822, 3 boxes with mineral samples, 1 with 700 species of plants (each plant represented by 4 or 7 specimens), 1 with seeds and living plants, 4 bo.xes and 1 barrel containing a total of 2,300 specimens of insects, some mammals, 230 specimens of birds (representing 116 different species), 20 species of fishes, several snakes, intespreparatitons. preserved in tinal worms, and several anatomical Berliner Museum. alcohol, for the collection of anatomy of the his voyages from of results the represented These collections from 2 Montevideo, back and to Cebollati Rio the Monte\'ideo to in Berhn were received collections The 1822. January to July on 16 May 1823. To the Museums of Rio de Janeiro and Lisbon 9 boxes with duplicates were shipped. 72 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 1822, Sellow started a new trip, going from Colonia del Sacramento (Colonia Province, SI-21, 34-58d). Crossing the Rto de La Plata, he visited Buenos Aires (SI-21. 35-58a), and, returning to Colonia del Sacramento, proceeded along the left bank of the Rio Uruguay, passing bv Conchillas (SI-21. 34-58c). Carmelo (SI-21. 34-58c), Nueva Palmira (SI-21, 24-58a) (all in the Province of Colonia). Dolores (SI-21. 34-58a), Mercedes (Soriano Province. SI-21. 33-58c: 19 December 1822 to 7 January 1823). Haedo (SI-21, 33-58b), Bellaco (SI-21, 33-5Sb) (both in the Province of Rio Negro), Paysandu (SI-21, 32-58c), Constancia (SI-21, 32-58c), Queguay (SI-21, 32-58d), Quebracho (SH-21. 32-5Sb), Pda. Guavivu (SH-21, 32-58b), Pda. Rivas (SH-21. 32-58b), Chapicuy (SH-21, 32-58b), Dayman (SH-21, 32-58b) (all in the Province of In November Montevideo to Paysandu), finally arrived in the city of Salto (Salto Province. SH-21, 31-5Sd). where he remained from 21 February to 7 March Travelling in the western part of the Province of Tacuarembo (Tacuarembo Province, SH-21, 32-56a), and then, crossing the Province of Ri\'era in a northward direction, reached the city of Rivera (SH-21. 56-31b), and entered again the Brazilian Province of Sao Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul, in the city of Livramento (SH-21, 56-31b), close to Rivera. 1823. Salto, he reached the city of His route took him through the arroios (creeks) of Vacaqita (SH-21, 55-30c). the city of" Rosario do Sul (SH-21, 55-20d). Banhado do Inhatium (SH-21. 55-30d), Sao Gabriel (SH-21. 54-30c), Arroio Iga (SH-21, 54-30c). Arroio Ibiajutura (SH-22. 54-30c), Ca^apava do Sul (SH-22, 53-30d). Arroios Capanezinho and Capane (SH-22, 53-30d), and arriving at the banks of the Rio Jacui, he followed the course of that river to the city of Rio Pardo (SH-22. 52-30a). going on then to Taquari (SH-22, 52-30b), and reaching the city of Porto Alegre (SH-22. 51-30c) in May 1823. From Porto Alegre Sellow shipped, on 18 August 1823. the gathered on the itinerary Montevideo-Colonia-SaltoMay 1823). -Sao Gabriel-Porto Alegre (6 November 1822 to these having reached the Museum of Berlin on 15 May 1824. collections H sent. Sellow started a new journey Leaving Porto Alegre. he followed the Rio Jacui to the city of Cachoeira do Sul (SH-22. 53-30d), and proceeded to Arroio Acangupa (SH-22, 53-30c), Arroio Sao Sepe (SH-22. 53-30c). Caqapava do Sul (SH-22. 53-30d: where he stayed for a while, studying the gold mines of the Serra de Once the collections were through Rio Grande do Sul. COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 73 Caqapava; "Kassapawa im Innern von Brasilien" of Wiedemann), Arroio Irapua (SH-22. 53-30c). Rio Camaqua (SH-22, 54-31b),' ArToio das Palmas (SH-22. 54-31d), Artoio do Tigre (SH-22, 54-31d), and Bage (SH-22, 54-31c). From the city of Bage he entered the Rio Negro (SH-2I, 55-32b). which he navigated, entering a second time into Uruguay, as far as the Sierra de Acegua (Cerro Largo Province. SH-21, 32-54a), whence he returned to Rio Grande do Sul after crossing the Rio Jaguarao (SH-22, 54-32b). Proceeding then past Erval (SH-22, 53-32a). Arroio Basilio (SH-22. 53-32b), Piratininzinho (SH-22. 53-32a), Piratini (SH-22, 53-32a). Arroio Solidao (SH-22, 53-31d), Arroio Saraiva (SH-22. 53-32b), and Arroio Pelotas (SH-22, 52-32a). he reached the city of Pelotas (SH-22, 52-32a). In the city, on 6 June 1824. during the flood of the Arroio Pelotas. he lost a box with dried plants, one with skeletons, and part of his insect collections. This would be the first of a series of unfortunate occurrences. Continuing his trip, he crossed the Canal de Sao Gongalo (SH-22, 52-32a), and passed by the southern limit of the Lagoa dos Patos, reaching the city of Rio Grande 'n July 1824. While passing by the la^oa dos Patos, he had a fall from his horse, which resulted into a fracture of the clavicle. After his recovery, Sellow sent to Berlin two shipments of the collections obtained in the itinerary Porto Alegre-Caqapava-Bage-Rio Grande (during the period of 29 August 1823 to July 1824), both in different days of November 1824. The first shiThe second arlost in a shipwrech near Helgoland. rived safely to Berlin, on 1 July 1825. Leaving the city of Rio Grande on 31 December 1824, Sellow sailed through the Lagoa dos Patos (SH-22. 51-31a), arriving to Porto Alegre (SH-22, 51- 30c) on 9 January 1825. pment was Sellow then made a decision to proceed on a more extensive time visiting the Province of Missoes (now the western part of the State of Rio Grande do Sul). Leaving Porto Alegre on 17 February 1825, he crossed the Arroios dos Ratos (SH-22, 52- 30d), Francisquinho (SH-22. 52-30c), and Itaticui-Mirim (SH-22. 52-30c), reaching the city of Encruzilhada do Sul (SH-22. 53-31b). From there, crossing the Arroio Capanezinho (SH-22, 53-30d), the Rio Irapua (SH-22, 53-30c), he visited again Ca^apava do Sul (SH-22, 53-30d). Going on via Arroio Sao Sepe (SH-22, 53-30c). Arroio Ibiajutura (SH-22, 53-30c), Arroio Iga (SH-21. 54-30d), Sao Gabriel (SH-21, 54-30c). Banhado do Inhatium (SH-21, 55-30d), Rosario do Sul (SH-21, 55-30d), he crossed the Arroios Vacaqua (SH-21, 56-31b), Ibitrip, this 74 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY rapuita-Chico (SH-21. 56-30d). Ibirapuita (SH-21. 56-30d). 5arandi (SH-21, 56-31a), and Quarai (SH-21. 56-30c), entering Uruguay for the third time. Exactly at that place, the Brazilian and Uruguayan troops were fighting. The Uruguay, Provincia Cisplatina (nowadays the Repu- Empire) would end only in 1828, resulting in the autonomy of Uruguay. Thanks to the Brazilian Commander Bento Manuel Ribeiro, Seliow traversed the battle field without trouble, and through the Province of Artigas. reached the city of Belen (Salto Province. SH-21. 31 -58b), on the banks of the Uruguay River, in the middle of January 1826. blic of wanted its at that time a province of the Brazilian independence. The fight Leaving Belen, Seliow returned to Rio Grande do Sul, which he entered after crossing the Arroio Quarai (SH-21, 56-30c). Continuing his journey, he passed through the area between the Arrolos Aval and Cati (SH-21. 56-30c), and crossing the Arroio Pai Passo (SH-21. 56-30d), reached the city of Alegrete (SH-21. 56-30b) (May. 1926). From Alegrete he wrote on IS April 1826 to the President of the Province of Rio Grande do Sul about the discovery he had made of a giant fossil (Megatherium). found near the Rio Arapci in Uruguay, and asked the President to send his boxes with collections to the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro (see Appendix II). Following the course of the Rio Ibirapuita (SH-21. 56-30b) to its mouth in the Rio Ibicui (SH-21. 56-29c). he arrived in Sao Borja (SH-21, 56-29b), near the margins of the Uruguay Rirer. Proceeding through the Missoes, he crossed the Rio Icamaqua (SH-21. 56-29b), the Arroio do Urucutai (SH-21, 56-28d). and the Rio Piratini (SH-21, 55-28c). and went on to Sao Luis Gonzaga (SH-21. 55-2Sd) and Sao Miguel das Missoes (SH-21. 55-29b). Crossing the Ijui and Ijulzinho Rivers (SH-21. 54-28c). he went through Santo Angelo (SH-21. 54-28c). Cruz Alta (SH-22. 54-29b). Cruz Aitinha (SH-22, 52-28d), Muhterno (SH-22. 52-28d), arriving at the banks of the Rio Pelotas (SH-22. 51-28d) at the border between Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Returning and heading south, he crossed the Rio Carneiro (SH-22, 52-28d), passed through the city of Guapore (SH-22, 52-29b), and finally arrived at Porto Alegre (SH-22, 51-30c). on 10 November 1826. The collections obtained on this long journey (from 9 June 1825 to 10 November 1826), were sent from Porto Alegre in November 1826. and arrived at the Museum of Berlin on 14 May However, only a part of those collections could be shipped. 1827. TTie Brazilian Emperor had come to Porto Alegre in order to su- COLLECTORS pervise the campaign against the Sellow. who was also employed IN BRAZIL Uruguayan 75 rebels, and. meeting by the Brazilian National Museum of Rio de Janeiro as collecting naturalist, asked him to go after interesting minerals in the mines of Caqapava. The Emperor wished to present those minerals to his wife, the Empress Leopoldina. Lea%'ing Porto Alegre on 9 January 1826. Sellow followed the Rio Jacui to the city of Rio Pardo (SH-22. 52-30a), and from there, overland, following a northwesterly direction, headed Candelaria (SH-22, 53-30b), Sobradinho (SH-22. 53-29d), and Cachoeira do Sul (SH-22. 53-30d). Crossing the Rio Vacacat (SH-22, 53-30a), and again following the Rio Jacui (SH-22, to ' 53- 30a), for a distance, again in a northwesterly direction, reached a point near the village of Taquarembo (SH-22, 54-29d) and Sao Martinho (SH-22, 54-30b). Proceeding by Santa Maria (SH-22, 54-30b), after crossing the Arroio Tambaquare (SH-22, 54- 30b). the Banhado Santa Catarina (SH-22, 54-30b), and the Rio Vacacai (SH-21, 54-30c), he arrived in the city of Sao GaAfter crossing the Rio Camaqua-Chico briel (SH-21, 54-30c). (SH-21, 54-31c), Sellow reached Caqapava do Sul (SH-22, 53-30d). and passing by Encruzilhada do Sul (SH-22, 53-31b), returned to Porto Alegre (SH-22, 51-30c). The Emperor, however, had returned to Rio de Janeiro after the death of the Empress Leopoldina, Sellow had not wasted his time on that trip, in spite of all. He brought back new collections of natural history, which, with the receiving the sad news of remaining specimens of his penultimate trip (through the Missoes), were sent from Porto Alegre in April 1827, arriving to This was probably the Berlin in October of that same year. Sellow which Wiedemann was able to study, since the other shipments (see Table I), sent by Sellow at later dates, reached the Museum of Berlin in 1829 (Wiedemann's first volume of the "Aussereuropaische zweifliigelige Insektcn" had already been published), and 1831 (after the second volume last collection of was published). After those prolonged trips, Sellow missed the companionship of his fellow countrymen, and decided to go to Sao Leopoldo, north of Porto Alegre. where a florishing German colony had begun to grow. There he had a well deserved rest. Leaving Sao Leopoldo (SH-22. 51-30a) on 3 April 1827. he headed to the east, arriving at Santo Antonio da Patrulha (Santo Antonio, SH-22, 51-29-a). and went on to the north, entering the Province of Santa Catarina. Passing by Ararangua (SH-22. ESSAYS ON 76 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 49- 29a), Criciuma (SH-22. 49-29a), Jaguaruna (SH-22. 49-29a). and Tubarao (SH-22. 49-28c), he reached the city of Laguna (SH-22, 49-28d), on the coast of Santa Catarina. Passing again by Tubarao, he then went on to Lajes (SH-22. 50-28a). in the His interior of the Province, remaining there for some time. pack of mules, which had had no rest since his departure from Montevideo, were left there, witht the objects not necessary to While his mules rested. Sellow his next trip to Rio de Janeiro. went to the capital of the Province. Florianopolis (SG-22. 48-28a), whence he embarked in July 1827, for Rio de Janeiro, carrying In the same month he arrived in that city and sent his specimens to the Berlin Museum, where they arrived in 24 December 1829. After spending about two months in the his collections. capital. Sellow decided to return of the opportunity presented the ships 'Adventure' and 'Beagle' on way Santa Catarina. making use P. King. who. aboard to by Captain was Cape Horn. sailing Sellow landed to Laguna. and went overland to Lajes. his to for Florianopolis in Florianopolis. sailed January to 6 March 1828, Taio 50-27d). Itaiopolis through (SG-22. he (SG-22. 50-26d). and Mafra (SG-22. 50-26d). and entered the Comarca de Curitiba (presently the State of Parana) at the city Passing Lapa (9 April; SG-22. of Rio Negro (SG-22. 50-26d). 50- 26b). Contenda (SG-22. 50-26b). Araucaria (SG-22. 49-26a). he reached the city of Curitiba (SG-22. 49-25c). From Curitiba. going down the Serra do Mar, he visited Paranagua (SG-22. Proceeding then to the west, 48-26a). and returned to Curitiba. he went to investigate the "campos (grasslands) of the region of Guarapuava (SG-22. 51 -25c). spending there the months of September. October, and November of 1828. Returning again to Curitiba. he followed by Ponta Grossa (SG-22. 50-25d. 50-25c). Castro (SG-22. 50-25a). Pirai do Sul (SG-22. 50-25b). and Jaquariaiva (SG-22. 50-24d) to the Province of Sao Paulo, which he entered at Itarare (SF-22. 49-24b). Through Itapeva (SF-22. 49-24b), Itapctininga {SF-22. 4S-22a). Sorocaba (SF.23. 47-24a). Sao Roque (SF-23, 47-24a) and Cotia (SF-23. 47-24a). he arrived in the city of Sao Paulo (SF-23, 47-24b) on 25 March 1829. staying there until May 1830. not only to restablish his health, but also to put some order into his collections. After staying left in Lajes from 31 for the north, " Meanwhile, he made several excursions, to the Pico do Jaragu^ (now in the outskirts of the city of Sao Paulo) and also Constitui<;ao (presently Piracicaba, SF-23. 48-23b). down the Serra do Mar to Santos (SF-23. 46-24a), visiting the Ilha da COLLECTORS Moela (SG-23. 46-240). zoological, botanical, Sallow's plan On IN BRAZIL 77 those trips he obtained interesting and mineralogical specimens. was then to go on to Paraguay, via the rivers However, two events made the entrance of anyone Bonpland had been Sellow that and news reached Paraguay, into people even saying country, some the dictator of that by arrested Sellow decided then to go that the naturalist had been shot. through Minas Gerais. Goias, and Mato Grosso to reach the Amazons. Sellow started from Sao Paulo on 23 May 1830, taking Tiete, Parana, plan unfeasible and Paraguay. — the Jesuits forbade the the road to Rio de Janeiro, to the village of Guaratingueta (SF-23, From there he sent to Rio on 20 June 1830 the col45-23a). lections obtained in his trip from FlorianopoHs to Lajes. Curitiba. and Sao Paulo. These collections- reached the Museum of BerCrossing the Serra da Mantiqueira. he enlin on 29 June 1831. Minas Gerais. going to Itajuba (SF-23, of Province tered the 45-22c) and Sao Joao del Rei (SF-23, 44-21c), where he arrived in August. In November he reached the city of Ouro Preto (SF-23. 44-20d). where he found with great pleasure a fascicle of the monumental botanical work which was being edited by Sellow remained in that city Martius the "Flora Brasilicnsis". going to the Serra neighborhood, for some time, collecting in the 43-20a). in the SF-23. Barbara. do Caraca (Municipio de Santa for his preparations the making and second half of December, — On 18 February 1831. including the specimes collection, last the he sent to Lichtenstein bet^vcen Sao Paulo and Ouro Preto (fron 30 intended trip to the north of the Empire. May gathered on 1830 to 18 February 1831): this collection arrived to Berlin 13 December 1831. (which is here puIn Ouro Preto he made his last will pro%'isions concerblished as Appendi.\ III to this chapter), with instruments, ning the destiny of the scientific collections and equipment: he and money slave, and disposing of the freeing his the Brazilian received the last 3.500 marks owned him by 1831. March vernment, and left the city on 29 Go- 44-20d). Paraopeba Sellow went through Congonhas (SF-23. (SE-23 44-20c). Serra de Itabira (SE-23. 43-20c: 12 May on the banks 1831) Cocais. and Antonio Dias (SE-23. 43-20b). with confluence its to followed of the Rio Piracicaba. which he on drowned, he Doce, Rio the in bathing While the Rio Docc. little more than 42 at 1831. November an unascertained day of should Sellow have made years of age. Was it suicide? Why THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 78 his last will in Ouro Preto before leaving on this trip? After 17 years of experience in Brazil, he would have no fear of the dangers of an expedition to the northern provinces. His death is surrounded by mystery. The last collections obtained by Sellow, together with his instruments and personal papers, were transported by his servants to Rio de Janeiro and delivered to his old friend and colleague Olfers. scientific Olfers kept everything with him. Leaving Brazil in 1836. as Prussian commercial agent in Berne. Switzerland, he still retained Sellow's materials, comprising a big trunk with manuscripts, 12 boxes with plants retained by Sellow for his own use, ten boxes of natural history objects, books, and instruments, all of which were thus rendered useless to science. Soon afterward, Olfers was named general director of the Museum of Arts in Germany, and had no time or interest to dispose of the collections. Several years passed before the last collections organized by Sellow found all their way the manuscripts, Botany of Berlin only In to the in Olfers saved, however, to the Royal Museum of after his death in 1872. the above-mentioned long time Museum. which were given trunk which remained for such a Olfers' possession were found: 1 Sellow's notes regarding the numbers of the plants herbarium. . in the Sellow's correspondence, bills, letters of recommendation and presentation granted by the Brazilian authorities, his correspondence with the Prussian Minister of Culture, and his last will. 2. Extensive journals of his journeys, which unfortunately have 3. never been published (containing, however, limited information on the botanical and zoological specimens collected). 4. Several astronomical and meteorological obser\'ations. 5. Astronomical determinations of several localities 6. Glossaries of Indian tribes the dialects of several and cities. among which Sellow stayed during his voyages, such as the Minuano and Charrua of Rio Grande do Sul, who were already nearing extinction at the time, and of the Parana or Cojopo Indians of Guarapuava, in the State of Parana, and some tribes of southern Bahia. COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 79 7. Common names 8. List of the plants collected in southern Brazil in the years of many plants. 1823-1829. Many 9. diagnoses of new species of plants, which later were by Klotzsch (Hoehne, 1942). partially used A number of sketches, plants, but also of landscapes Of prepared by Sellow, not only of and Indians, were drawings were made also included. from Rio de Janeiro to Bahia, 56 in the States of Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo; 135 on his trip to Montevideo, and from there to Minas Gerais. Only three of these drawings have been published, namely, the aspect of the coast of Taberu^u, of Porto-Seguro, and of Ilheus (all three localities in Bahia), in the book of travels of Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Newied (plates 15, 16, and 18, respectively). these, 12 in his trip Sellow's collections of zoology, organized from 1817 to 1813 in the Berliner Zoologisches Museum, were one They comof the most valuable ever gathered by a naturalist. prised 263 mammal and 5.457 bird skins, more than 100.000 specimens of insects, nests and eggs of birds, skeletons, a number of molluscs, anatomical preparations presen,ed in alcohol, several helmints, etc. He also collected 12.500 specimens of plants, which were studied by several authors in the 'Flora Brasiliensis' of Martius, 1,698 different seeds, over 2,000 geological samples, and deposited and many ethnographic The artifacts. Diptera portion of his collection mann, and was the basic reuropaischc mann does collection zweiflugelige not mention ned on some of the was studied which served Insekten". by Wiede- for his 'Ausse- WiedeUnfortunately, but this is mentio- the specific locality, labels (Fairchild. 1967). National Museum of Lisbon also received specimens from Sellow, but only those which were duplicates of the mateOf the materials collected by Sellow rials obtained until 1822. I for the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, nothing is left. have seen in the archives of the National Museum a number of letters of the Director of the "Alfandega" of Rio de Janeiro (Customs Director) to the various directors of the National Mu- The seum, sent telling of the arrival of the several collections by Sel- But no zoological specimen collected by low to Rio de Janeiro. Sellow exists in the collection nowadays. Of the plants given by him to the Museum, part was taken away by Gaudichaud- ESSAYS ON 80 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY -Beaupre (see Chapter IX) pests or left , the rest having been eaten by museum unstudied. Sellow was to Wiedemann what Saint-Hilaire (see Chapter IX) was to Macquart. Both collected in the same areas, and most probably obtained almost similar collections (Garcia. 1922; Hoehne, 19-12; Lacerda, 1905; Ladislau Netto, 1870; Stresemann, 1948; Urban, 1908). J. Nattercr Of the naturalists who came with Archduchess Leopoldina. Johann Natterer was born on 9 November 1887 in Laxenburg. near Vienna. His father was 'Imperial and Royal falconeer' and a Emperor Francis bought in 1793 collector of birds and insects. the collections made by Nattercr senior, who was made curator. there remains to be mentioned Nattcrer and Kamerlachcr. Johann. after his first studies, frequented the lectures on chemis- anatomy and natural history, as well as modern languages, and learned to draw with perfection. His father made him an During the years of 1806 and e.xcellent hunter and taxidermist. try, 1808 Johann Nattercr travelled through several countries under the domain of the Austrian Crown; in 1809 he worked at the Imperial Zoological Museum, and accompanied the collections to Hungary, during the in%'asion of Austria by Napoleonic troops. At his own expenses he traIn 1810 he returned to Vienna. velled from 1812 to I8H through Italy to Calabria, and worked In 1815 he v.as sent to several times on the Adriatic coast. Paris to help in the transportation of objects of art and scientific materials stolen during the French occupation of Austria, and profited thereby in broadening his knowledge of natural sciences. In 1818 he was named assistant of the Imperial Cabinet of Natural Objects, and in 1817 he was appointed member of the scientific commission which was to go to Brazil with the Archduchess. His journeys 1 . in Brazil can be divided as follows: Journey through the present States of Guanabara and Rio de Janeiro. the city of Rio de Janeiro on 5 February 1818. Sepetiba (SF-23. 4'!-23b). passing by Barra de He landed in Sepetiba on Guaratiba. Pedra. and Ponta do Piai. In the meanti7 February and remained there until 18 March. Natterer and sailed to left COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 81 me, he visited from Sepetiba the Rio Jtaguai (bordering the present states of Giianabara and Rio de Janeiro), on the 28th. and went to the i?/fer 'Piraquao' {Piracao) and Piraqui (11-15 February). On 19 March he crossed the Bay of Sepetiba and landed on the Restinga (sand bar) de Marambaia. collecting On the 2'lth he visited the Island of 'Tathere until the 23rd. cuczar' ( Itacurussa) and returned to Sepetiba, remaining there from 28 March to 4 May. In that period he crossed the Rio Itaguai. going to the city of Itaguai (SF-23. 44-23b), and Sao Joao Marcos, both in the present State of Rio de Janeiro. Sailing from Sepetiba on 7 May, he arrived in Rio de Janeiro, where he remained until 1 November 1818. . 2. Trip from Rio de Janeiro to Ipanema, in Sao Paulo Leaving Rio de Janeiro on 2 November 1818, Natterer went by Santa Cruz (State of Guanabara; 4 November), Itaguai (SF-23. 44-23b), Rio das Araras (SF-23. 43-22c: 7 November), Pirai. at the margins of the Rio Pirai (8 November) (all three locaentered the lities in the pre.sent State of Rio de Janeiro), and (SF-23. 45-33a) Areias by Passing Paulo. Province of Sao (November 15), Lorena, Guaratingueta (SF-23. 45-23a). Aparecida (SF-23. 45-23a). Pindamonhangaba (SF-23. 46-23b), Tremembe. Taubate (SF-23. 46-23c) (24-25 November). Sao Jose dos Campos (1 January 1819), Jacarei (SF-23. 46-23c: 1-3 January), and Mogi das Cruzes (SF-23. 46-23c: 7-8 January), Natterer reached the city of Sao Paulo on 12 January, remaining From Sao Paulo (SF-23. 47-24b). he went there until the 27th. Roque and Sorocaba (all SF-23, 47-24a) Sao Cotia, on then via to the iron works of Ipanema (presently Vamhagcn), remaining there for a long period (2 February 1819 to 15 July 1820). visit to the city of Sao Paulo. On 25 March 1820, he paid a proceed from Ipanema to Porto FcParaguay. Sao liz. and thence, along the rivers Tiete. Parana. Province of in the Cuiaba, of Lourengo. and Cuiaba. to the city Austrian Mithe ordered by was Mato Grosso. However, he Natterer Europe. to then and Janeiro, nister to return to Rio de rather proceed protested against the order, stating that he would While he waited Europe. to return than at his own expense gathered so far for the Minister's answer, he sent the collections Rio. The from Sao Paulo, which he visited on 25 March 1820 to Rio de Jato ship, by collections were sent to Santos, and then Cunfollow to to decided Natterer neiro. Returning to Ipanema. Natterer's plan tiba, was to while his companion Sochor. the trips, remained in Ipanema. who had accompanied him on . ESSAYS ON 82 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Trip from Ipaneina Parana) 3. to Paranagua (in the present State of Leaving Ipanema on 15 July 1820, Natterer proceeded through Itapetininga (SF-22. 48-22a), Itapeva (SF-22. -}9-24b) (10 August to 7 September), and Itarare (SF-22. 50-2-4b), and entered the 'Comarca de Curitiba' (then a part of the Province Passing by Jaguariaiva of Sao Paulo, now the State of Parana). (SG-22, 50-24d; 15-21 September 1820). he crossed the Rio das Cinzas (SG-22. 50-24d) (22-23 September), and passing by Castro (SG-22. 50-25a; 27 September) and Ponta Grossa (SG-22. 50-25d, 50-25c), arrived to Curitiba (SG-22, 29-25c) on 4 October. There he remained until 21 December 1820, making excursions to Castro on 12 and 20 December, and to Paranagua (SG-22, 48-26a) on 13-19 December. Leaving Curitiba definitely on 21 December, he went to Paranagua, remaining there until 10 January 1821, when he sailed for Rio de Janeiro, arriving after a voyage of 22 days. 4 . Trips in vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and second trip to Ipa- nema. While waiting for a permission from the government in Vienna to stay in Brazil. Natterer explored the vicinity of the March 1821, visiAboard the brigantine "Henriquez" he sailed from Rio de Janeiro to Santos (14-16 August), proceeded up the Serra do Mar to Sao Paulo, and went on to join Sochor in Ipanema. There they remained from 2 ting especially the February Corcovado Mountain. September 1821 30 September 1822. city of 5. Rio de Janeiro from to 1 to 21 Trip through the northern part of the Province of Sao Paulo to Cuiaba. and the Provinces of Goias and Mato Grosso, Ipanema Natterer finally received the permission to conexplorations Brazil, and the necessary funds for the in tinue his Ipanema on 7 October 1822. and deWith Sochor he left trips. From Ipaparted for the Provinces of Goias and Mato Grosso. In through Sorocaba (SF-23. 47-24a). Itu (SF-23, 47-23c: 26 October). Salto (26 October to 5 November). Campinas (SF-23, 47-23a: 12 November). Rio Atibaia (SF-23. 47-23d) (16 November). Rio Jaguari (SF-23. 47-23b). Mogi Mirim (SF-23. 47-22d) and Origanga, a small locality near Mogi Mirim (SF-23, 47-22d), where he collected from 28 November nema he proceeded cm 2 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 .SciELOL 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 83 1822 to 19 March 1823. Mogi Guaqu (SF-23. 47-22d) (November 27). Continuing his trip, passing through Araraquara (SF-22. 48-22a; 6 April 1823). Batatais (SF-23. 48-21b; 7 April), Franca (SF-23. 47-21a). he crossed the Rio Grande (between 19 April to 1 June), entering the Province of Minas Gerais. Crossing Minas Gerais via Uberaba (SF-23. 48-20b), Rio Araguari or das Velhas (10 June), and Rio Paranaiba (18 June), Natterer and Sochor went on to the Province of Goias. In Goias they went by way of Parnaiba de Goias (SE-22, 48-18c; 20 June 1823). Catal5o (SE-23, 48-18d; 21 June), crossed the Rio Verissimo (SE-23. 48-1 7d; 23 June), passed by Jaragua (SF-22. 49-1 6a: 22-25 July), and reached Vila Boa. the capital of the Province (presently city of Goias. SD-22. 50-16a). remaining there from 2 August to 14 September 1823. Proceeding westwards, after crossing the Rio Araguaia (SD-22 52- 16b; 10 October to 15 November 1823), they entered the Province of Mato Grosso, reaching the Capital. Cuiaba (SE-21, 56-1 6a) on 23 December 1823. Natterer and Sochor remained in that city, collecting in and near it, for about one year (until the end of December 1824). 6. Journeys in the Province of Mato Grosso. After staying in Cuiaba (SE-21. 56-16a) from 1 January 1825 to 19 June 1825, Natterer and Sochor went to Vila Maria (now Caceres. SE-21, 58-1 6d). remaining there from 28 July to 28 September 1825. Going through Caigara. they reached Jauru (SE-21, 54-19a) on 28 June 1826, after having spent the period between 29 September 1825 and IS June 1826 in Caigara. Leaving Jauru. the naturalists journeyed to the city of Mato Grosso (SD-21. 60-15d), remaining there from 8 October to 9 December 1826, and then going to a nearby %-iIIage. 'Arraial de Sao Vicente' (unknown to me), where they stayed from 12 December 1826 to 10 May 1827. In that village. Natterer and Sochor were attacked by severe fevers, of which Sochor died on 13 December 1826. Natterer fortunately recovered from his fever bout, returning to Mato Grosso, and staying there from 14 May to 25 September 1827. He afterwards visited the Rio Guapore (SD-21. 60-1 5c: 28 September), and. passing through Caceres (16 October), returned to Cuiaba. In the capital he remained for a while (26 October 1927 to 8 January 1828), recuperating, collecting, and arranging his collections. ESSAYS ON 84 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY He decided then to go to the northern Provinces of Brazil, for good the city of Cuiaba. proceeding once more to Caceres (10-17 April) and Mato Grosso (27 May 1828 to 15 July 1829). and reached the banks of the Guapore River, on the and left Brazilian border. Trip to the Rivers Guapore (border of the present State of (border of the present State of Acre), and Madeira, in the Capitania do Rio Negro (present State of Amazonas), and the city of Borba. 7. Mato Grosso), Mamore the city of Mato Grosso (SD-21. 60-15d). Natterer up the Rio Guapore (SD-21. 59-1 5d. 60-1 5d; SD-20, 60-Hc, 63-13b. 64-13a. 65-12a), passing the mouth of the Rio Verde on 28 July 1829, next the mouth of the Rio Cabixi. and reaching the Forte do Principe da Beira (SD-20. 64-1 2c; now in Leaving on the 18th, the Territory of Rondonia), on 10 August. he sailed down the Rio Guapore, entering afteru-ards the Rio Mamore and the Rio Madeira (SC-20, 65-lOa. 65-lOc. 64-9c, 63-8c: SB-20. 63-7b. 61-5d. 61-5b: SA-21. 59-4b) finally reaching In the city of Borba (SB-21 60-4d). on 24 November 1829. Borba he remained until 25 August 1830, meanwhile visiting seve- From travelled , ral places in the 8. neighborhood. Journey from Borba along the Rivers Amazons and Negro border of Venezuela, and return to Barcelos. to the Leaving Borba. Natterer proceeded down the Rio Madeira, passing to the south of the Island of Tupinambarana (SA-21. 58-3b), and arrived at the mouth of the Madeira in the Amazons River near the city of Parintins (SA-21. 56-3a). From there he proceeded up the Amazons to Barra do Rio Negro (Manaus, SA-20, 60-3c; SA-21. 603d). where he remained from 10 September to 5 November 1830. Manaus on the Rio Negro. Natterer Moura (SA-20. 62-ld). Barcelos (SA-20, 63-la), Sao (now Uaupes, SA-19. 67-Oc: 3-4 January 1831). and Sailing upstream from passed Gabriel Sao Jose de Marabitanas (NA-19. 67-1 d). reaching San Carlos (NA-19. 2-67c) in Venezuela on 15 February 1831. He proceeded then to the mouth of the Casiquiare. and returned to Sao He explored afterwards seveJose de Marabitanas on May 23. the Rio Xie (NA-19. 68-2b. ral tributaries of the Rio Negro 67-la). from 28 May to 6 June; the Rio l^ana (NA-19. 68-lb). on 9 June, going upstream until 27 June (NA-19. 69-2c). then — COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 85 returning to the Rio Negro, to the city of Iqana (NA-19, 68-lb): back on the Rio Negro, he proceeded to the Rio Uaupes (NA-19, 69-1 c. 60-Oa) from 1-10 July, and went back to Barcelos (SA-20, 63-la), on 23 August 1831. 9. Voyage from ritory of Barcelos to the Rio Branco Roraima), and down the Amazons (in the present to Santarem Ter- (in the present State of Para). Natterer remained in Barcelos from 23 August to 5 September 1831, going then to the mouth of the Rio Branco, a major On 24 September he started tratributary of the Rio Negro. the former to mouth of the river Mucajai (NA-20. velling up the 1831 2 to September 24 July 1832). Descending the Rio 61-3d; Branco and the Rio Negro, he arrived at Manaus (SA-20, 60-3c; SA-21, 60-3d), where he stayed from 29 August 1832 to July 1834. During this long period he collected e.\tensively in and around the city, and, after preparing all his collections, decided After stopping at some cities to go down the Amazons Riper. along the river, he entered the Province of Grao-Para (present State of Para), and arrived in Santarem (SA-21. 55-2d) in August 1834. Voyage from Santarem 10. to Belem and departure for Europe. August 1834. and, after visiting (see the voyage of Spix and Martius for cities between Santarem and Belem). arrived at the His plan was. in 1835, to go city of Belem in September 1834. Natterer some cities Santarem left down the in Amazons River the Atlantic coast of Brazil through the Provinces of Maranhao, Ceara, Rio Grande (do Norte). Paraiba, Pernambuco, and Bahia. From Bahia he intended to sail to Rio de Janeiro, since that Province and that of Espirito Santo had already been explored ornithologically by Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied. However, a revolution in the northern and northeastern Provinces of Brazil, the "Cabanagem", rendered Nattcrer's plan impossible, and he remained in Belem, collecting near the city, until September 1835. All his live animals were killed and eaten by the re- down After organizing his enormous collections and carefully packing everything, Natterer decided to return to Europe. volutionaries. on 15 September 1835, aboard a British ship, with his wife. Dona Maria do Rego, whom he had married in the Rio Negro, and his three daughters, all born in Brazil. He embarked 86 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON After his return, Nattercr was employed by the Imperial There he started a criof Natural History in Vienna. Museum work on general ornithology, travelling for that purpose from 1838 to 1840, to northern Germany. Denmark, Sweden and Russia, and then through south Germany, France, England and HolHowever, death caught him in the middle of his work, on land. His wife and two daughters 17 June 1843, at the age of 56. died soon after their arrival in Europe, leaving only his daughter tical Gertrud, who later married Julius Schrockinger, Baron von Neudenberg. To them we owe the biographical information on Natterer published by Goeldi (1895). Natterer's collection, gathered during 18 years of strenuous were deposited efforts in Brazil, in the Museum of Vienna, and comprised: 430 samples of minerals 1729 vials of helminths 1024 specimens of molluscs " of crustaceans " of insects 1671 " of fishes 1678 " of reptiles 12293 " of birds 146 " of 409 32825 1 and amphibians (representing mammals 125 different types of eggs 192 skulls 42 anatomical preparations 242 samples of seeds 147 samples of 216 coins 1492 1200 species!) wood ethnographical objects (ornaments, implements, weapons, etc.. and 60 glossaries of the different tribes he visited during his journeys). A simple calculation shows that he must have prepared, as average, 2 bird skins a day, for every day during his 18 years in Brazil, not counting Sundays and holidays, days employed in travelling, etc. COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 87 Five years after his death, in 1848, a great fire destroyed the ancient 'Imperial Cabinet of Natural History' in Vienna. In the catastrophe were lost the collection of skeletons, part of the fishes, almost cia, manuscripts and journals relating to the Braother collections were fortunately saved ( Gar- all his zilian journeys; the 1922; Goeldi, 1896; Ihering, 1902; Pelzeln, 1871; Stresemann. 1951). Kamerlacher Very is known about the private doctor of Empress Johann Kamerlacher. He came to Brazil aboard little Leopoldina, "Dom Joao VI", with the train of the Archduchess, of his activities in Brazil. Schiner studied specimens collected by Kamerlacher in Oriqanga, near Mogi-Mirim {SF-23, \7-22d.). State of Sao Paulo. It is very probable that he travelled with Natterer from Rio to Sao Paulo (see Natterer's second trip), and then proceeded to the north of the Province of Sao Paulo, while Natterer and Sochor stopped at Ipanema. Kamerlacher must have followed the same itinerary as Natterer's According fifth trip, but we do not know how far he did go. to Oberacker (1963: 64), Kamerlacher returned to Europe in the corvette but nothing is known 1819. Bcscke Very rich collections from Museums through the efforts Brazil were also sent of a certain to "Bescke". European Actually, two "Besckes" (or Beske, Beske, Besche). The son, Carl Heinrich (or Charles Henry, as he called himself later) Bescke. and the father. Christian Friedrich Beske. seem to have been commercial agents, who, during their trips to North and South America, the East Indies, etc., collected insects and also received collections from friends and relatives living in those there existed areas Christian Friedrich Carl Bescke made a voyage in 1821 to Buenos Aires. Rio de Janeiro and Bahia (see Germar's Mag. d. Ent. 4: 441-442). The materials obtained were studied by Wiedemann. Bescke senior died in 1824. ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 88 The Carl Heinrich Bescke collected on the coasts of 1S31 (see Isis 8: 10. 1931), and later became established in the city of Nova Friburgo (SF-23, 43-22d), in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Guinea son, in He was a tremendous collector, being especially interested in which he reared at home in Nova Friburgo. A large part of his collections went to von Winthem. who distributed it Bescke wrote some artifor study (Weidner, 1967: 108-112). cles {Revue d'Entomologie -i: 73-100, 101-102, 1834), about his wanderings in the State of Rio de Janeiro, especially relating to butterflies, butterflies. It is probable that many of the Tachinidae studied by Brauer and Bergenstamm were reared by Bescke in Nova Friburgo. Bescke Jr. was in those days a well-known collector, being frequently visited by naturalists arriving in Rio de Janeiro. Ida Pfeiffer, for instance, who visited him in 1864 makes the following comments (Pfeiffer, 1880: 67): "5 October 1846. The little town of Novo-Friburgo (sic), or Morro-queimado. founded about 20 years ago by German and French Swiss colonists, still consists of no more than a hundred brick houses. large part of the houses forms an extremely broad street, and the others are placed all about them. A Already Bescke. We Rio de Janeiro we hear much about Monsieur promised ourselves not to fail to visit him. in a naturahst and lives in Novo Friburgo nearly as well informed as he. had many interesting conversations with him: they showed us strange collections of quadrupeds, birds, snakes, and insects. Among the Monsieur Bescke with his wife, who is is We we found samples more remarkable than in the museum in Rio de Janeiro. Monsieur Bescke, who always has numerous orders for objects of natural history, makes frequent shipments to Europe." latter for instance, who visited him in 1846 makes the following impressions (English translation by G. C. Steyskal) "In New-Freiburg lived a collector well-known to me for years, Herr Carl Heinrich Bescke from Hamburg, with whom I had long been corresponding and who with his advice could be especially useful to me in my goals and their attainment. On that account, I had determined to look the place up first of all. Herr Bescke complied with all my wishes, showed me every newly received animal, and placed his entire rich stock at my disposal. The metamorphoses of insects especially occupied my attention, and since Herr Bescke always had a few dozed caterpillars being Pfeiffer, : COLLECTORS reared, there was no BRAZIL 89 lack of opportunity to make drawings and was always the de- The descriptions of them. IN greatest difficulty termination of their food-plants; one got to see only the leaves, and one usually did not even know whether the leaf before him was from a tree, alone a let was an herb, or a vine. fruit, and the therefore impossible. One never saw any flower, scientific evaluation of the vegetation had I to abandon completely any effort it was always hope- to secure exact data concerning foodplants; less." (Burmeister, 1853: 154). According to Burmeister 5 (I.e.), Bescke died of dropsy on December 1851. Lund and Clausscn Among considered the naturalists of this in this chapter period there remain to be Lund and Claussen. Peter Wilhelm Lund was born in Copenhagen. Denmark, He was the son of a clothes merchant of Jutland peasant stock. His mother was born in Ditmark. After on 14 June 1801. finishing his basic courses, he entered the Academy of Medicine few years abandoned the medical course for the study of natural sciences, especially botany and zoology. In 1824 he published two theses, one on medicine, later translated into several languages, and for a long time used as a reference work, and the other on zoology. in Copenhagen, but As had after a he suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, a disease that members of his family, Lund decided in 1825 killed several to look for a place with a milder climate and also favorable to He sailed from the pursuit of his researches on natural history. Copenhagen to Brazil on 28 September 1825. The crossing of the Atlantic was very rough, lasting for two months and ten days: he therefore arrived to Rio de Janeiro on 8 December 1825. Lund remained in Rio for some days, until he could, with the help of the Dutch Consul, rent a house in Niteroi (SF-23, 43-23b), opposite Rio de Janeiro, across the Bay of Guanabara. During his stay he collected plants and insects. After spending months in Niteroi, Lund returned to Rio, at the request of the Dutch Consul, Mijnheer Brender Brandis, in whose company Lund hved until February 1826. After that, he went to live in six 90 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Nova Friburgo (SF-23, 43-22d). on the Serra dos 6rgaos. There he remained for four months, moving to a nearby farm, called 'Rosario', where he stayed for more than a year, assembhng an important collection of insects and plants. The climate of those mountains being very favorable to his Lund gained new energies and undertook a trip to Campos (SF-24. 41 -22a) and Sao Fidelis (SF-24. 42-bb2). Later, with the Danish diplomat. Baron Loevensterns, he took one more trip, to the border of Minas Gerais, through the Serra dos Orgaos and health. the Rio Paraiba. In the middle of January 1829, Lund returned to Denmark, His zoological collections were sent to the then arriving in April. Museum of Natural History of Copenhagen and to Prince Christian (later King Christian VIII) of Denmark, and were after- wards studied by Wiedemann. In the fall of 1829 he travelled through Europe, to Berlin, Vienna, several cities of Italy, and France, visiting several museums and having contacts with Humboldt, Milne-Edwards, Cuvier, and others. In 1833 he returned to Brazil, where he would remain for With the German botanist Ludwig Ricdel the rest of his days. he undertook a long journey to the interior of the country. Returning from that trip, near the village of Curvelo, in Minas Gerais, Lund was resting in a 'pouso' for mule trains, when he was surprised by hearing a man speak in Danish, the last thing he could have hoped to hear in the interior of Brazil. Thus he met his compatriot Peter Claussen. Clausscn was born in Copenhagen in 1804. He was forced to abandon his country due to some "dishonest affairs' ("ab res inhonestas patriam relinquere coactus": Urban. 1908). and came to Brazil in the time of Emperor Dom Pedro I, where he joined the Brazilian army. Soon afterwards, he established a liquor business, and travelled to the During the 1825-1828 war with Arinterior seUing his wares. Next he operated a store gentina he was employed as a scout. in Cachoeira do Campo. Minas Gerais. and made so much money that he acquired a farm, named 'Porteirinhas', near Cur\'clo. was exactly Claussen was very It in this village that well known Claussen and Lund met. and was called by Dinamarques". On in the region, people "Pedro 'Claudio' (Clausscn) Claussen's farm. Lund saw for the first time the the fossil vertebrates SciELO COLLECTORS BRAZIL IN 91 whose study would bring him everlasting fame. Lund found many caves in Minas Gerais with fossil bones, which he studied during his stay in Brazil, sending several scientific papers to the Royal Society of Denmark. On 10 January 1845, Lund sent to of fossils with a letter to King Christian Denmark his collections VIU, his personal friend and protector, in which Lund said that he hoped that the collections would be used in the interests of Science, due to their great value ("at denne Samling, paa Grund af dens videnskabelige Vaerd og Interesse, saa snart og fuldstaenring som mulig kommer til Nyttc for Videnskaben"). When the last boxes of fossils arrived to Denmark, in the middle of 1849, King Christian VIII was no longer living: the country was at war, and had several difficult social and political problems. The Royal Museum of Natural History did not have sufficient room to house the enormous collections, and they were left in a forgotten comer. They were brought to light only many years later, as a result of a campaign that Lund's nephew, Troes Lund, undertook in 1859 in the newspaper of Ploug, the Faedrelandet". With advancing years, Lund's health worsened. The great palaentologist died in 1880 at the age of 79, almost blind, surrounded by the respect and veneration of the simple inhabitants of the small village of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais. where he had There lived for so many years working peacefully on his fossils. still monument, can be seen with a his tomb, and he was buried, in Lagoa Santa (Paula Couto, 1950). — he travelled in 1834, with Let us return now to Claussen Count F. de Castelnau and H. A. Wedell (see Chapter VIII) to Ouro Preto (SF-23, 44-20d). He made other trips to Cachoeira do Campo (now Cachoeira, SE-23, 44- 19b). Curvelo (SE-23, 44-19a). Itabira (SE-23. 43-20a), Itacolomi (SE.23. 44-19d). Serra do Caraqa (Mun. of Santa Barbara, SE-23, 43-20a), and to the Rio Sao Francisco, all localities in the State of Minas Gerais. 1840 and 1842 he travelled to Europe, selling his colBelgium and England, and his insects to the Museum of Paris. The Diptcra were later studied by Macquart In lections of plants to (Urban. 1908). ESSAYS ON 92 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY References Anonymous Notice biographique sur Ross. 2 1-7, portrait. 1863. M. Edouard Menetries. Horae Soc. Ent. : V. A. Sacramento Blake, A. 1893. Diccionario bibliographico brazilciro 2 Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. 1898. Diccionario bibliographico brazilciro 4 nal, Rio dc Janeiro. W. Bokermann, : : vm + 479 pp. Imprensa 529 pp. Imprensa Nacio- C. A. Atualiza^ao do itinerario da viagem do Principe dc Arq. Zool. Est. Sao Paulo 10 (1815-1817). i maps. 1957. Brasil Wied ao : 209-251, H. Burmcister, Reisc nach Brasilicn. durch die Provinzcn von Rio dc Janeiro tind gcraes. mit besondcrer RCcksicht auf die Naturgcschichte der Gold- and Diamantcndistricte, VII 608 pp., 1 map. Georg Reimer Vcrlag, Berlin. 1853. Minas + Fairchild. G. B. The Notes on Neotropical Tabanidne (Diptcra). VII. described by C. R. W. Wiedemann. Pacific 73-104. (1) 1967. species Insects 9 : Feijo, J. 1800. da S. Carta fopographica do Ceara a mina de Salpctra. descobcrta no de Tatujuba. na distancia de 55 legoas da villa dc Fortaleza, 0,175 X 0,230 m (unpublished map in the Biblioteca Nacional. Rio de Janeiro). sitio 1809. 1 8 10. Carta demonstrativa da Capitania do CearA para historia geral. 0.524 X 0.740 m (unpublished map teca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro). A sua the Biblio- Planta demonstrativa da Capitania do CearS para senrir de piano a sua carta fopographica. delineada pcio sargcnto-mor naturalista ]. da S. Pcijo, 0,413 X 0,536 m (unpublished map in the Biblioteca 1810. setvir in Nacional, Rio de Janeiro). Preambulo ao ensaio philosophico e politico sobre a Capitania scrvir a sua historia geral, Rio de Janeiro. do Ceari para COLLECTORS 93 Mcmoria sobrc a Capitania do Ceara, escrita de ordem superior pelo sargento-mor, J. da Silva Fcijo. Jornal Litcrario "O Patriota" (Reprinted in Rev. Trim. Inst. Hist. Ceara 1814 (Jan-Apr). 18H. 3 18 BRAZIL IN : 5-25). Mcmoria sobrc as minas de H. Capifania do Ceara, cscripta do fcrro em IS 14 Cangati Chord do (unpublished: portions were included in 1874. by Senator Pompeo "Ensaio cstattstico do cstado do Ceara, vol. 1). this article in na of his Mcmoria sobrc as minas dc euro do Ceara (unpublished; (no date). Nacional, Rio de Janeiro). Biblioteca M. FIciuss. administrativa, Historia 1922. pp. 952-1067. in Historico, Instituto Gcographico e Ethnographico Brasilciro: Diccionario Historico. 1688 pp., illus. Gcographico c Ethnographico do Brasil 1 : Florence, H. 1942. Viagem fluvial do Tictc ao Amazonas dc 1S25 a Comp. Melhoramentos. Sao Paulo. 1S29, 218 pp., pis. Frcyrciss, G. 1902. W. a varias tribus de selvagcns na Capitania de Minas permanencia entre cllas. descrip(;ao de seus usos e costumes (traducgao de Alberto Lofgren). Rev. Inst. Hist. Gcograph. 236-252. Sao Paulo 6 (1900-1901) Viagem Gerais; : 1907. Viagem ao interior W. lista G. Rev. Inst. do Brasil nos annos de 1814-1815 pelo natura- Freyreiss Hist. (traduzido pelo Gcograph. Sao Paulo 11 : Lofgren). Alberto dr. 158-228. Garcia. R. 1922. Historia das explora<;6es scientificas. pp. S56-910. Geographico e Ethnographico Brasileiro, Historico. Gcographico c Ethnographico do Brasil 1 Instituto in Diccionario Historico. : 1688 pp., illus. Gocldi. E. A. 1895. Johhannes 1 : von Natterer. Biographia. Bol. Mus. Paracnse 189-217, portrait. Hagcn. H. 1855. MoDographie der Tennitcn. Linnaca Entomologica 10 : 1-144. ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 94 Hoehne. F. C. 19-J2. Notas bio-bibliograficas de nafuralistas botanicos, in F. C. Hoehne, M. Kuhlmann 6 O. Handro, O Jardim Bofanico dc Sao Paulo, 656 pp., illus. Hoffmannsegg, 1798. C, Count von J. completa Instrucfao sobrc methodo o dc manejar, apanhar, conservar e empacotar os Inscctos, para serem cnviados dos Paizes Estcangciros j cmprcgar-sc na Europa cafa para : dcllcs uso cm das bcncficio Pcssoas que quizerem do Author. 67 pp., Lisboa. Ihering, H. von 1902. Nattercr Langsdorff, exploradores antigos do e Rev. Mus. Paulista 5 Paulo. : Estado de SSo 13-34. Kotzebuc, O. von 1821. Entdcckungs-Reisc in die Sud-Scc nach dcr Berings-Strassc zur Erforschung cincr nordlichcn Durchfahrt. untcrnommen in Jahren 1SI5. 1S16. ISn und ISIS, auf Kostcn dcs Herrn Rcichs-Kanzlcr Grafcn Rumanzoff auf dcm SchiHc Rurick 1 168 pp.. 2 pis., 2 maps; 2 176 pp.. 5 pis., 3 maps; 3 2A0 pp., 13 pis., 1 map; Hoffmann, Weimar. : : : Krusenstern. A. G. di Viaggio intorno al mondo fatto negli anni 1803-4-5 c 1S06 dordinc di Sua Macsta Imperiale Alessandro Prima su i vaxclli 255 pp., 3 pis.. 1 map; 2 la Nadcshda e la Neva 1 297 pp.. 377 pp., 4 pis. G. Soniogno, Milano. 4 pis.; 3 1818. : : : Lacerda. 1905. ]. B. Muscu do Fastos historicas c inlocma(dcs Nacional do Rio dc Janeiro. Rccordafdes [undadas em documentos authcnticos e veridicas. rv -|- 188 pp., pis. Imprensa Nacional, scicntificas Rio dc Janeiro. Ladislau 1870. Netto, ( — ). Invcstiga(6es historicas e scientificas sobre o Miueu Imperial c Nacional do Rio de Janeiro acompanhadas de uma breve noticia de suas collecfocs e publicadas por otdem do Ministerio da Agricaltura. rv -f 310 X pp. Instituto Philomatico, Rio de + Janeiro. COLLECTORS Langsdorff, 1812. BRAZIL IX 95 G. H. von Bcmcrkungen auf einer Rcisc urn die Welt in den Jahrcn 1S03 bis 1S07. von G. H. Langsdorff, kaiserlichrussischen Hofrath. Ritter dcs St. Annen-Ordcns Zweiter Classe, Mitglicd mehreren Akademien und gclchrten CescUschaften 1 \2 pp. n. numb. + 303 pp.. : 28 2 pis.: : 335 pp., 18 17 pp. n. numb. pis., ManiEcr. G. G. 1967. A expedifao do academico G. 2-14 pp.. cional, Obcrackcr. C. H.. 1963. Frani Sao Jr. Josef Humboldt 3 Paula ODufo, 1950. Pclicin, Langsdorff no Brasil (1821-1828), Comp. Editora Na- I. [Serie 'Brasiliana', vol. 329], Paulo. illus. — Fruhbeck (7) : 64-67. pintor desenhista c desconhecido. Ubcrsee Vcrlag. Hamburg. ilus. dc C. W. Introdu^ao, pp. 5-26. in P. logia brasilcica. 589 pp.. 56 Lund, Memorias sobre a paleonto16 figs. Rio de Janeiro. pis., A. von 1871. Itinerarium Zur von Nattercr's Reise Ornithologie Reisen in den Jahrcn von 1817-1835. in his von Johann Natfcrers in Brasilicn Resultatc Brasiliens. 1817 bis IS 35 5 (Abtheil.) : i — xx. Wien. Pfciffcr. 1. 1880. Voyage d'ane femme autour du mondc. 612 ric Pinto, Hachette & Cie., map. Librai- O. M. de O. 1952. Sumula historica e J. da ornitologia de Minas Gerais. sistematica Arq. Zool. Est. Sao Paulo 8 Pohl. pp., illus. Paris. : 1-51. E. Reise im Innern von Brasilicn, auf Allerhochsten Befchl scinen 1832-37. Majcstat dcs Kaisers von Osterrcich, Franz des Ersten, in den Jahrcn 1S17-1S21, 2 vols. {vol. 1, 1832; vol. 2. 1837). Wien. 1951. interior do Brasil. empceendida nos anos de 1817 a 1821 e publicada por ordem de Sua Majesiade o Imperador da 471 pp.. pis. Austria Francisco Primeiro 1 : 400 pp.. pis.; 2 Ministirio de Educa^So e Saiide. Instituto Nacional do Livro (ColetSo de Obras Raras. n' III). Rio de Janeiro. Viagem no : ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 96 A. von Screibers. C. F. Nachrichten von den 1820-23. und Bcasilicn in den Osterreichischen Naturforschen kaiscrl. Resultaten ihcer Aus Betriebsamkeit. Amtrelationen dec k.k. Ministerium dec auswactigcn Angelegenheiten in Wien, aus den Bccichfen und Bcicfen dec Natuc[ocschec an den k.k. Hof-Natucalienkabincts-Dicek(oc, Hccrn Kacl V. Schccibccs, als Re[crentcn dcs wisscnschaltlichcn Altheilcs dec Expedition, und nach Untccsuchung und Befund dec eingcsandtcn natuchistocischen Gegenstande dec k.k. Hol-NatucalienkabinetsDicektion 1 (1820) vi 191 pp.: 2 (1823), 1 map. Briinn. + : Sommer. F. 195-}. Spix. B. J. A vida do botanico Martius, 184 Sao Paulo. 6 von C. F. pp., pis. Comp. Melhoramentos, von Martius P. Reise in Bcasilicn auf Bcfchl S. M. Konig Maximilian Joseph I von Bayern. ISIT-IS^O untecnommen und beschcieben von Dr. ]ohn. Bapt. von Spix und Dc. Cacl Fciedc. Phil von Mactius. 3 vols. (vol. 1. 1823; vol. 2. 1828: vol. 3. 1831), and Atlas. 1823-1831. Munich. Viagem pelo Bcasil. 1817-1820 1 283 pp.. 2 344 pp. Comp. Melhoramentos, Sao Paulo. (no date). 3 : : : 332 pp.. Stresemann. E. 1948. Der Naturforscher 1950. Sellow (f 1831) und sein Beitrag Zool. Jahcb.. Abt. {. Syst. 77 (6) : Friedrich Kenntnis Brasiliens. 401-425. :ur Die brasilianischc Vogelsammlungen des Grafen von Hoffmannscgg aus den Jahren 1800 bis 1812. 1951 Urban, . Bonner zool. Beitr. 1 : 43-51. Die Entwicklung der Ornithotogie von Aristotelea bis zur Gegenwart. 431 pp., 14 pis., 3 text-figs. F. W. Peters, Berlin. I. 1908. notae collaboratorum edendi chronologica, systema, index familiarum. pp. I-cx, in C. F. P. von Martius ct a!.. Flora Brasiliensis. enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum Vitae itineraeque biographicae, quas siiis collectorum florae Brasiliae botanicorum, ratio aliorumque botanicorum studiis naturali digestas partim icones illustratas I pp.. 59 pis. descriptae et methodo : CX +' 266 31 ( 1 ) + COLLECTORS IN BRAZIL 97 Weidner, H. 1967. Geschichte der Entomologie Vereins Hamburg (N.S.) in Hamburg. 9 (Suppl.J Abh. Verh. Naturwiss. : 387 pp. Wied-Neuwied, Maximilian Prinz zu 1 nach Brasilien bis den 1815 1317 in Jahren XVIII + 343 pp. (1821). 380 pp. (1820), 2 H. L. Bronner. Reise 1820-21. : Frankfurt 1958. : a. Viagem ao M. + Biblioteca Brasil nos anos de 1S15 a 1817. xix 535 pp. Pcdagogica Brasileira, Serie 5' (Brasiliana, Grande Formato), vol. 1. Comp. Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo. Appendix in extended Chapter V granted to Martius and Spix, permitting their Province of Rio dc Janeiro; later on. the permission was to other Brazilian Provinces. "Portaria" I. travels to (royal permit) the "Manda El-Rcy Nosso Scnhor a todas as Authoridadcs Milifares ou o scu conhecimento pcrfcncer, que embarafo algum a livre jornada dc Airs. Spix e Martius. Membros da Acadcmia Real das Scienscias de Munich, aos quaes Sua Magestade tern concedido permissao necessaria para viajar em qualquer parte dcntro dos limites desta Capitania do Rio de Janeiro. E determina Sua Magestade, que Ihes prcste nessa sua degrefao toda a assistencia e auxUio de que precizar, Palacio do Rio de Janeiro, em 12 de sctembro dc 1S17. logo que o pcdir. Civis a quern sc nao ponha — csta /or aprcsentada, e ]oao Paulo Bczcrra." II. Sul. Letter of F. Sellow to the President of the Province of Rio Grande do (Unpublished telling about the finding of a giant fossil in Uruguay. manuscript in the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Pasta 1, Documento n' 45). "Ilmo. e Ex"". Snr! Empregado n'huma viagcm, pelo Interior desta Provincia. a/ bem das com a minha chegada a/ Alegrete o praser de con- sciencias naturais. tivc gratular-me. pela certe:a <?.' ob/tivc da feliz chegada de V." Ex." a esta Capital, t/ ouso aproveitar a oportunidade q.* hoje alcanfo p.'/aprcscntar a V." Ex.". ainda q.' tarde em consequencia/ das circumstancias em q.' me nchava. a homenagcm do/ men respcito c da minha obedicncia./ Sesta mesma occasiio tendo a ousadia de solicit ar/ licenga para remetter as ordens de V.' Ex.", pelo favor do S.<"' Josi Maria da Silveira Vianna n'esta Cida/de. quatro caxoes com productos naturaes, p." mim ulti/mamentc ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 100 rccolhidos e maccados dc MI c N." 8./ N." Villi, mandalos/ remcttcr a Secrctaria do X c XI, rogando a V." Ex." Estado dos Ncgocios do Impcrio, p." sercm entregues ao Masco Nacional n'esta Corte./ caxao N.o Villi contem os restos assas intercssantes./ de hum mammifeto colossal, q.' rccolhi os cestos no/ Arapcy chcio. A lama dava a estc animal hum/ comprimento de quarcnta palmas, e qS huma carcta/ nao seria sulficicnte p." levar os seus ossos: porcm/ isso achci muito exagerado. Pela inspccfao dcstes/ [ragmentos. q.' consistcm cm varios pcdafos do casco// Se digna O com que a modo de Tatus era coberto. cm o antcbrafo csquer/do com da mao e em grande parte do pe/ esquerdo, com a ponta da a ordem dos Cavadorcs fibula, parece claro qS, com ellei/to pertcncia a maior parte (:Ef[odicntia:), e q.'/ o comprimento do scu corpo era isso/ scdeduz principalm.'^' da curva que forma o maior dc circa 15 palmas; pcda fo do casco, o qual tern 24 polegadas dc comprido c 10 dc / alto, c ha da parte inferior c anterior do lado csqucrdo./ Estc pcdafo, c os mencionados ossos acharao sc em parte/ enterrados n'huma marga argilosa. cm parte calcarca./ q.' cobrc ate cert a altura o alvo do Arapcy chcio/ e dos varios rios e array os da sua tcrreno basaltico. Scm duvida ossamentos remar/cavcis. qS forao achados no calcareo grosseiro dc Paris,/ ou cstcs Elcphantes c Rhinoccrontes qs se achavao cm/ varias partes da Allemanha e da Sibiria. ou o Mammouth do Ohio ou o Megatherium do Rio da/ Prata. Lamcnto qS nao foi possivcl achar algum dente ou outras partes do cranco, p." mclhor escla/rccimcnto./ visinhanfa, quaes os/ em corrcm todos mesma creafao per/tence a q.' aqucllcs Si durante a continuafSo da minha viagem/ pcia Provincia de Missoes e acima da Serra se// se offereccsse qualqucr occasiao p." empregar me no ser/vigo de V." Ex.' : ccrtamente tcrei o maior prazer em/ empenhar n'ella obedier\tissimamenfe todo o meu zelo./ Digna Se Ex""> Senhor de acolher os protestos/ firmisamos dc com q.' respcito tcnho a honra de ser/ Dc v." Exccllcncia o muito obcdiente servo Prederico Sellow" Alegrcte IS de Avril 1826 III. ScUow's manuscript, n' in last will, the made Museu in Ouro Nacional, Preto. on 29 Rio de March 1831 (unpublished Janeiro, Pasta 1, Docuniento H7). D^ — "Traslado do Testamento do Eu Frederico Frederico Sellow Sellow natural da Cid'^' de Potsdamin/ no Marquezado de Brandcmburgo. determino no caso dc falcscer. durante as minhas viagcns pela Ameri,ca o seg.': e quero q o Consul de S. M. o Rei da Prussia na Corte do R" de Jan" Guilherme de Theremin [corruption of "Durming"]/ ou aquelle q o substituir, e o Conselheiro dAmbassada do m"^ Rei Ignacio Fran^" Jose Maria de Olfets. e o/ mais antigo Director do Real Mus^o de Histo/ria Sataral. em Berlim verifiquem a exccufSo delta mfl vont*. Todos os Manus/ Primcira. criptos. Dcscnhos. Mappas, Ijvros. Impressos./ e Instrumentos Physicos e APPENDIX TO CHAPTER V 101 Mathematicos./ Relogios e Plantas Seccas. q.' possuo. ertcaixotadas, fal co/mo OS dispus, e deixar em Canastras. ou Caixoens/ marcados com a m""" de F. S. com. oa sem addic(6/es, serao entregues ao Conselheiro d'Ambassada de/ Maria de/ Olfers, que delles [ara S. M. o Rci da Prussia Igno Fran<^o aquelte uso, q mais util, e/ proveitoso for para as Sciencias, e especialm'' paia/ o adiantamcnto dos Conhecim"" do Brasil: c tambem/ cuidara q os Museos publicos da Corfe de Berlim. e do Rio de ]an''° obtinhao suUicientcs Catha/logos dos productos naturaes, q estes estabe!ecim'°' de/ mim riccberao. Scgundo. Depois de concluido/ o trabalho Botanico, que sobre plantas sudame/ricanas o m"'" S'' Ign"> Fran<^o Af» de Ol[ers/ julgar util fazer, ou causar de fazer as mencionadas plantas seccas, q reservei p" sem' I'm,/ c OS meus Descnhos Botanicos pertcncerao ao// = ao Real Museo de Historia N<^' de Berlim/ cxceptuados das plantas seccas, dous excmplarcs/ de todas as cspecies, das q^ a m"" Collccfao conta, ma/ is que huma amostra. as quaes offerefo como leve/ signal de meu reconhecimento ao Snr. Barao/ Alexandre de Humboldt e ao Snr. Ign"> Fn'^" AI" de Oilers : Huma tista por mim fcita c assig/nada, q junto a este testam'o sera conservada. expe/cifica os objectos mencionados, nos prccedentcs ar, tigos e nomeio os lugares onde se achao depositados. Tcrceiro. Se aconiecer q depois de m" mor/tc {alcsccr o Snr. Ign''" Fn'^o />' A/" de Olfers, antes de/ reccber os assima mencionados c^jectos c sem/ ter encarregado pessoa alguma do arranjo. e/ da publicafao dos materiaes. ou observafoes re colhidas durante as nossas viagens no Brasil/ todos os sobred"' objectos serao remettidos ao Alu/seo Real de Berlim e entregues as ordens da/ corrcspondente Rcpartifao do Ministcrio de S. M./ o Rci da Prussia. meu primeiro Quarto. crea/do SebastiSo Arnal de Andreas, oa aquctle que/ o substituir, segundo particular ordcm m" / escripta, sera encarregado de conduzir quanto an/tes ao Rio de Janeiro, com os camaradas precisos,/ c o meu Escravo Enrique, do lugar onde cu fales/cer. todas as canastras e cai.xoes com Manas/critos, Dcsenhos, Mappas, Livros, Impcessos,/ Instrumentos Physicos, e Mathematicos. marcados/ com a m'^" F. S. depois de fechados, c sellados./ como tambem todas as ccdlccfoes de produtos na// = = naturals, Prussiana no O presentes. po apresen/tal-as ao Consul de S. M. Janr"/ valendo-sc ncsta dilig"' das Portarias q o Supremo q cnt3o houver R" de Gov" me concedeo : no caso porem q ea [alescer./ durante a viagem do Matto Grosso ao Gram/ Para, o m'*' Creado as apresentara ao Consul de/ S. M. Britanica na Capital do Para, a qucm/ rogo de vcrificar p" amor das scierKias a remcssa/ delles /> Berlim. p^ via de Hamburgo, e inter/ vengao Quinto = O do Consul Prussiano naquelle Porto,/ c em Navio seguro. mcsmo crea/do pode vender dos meus Cavallos, e bestas. mi/nhas aqucllas. q nao prccisar p" o seu regrcs/so. com os mencionados volumes: como p" /"/ com outras superfluas. papcl pardo, polvora,/ chumbo, armas de logo, lorragcns. e do importe./ e do dn'" q achar, Icitas as despczas do regresso./ dar conta ao S'' Consul, a lim q cstc possa pres/tar conta a Compci' Repar= Sexto = O m'^ Consul pa/gara tigao do Minis/terio de S. M. Prussiana. segundo espccilicofSo, q deixar aos meus/ Creados. o q Ihes deva, e os mea Escravo Enrique /ica/ recompensari como jus/to lor = Setimo = Oitavo. Serao libertado, e obtem cem mil r' em metal, e a roupa q deixar = O = conscrvados destc Tes/tamento dous Excmplarcs. hum em Lingoa Por/tuguesa, outro cm AltemSo na m"" Cartcira/ dous cxemplares em podcr do Consul de S. M./ Prussians no R" de Jan'', c dous cm poder do 5^ /pn'" Fr" /' Af" dc I. C. de O. Prcto a 29 Oilers, hum cumpcido/ os outros nSo terSo vigor. dc marfo de 1S31. Frederico Sellow.~ Chapter VI Collectors in Mexico and the \^'est Indies Forsstrom JoHANN Eric Forsstrom was born in the Parish of Trastrand. Province of Dalarna. Sweden, on 16 February 1775. He studied at Uppsala, and in 1800 became "Magister Philosophiae", making in that same year a botanical trip to Lapland and Finmarken. After passing examinations in surgery in 1801. he became a preacher in 1802. was government preacher from 1803 to 1812 and government doctor also from 1805 to 1812 on the Island of in the Lesser Antilles, from St. Barthelemy (NE-20. 18-63d) which he visited other islands, such as Saba (NE-20. 18-65a) and Guadeloupe (NE-20, 16-62b). In 1817, returning home, he became minister of the Parish of Munktrop, province of Vestmanland. Sweden, in 1819 Prior of the same, and died there on 30 May 1824. His collection went to the museum in Stockholm (Urban, 1903: 48). Ferdinand Deppc's travels in Mexico Mexican independence, which dates from 1821, made it posfor Europeans of any nationality to settle in Mexico and send home whatever they wanted. As early as 1823 William sible 104 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Bullock went to Mexico with the aim of acquiring abandoned gold Bullock was a former London goldsmith, well silver mines. known as the owner of the 'London Museum' which was sold by auction in 1819. When he returned to London at the end of 1823 he brought back with him ail sorts of Mexican curiosities which served for a public show, called 'New Mexico' in his 'Egyptian Hall'. and In Germany the news that mysterious Mexico had become accessible to the ordinary traveller excited the curiosity of a weal- thy nobleman, the Count von Sack, "Zweiter Ober-Jagermeister", and chamberlain to the King of Prussia. He had recently returned from a voyage to Egypt and Cyprus, where he had made a small collection of birds, and at once felt inclined to visit Mexico, provided that there was a collecting naturalist of good reputation to go with him. A gardener by the name of Ferdinand Deppe, appointed to the Royal Gardens, was recommended for this task by Professor Hinrich Lichtenstein, director of the ZooloDeppe was an intelligent gical Museum of Berlin University. and energetic young man born in 1794. For a long while his connections with the Zoological Museum had been intimate, the more so as his eldest brother Wilhelm was accountant of the institution. On Count von Sack's advice Deppe gave up his job in 1821 and prepared for the voyage to Mexico. He trained himself in skinning birds and mammals, a technique which he soon mastered to great perfection. Besides, he studied books on the zoology, botany, and geography of South America, took lessons in drawing and painting, and acquired English and Spanish. Howe%er, the wayward Count remained undecided for three more years, and it was only due to the insistence of Deppe that the plan to go to Mexico was finally carried out in 1824. The party, increased by the Count's domestic, arrived in London on 23 August 1824. where Deppe visited, besides the British Museum (the zoological section of inferior to that of the Berlin Mr. Leadbeater's shop. On S October they which he judged Museum), Mr. Bullock's far Show and Falmouth on board a British There they took another vessel bound for Alvarado, Veracruz, arriving in mid-December 1824. shortly after the Count's footman died from an yellow fever sailed from ship to Jamaica via Barbados. attack. Two years later, in January 1827. Deppe left Mexico, after having travelled via Mexico City to Oaxaca and Tehuantepec and back via Oaxaca to Alvarado. He and William Bullock's COLLECTORS son, who IN MEXICO AND THE WEST INDIES 105 joined him on the voyage from Mexico City to Tehuanwho ever collected birds for scien- tepec, are the first naturahsts tific purposes in Mexico. The following itinerary has been compiled from Deppe's kept in the archives of the Zoological Museum in Berlin, and from the entries in Lichtenstein's lists of acquisitions. letters, From 25 December 1824, to January 1825. an excursion was made from Alvarado (NE-15, 19-96d) to the swamps and lagunas near Tlacotalpan (NE-15, I9-96d) in Veracruz. In January he went from Alvarado to Jalapa (NE-14, 20-97d). Veracruz, and in February from Jalapa to Mexico City (NE-H, 19-99a). In April an excursion was made from Mexico City to Temascaltcpec (NE-H, 19- 100a), State of Mexico, where Deppe made the acquaintance of Mr. Bullock Jr., who, like his father, took the hobby of collecting birds and was an excellent shot. He had came over with his father in 1823 and lived in Temascaltepec as an agent of a British mining company. Deppe went back to MeHe stayed in and near Mexico City from xico City on 10 May. May end of the month. and In June July a trip was made to Chico (NE-H, 19-97b) and Toluca (NE-H, 20-97c) in the State of Mexico, including a stay at Tlalpujahua (NE-H. 20-lOOc) and another at Cimapan (?). On 25 August, Deppe, joined by Bullock Jr.. started for a long voyage to Tehuantepec. Taking the route via Puebla (NE-H, 19-98a) and Tehuacan (NE-H. 18-97a) they reached 1 1 to the Oaxaca (NE-H. 17-96d) by 6 September. ExtenOn one of these trips sive field work was done in the vicinity. "37 legoas" from Oa(NE-H. 17-96a) Alta Villa they reached the city of xaca on 22 September. 22 October Deppe and Bullock continued their journeys, and six days later they reached Tehuantepec (NE-15. 16-95a) Early in November they provia San Bartolo (NE-H, 17-97d). ceeded to the Pacific shore (San Mateo del Mar, Santa Maria del Mar (NE-15. 16-95b) and were back at the city of Oaxaca (NE-H. 17-96d) by the 22nd of that month. On On father. left for Mexico City to meet his Oaxaca (NE-H. 17-96d) the next day and 5 December. Bullock Deppe left chose a direct route to Alvarado which proved very difficult. On 18 December, he crossed the Cordillera Costal at a place called Valle Real (?) Veracruz, clad with luxuriant forest. He was back in Alvarado (NE-15. 19-96d) on 22 December. 106 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY January of 1826 Deppe paid another, and this time From there he returned to Alvarado in March and proceeded via Santuario to the city of VeraAfter cruz (NE-14. k9-96a), which was reached by 23 March. a short stay he left for Mexico City (NE-H. 19-99a) at the end of March. The time from 13 April to 16 July was devoted to Early in extensive, visit to Valle Real. excursions to the environs of Mexico City, including a trip to Chico (NE-14, 19-97b) and I.xmiquilpec (?). On 17 July Deppe left the capital to visit his friend Bullock Jr., at his place in Rincon de Temascaltepec (NE-H, 19-lOOa). He crossed the range of Las Cruces and proceeded via Tenancingo (NE-H. 19-lOOd) and Saculpan (?). Mexico. His stay in Temascaltepec (NE-H, 10-lOOa) lasted from 28 July to late September, with excursions to Real (de) Arriba (?), Mexico, and to Jantepeque (?) and Cuernavaca (NE-H, 19-99c) in Morelos. Temascaltepec Deppe met William Bullock, who had made a business voyage to Mexico in company of his wife and daughter. After his return to London in 1823 the senior Bullock founded a British mining company of which he was the In August in director. At the end of September. Deppe went back to the Federal Capital and prepared for a quick departure. He reached Jalapa (NE-H. 20-97d) by 26 October and embarked at Veracruz (NE-H, 19-96a) at the end of January for Hamburg on the German vessel 'Anna Maria'. On 9 April 1827. after almost was welcomed back to Berlin. Alvarado in December 1824, there has three years of absence, he Since the landing at been no mention of the Count von Sack in this short review of The Count seems to have been a very queer and the itinerary. whimsical person. No longer disposed to suffer his employer's bad manners, Deppe parted company with him in May of 1825 and carried out all the rest of the expedition at his own risk. The Count returned to the coast in the autumn of 1825. sailed back to Jamaica, and reappeared in the summer of 1826 in Berlin, where three years later he died. In the years 1825 and 1826. Deppe had gathered, all by himself, 958 bird skins, a number of mammals, a quantity of reptiles, amphibians, fishes, snails, and thousands of insectts. Nor had botany been neglected by this indefatigable naturalist. All his zoological material was bought by the Zoological Museum of Berlin. But in vain had be hoped to be rewarded with a post This at one of the scientific institutions of the Prussian capital. induced him to return to his beloved Mexico once more, this time COLLECTORS IN MEXICO AND THE WEST INDIES 107 company of a dear friend, the botanist Dr.Wilhelm SchieThey expected to make their Uving in Mexico by selling zoological and botanical specimens to European museums and dealers. in the de. In July of 1828 they settled in Jalapa, whence they made distant excursions to various places, all within or near the boun- dary of the State of Veracruz; among others were the Pico de Orizaba (NE-14, 19-97a). which they ascended almost to the summit, Misantla (NE-H. 20-97d), Papantla (NE-H, 20-97a), Veracruz (NE-H, 19-96a), and the Laguna Huctulacan (?), west of the Cofre de Perote (NE-14. 19-97a). But they were very soon disappointed. Lichtenstein was no longer able to buy quantities of Mexican materials at reasonable prices, and although part of the specimens collected up to 7 May 1829, was been acquired by the Museums of Berlin and Vienna, the financial result Ferdinand of their efforts was far from what they had expected. Deppe and Schiede were forced to give up this kind of business in 1830. The latter died very soon after^^'ard. Deppe became a commission agent to merchants located in Acapulco and Monterey, In 1836 he was tricked out of all he had earned and California. decided to sail home to Germany once more. Back in Berlin in 1838, the unfortunate Deppe was again denied an official appoinHe died in oblivion about 1860 (Stresemann, 1954). tement. Hornbcck Hans Baltzar (or Balthasar) Hornbeck was born on 9 He studied medicine, and went Antilles, in 1825 as a medical doctor. to St. Jean, in the Lesser in 1827 the official physician doctor and district There he became plants and other nacollected He Indies. West for the Danish (NE-10, 18-65b), St. in Jean especially specimens, tural history Croix (NE-20. St. 18-65b). (NE-20. Thomas St. in but also 18-65d) and Puerto Rico. In 1844 he returned to Copenhagen, bringing with him a collection of insects, which was sold by aucCopenhagen Hospital tion after his death, which occurred at the Part of his col1870. February 2 (Kobenhavns Sygehjcm) on the Zoological to incorporated later was lections (the beetles) rest is not known. the of fate the but Copenhagen, of January 1800, Museum As regards lections, the in Copenhagen. the Diptera of Dr. mined by Wiedemann 1954: 7). Hornbeck still in Westermann's col- but specimens deterexist there (Urban, 1903: 61; Zimsen, type-specimens have been lost, ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 108 Wiedemann makes special and repeated references to the Island of Crabs (Vieques) in Puerto Rico, which seems to have been the preferred spot where Hornbeck collected. References Stresemann, E. 1954. Ferdinand Dcppe's travels 86-92. 56 (2) in Mexico, 182-1-I829. The Condor : Urban. I. 1903. Notae rum, (= biographicae in his peregrinatorum Indiae occidentalis botanicoAntillanac 3 H-158. (1) Lipsiae Symbolac : Leipzig). Zimsen. E. 1954. The insect types of C. Museum in Copenhagen. R. W. Wiedemann in the Zoological Spolia Zool. Mus. Haunicnsis 14 1-43. : Chapter VII Thiinberg, Erichson, Perty and Wiedemann K. P. Thunberg The chair of botany of the University of Uppsala was left vacant due to the death of Linnaeus Jr. in 1784. Karl Peter Thunberg was nominated to take the position. He was born in Joenkocpping, Province of Smaaland, Sweden, on 11 November 1743. and studied at the University of Uppsala under Linnaeus. As a medical doctor, the entered the employ of the Company of the East Indies and was sent in 1772 to the Cape of Good Hope, where, for approximately three years, he collected many specimens during his excursions, and visited the Hottentots and KafIn 1775, also as a Company physician, he travelled to Japan, firs. From there he returned to his returning to the Cape in 1778. teacher at the University of Upappointed been homeland, having his collections to He donated Linnaeus Jr. Carl psala to replace University and transformed the ancient Royal Gardens of into botanical gardens, which were inaugurated on 4 May 1807. at the occasion of the first centenary of the birth of Linnaeus. Thunberg died on 8 August 1828 (Enc). the Uppsala Although better known as a botanist. Thunberg wrote many acquaintance with the General Due entomological papers. Brazil, Lorentz Westin. and in Norway Consul of Sweden and whom he had met in Freyreiss. Wilhelm with the naturalist to his ESSAYS 110 OX THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Uppsala, Thunberg received some insects from Brazil; he described the two largest Diptera. one a Mydas (1818), and the other the first Pantophthalmid (1822), collected by Forsstrom in St. Barthelemy. W. F. Erichson Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson was born on 26 November 1809, in Stralsund, the eldest son of Senator Erichson. His first studies were made in the local gymnasium, which he left to enter the University of Stettin, in October 1828. After four years of study he became a medical doctor, publishing his doctoral dis- on 7 December 1832. After passing the habilitation e.xaminations of the State he became a doctor in medicine and surgery, on April 1834. Even as a student, he dedicated some time to building an entomological collection, which would be the sertation H basis of his future writings. Stettin Museum, becoming In 1836 he began curator in 1843. to be paid by the then already He was suffering from lung disease, losing blood during the more severe However, he paid no attention to the illness, which was attacks. aggravated through strenous physical and intellectual effort. In 1837 he was made Doctor Philosophiac by the University of Jena. He was appointed assistant professor in the Faculty of Philosophy of the Stettin University in May 1838 and e.xtraordinary profesOn account of repeated attacks and lossor on 21 March 1842. ses of blood due to his lung disease, he died at the age of 40 on 18 November 1849 (Klug, 1850). His great contribution to the study of Neotropical Diptera published in his revision of the "Henopier" ( Acroceridae) 1840. Studying the collection of the Museum of Berlin, he revi- was . sed Wiedemann's types, and described several new species based on the collections presented to the Museum by Baron von Langsdorff (from Minas Gerais, in Brazil, especially). Bescke. Sellow (also from Minas Gerais. especially Sao Joao del Rei). Deppe (from Mexico), and collections gathered by a certain ViRMO.ND, concerning whom we have no information. J. A. M. Perty Joseph Anton Ma.ximilian Perty, was born in Ohrnlau (Duchy of Anspach) in 180-1. and died in 1884: he studied medicine and natural sciences in Landshut and Munich. He joined the Faculty THUXBERG, ERICHSON, PERTY AND WIEDEMANN 111 of Sciences of Munich, being charged with the organization of part of the zoological collections of the city's Academy of ScienAmong the valuable collections existing in the Academy ces. there was that brought home by Drs. Johann Baptist von Spix and Karl Friedrich Philip von Martius, from their long journeys in financed by King Maximilian Joseph I. The results of Party's studies of this collection were published in a large folio, from 1830 to 1833. Several interesting Diptera (as for instance, the first flies collected in the Brazilian "caatingas" of the Northeast) were reported in that book. Brazil, In 1833 Perty was named Professor of the Academy of Beme, Switzerland, transferred to the University in the next year, and was the Dean of the University from 1837 to 1856. He also wrote many other books on zoology, especially on microscopic animals, anthropology and psychology (Enc). C. R. W. Wiedemann Wilhelm Wiedemann, one of the greastudied the Neotropical fauna, was born in Braunschweig in 1770 and died in 1840 in Kiel, at that time He obtained his degree part of the Danish Duchy of Holstein. of Doctor Medicinae in Jena in 1792, and in 1805 was made successively professor of obstetrics at the University of Kiel, and Eventually professor, later director, of the School of Midwifery. Christian Rudolph test dipterologists who he became "Justitsraad". His medical publications include a book on anatomy (1796), a manual for resuscitating the drowned and asphyxiated (1797), and one with instructions for midwives (Enc). in the study of Diptera, and great the master, Meigen, his conby influenced was strongly the "Archiv fiir Zoo1806 he edited 1800 to From temporary. He very soon became interested und Zootomie" (5 volumes), and from 1817 to 1825 the (2 volumes), where he published his first articles on Diptera. Through Count von Hoffmannsegg he obtained the Diptera collected in Brazil by Sieber, Gomes, and Feijo, and these were logie "Zoologisches Magazin" the subject of his not first paper on Brazilian known whether Wiedemann also Hoffmannsegg's collections collected label of Hoffmannsegg's collection, flies studied (1819). materials (It is from by Ruiz and Pavon, but a from the Berlin Museum, loaned to my colleaPyrophorus of collection a with which came . ESSAYS ON 112 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY gue C. Costa, gave indication of material collected by the two Spanish naturalists). Wiedemann, after this start, decided to undertake a thorough study of the exotic Diptera, thus complementing the work that Meigen was doing for the European flies. Wiedemann's initial intention was The to redescribe the species of Fabricius. which was very poor state of preservation, had been transferred by the King of Denmark to the University letter's collection, Wiedemann of Kiel. in a revised the entire work of Fabricius. ma- king a better generic assigment of the species, and redescribing most of them. Fabricius' descriptions were very inadaquate, and even the names of colours employed by him had to be deciphered. Wiedemann built a glossary of colour names and morphological terms employed by Fabricius, which was printed in the first volume of the "Ausscreuropaische zweifliigeiige Insekten" (1828: xxiii-x.wii) This work appeared translated into first in Latin, in German, and appeared in it was afteruards much enlarged two 1821; a In 1824 Wiedemann published an "Analecta Entomologica", with new species of flies, later embodied in the "Aussereuropaische zweifliigeiige Insekten". For his descriptive work, Wiedemann had access to the volume edition (1828, 1830). great collections of the time, deposited in the Museums of Berlin, Leyden, Frankfurt. Copenhagen, and in private collections, such as Westermann's. Winthem's, and Prince Christian of Denmark's (later King Christian VIII). Those collections included the rich harvests reaped by Humboldt and Bonpland in Venezuela. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Mexico: Eschscholtz's collections made in Brazil (Santa Catarina) and Chile: by Sieber, Gomes, and Feijo in Brazil (Amazonian region. Ceara. Pernambuco. and Bahia) by Freyreiss and Westin, von Olfers, Sellow, Bescke. and Lund, in Brazil; by Deppe in Mexico; and by Hombeck in the West Indies (cf. Fairchild. He also discovered many new species, even among Fa1967). : specimens. Wiedemann also had many specimens of flies from Surinam; part of these was obtained from the collection of a certain Holthuysen. sold by auction at Hamburg, on 3 February 1796 (Weidner, 1967: 43). and part from a collector named CoRDUA (?), about whom we were not able to obtain any detail. bricius' Another unknown lected in Brazil News collector is Virmond, (material in the Berlin cited above, who col- Museum). of the recent Austrian expedition to Brazil also reached to M. von Miihlfeld, at the Imperial Wiedemann, and he wrote Museum of Vienna, trying to borrow the specimens. But to his THUNBERG, ERICHSON, PERTV AND WIEDEMANN 113 disappointment, Wiedemann was informed that the Austrian Emperor had forbidden him to study the specimens, which had been collected at the expenses of the Austrian Crown. Wondering at that order, Wiedemann applied directly to the Emperor, saying that the specimens would be returned, after being studied, in The answer, however, was again negative, perfect conditions. and Wiedemann complained bitterly about this incident in the introduction of his great work (1828: v) "May God forgive those who have given such advice! concern was only with Now I can do no more than wish that some future desscience. criber of the Diptera in Vienna might recognize the species from my descriptions and synonymy might be avoided." (Translated by G. C. Steyskal). : My the Wiedemann was not able either to study the collections of Museums of Lx)ndon and Paris, for lack of money to travel to those countries. His work was one of the best of the older authors, in spite of the unavoidable shortcomings, and still remains one of the basic books for the taxonomy of Neotropical Diptera (Henriksen, 1921-37; Zimsen. 1954). References Fairchild. 1967. G. B. Notes on Neotropical described by C R. W. Tabanidae (Diptera). Wiedemann. VII. The Pacific Insects 9 (1) species 73-104. : Henriksen, K. L. Oversigt over Dansk cntomologis historiae. Ent. Mcddel. 15 97-H4; (1923) 1-18; (2) (1922) : 49-96; (3) (1921) 193-240; (6) (1927) : 241(4) (1925) : 145-192; (5) (1926) : 385-480; (11-12) 289-384; (9-10) (1936) 288- (7-8) (1936) (1937) : 481-578: 154 figs. 1921-1937 (i) : : : : Erichson, 1840. W. F. IV. Die Henopier, eine Familie aus der Ordnung der Dipteren. Entomographicn, Untersuchungen in dem mit besonderer Benutzung der Konigl. pp. 135-175. 1 pl- '1 Gcbiete der Entomologic Sammlung zu Berlin 7 : 180 pp.. 2 pis. Berlin. Klug. F. 1850. Nekrolog [W. F. Erichson). Stettin. Ent. Ztg. 11 (2) : 33-36. THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 114 Perty, A. M. J. Delectus 1830-1833. siliam annis animalium articulatorum, quae MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX per itincre in jussu et auspiciis Bra- Maximi- Josephi I. Bavariae regis augusfissimi pcracto coUegerunt B. dc Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Maitius. 4-1 -f 224 pp., (Pp. 1-60, pis. 1-12, pis. Monachii (= Munich). pp. 125-224, 13-24, pis. 25-40, pis. 1832; pp. 1833). 61-124, "1830-1834". liani Dr. 40 ]. Thunberg, C. P. 1818. Mydas gigantea Akad. Vetensk. beskrifven. Handl. ISIS : 246-248. 1822. paa en ny Insect, Pantophthalmus tabaninus. Gotte7. borgs Kongl. Vcttcnsk. och Vittcrhets Samhallets Handl. 3 Beskrifning : Weidner, H. 1967. Geschichte der Entomologie in Hamburg. Abh. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg (N.F.) 9 (suppl.) 1-387, Ulus. : Wiedemann, C. R. W. 1819. Brasilianische Zweifliigler. 1821. Diptera exotica 1824. Munus 1 rectoris in entomologica ex (= 1828. 19-244 pp. 2 Mag. pis. 1 {3) : (= Kiliae 40-56. Kiel). Academia Christiana Albcrfina aditurus analecta Museo Regio Havniensi, 60 pp. 1 pi. Kiliae Kiel). Ausserearopaischc zweiflOgelige Insekten 7 1839. : Zool. pis. 1 : xxxn -J- 608 pp., Hamm. Aussereuropaische zweiflSivgelige Inxkten 2 : .xi -f 684 pp., 5 pis. Hamm. 1831. Monographia generis Midarura. Carol. Nat. Curios. 19-56, pis. 52-54. Zimsen, 15 ((= ser. Nova Acta Acad. C. Leopold. (= Verhandl. 7) (2)] 2 (5) : E. 1954. The insect types of C R. W. Wiedemann in the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen. Spolia Zool. A/uj. Haunicnsis 14 : M3. Chapter VIII The French collectors Saint-Hilairc AuGUSTiN Franqois Cesar PROVENgAL DE Saint-Hilaire was born in Orleans. France, on 4 October 1779, and died in the city on 30 September 1853. His parents had destined him commerce, and with that purpose made him travel through Holland and Holstein. However, after his return to France he de- same to dicated himself to botany. On 1 April 1816. he sailed from the port of Brest. France, aboard the frigate 'L'Hermione'. which carried to Rio de Janeiro After the the Ambassador of France. Duke of Luxembourg. customary stops in Lisbon, Madeira and Teneriffe. they arrived to Rio on I June 1816. — Saint-Hilaire was also accompannied by another naturalist Pierre Antoine Delalande. Delalande was born in Ver- and died in 1828. In his earliest years he studied when he was 13 was employed by his father as and painting, technician in the laboratory of zoology and ornithology of the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris. Having been e.xcused from entering the army by Napoleon, he travelled through the French Having probably met Saint'Midi'. Spain, and Portugal (1808). he came with Museum, him to Brazil in 1816. He -Hilaire at the a short after voyage through the Province of France returned to sailles in 1787. 116 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Rio de Janeiro, carrying the collections obtained. He travelled later to Africa (1818-1819). and has been better known by his trip to the Cape of Good Hope, about which he published a report in the Memoires du Museum d'Histotire Naturelle de Paris, vol. 8 The (Enc). journey undertaken by Saint-Hilaire. accompanied to a farm of a certain }. Rodrigues de Almeida first by Delalande, was Rio de Janeiro. near the city. in The tv,'o naturalists also collected in and The remaining journeys will be arranged here partly according to Saint-Hilaire's books, and partly according to the citations given in the works of Robineau-Desvoidy and Macquart. 1. Journey to the Province of Rio de Janeiro ("Rio-Janeiro. Saint-Hilaire", and "Bresil. Delalande". of Macquart) M. Aug. Crossing the Bay of Guanabara. Saint-Hilaire and Delalande entered the small Rio Miriti (near the present city of Sao Joao do Meriti, SF-23. 43-23a). and proceeded past Iguassu (now Nova Iguaqu. SF-23. 44-23b). Benfica (?). Rio Itu (?), Vale das Pedras (?) (where they were in the beginning of December, 1816), Serra da Viiiva (?), Pau Grande (?). and Uba (SF-23, 43-22c), near the banks of the Rio Paraiba. approximately 25-30 leagues of Rio de Janeiro, where they made a large colThey visited on that occasion a village of the lection of insects. Coroado Indians, and returned by the same route to Rio de Janeiro. After this rapid trip. Delalande went back to France with the collections, and Saint-Hilaire started a second trip. NNW 2. Trip to the Province (or 'Capitania') of Minas Gerais ("Ca- pitainerie des Mines" of Macquart) Leaving Rio de Janeiro on 7 December 1816. Saint-Hilaire went to Minas Gerais by the invitation of Antonio Ildefonso Gomes, a resident of that Province. They were accompanied by Baron von Langsdorff. who had made the acquaintance of Saint-Hilaire in Rio. Passing through Sao Cristovao (in the neighborhood of the city of Rio de Janeiro). Inhauma. Iguassu (Nova Iguaqu. SF-23, 4-4-23b). Benfica. Uba (SF-23. 43-22c) and Encruzilhada (SF-23. 43-22c), the party arrived at the banks of the Rio Paraiba, and entered Minas Gerais, following the itinerary: Rio Paraibuna, Rocinha da Negra, Vargem, Simao Pereira (SF-23. 43-22a). Matias Barbosa (SF-23, 43-22a), Jui: de Fora (SF-23. 43-22a), Chapeu d Uvas (SF-23, 44-22b), Retiro. across Borda do Campo, Barbacena (SF-23. the Serra da Mantiqueira, THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 117 44-21d), Queluz (Queluzita, SF-23. 44-21b), Ouro Branco (SF-23, 44-21b), and Vila Rica (Ouro Preto, SF-23. 44-20d). In Vila Rica the naturalists stayed at the house of Baron von Eschwcge, until 26 December 1816. There A. I. Gomes left the party to visit his family in Sao Miguel do Mato Dentro. Proceeding with the trip. Saint-Hilaire and Langsdorff went to Mariana (SF-23. 43-20a). Camargos (SF-23. 43-20c), Bento Rodrigues (SF-23. 43-20c). Serra do Caraga (in the county of Santa Barbara. SF-23. 43-20a). Inficionado. Morro de Agua Quente. Catas Altas de Mato Dentro (now Catas Altas. SF-23. 43-20c). and Itajuru, then returned to Serra do Caraqa. At this Doint Baron von Langsdorff left the party and went back to Rio de Janeiro. Saint-Hilaire continued by himself through Itabira (SE-23. 43-20a) to visit the mines of Concei^ao (de Piracicaba. SE-23. 43-20a), south of Itabira, going afterwards to Santana (SE-23.43-20a). Itambe do Mato (de) Dentro (SE-23. 43-19c). Morro de Caspar Scares (presently Morro do Pilar. SE-23. 43-19c). Conceiqao de Mato Dentro (Conceiqao. SE-23. 43-20b). 'Tapanhuacanga' ( Itapanhoacanga. SE-23. 43-1 9a). Rancho do Ouro Fino. near the Ouro Fino creek (SE-23. 44-1 9b). Vila do Principe (Serro. SE-23. 43-19a). leaving that village on 9 April 1817. Next he proceeded to Passanha' (Peganha. on the banks of the Rio Suagui. SE-23, 43-1 9b). which they left on 21 April. Ponte dos Paulistas (Paulistas. SE-23. 43-1 8d), Rio Vermelho, Penha (Penha de Franqa. SE-23. 43-18d). Sao Joao Batista (now Itamarandiba. SE-23. 43-18b), Vila do Fanado (Minas Novas. SE-23. 43-1 7d). Chapada. Sucuriii (now Francisco Badaro. SE-23. 42-1 7c). Sao Miguel da Setima Divisao (presently Jequitinhonha. SE-24, 41-16d). near the Rio Jequitinhonha. From the village of Sao Miguel Saint-Hilaire went down the Rio Jequitinhonha to the liha do Pao and Canal do Vigia. reLeaving this village on 15 July turning next to Sao Miguel. 1817. he journeyed overland bv way of Sucuriu. Virgem da Lapa (Sao Domingos. SE-23. 43-22b). Chapada (SE-23. 42-1 7c). Vila do Fanado (Minas Novas. SE-23. 44-1 8d). Vereda. Sao Joao Batista (Itamarandiba, SE-23. 43-1 8b), and. turning to the to Itacambira {SE-23. 43- 17c). Montes Claros (SE-23. 44- 17a). and Contendas (Brasiha de Minas, SE-23. 44-1 6c). to the Rio Sao Francisco. Then, travelling south, he went through Coraqao de Jesus (SE-23. 44-17a). to Curimatai (SE-23, 44-18b) (Saint- NW, -Hilaire, 1830. 1938b). Leaving Curimatai on 22 September 1817, he went through (?). Pinheiros (SE-23. 44-1 8d: 29 Septem- Sao Joao da Chapada 118 ESSAYS ON' THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ber) to Tejuco (Diamantina. SE-23, 44-18d). where he remained until 30 October, collecting in the neighborhood. From Diamantina he journeyed to Milho Verde (?), Tres Barras (?), Vila do Principe (now Serro. SE-23. 43-1 9a), Itapanhoacanga (SE-23. 43-19a), Santo Antonio do Norte. Congonhas do Norte, Morro do Pilar (SE-23, 43-19c: 19 November. 1817). Itambe do Mato (de) Dentro (SE-23, 43-19c). Cocais. Santa Barbara (SE-23. 43-20a), Scrra do Cara^a, Sahara (SE-23. 44-20b), Ouro Preto (SF-23. 44-20d), Congonhas (SF-23. 44-20d: 13 February, 1918). Sao Bras do Suaqui. Lagoa Dourada, and Sao Joao del Rei (SE-23, 44-21c), proceeding directly to Rio de Janeiro, where he arrived on 17 March 1818. As a result of this journey, Saint-Hilaire sent to the Museum of Paris 3 boxes with zoological collections, among which were 800 species of insects, 200 birds and mammals, 200 packets of During his stay in Rio seeds and scverals memoirs on botany. de Janeiro he met several members of the Austrian commission, recently arrived, among them Olfers, Mikan, Pohl, and Raddi. 3. Trip to the Province of Espirito Santo Having mailed the collection obtained in Minas Gerais, Saint-Hilaire decided to go to Espirito Santo. Leaving Rio de Janeiro on 18 August 1818, he went by sea to Cabo Frio (SF-24, 42-23b), where he landed. From Cabo Frio he visited Sao Pedro da Aldeia (SF-23, 42-23a), and following the coast, went to Macae (SF-24, 42-22d) and Sao Joao da Barra (SF-24, 41 -22a). near the mouth of the Rio Paraiba. He next proceeded to Campos dos Goitacazes (Campos, SF-24, 41 -22a). and to the mouth of the Rio Muribeca, entering the Province of Espirito Santo at Itabapoana (SF-24, 41-21d). Travelling along the coast, he went through Itapemirim (SF-24, 4I-21d), which he left on 4 October, Benevente (presently Anchieta, SF-24. 41-21b), Guarapari (SF-24. 40-21a), and arrived at the Capital of the Pro\'ince. Vitoria (SF-24. 40-20c) on 10 October 1818. From Vitoria, still following the coast, Saint-Hilaire went through Vila d' Almeida (now Nova Almeida. SF-24. 40-20c). near the Rio dos Reis Magos (16 October), Aracruz (SE-24, 40-20a), Campos do Riacho (Riacho, SE-24, 40-20a), and reached the mouth of the Rio Docc. in the village of Regencia (SE-24, 40-20b). Travelhng up the Rio Doce (SE-24, 40-19d) by canoe, he arrived at the city of Linhares (SE-24, 40-19c) on 22 October. He entered the Lagoa Juparand (SE-24. 40-I9c) through the canal which communicates with the Rio Doce. and then returned to THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 119 Proceeding down the Rio Doce, Saint-Hilaire went back to Regencia. and travelling overland, along the coast by Ponte dos Comboios (now Comboios. SE-24. 40-20b), and Vila d'Almeida (November 1), he arrived in Vitoria, from which he sailed to Rio de Janeiro, arriving after a 4 days trip (Saint-HiLinhares. laire, 1838. 1936b. 1941). Rio de Janeiro, he made a third shipment of the Museum, keeping however a part of them, with Mr. Mailer, General Consul of France in Rio. Back in collections to the Paris left Second trip to Minas Gerais ( "Capitainerie des Mines. Quest" of Macquart). and voyage to Goias ("Centre du Bresil" of Robineau-Desvoidy ) 4. 26 Januar>' 1819, Saint-Hilaire left Rio for a third voyage Leaving the Bay of Guanabara, he entered the Rio Inhomirim. to Porto da Estrela. Thence he went to the Farm "Mandioca" of Baron von Langsdorff, where every naturalist of the time collected. Going on afterwards via Pctropolis (SF-23. 43-23a). Sumidouro (SF-23. 43-22d), Encru2ilhada, Sucupira, and Uba (SE-23. 43-22c). he arrived at the banks of the Rio Paratba. proceeding to Forquilha (SF-23. 43-22b), Rio das Flores (SF-23. 44-22b) Valenqa (SF-23, 44-22b). Rio Bonito (SF-23. 43-23b), and arri%-ing at the city of Rio Preto On to the interior of the country. . (SF-23. 43-22c), on the banks of the river of the same name at the border between the Provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Entering Minas. he headed for Sao Joao del Rei (SF-23. 44-21c). and went on to Oliveira (SF-23, 45-21b). Formigas (SF-23. 45120c). Corrego Fundo, Pains (SF-23, 46-20d). Pimenta (SF-23. 46-20d). Piui (SF-23. 46-20d). and Serra da Canastra (SF-23. 47-19c). where he explored the sources of the Rio Sao Francisco. He proceeded then to Araxa SE-23. 47-20b ) crossed the Rio Qucbra-Anzol (SE-23, 47-1 7c). and continued 47through Patrocinio (SE-23. 47-1 9a). Guarda-Mor (SE-23. 47-1 7d). (SE-23. -18a) and Paracatu Saint-Hilaire entered the From Paracatu. turning to the 48- 17b), Province of Goias, going through Cristalina (SE-23. (CoCorumba and after crossing the Montes Pirineus reached Vila Boa. and 49-16b). rumba de Goias, Brasilia, D.F.. SD-22. 50-1 After 6a). SD-22. Goias. capital of the Province (the city of going remaining there for some time, he departed on 3 July 1819. 50-1 6c) and SE-22. (Mossamedes. Mossamedes to Sao Jose de later to Vila Pilocs (SE-22. 51-16d). on the Rio Claro. returning Boa (Saint-Hilaire. 1847. 1848, 1937). ( NW. 120 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Saint-Hilaire decided then to proceed to the Province of Piracanjuba crossed the Sao Paulo: leaving Vila Boa he passed the Rio Uru. (SE-22, 49-17c). Caldas Novas (SE-22. 49-18b), Rio Paranaiba. entering the Province of Minas through Uberaba (SE-23. 48-20b), crossing the Rio tered the Province of Sao Paulo. 5. lo and Grande, en- Gerais, Trip through the northern part of the Province of Sao Paula Capitainerie de St. Paul" of Macquart) ("Nord de Entering the Province of Sao Paulo (which included at the time the present States of Sao Paulo and Parana). Saint-Hilaire proceeded by Franca (SF-23. 47-21a), Mogi-Mirim (SF-23, 47-22d). Campinas (SF-23, 47-23a). and Jundiai (SF-23. 47-23a). and reached the city of Sao Paulo, where he remained November to 9 December 1819. His collections, gathered from in the Provinces of Minas Gerais. Goias. and in the northern I portion of Sao Paulo, were left in the Capital. Leaving Sao Paulo (SF-23. 47-24b), Saint-Hilaire went to Itu (SF-23. 47-23c). Porto Feliz (SF-23. 47-23c). Sorocaba (SF-23. 47-24a). and Ipanema (Varnhagcn). where he arrived on 22 December 1819. meeting Johann Natterer and Friedrich Sellow. 6. and who were stationed there. Trip to the 'Comarca de Curitiba" (present State of Parana), to the Province of Santa Catarina. Departing from Ipanema. Saint-Hilaire returned to Sorocaba (SF-23. 47-24a), and passed through Itapetininga (SF-22. 4822a). Itapcva (SF-22. 49-24b). and Itarare (SF-22. 50-24b). then entering the present State of Parana by Jaguariaiva (SG-22. 50-24d). Castro (SG-22. 50-25a). and Ponta Grossa (SG-22. Du50-25d. 50-25c). he arrived at Curitiba (SG-22. 49-25c). ring that trip, which lasted three months, he had enormous difficulties in keeping his collections of natural history, due to the incessant rains. Curitiba he went down the Serra de Paranagua to the Paranagua (SG-22. 48-26a). following the coast to Guaratuba (SG-22. 49-26b). where he collected many Diptcra, described afterwards by Robineau-Desvoidy and Macquart. From city of He then sailed to the Island of Sao Francisco, landing in Sao Francisco do Sul (SG-22. 48-26a). He remained there until 21 April 1820. and sailed next to Barra do Araguari. going overland to Barra Velha and Itapocoroia (SG-22. 49-27b). Again by sea. passing by Itajai (SG-22, 49-27b), Cathe village of THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 121 be?udas (SG-22. 49-27b), Camboriu (SG-22, 49-27d). and the small islands of Gales, Deserta, and Arv'oredo. he landed in the Capital of the Province, the city of Desterro (presently Florianopolis, SG-22. 48-28a). Leaving Desterro on 18 May 1820, he sailed to Garopaba (SH-22, 49-28d). He obtained three large ox-carts to travel by land, and leaving that city on 21 May, headed for Laguna (SH-22. 49-28d). Following the beaches, after crossing the rivers Urussanga. Ararangua. and Mambituba, he entered the Province of Rio Grande de Sao Pedro do Sul (presently the State of Rio Grande do Sul) Saint-Hilaire, 1851. 1936a, 1940). ( Trip through Rio Grande do Sul ( "Capitainerie de Rio-Grande", or "Rio Grande" of Robineau-Desvoidy and Macquart) 7. The Sul first city reached by Saint-Hilaire in Rio Grande do 50-'29d), near the border with Santa Proceeding afterwards to the Lagoa 5 June 1820. was Torres (SH-22. Catarina. on Itapeva (SH-22. 50-30a) (7 June), and Tramandai (SH-22. 50-30a; 11 June), he turned west, by Viamao (20 June), and arrived at the Capital, Porto Alegre (SH-22. 51-30c). remaining He then visited the there from 6 August to 4 October 1820. city of Pelotas (SH-22. 52-32a), near the river of the same name and returned to the city of Rio Grande on 13 October. way of Taim (SI-22. 53-33b). on the banks Lagoa Mirim (SI-22, 33b). he went by land between the Lagoa Mirim and the Lagoa Mangueira (SI-22, 53-33d) to the Proceeding by of the limit of Brazil (30 October 1820). passing into the Provincia Cisplatina (at that time belonging to Brazil, now the Republic of Uruguay). Arroio Chui. presently the southernmost Trip through Uruguay ("Brcsil, Montevideo" of Macquart). and through the western part of the same country ( "depuis I'embouchure de I'Uruguay jusqu"au.\ Missions" of Macquart) 8- Entering Uruguay at Angostura (SI-22. 34-54d) (9 November 1820). Saint-Hilaire went on to Castillos (SI-22. 34-54d), ^'here he arrived the ne.xt day. and then to Maldonado (SI-21, 35-55b: 19 November), and Montevideo (SI-21, 35-56a), where he arrived 10 days later. From the Capital of Uruguay, he followed the left bank of the Uruguay River, through Colonia (SI-21, 34-58d), Soriano (SI-21. 33-58c). Mercedes (SI-21. 33-58c). and Salto (SH-21. 31-58d), reentering the Province of Rio Grande do Sul in its western portion (at that time called Province of Missies), on 28 January 1821. ESSAYS ON 122 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Trip through the Province of Missoes (Sete Povos das Mis(now the western part of the State of Rio Grande do Sul; "Bresil, Missions" of Macquart) 9. soes) Passing through Sao Borja (SH-21, 56-29b: 19 February; 1821). Sao Nicolau (SH-21. 55-28c: 9 March), Sao Luis Gonzaga (SH-21. 55-28; 13 March); Sao Miguel das Missoes (SH-21. 55-29b; 17 March). Santo Angelo (SH-21. 54-28c: 22 March). Tupancireta (28 March). Santa Maria (SH-21, 55-30b; 9 April), following the courses of the rivers Vacacai-Mirim (SH-22. 53-30a) and ]acui (SH-22. 53-29a). he reached Cachoeira do Sul (SH-22. 53-30d: 23 April), and the city of Rio Pardo (SH-22. 52-30a: 29 April): sailing down the Rio Jacut he arrived at Porto Alegre (SH-22. 51 -30c). On 19 June 1821. Saint-Hilaire left Porto Alcgre. entered Guaiba (SH-22. 51 -30c). and sailed the Lagoa dos Patos (SH-22. 51-31a) to the city of Rio Grande (SI-22. 52-32c). whence he finally departed for Rio de Janeiro, arriving there at the end of August 1821 (Saint-Hilaire. 1887, 1939, 1940). the Rio 10. Third and Sao Paulo last trip to Minas Gerais, and second trip to Saint-Hilaire remained in Rio de Janeiro, revising the colwhich had been left there during his latest stay. There lections were 15 boxes of He plants, and 24 of birds, mammals, and insects. also prepared the collections brought from his trip to Uru- All the collections were left in guay and Rio Grande do Ovide. who had come to Brazil Francois engineer. care of an the in 1816 with the French Artistic Mission. On 29 January 1822. Saint-Hilaire left on his last trip. His Sul. was to go to Sao Paulo to get the collections left there Crossing the Rio Paraibuna on 7 February, he entered Minas Gcrais. and collected on several farms along the route, arriving in Barbacena (SF-24, 44-21d) on 19 February. Leaving that city the following day. he reached Sao Joao del Rei (SF-23, Proceeding to the south, by Aiuruoca 44-41c) on the 23rd. (SF-23. 45-22b; 5 March), and Santa Maria de Baependi (Bacpendi, SF-23, 45-22b: 10 March), he crossed the Serra da Mantiqueira. and entered the Province of Sao Paulo, reaching the city Proceeof Guaratingueta (SF-23. 45-23a) on 23 March 1822. ding by Taubate (SF-23. 46-23c; 25 March). Jacarei (SF-23, 46-23d; 28 March). Mogi das Cruzes (SF-23. 46-23; 30 March), he arrived at the city of Sao Paulo (SF-23, 47-24b) on 13 April. There he obaincd eight mules to transport his collections (which filled 20 boxes), and left the city on 12 April 1822, fol- intention in 1819. THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 123 lowing the usual route to Rio de Janeiro (see trip of Spix 6 Martius). He arrived in Rio de Janeiro in the first days of Mav 1822. After arranging all his collections, he departed for Europe August 1822. In the same year he read to the French scientists a short report of his activities and travels in Brazil; the report was printed in the "Memoires" of the Paris Museum (1822). and also as a separate booklet (1823). early in In 1830 he was received in the 'Academie des Sciences' as a Fellow, in the place of Lamarck, and was appointed professor of botany in the 'Faculte des Sciences' of Paris. His books of travel were printed in nine volumes. The volume containing the account of his trips through the southern parts of Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul and Uruguay) was published pos- thumously by de Dreusy in 1887. Saiiit-Hilaire's collections, deposited in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, comprised 7,000 species of plants (represented by 30,000 specimens), 2,005 bird skins. 16,000 insects, 129 mammals. 35 reptiles. 58 fishes, and other animals (Garcia. 1922: Hoehne, 1942; Sampaio, 1928; Urban. 1908). Saint Hilaire's specimens had round labels in the pin, either and/ or with a number, indicating the locality. Samples of these small labels are preserved, and glued to the inside of the binding of the Paris Museum book of accessions ("Catalogue des animau.x sans vertebres"). The code is the fol- differently colored lowing: "blanc vert — brique — Rio-Janeiro et Cap' de Rio-Janeiro. Campos geraes parfie merid. Cap'' de St. Paul. des bords de I'Uraguay de puis son embouchure — jusqu'aux missions, Cap'' de Monte video. 3 gris Province de Monte Video, bords de Rio de — brune — 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 — — — — — — — — ~ 9''" — la 1820. T'" Pres Rio-Grande de de Contenda. Cap"" de Rio-Grande. Plata. noir — St. Pedro. des Missions. Province de St. Catherine, bords de 2. la mer mai 1820. de St. Paul. du Nord de la Cap' du Midi de la Cap' de Goyar. du midi de la Cap' des Mines. Quest de la Cap' des mines. Cap' de Rio-Grande entre les missions n Rio-Pardo. r> ct j •• THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 124 Gaudichaud-Bcaupre Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre was born on 1789. in Angouleme. France. He studied 4 September pharmaceutics, first with one of his brothers-in-law established in Cognac, and later in Paris, where he also studied botany, under Desfontaines and L. C. Richard. In April 1810. he began his practical career, as "pharmacien de la marine militaire". serving at the ports of Anvers (1811-1814) and Rochefort (1814-1816). His acti%-ities as collecting naturalist were displayed on three great sea cruises. His first voyage was made in the ships L'Uranie' and 'La Physicienne'. under the command of Captain Louis Freycinet. Louis Claude de Saulses de Freycinet was born in Montelimar in 1779 and died in Freycinet. near Loriol (Drome), in 1824. He entered the navy in 1794, at the same time as his elder bro- Both participated in several battles in the Mediterranean 1795 against the united squadrons of Spain and England. In 1800. both brothers were commissioned to Captain Baudin's expedition to New Holland Louis Claude embarked in the "Naturaliste', while his brother sailed aboard the Geographe". Freycinet returned to France in 1803. In 1805 he was attached to the cartographic department of the Navy, where he finished the relation of the voyages of the "Geographe' and the Naturaliste'. left unfinished by the naturalist Peron, due to his death in 1810. In 1811 Freycinet was appointed captain of a frigate. In 1817, the Government having decided to launch an expedition of circumnavigation. Freycinet was given the command of ther. in — the ship. The cor\ette L'Uranie' was appointed for the voyage, with Gaudichaud-Beaupre embarked as a complement of 25 officers. naturalist, with the help of the ship's surgeons. Jean Rene Constantin Quoy (1790-1869) and Joseph Paul Gaimard (1790-1858). both also outstanding naturalists. Two artists joined the expedition: die }. during Arago and Aime Adrian Taunay (who would Langsdorff's expedition to Central Braril — later see Chapter V). was equipped with all the necessary instruments number of maps, books on natural histoastronomy, etc. She had 20 guns and a crew of 120 seamen. The corvette for scientific research, a ry, The "Uranie sailed from Toulon on 7 September 1S17. arrived on 5 October at Gibraltar, and left on the Hth. On the 22nd she landed at Sainte-Croix. in Teneriffe. remaining in quarantine, due to diseases in the port, until the 28th. She crossed the equator on 20 November 1817, and reached Rio de Janeiro (SF-23, " THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 125 43-23a) on 6 December. There the crew remained for two months, while Gaudichaud-Beaupre, Quoy and Gaimard collected animals in the neighborhood of the city. Freycinet decided then to proceed with the voyage, and sailed for the Cape of Good Hope, Mauritius, and New Zealand. After circumnavigating the globe, the corvette returned to South America, by way of Cape Horn, where several hydrogra'L'Uranie' touched at Tierra del phical observations were made. Fuego on 25 December 1819. On 5 February 1820, the corvette was approaching Cape Desolacion (SN-19, 55-72b), when the weather sudenly took a turn to the worse. The ship had to round Cape Horn to reach the protection of the Bay of Buen Suceso While (in Argentina, SN-19, 55-65a), in the Strait of Lemaire. at anchor there, a hurricane caused the ship to drift, and the cable had to be cut the corvette was rapidly forced by the wind in the direction of the Falklands. entering "French Bay" However, L'Uranie' hit a (Baie Franqaise) on 14 February. only solution now was The submerged rock and shipwrecked. — lower the life boats. No lives were lost, and the greatest part The expeof the scientific results and collections were saved. While the crew remained in dition itself, however, was over. the Falklands. Captain Dur%ille, the Second in command, was sent in one of the boats to the Rio dc La Plata for help. ^ The waves carried the remains of 'L Uranie' to the bottom of "Per- to Bay" on 15 February. was able to obtain the help of an American ship, which went to the Falklands and brought the crew and the colThe Amelection to Montevideo, where they arrived on 7 April. rican ship was acquired by Freycinet, being rebaptized as "La Physicienne". After one month spent in Buenos Aires, Freycinet netty Dur\-ille 13 September 1820, the port of Le entering ""••hen the expedition returned to France, lasted for 3 had voyage Havre on 13 November 1820. The leagues (of marine 26,000 years and 2 months, covering about sailed for Rio km each). de Janeiro, staying there until ,. the expediNotv^'ithstanding the accidents occurred during In the tion, the Jardin du Roi" received vcr>' rich collections. nacontaining shipwreck of "L'Uranie', 18 boxes had been lost, to according Those saved contained, tural history collections. mamof species Valenciennes, "aidc-naturaliste du Museum". 25 ot mals, 313 of birds 45 of reptiles, 164 of fishes, and a number specimens skeletons. 30 Of etc. uolluscs worms, marine animals, ^ere prepared. The collection gathered by Quoy, Gaimard and of Guadichaud-Bcaupre comprised 4 new species of mammals. 45 126 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY new genera), 30 of reptiles, and 120 of fishes, preserved in alcohol. With regard to the insect collection. Freycinet had sent to the Paris Museum, during the stay of the ship in Mauritius. 4 large boxes with approximately 200 Lepidoptera and 400-500 other insects, collected in Rio de Janeiro and neighborhood ( "BreThese collections, therefore, sil, Gaudichaud" of Macquart). were not in the shipwreck in the Falklands. On the return of 'La Physicienne'. Freycinet added 1.300 insects more to the Museum of Paris. Latreille estimated that around 300 species in all were represented in the collection. birds (and 3 The artists of the expedition, Arago and Taunay. and also Gaudichaud-Beaupre. had represented several natural history objects in their natural colours, especially the birds, fishes, molluscs, insects, sited in and marine the Paris invertebrates. Museum The drawings were also depo- 135-175: Freycinet, (Barral. 1857: 1828). Gaudichaud-Beaupre stayed in Paris until 1831, when he on a second voyage, this time aboard the frigate "L'HermiThe voyage lasted for two years, and the expedition dropnie". ped anchor in Rio de Janeiro and several ports in Chile and Peru. Urban (1908) says that during this trip Gaudichaud-Beaupre also collected in Sao Paulo, Bahia. Mato Grosso, and Santa Catarina. It is very probable that "L'Herminie" touched Salvador (Bahia), Santos (Sao Paulo), and Florianopolis (Santa Catarina), but it is very doubtful that Gaudichaud-Beaupre ever colDuring the stay in Rio lected in the province of Mato Grosso. de Janeiro Gaudichaud-Beaupre took to France the duplicates of the plants collected by Sellow, which had been turned over to the National Museum. Returning from this voyage. Gaudichaud-Beaupre embarked once more, and made his third trip, from 1836 to 1837, aboard "La Bonite". The purpose of the voyage of the 800-ton ship "La Bonite" left was to transport to their various destinations consular agents appointed by the King of France, and at the same time to perform scientific obser\ations. The crew, commanded by Captain La Salle, consisted of 150 men, not counting the officers and passengers. The scientific commission was composed of Gaudichaud-Beaupre. zoologist and botanist; Eydou.x. surgeon first class, zoologist; Chevalier, geologist: Touchard. in charge of the study of marine organisms; Darondeau, hydrographer; Lauvergne, artist; Touchard and Fisquct, aided by Missiessy and Dumatroy. in charge of the determination THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 127 of geographical coordinates, as well as of other physical experiments. "La Bonite" sailed from Toulon on 6 February 1836. proceeding directly to Rio de Janeiro (SF-23. 43-23a). and after a short stay there, to Montevideo (SI-21, 35-56a). Weighing anchor from Montevideo on 23 April 1836. "La Bonite" passed the follo^ving day by the Bahia de Todos Los Santos (in Argentina. SI-21, 35-57c). and on 5 May 60 leagues off Puerto Deseado (SL-19, •i7-6Sc: SM-19. 48-68^. On 7 May. the ship passed by the Falklands. After passing Cape Horn, the ship reached the latitude of the Island of Chiloe (SK-18. 42-74d; SK-19. 42-72) on 3 June, anchoring in Valparaiso (SI-19. 33-72d) on the 10th. Gaudichaud-Beaupre landed to visit a friend who lived there. The following day ever>'thing was ready for the scientific observations. The observatory was installed in the courtyard of a house. Darondeau and other officers took care of the experiments on physics and magnetism; Chevalier studied the geology of the country; meanwhile. Gaudichaud-Beaupre and Eydoux studied the animals and plants. On 24 June. "La Bonite" sailed for Peru. Sailing along the coast, at a distance of 30-35 leagues. "La Bonite" arrived at Callao (SD-18, I2-77c). and proceeded to Cobija. then a Bolivian port, where the consul. M. Huet. had to land. The naturalists collected in Cobija until the 4th of July, when "La Bonite" departed for the Sandwich Islands. Hawaii. Manila, the Philippines. Macao. Calcutta, and Pondichery (Barral, 1857: 231-233; Etcheverry Carapana. 1960; La Salle. 1845-1853). Upon his return to France. Gaudichaud-Beaupre was made a member of the "Institut de France" and was attached to the Paris Museum, where he spent the rest of his life classifying and He studying the plants collected during the three great voyages. and on published several memoirs on the flora of the Falklands. La and "L'Uranie" the plants collected during the cruises of Physicienne". He died in Paris in 1854 (Enc: Urban. 1908). A. Plec 1787: died in 1825 in Martinique), started his career in several admi^'as secretaine nistrative jobs, and arrived to "chef de la division a la collecting as sailed, and resigned, des he when Augusts Flee (bom in He a French botanist. conseils du roi". He collecnaturalist of the Government, to the Lesser Antilles. ted in Guadeloupe (starting on March 1820), Martinique (1820), St. Lucia (1821) St. Barthelemy (March 1821), and Martinique ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 128 (1821); the years 1822 and 1823 were spent in Puerto Rico and Vieques; in August 1823 he visited St. Eustace and St. ChrisIn his manuscripts, preserved in the Museum National topher. d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris (MS 71, 72, 73). several localities Isla of the Caribbean coast of South America are also cited: Margarida. Cumana, Gulfo de Cariaco, La Guaira, Macuto. Cara- He seems to have also visited the United cas and Cabo Blanco. In the third 73). States and Canada (vol. 3 of the "Atlas", volume of manuscript 73 arc also mentioned the islands of MontThere are several unpublished serrat, St. Thomas and Saba. Antilles islands in Plee's Lesser plates depicting scenes of the MS Atlas. His collections have arrived to Paris his death in Fort-Royal. Martinique, the in 1826. one year after day where he was going to return to France. According to the entry in the Paris Museum book of accessions (Catalogue das animaux sans rertebrcs) "[Cet envoi de M. Plee. voyageur du Museum] consistant en N'a pas ete catalogue. Lcs objets insectes de differens ordres. boites d'insectes On a compte etaient en asse: mauvais etat. H dont Sept de Lepidopteres. Chaque boitc renfermait environ 50 individus." to be extremely useful to Macquart, since he collected in practically the same localities as Smidt. and Plee's collections were other collectors, some years before. The voyage of (Enc; Pennel, 19-15 : 42). «La CoquilIc» The command of the expedition of "La Coquillc" by King Louis XVIII who had a wide experience was gran- Captain Louis Isidore Duperrey, in sea cruises, having participated in other expeditions, such as that of the "L'Uranie". in the capacity Born in Paris in 1786, he had joined the navy of hydrographer. in 1803, and was also a member of the Academy of Sciences of ted to Paris. The complete plan for the e.xpedition was submitted to the Marquis of Clemont-Toncrre by the commanders Duperrey and Dumont d'Ur\ille. The Academy of Sciences and the Museum gave a decisive collaboration. Cuvier. Humboldt. Desfontaines and Latreille planned the general aspects and the specific purposes to which the naturalists should pay closer attention. The scientific work was distributed between Dumont d'Urville, second in command in the expedition, and P. Lesson, botaGarnot, medical doctor, and nist, who would also collect insects. would chief surgeon of the ship, be in charge of the collection of THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 129 mammals and ples, phy birds. Lesson would also collect geological samand Duperrey would study hydrography and the cartogra- of the regions visited. "La Coquille" left Toulon on II August 1822. and anchored in Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, on the 22nd. Weighing anchor on the 1st of September, the ship crossed the Tropic of Cancer on the 5th, and a month later, went by the Islands of Martim Vaz (SF-24, 29';-20r30') and Trindade (SF-24, 29:20'-20'30?). On 16 October, they reached the Island of Florianopohs Several excursions were in Santa Catarina. made by the naturalists in the neighborhood of Florianopolis and on the mainland. (SG-22, 48-28a) On 30 October, the ship sailed again and arrived in the Rio de la Plata (3 November). On the 17th she passed Soledad, the easternmost of the Falklands, and on the 18th anchored in "French Bay", where Lesson collected with d'Urville. On 18 December 1822, they resumed the voyage, crossing Cape Horn on the first day of the New Year. On 20 January, the ship anchored in the bay of Concepcion (SJ-18. 37-73d) in front of Talcahuano (SJ18, 37-73a). Their arrival coincided with the forced abdication of O'Higgins, and only on the 28th Lesson was able to make an e.xcursion to the old part of the city of Concepcion, returning then to Talcahuano. After the departure from Concepcion, "La Coquille" sailed along the coasts of Peru, arriving at Callao on 26 February 1823. There the naturalists remained for 6 days, making an excursion to Lima. "La Coquille" left Callao (SD-18, 12-77c) on 4 March 1823, touching Paita (SB-17, 5-81c) on the 9th, remaining there until 22 March, and finally sailing for Tahiti. The expedition brought to the Paris Museum only 12 speciniens of mammals, 254 species of birds, some represented from 4 to 8 specimens (46 being new to science), 63 species of reptiles ( 15 or 20 of which were new). Lesson and Garnot collected 288 species of fishes, preser\'ed in alcohol, almost all species represented by good series, and more than 80 representing new entities. Lesson had drawn more than 70 species of fishes in full colour. He also drew plates of molluscs, crustaceans, and other marine invertebrates. Molluscs were represented by 120 species (50 being gastropods). More than 1,200 specimens of insects were collected by d'Urville. Lesson had also formed a collection of insects, from ^'hich d'Ur\ille selected those that had evaded his investigations. The collection was organized by Latreille, in the Paris Museum, and according to him 1. 100 species were represented, among 130 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY which were 450 not previously represented in the Museum's coland 300 undescribed. The greatest number of species came from Lima and Payta, in Peru, and from Chile. To finish with this expedition, it must still be said that 60 species of crustaceans were also prepared by Garnot. some of them representing new species (Avaca Diaz. 1960; Barral. 1857: lection, 176-222; Lesson, 1838). Leschcnault and Doumerc In 1823 the Ministry of the Navy sent a mission to the French territories in South America, especially to French Guiana. Guadeloupe. Martinique, and Jamaica, to survey the agricultural progress of those colonies. The man appointed to French Guiana was Louis Theodore Leschenault de La Tour. Leschenault was born in ChalonsAfter the death of -sur-Saone. France, on 13 November 1773. his parents he moved to Paris, where he studied natural history. Commissioned by the "Institut de France", he participated in Captain N. Baudin's expedition to Australia in 1800. aboard the ship "La Geographe", visiting Timor, where he felt ill in 1803; after exploring Java he returned to France, by way of Philadelphia, in In 1816. with the title of investigator of natural history, 1807. he travelled to the East Indies, visiting the Indian peninsula and Ceylon, and returning to France in 1822 (Urban. 1908). For his third voyage, this time to South America, Leschenault in%'ited his friend Adolphe Doumerc (born in Hamburg, 17 May 1802; died in Paris. 25 September 1868). With instructions furnished by scientists of the Paris Museum, especially Cuvier, who followed the expedition with great interest. Leschenault and Doumerc left Paris on 25 May 1823. sailing aboard the corvette "Le Rhone" from Brest on 1 1 June. The corvette sailed directly to Rio de Janeiro (SF-23. 43-23a), arriving on 29 July. Doumerc and Leschenault collected plants, birds and insects in the city, and sailed on the 29th of August to Salvador (SD-24. 39-1 3c), Bahia, where they arrived only on 28 September, after a long and difficult voyage. The naturalists remained in that city for eight day, leaving on 5 November, for Cayenne, where they were to try to introduce the planting of tea. After a short residence in Cayenne (NB-22. 5-52c). Leschenault and Doumerc proceeded to the colony of "Nouvelle Angouleme" (localization unknown) near the shores of the Mana River (NB-22. 6-54d) ( "Lamana. Leschenault" of Macquart), whence they sent several collections to the Paris Museum, including the THE FRENCH COLLECTORS skeleton of a large ant-eater to Baron Cuvier. the tribes of the Galibi and Arrowali Indians. 131 Doumerc visited In December 1823, Leschenault departed for Surinam ("Guyane, Leschenault" of Macquart), without taking Doumerc There he stayed for three months. along, due to lack of money. At the beginning of April 1824, Leschenault and Doumerc shipped to the Paris Museum the collections they had obtained, which filled 13 boxes. During the following months Doumerc stayed with Leschenault in Cayenne, without interrupting his studies and researches. He made several excursions to the nearby country, especially along the Oyapock (NA-22. 3-52a; NB-22, 4-52d) ("regions couvertes de foret a I'Oyapock", of Macquart). The specimens gathered during those trips were then sent to France, and arrived there at the same time as the two naturahsts. Leschenault and Doumerc intended to leave in November for the Antilles, but Leschenault's health was very frail, and they had to depart from Cayenne on 31 August 1824 aboard the ship "La Bayonnaise". Caught by a strong storm in the night of 9 to 10 October, the ship remained danger in for several days. ver, on 15 November the naturalists landed safely (Girard. 1868). The voyage of in HoweLorient «La Thetis» and «L'Esperancc» On 2 March 1824, the frigate "La Thetis", commanded by Baron Bougainville. Jr., and the cor%'ette "L'Esperance". commanded by Nouguer du Camper, sailed from Brest. They went first to India and China, and. after crossing the Pacific Ocean, approached the western coast of South America. On 15 December 1825. they landed in Valparaiso (SI- 19. 33-72d). The crew went on an excursion to Santiago (SI-19, 33-71d). overland, proceeding afteru-ards to Curacavi (SI-19, 33-71c). Cuesta de Prado (SI-19, 33-7ld), Rio de Purapcl (SI-18, 36-72a). and then back to Santiago. On the 18th they rode to Salto del Agua, and on the 19th to a farm of a certain Father Herrera. and to the Cerrito de Santa Lucia. On 8 January 1826 they left Chile, and after passing by the Isla de los Estados (SN-19. 55-64a). touched the They then heaIsland "Beauchene" (?) south of the Falklands. ded for Rio de Janeiro (SF-23, 43-23a). arriving on 2 March 1826. Bougainville Gardens, ca. etc. ^•hich I Jr. made several excursions to the Botanical Freitas, Botafogo, Corcovado. Tiju- Ugoa Rodrigo de He also said that "Rio de Janeiro possesses a museum, This was not at first wivisited several times (...)• 132 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY thout some difficulties which the director Monsieur Sylveira (italics mine) placed in the way when we wished to examine material in detail." (Translation by G. C. Steyskal). Bougainville Jr. stayed in Rio waiting for Count Edmond de la Touanne, lieutenant of the Thetis, who had come from Valparaiso to Buenos Aires overland, with Bougainville's permission. His itinerary was the following: 19 January 1826. Valparaiso (SI-19, 33-72d) to Santiago (SI- -19. 33-71d). 26 January 1826. Chacabuco (SI-19, 33-71 d) to Santa Rosa de los Andes (Santa Rosa. SI-19, 34-71a). 27 January. Entered Argentina (Provincia de Mendoza). 28 January. Cordillera del Portillo (SI-19. 34-70b). 29 January. Uspallata (SI-19. 33-69a). I February. Mendoza (SI-19, 33-69b). 5 February. Las Catitas 33- 68d). 7 February. 8 February. (SI-19. 33-68c). La San Luis (SI-19, 33-66c). San Jose (SI-20. 33-66d). Dormida (SI-19, Rio Quinto (SI-20 34- 65d). 9 February. Entered the Province of Cordoba. Achiras (SI-20 33-65d). Arroyo de la Baranquita (SI-20. 33-65d). Tambo (SI-20, 33-65b), Rio de las Barrancas (SI-20, 33-65b). 10 February. Tegua (SI-20, 33-64a), Santa Barbara (SI-20. 33- 64a). Punta del Agua (SI-20. 33-65b), Arroyo San Jose (SI-20, 33-63a). II February. R. Saladillo (SI-20. 33-63d). Entered the Province of Santafe, through Cruz Alta (SI-20, 23-62d), and then the Province of Buenos Aires, through Arequito (SI-20. 33-61c). Arroyo del Medio (SI-21, 34- 60d). Arrccife (SI-20. 35-60c). 12 February'. 14 February. 35- 58a). Lujan (SI-21. 35-59a). Buenos Aires (SI-21, On 27 February 1826, Touanne left the Argentinian capital Montevideo (SI-21, 35-56a), at that time theater of a war between Brazil and Argentina, and sailed to Rio de Janeiro to for meet Bougainville. Sailing from Rio on 8 April, the ships arrived at Brest in 24 June 1826. All the collections made during the trip were deposited in the "Jardin des Plantes (Bougainville, 1837). " THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 133 Lacordairc and Banon Concerning these two naturalists we have very little inforJean Theodore Lacordaire was born in 1801 at Recey-sur-Ource, a small town in the department of Cote d'Or, situated in a hilly country near the sources of the Seine the Marne, and some of the tributaries of the Rhine. His father was a surgeon, and he was the eldest of four brothers, one of whom became the great Dominican preacher who acquired world-wide reputation by his eloquence and liberalism. Our Lacordaire was educated for the bar, but never became an advocate. Circumstances, of which we have no accunt, led him, at the age of 23, to make a voyage to Buenos Aires, where he e.xplored the Pampas for four months, and probably acquired or strengthened the tastes which mation. he thenceforth evinced. After his return he prepared himself for a longer expedition; and for two years he traveled over La Plata, Uruguay, and the Brazihan Provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Mi- nas Gerais. Not yet satisfied with his explorations of this part of South America, he visited it for a third time, and crossed the He returned Continent, from Santiago in Chile to Montevideo. to France in 1S30. and pubhshed his first scientific essay. In the same year he went again to Cayenne, where he spent nearly 2 years, exploring the inhabited parts of the colony, and follofor more than one hundred leagues into the all wing the Oyapock interior. According to d'Orbigny (1853) on 20 October 1831 Lacordaire had arrived at the first rapids of the Oyapock (NA-22, 3-53a: NB-22, 4-52d), the following day he reached the "Saut Cachiri" (NA-22. 4-52d), 50 feet high, and reached the place called Saint Paul (NA-22, 4-52d), which had been founded by On 24 October 1831, the Jesuits more than a century before. Lacordaire stayed at the house of an Indian chief, and after portaging many rapids and waterfalls, arrived on the 28th at the mouth of the Camopi Rirer (NA-22, 3-52a), where he remained Proceeding upriver, he reached the Saut Aco. near the Yaroupi River (NA-22, 3-53d). Lacordaire stayed there for a while, at the house of a chief named Waninika, and then two weeks at the house of the chief Tapaiawar, stu- among the Oyampi Indians. dying the habits of the Oyampi Indians. Due to illness and fe- vers, Lacordaire had no strength to proceed, and returned from the .4co waterfall down the Oyapock to the coast, and then to Cayenne, after an absence of 80 days. 134 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON On his return he pubhshed an account of the diurnal Lepidoptera and Coleoptera of Cayenne (1832, 1833a, 1833b), which, together with another paper on South American insects (1830), is all that he has given the world of his travels and adventures. He of appears to have devoted himself to the systematic study the insects he In 1835 he had collected. was made professor of zoology at the University which he occupied for 35 years. He was married in 1834, and had 4 children, two sons and two daughters. He died on 18 July 1870, at the age of 69, and was buried at Rosieres, in the department of the Somme (Anon., 1870). of Liege, a position one of Lacordaire's papers (1832). we find the following Banon: "the collection of Monsieur Banon is. to my knowledge, the finest that has been made in Cayenne. It is the fruit of 6 years of work, during which Monsieur Banon, besides his personal collecting, had at his disposal a certain number of negroes continually collecting for him. He bought indiscriminately all the insects that were brought to him; in this manner, sooner In reference to or later, everything that was taken in the colony came into his hands. It is thus that he has been able to gather in very large numbers certain rare species of which arc taken only 3 or 4 spe- cimens each year We shall in now the whole colony." profit by the occasion presented by Banon on the negro collectors. Many of the specimens taken to European museums were the result of the efforts of these anonymous collectors, who many times explored the interior of the South American countries. A good report was given by Debret "It is prin(1954: 174-176, pi. 19), as follows, in translation: plantations that negroes destined to the profession in the cipally There, prepared since adolescence to of hunters are brought up. accompany the troops, or simply their masters, in long and painstaking journeys, they always travel armed with a gun, not only for their personal safety, but also to obtain food during the indispensable halts in the midst of the virgin forests. This kind of life becomes such a strong passion in the negro to introduce into this part of the narrative a diggression activities of the that he no longer aspires to liberty, unless it is to enter the forest as a professional hunter, and to travel without restraint under a compulsion that at the same time benefits his interests. Free, no longer fearing the whip, the right of reasoning makes him a provider as clever as the white man, whose tastes he knows; and perfectly conscious of the value of a fine specimen mixed with the game brought to town, he sells it of preference THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 135 the kitchen of a wealthy house, which will pay him well; combining intelligence wdth operosity he thus turns his profession into a very rewarding activity. to Other negro hunters, dedicated more especially to the colmany months in the forests, lections of natural history, stay for returning once or twice a year, bringing the collections obtained for amateurs of natural history, who wait for them in Rio de Janeiro. the administration of the Imperial of Natural History (of Rio de Janeiro) employs several negro hunters scattered through several places in Bra2il. For the same purpose, Museum The negro, capable of being a good slave of a naturalist, can be considered as a model of the most generous traveling companion whose intelligence equals his faithfulness. That is the reason why we frequently see instances of generosity of foreign naturalists, who came to visit Brazil, and upon return from their wanderings, gave liberty to their faithful traveling companion, as a reward for the services rendered. The slave, in these circumstances, acquires not only liberty but also a profession; as he has obtained through his liberator a certain facility in the preparation of natural history objects, he is demanded by other foreigners as guide. But this time, before the departure, he imposes the condition of being granted a certain amount of money, to be paid after the return, and then as a free man he starts a business trip. negro servants, the city, in his turn, he hires some natural history, of objects foreigners as intermediaries, to offer to liberty is Notwithstanding, orders. whose sale brings him new Once in not always the desired reward; many negroes were seen, e.xcessively devoted to their masters, whose lives they had often saved, demand as a reward only the permission to accompany them and to die in their scr\'ice. not only by his easy to recognize the negro naturalist, straw hat enormous way of carrying a snake alive, but by the He pms. long on studded with butterflies and insects mounted hanbox insect an with always proceeds armed with a gun and It is ging by his side (...)• of Rio de Janeiro, by the intensification of trench the activities of these negro naturalists, of the arrival collections of amateurs great generaUy ships, whose officers are of Natural History". One also knows in 136 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY A. D. d Orbigny Son of Charles Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny. Alcides DessaLINES D'Orbigny was born in 1802 in Coueron (Loire-Inferieuand died in Pierrefitte (Seine) in 1857. He studied in the "Lycee de Rocheile", where he employed every holiday in the When 20 years old. he sent to the collection of marine animals. "Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris" a memoir on a genus of Gastropoda. In 1825 he published a paper on Foraminifera, which was printed the following year, bringing him a reputation re), as a naturalist. Since 1824 he had selected Paris as his place of residence, his studies of zoology and palaeontology in the Museum. In 1826 the Museum decided to send him on an expedition to South America, giving him an anual stipend of 6000 francs. The Duke of Rivoli also helped to finance the e.xpedition. with a grant of 3000 francs a year. and continued On 31 June 1826, d'Orbigny sailed from Brest, aboard "La Meuse", and, after short stops at the Canaries and Teneriffe, leached Rio de Janeiro (SF-23. -!3-23a) on 24 September. By that time, Uruguay was trying to secede from the Brazilian Empire, and Argentina had also entered the ensuing revolutions. The situation caused some difficulties to d'Orbigny, who could not So he resail immediately to Buenos Aires, as he had intended. mained collecting in the neighborhood of Rio, visiting the Corcovado Mountain. Sao Cristdvao, and other places. Finally, he obtained a place on a ship bound for Montevideo, and left Rio on 11 October, arriving to the former city on the 29th. After e.xploring the vicinity of Montevideo (SI-21. 35-56a), on the "Zelce", which left him in Maldonado (SIembarked he 21. 35-55b). where he remained from the 17th to the 30th of November, when the "Zelee" returned to Montevideo. He established himself in the Capital until 10 January 1827. and then proceeded overland through Canclones (SI-21. 35-56b: 12 January), Rio Santa Lucia (SI-21, 35-56a), Rio San Jose (SI-21, 34-57d: 14 January). Arroyo del Rosario (SI-21, 34-57c: 17 January), and Las Vacas (Si-21, 34-58a: 20 January). From Las Vacas he took a boat, and, crossing the Rio de La Plata, arrived at Buenos Aires (SI-21, 35-58a). d'Orbigny met Lacordaire, and both undertook several collecting trips around the city. On 14 February 1827, d'Orbigny decided to go up the Rio Parana. He In the Argentinian capital THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 137 followed one of the arms of the Parana, touching at Baradero (SI-21. 34-59a; 17 February), Rosario (SI-20, 33-61 d; 19 February), and La Bajada, the capital of Entre Rios (24 February), to Corrientes (SG-21, 27-59d). where he arrived on 15 March and stayed collecting. On 22 April he rode to the interior of the Province of Corrientes, and through Guaicaras (?), Las Ensenadas (?), San Cosme (SG-21, 27-58c), La Cruz, reached Iribicua (Iribu-cua, 56-21, 27-5Sd; 25 April). There he suffered alternately from swarms On the 3rd of May he underof mosquitos and a biting cold. took the return, by the same way, hunting along the route. Then he rented a In Corrientes he stayed until 22 June. coach, and through San Roque (SH-21, 29-59b: 26 June) reached Rincon de la Luna (SG-21. 27-59b) on the 30th, in the As his companion had to draw a map of south of the Province. d'Orbigny availed himself of this opportunity to trahim in the neighborhood, until the 26th of July, when they returned to Corrientes. There he stayed for another period, collecting not only in and around the city, but also on the islands of the Rio Parana. On 20 September 1827 he decided to go on a more extended trip, going then to Itati (SG-21. 27-58c) and on a second visit the region, vel with only seven leagues from the former locality. On 16 October he returned to Itati. with excellent collections, and on 7 November reentered Corrientes. On his arrival in Corrientes he learned that the Indians of Entre Misiones, in league with the inhabitants of the Province of conthe Fearing Curuzu-Cutia. of Rios. had attacked the village boat to transa buy to decided d'Orbigny war sequences to Iribicua. of a civil port his collections and go up the Rio Parana. On 12 December was built, boat he left Corrientes and rode to Iribicua. There a December. on 27 and he went up the Parana, arriving in Caacaty On the 1st of Januar>' 1828, he went on to Taquaral (?), then to from 4 January, a place 4 leagues distant Yataity-Guazu (?) on Two days Taquaral and on the 13th he was back at Caacaty. 28-5/a; (bG-21. Ibera de Laguna afterwards he went to visit the stayed He January 22 on Caacaty SH-21. 28-57c). returning to suHihad in one week: having decided that he that village for again, with ciently explored the region, he left for Yataiti-Guazu all to Corand on 4 February returned overland to forced was he transportation, could not obtain his collections, As he time to put remain in that city from 9 to 29 February, using this small boat, a obtained having Finally, in order his travel notes. rientes ESSAYS ON 138 which he sent On land. 1 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY to Iribicua up the Parana. d'Orbigny followed over- March 1828 he returned to Corrientes. next the mouth of the Rio Negro, where he He also visited several Indian of insects. The swampy historical investigations. Culicidae. liphoridae, Tabanidae and other flies. whose larvae infested the made He visited a good collection tribes, and undertook was very rich in D'Orbigny also cites Calwounds of the cattle of the region area. Once he had acquired a boat large d'Orbigny tation of his collections. left enough for the transporCorrientes on 20 April 1828. saihng down the Pararta. He landed in Goya (SH-21, 29-59c), remaining there for a short time, and proceeded down the river on the 27th; on 30 April he entered the Province of Entre Rios. and on 6 May the Pro\ince of Santa Fe, stopping in several localities to collect. On 12 May he entered the Province of Buenos Aires, reaching the capital on the 30th. Buenos Aires he remained until 8 November, when he explore Patagonia; however, his ship had an accident near Punta de Lara, and the passengers had to return to Buenos Aires. D'Orbigny left again on 29 December. On 7 January 1829, he entered the Rio Negro (SK-20, 40-6-ld), between the Provinces of Buenos Aires and Rio Negro, and landed in Carmen de Patagones (SK-20, 4\'63h). There he acquired a coach and horses, and on 13 January went to Bahia de San Bias (SK-20, 41 -62a), 25 leagues from Carmen, arriving the following day. He e.xplored In left to every part of the Bahia, including several islands of the Rio Neand obtained valuable collections, including some specimens He then returned of seals, which he sent to the Paris Museum. to Carmen, where he remained, undertaking several excursions, until 18 February. gro, Next he Patagones on the opposite bank the Rio Negro to its mouth, remaining there in a "estancia" where he collected a great number of birds and insects. Returning to Carmen, he left again on 19 March, following the bank of the Rio Negro on horseback, in order to visit the "salinas" of Andres Par. There he gathered what he considered the best collections of his stay Returning to Carmen, he took four days to orgain Patagonia. nize his collections. He paid a second and short visit to the "salinas" on 25 March. visited a village of of the Rio Negro. On 3 March he went down On I April 1829. he rode to Enscnada de Ros (?), where he remained from 3 to 1 1 April, and then sent a message to Carmen, to obtain a canoe for the transportation of the collections. THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 139 When the canoe arrived, he sent the collections by way of the Following that, he vito Carmen overland. sited a sacred area of the Indians and went for a third time to river, and returned Andres Paz (22 April), returning on the 24th. to San Javier to his headquarters at Carmen On the 29th he undertook one more trip, this time (SK-20. 41 -63a), where he remained for twelve his return to Carmen (10 May) he dedicated himself hunting nandus, but then the city suffered an attack of Indians, which ended only in the first week of July. During this brief period of peace, he visited Ensenada de Ros for a second time, and then left for Buenos Aires to seek help against the Indians. days. On to On his return, the city was agitated by internal revolutions, and on 22 July the Indians attacked again, and were beaten only at great cost. On 1 September 1829, d'Orbigny gathered all his collections obtained in Carmen and its vicinity ("Rio Negro, M. d'Orbigny" of Macquart )and went down the Rio Negro, returning to Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires for the last time on 10 December, going He to Montevideo, where he wanted to take a ship to Chile. Uruguay that learned and 12th, landed in Montevideo on the was then an independent country, the Repi'iblica Oriental del Uruguay. On 26 December he departed from the eastern coasts of America, which he had explored for four years, and went to He left Chile. The ship rounded Cape Horn on 19 January- 1830, and then landed in Valparaiso (SM9. 33-72d). D'Orbigny had hope to find peace to proceed with his investigations, but there the politiHe remained cal situation was also bad and agitations occurred. neighborhood the exploring April, 8 there from 16 February to of Valparaiso, and visiting Santiago (SI-19, 33-71d). On 9 April he embarked aboard the "Kronpriz von PreusOn the 20th he embarked sen", and reached Cobija on 14 April. He for Arica (SE-19. 18-70c) where he landed on the 23rd. (SE-19, Palca through ^^•ent overland to the interior of Bolivia, La Paz (SE-19. 18-70a). Tacna (SE-19, 18-70c). and reached proceeded to Obrajes he day same 16-68c) on 17 July. On the Yanacachi 17-68b: 19 July): {SE-19. (SE-19 17-6Sa). Palca 16-68d; 27 July (SE-19. Chupe 26th). the (SE-19! 16-68d; until (SE-19, to 1 August), Chirca (SE-19. 16-6Sd). and Chulumani of Yungas. where 16.68d: 2 August), the capital of the Province notes and colhis organize he stayed for some time in order to On 25 August he Paz. La lections, and to send his notes to de Lanza Villa or 16-67c). went on through Irupana (SE-19, 140 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY (where he remained for 4 days). Circuata (SE-I9, 17-67a). Suri (SE-19, 17-69a: 7 September), Inquisivi (SE-19, 17-67a), Charapacce (10 September), in the Province of Sicasica, and then through Capiiiata (SE-19, 17-67a). Cavari (SE-19, 17-67d), and Machaca (SE-19. 17-67d). in the Departamento de Cochabamba Proceedinq through Chincuri (SE-19. 17-67d), (18 September). Morochata (SE-19, 1 7-66a) .^Quillacolle (SE-19. 17-66c). Cochabamba (SE-19. 17-66c; 23 September). Tarata (SE-20, 18-66b; 21 October), CHza (SE-20, lS-66b), Mizque (SE-20. lS-65a: 23 October), Chilon (SE-20, 18-65d; already in the Departamento de Santa Cruz), Mataral (SE-20. 18-64c). Pampa Grande (SE-20. 18-64c). Samaypata (Samaipata; SE-20, 18-64d; 9 November), he reached his destination. Santa Cru: de La Sierra (SE-20, 18-63a), on 11 November 1830. There he established headquarters, collecting in the surrounding areas until May 1831. On 21 June 1831 he left Santa Cru: de La Sierra, to visit the several missions in the eastern part of the Departamento de Santa Cruz. Crossing the Rio Grande (or Guapay) and the Rio San Miguel (30 June), he arrived in San Javier (SE-20. 16-62c), in In that mission he remained the Province of Chiquitos, on 2 July. for 4 days, going on to Concepcion (SE-20. 16-62). San Miguel (SE-20. 17-61b; 15 July). Santa Ana (SE-20. I7-61b; 19 July), and San Ignacio (SE-20. 16-61d: 29 July), uhere he remained In this mission until 5 August, then returning to Santa Ana. he stayed until the 1st of September, when he decided to visit the missions of the South, going to San Rafael (SE-20. ]7-60a; September). San Nicolas (?), and San Jose de Chiquitos (SE-20, 18-6 lb; 8 September). In San Jose he remained 6 days, Leaving on the exploring the vicinity and organizing his notes. 14th, he arrived in the Serranias de Santiago on 20 September, and on the 27th proceeded to Santo Corazon de Jesus (SE-21, From Santo Corazon he departed on 18-59b: 29 September). 10 October for San Juan (SE-21. 18-60b; 15 October), and 3 after staying 4 days there, retraced his steps, returning to San Javier. After a short stay d'Orbigny went on a new expedition, this time to explore the Province of Moxos. leaving San Javier on 19 December, to visit a village of the Guarayo Indians, where he stayed until 25 January 1832. Then he went down the Rio San Miguel (SD-20. 16-54c. 15-64d). and reached the mission of Carmen de Moxos (SD-20. 14-64d). on the banks of the Rio After less than a week's stay, he naviBlanco, on 4 February. gated the Rio Blanco to the mission of La Purisima Concepcion de Baures (Baures: SD-20. 14-64b). where he stayed until the SciELO THE FRENCH COLLECTORS HI 1st of March. Proceeding then through San Ramon (SD-20, 13-65d), near the R'lo Machupo (10 March), and San Joaquin (SD-20. 13-65d, 16 March); he followed the Rio Machupo to its mouth on the Rio Itenes or Guapore. arriving at Forte Principe da Beira (SD-20, 64- 12c), in Brazil, and there remaining for four days. He left that village on 24 March, went down the Guapore. entered the Mamore. the mission of E.xaltacion dc La and on the 1st of April reached Cruz (Exaltacion. 13-65c). Proceeding up the Mamore. on 7 April d'Orbigny arrived in Santa Ana de Mo.xos (Santa Ana, SD-20. 14-66b), and on the Hth at the mission of San Pedro (SD-20, 14-65d): the following day he departed for San Javier (SD-20, 15-65b) and on the 22nd reached Trinidad (SD-20. 15-65b). In the latter village he spent some time, leaving on 10 May; he passed the mouth of the Rio Ivari. arriving in Loreto (SD-20, 15-65d) on 12 May. On the 15th, availing himself of a convoy of canoes, he continued following the Mamore upstream, arriving on the 19th at the mouth of the Rio Chaparc (SD-20, 16-57b, 16-65d). The convoy entered the Chaparc. whose navigation was very difficult because of fevers and heavy rains, and on the 27th reached the confluence of the rivers San Mateo and Coni. which form the Chapare. By the Rio Coni d'Orbigny reached a village of the Yuracare Indians on 28 May, and after 4 days went to the village of Asuncion (?). From Asuncion he crossed the Cordillera Oriental on 8 June, and arrived in Cochabamba (SE-19, 17-66c), one month after It was almost one year since he had his depart from Loreto. last seen a large city, and d'Orbigny took great pleasure seeing Everything seemed the cupolas of the churches of Cochabamba. new to him, even bread, which he had last eaten in Santa Cruz de La Sierra. The French naturalist stayed in Cochabamba at the house of the ex-governor of Moxos, Don Matias Carrasco. with whom he discussed a new route from Cochabamba to Moxos. While in Cochabamba d'Orbigny received a safe-conduct from the President of the Bolivian Republic, which permitted him to investigate safely any part of the country. After a stay of 24 days in Cochabamba. d'Orbigny left for another trip on 2 July, and crossing almost unknown regions reached the Rio Molato (SE-20.16-66d) on 30 July. On the 1st of August he reached the Rio Securi {Secure. SD-20, 16-65a), which he followed to Mo.xos, where he arrived on 11 August. On 15 August he was in Trinidad (SD-20, 15-65b), leaving then several days for Loreto (SD-20, 15-65d), where he had to wait 142 for ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY the arrival of pirogues. up the Mamore Guapay) (SD-20. . to the On mouth which he navigated 16-64c: 5 much 1st of September he v.'cnt Rio Sara (Rio Grande or the mouth of the Rio Piray, the of the to September). The Piray. in its and d'Orbigny reached turn, was SanIn Santa ta Cru: de La Sierra (SE-20, 18-63a; 17 September). Cru: the naturalist worked very hard organizing his notes, and While resting in Santa Cruz, sent his collections to La Paz. nostalgia for his homeland became very strong, after so many years of arduous explorations, and he decided to leave the country. followed with difficulty, finally On 17 November he left Santa Cruz de La Sierra for good, proceeding through Samaipata (SE-20. 18-64d; 23 November). Jesus del Valle Grande (Valle Grande; SE-20. 18-64c: 25 November), and Pucara (SE-20, 19-64a; until 2 December), crossing the Rio Grande (Rio Mizque), and entering the Departamento de Chuquisaca. Then, through Villa Serrano (SE-20. I9-64c). Padilla (SE-20. 19-64c; 6 December). Zudafiez (SE-20, I9-65d). Tarabuco (SE-20, 19-65d; 10 December) and Yamparaez (SE-20. 19-65c). he reached the Capital of the Republic, Chuquisaca (Sucre; SE-20. 19-65c). In the Capital he made a The following long sojourn, leaving only on 10 March 1833. day he crossed the Rio Pilcomayo, entering the Departamento de Potosi, and arrived in Potosi (SE-20. 20-66b) on 15 March. Leaving on 28 March, he passed through Yocalla (SE-20, 20-66b). and entering the Departamento de Oruro, proceeded through Poop6 (SE-19, 18-67c), and entered the city of Oruro (SE-19. 18-67a) on the 3rd of April. From Oruro he decided to visit some more localities, and on departed for La Joya (SE-19, 18-68b). Huayllamarca 5 April (SE-19. 18-68b). Totora (SE-19. 18-68a), Carahuara de Carangas (SE-19, 18-68a), and Sajama (SE-19, 18-69d), returning to Totora (11 April) and Huayllamarca. In the latter village he learned from a priest of a recent discovery of antiquities in the nearby village of Llanquera (SE-19, 18-68d), 10 leagues southeast In spite of his desire to reach the coast as of Huayllamarca. soon as possible, he could not lose this opportunity of increasing To his his archeological collections, and went on to Llanquera. disappointment, however, there were no antiquities, and he returned to Oruro (SE-19. 18-67a) on 13 April. Two days afterwads, he went on through Caracollo (SE-19, 18-67a), entering the Departamento de La Paz. and passing Sicasica (SE-19. 17-68d: 17 April). Ayo Ayo (SE-19, 17-68c) and Viacha (SE-19, 17-68a). arrived at La Paz (SE-19, 16-68c) on THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 143 19 April. In La Paz his collections gathered during a period of three years, and sent from several localities in the interior of the country were waiting. The specimens were selected and packed. As d'Orbigny had no intention of leaving Bolivia thout paying a visit to Lake Titicaca, on 4 June he made an cursion to that place, visiting Tiahuanaco (SE-19, 17-69b), mous for its archeologfcal monuments, the Lake Chucuito (or wiexfa- Ti- ticaca: SE-19. 16-69c), and Achacachi (SE-19, 16-69d; 9 June), where he caught malaria. The malady forced him to return to La Paz (SE-19, 16-68c), where quinine sulphate cured him. Upon recovery, he still visited several other localities near La Paz. and finally left on 27 June 1833. going to Tacna (SE-19, I8-70c). in Peru, and then to the port of Arica (SE-19, 18-80c) in Chile. Aboard the "Philanthrope" on 25 July. d'Orbigny travelled Peruvian port of Islay (SD-18, 17-72a). where the ship had to deliver some commercial goods, and there remained until the 7th of August. From Islay. the "Philanthrope" sailed for Callao (SD-18. 12-77c), where d'Orbigny remained for one week (7-14 August), visiting Lima (SD-18, 12-77c) in the meantime. On 3 September the ship finally left the Peruvian coast, and sailing at a distance of 100 leagues from the coast to avoid contrary winds, reached 'Valparaiso (SI-19. 33-72d) in Chile on the 27th of September. On 18 October d'Orbigny left the last city which he would visit in South America, and after rounding Cape Horn, sailed to France, entering the mouth of the Cironde on 2 February 1834. to the The collections brought home by d'Orbigny, gathered in South America from 1826 to 1833, comprised 160 species of mammals, 860 of birds, 115 of reptiles. 166 of fishes, 980 of mollusks and other marine invertebrates, 5.000 of insects, and 3,000 of plants, in addition to geological, paleontological, and ethnographic materials. In that same year of 1834 he received the "Grand Prix" of the Geographical Society of France, and his relation of travels, including 500 coloured plates, was printed at the expense of the French Government. From 1840 on, d'Orbigny dedicated himself to the study of French paleontology, undertaking several trips, and gathering a collection of more than 100,000 fossils, which was acquired by the Paris Museum in 1858 for 50,000 francs. In 1853 he assu- med the post of "professeur" of paleontology of the Paris Museum, and soon afterwards was placed in charge of the admi- ESSAYS ON 144 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY He wrote numerous books on zoology and paleontoand a "Dictionnaire Universel des Sciences Naturelles" in nistration. logy, He died on 30 June 1857 at Pierrefitte (d'Orbigny, 1835-1847. 1945: Reyes Bianchi. 1960). 55 volumes. (Seine) «Vauthier» Nothing is known about the life of Vauthier. He arrived Rio de Janeiro (SF-23. 43-23a) in December 1831, and stayed in the city from December 1831 to February 1832, exploring the Gavea, Santa Teresa, Laranjeiras, etc. He went to Porto Estrela (12 February 1832), visiting Langsdorff's Farm Mandioca, near the Serra dos Orgaos, and then went to Minas Gerais, through Borda do Campo. Barbacena (SF-23, 44-21d). Congonhas do Campo (SF-23. 44-20d), Itabira (SE-23, 43-20a). Bela Fama, Sahara (SE-23. 44-20b), Serra da Lapa, Diamantina (SE-23, 44-18d; the ancient Tejuco), where he stayed for 2 months. Mariana (SF-23, 43-20c), where he stayed for si.x weeks (until the beginning of October. 1832). and then returned to Rio de Janeiro, visiting the Corcovado, Ilha do Governador, and Serra dos Orgaos (for six weeks). Finally, he returned to France, arriving at the port of Toulon on 21 May 1833 (Urban, 1908). in «Sylveira» The "Sylvcira" to which Macquart refers so often in the volume of his "Dipteres E.xotiques", is probably Jo.^o da SiLVEiRA Caujeira, director of the National Museum of Rio de He was called "Sylveira" by Bougainville Jr. (see aboJaneiro. ve), who visited the Museum during his stay in Rio de Janeiro, first in 1826. Jo.AO DA SiLVEiRA Caldeira was bom in Rio de Janeiro on 28 June 1800 and died in the same city on 4 July 1854. He When 19 years studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh. old he was employed as first preparator in the "Jardin des Planin Paris, where he worked with Vaucquelin. HaCiy, and tcs " Laugier. staying there until his return to his home country. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro, he was commissioned, together with the bishop of Ancmuria and Manuel da Arruda Camara, to revise and publish the "Flora Brasiliensis" of Father Jose Maria- THE FRENCH COLLECTORS H5 no da Conceiqao Velloso. Silveira-Caldeira was professor of chemistry of the old military school, and in 1823 was made director of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro. Following the proclamation of Brazilian Independence bv Dom Pedro I in 1822, Jose Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva was appointed Minister of the Empire. Being also a naturalist, Jose Bonifacio made an appeal to all naturalists who were visiting Brazil at the time to donate duplicates of natural history objects to the National Museum. Baron von Langsdorff was the first to make a gift of specimens, including his collection of mammals and birds from Europe. Antonio Luis da Silva Manso, naturalist who accompanied Natterer to Mato Grosso, was also one of those who gave Natterer, Beske, and especially Selcollections to the Museum. low, who was employed by the Museum, as we have seen in Chapter V, increased the collections. Silveira Caldeira also obtained from the Minister of the pire, Em- Estevao Ribeiro de Rezende. afterwards Marquis of Valen- a directive to the presidents of the Brazilian provinces that objects of natural history should be sent to the National Museum. From the president of Para, for instance, he received specimens collected by the "fisico-raor" Antonio Correa de Lacerda. Laccrda was born in Portugal in 1777 and died in Brazil in 1852. He was a medical doctor and naturahst. and published several memoirs on natural history'. Coming to Brazil in 1818. he became established in Belem. joining in the turbulent politics of the time. He was one of the members of the Government of Para in 1823. and was forced to migrate to the United States during ?a. one of the revolutions in that province. He was a member of the do Brasil". and of the now exwhich he willed all his books, ma- "Institute Historico e Geografico "Sociedade Velosiana", to tinct nuscripts, National Belem. and scientific Museum were collections. possibly all His collections sent to the from the neighborhood of Also from the Amazons the National lections gathered by the Italian naturalist Museum received col- Francesco Riccardo Zani was a native of Livorno. and had lived in the Province of Rio Negro (present State of Amazonas) for 14 years when Spi.x and Martius visited that province. Zani was a lieutenant-colonel of the Portuguese Army, and came to Brazil duLater on, he served the ring the government of Dom Joao VI. Zani. movements for the an active member in became and independence of the country, During seprovinces. Amazonian of the the political movements Brazilian Army, participating actively in the ESSAYS ON 146 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY veral years he collected natural history specimens in the zons, and accorapannied the naturalists Spix Ama- and Martius on most of their trip on that river. Another naturahst who contributed with collections to the National Museum, was RoCHUS ScHUCH, who came with the Archduchess Leopoldina, as we have seen. Schiich stayed only a Archduchess as librarian and curanatural history. Later on. he dedicated himself to mining, establishing an iron works in Capanema. Mi- brief time in the service of the tor of the cabinet of nas Gerais. and was a teacher of sciences in Rio de Janeiro. He became an intimate friend of the Emperor Dom Pedro II, and died in 1844. Among the French naturalists collections to the Museum, who visited a certain Pregent, Rio and donated who accompanied his voyages, after the departure of Delalande, Pregent died in the Rio das Mortes, during Saint-Hilaire's second trip to Minas Gerais. Saint-Hilaire must be in cited. Silveira Caldeira also established during his directorship seEuropean Museums. It is known, for ins- veral exchanges with was sent to Prince Christian Denmark, and that collections contained in 17 boxes were sent It is 1825, by order of Dom Pedro I, to the Berlin Museum. tance, that a collection of minerals of in very probable that Silveira sent the collection of Diptera of the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro to the Museum d'Historie Naturelle of Paris, although unfortunately we were not able to find in the archives of the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro any documents related to this shipment. This negative evidence is not very strong, however, since many documents of the first Empire related to the Museu have been lost. Another possibility is that the collections were sent through one of the French na- who visited the Museum. It is known that Gaudichaud-Beaupre took to France Sellow's collection of plants, which belonged to the Museu Nacional. He or some other naturalist may have also transported the insect collections. turalists now to know definitely whence came by Macquart in his "Diptercs exotiques". attributed to "Sylveira". Most of the specimens came certainly from Rio de Janeiro, since the negro naturalists employed by the administration of the museum would find it easier to collect in the rich forests around the city, and most naturalists before that epoch had collected only in Rio or Minas Gerais. At the end of 1827. Silveira Caldeira left the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, and was appointed director of the "Casa So. it is very difficult the Diptera described THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 147 da Moeda". The remainder of his life is not known, but must have been very sad, for in 1854 he tried to commit suicide by taking hydrocyanic acid. As probably the substance was decomposed, it did not operate, and Silveira Caldeira cut open his throat with a knife Netto, 1870). The (Blake, 1898: 51; Lacerda, 1905; Ladislau must have been very very frequently cited in Macquart's first volume of the "Dipteres Exotiques". and several species have been named in his honor (sylveirii). collections attributed to "Sylveira" rich, since that name The voyage «La Favorite» of is Returning from his circumnavigation, after having visited India and China, Captain Cyrille Pierre Theodore Laplace touched the Island of Masafuera (SI-IS, 34-81b) (Juan Fernandez Group), on 13 November 1831, and on the 16th, Cape Grumilla, in Valparaiso (SI-19, 33-72d), Chile, remaining there until 10 December, when he returned to Masafuera (18 December), Rounding Cape Horn, he landed in Tierra del Fuego. and next sailed directly to Rio de Janeiro (SF-23. 43-23a). staying in the Ilha dos Ratos (Bay of Guanabara), from 31 January to 8 Fe- bruary 1832. On the 9th of February he left Rio de Janeiro, and sailed for Toulon. France. Some insects were collected during the stops (Etcheverry Campafia, 1960; Laplace. 1833-1835). F. R. M. Leprieur FfiANgois Re.ne Mathias Leprieur was born in Saint-Die, Vosges. France, on 17 April 1799. He was "pharmacien de preHe spent almost all his hfe miere classe" in the French navy. several times as entomoloexplored in French Guiana, which he (NB-22, 5-32c) to explore left Cayenne he gist. In July 1832, the interior, and followed the Oyapock River (NA-22, 3-52a; NB-22. 4-52d) to its sources. Although no details are known of his trip, it is said that Crevaux (1883) did the same itinerary. On his return to France, he shipwrecked on the coast of Bretagne. on 15 January 1833. losing almost his entire collection of insects, made during the voyage up the Oyapock, as well as the He material collected in Cayenne (Anon.. 1833: xv, Ixxviii). died in 1870 (Saulcy. 1894: 453-458). H8 ESSAYS ON Claude THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Gay Claude Gay was born in Draguignan, capital of the Department of Var. France, on IS March 1800. His first studies were made in his native town, and at the age of 18 he went to Paris to study medicine and pharmacy. He soon abandoned those studies to dedicate himself to the natural sciences. ted lectures at the Paris taines and Museum, given by He atten- Fee. Cuvier, Desfon- Jussicu. With G. B. Balbis he Alps, and then went collecting plants in the French He returned to France in 1828, and was invited by Pierre Chapuis to go to Chile to teach physics and natural history in a school in Santiago. Gay accepted, and sailed with Chapuis and others, from Brest, at the end of May 1828. On their stop in Rio dc Janeiro (SF-23. 43-23a), Gay collected plants (described by Jussieu and Cambassedes in the "Flora Brasiliae Meridionalis") and did some geological observations. He also collected during the two other stops of the ship, in Montevideo (SI-21, 35-65a) and Buenos Aires (SI-21. 35-58a), and finally arrived to Valparaiso (SI- 19, 33-72d) on 8 December 1828. He began to teach in the "Colegio Santiago ". using his spare time to collect in the neighborhoods. Through Jose Vicente Bustillos, "Boticario" in Santiago, who was a close friend of the Minister Portales. the Chilean Government commisioned Gay to explore the country. The decree was signed by President Ovalle on 14 September 1830. in Italy (Carrara), in 1822. , Gay's 71b; 20 first March explorations were in San Fernando (SI-I9. 35- 1831), in the province of Colchagua. However, the lack of equipment forced him to go to France. Before lea33-81 d). His voya- ving Chile he visited Juan Fernandez (SI- 18. ge to France was paid by the Chilean Government. On 14 March 1832 Gay sailed for Bordeaux in the French frigate OediUpon his arrival in France, he deposited his collection in pe. In the beginning of 1833 he published in the Paris Museum. vol. 26 (pp. 369-393) of the Annalcs des Sciences Naturelles. his "Apcrqus sur Ics rccherches d'Histoire Naturelle faites dans I'Amerique du Sud. et principalement dans le Chili, pendant Ics annees 1830 et 1831". At the end of 1833. with the scientific literature and instruments he had obtained, he returned to Chile. He left Bordeaux on 1 February 1834. aboard the Sylphidc. arriving to Valparaiso on 13 May. At the end of October 1834. he explored the provinces of Valdivia and Chiloe. and passed thence to Coquimbo and San- THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 149 study the San Jose Volcano. In Santa Rosa de los Andes. In February 1838 he e.xplored the provinces of Talca, Maule, ConThe collections cepcion, and part of the territory of Arauca. were organized in 1838, being placed in a special building given tiago, entering the Cordilleras to the end of 1836 he by moved to the Government. Commissioned by Minister Don Mariano Engana to do some historical investigations related to Chile in the archives of the ancient vicekingdom of Peru, he vent to Lima in March. 1839. and explored tingo Maria (SC-18. 9-76d). Cuzco (SD-19, H-71a). the valley of'Santa Ana (?, SD-19. 15-76b), the Rio Urubamba {SD-18. 12-73c). Arequipa (SE-19. 16-72d). Lima, and Callao (SD-18. 12-77c). Returning to Chile, he continued his work, organizing the data for his work "Historica fisica y politica de Chile", taking He still colpart of his time to organize the Chilean Museum. He was Santiago. and Huasco. Copiapo. lected in Valparaiso, made Chilean citizen, and the Government furnished money to print his work. The Congress appro\'ed the presidential act on 29 December 1841. He left Valparaiso 1842. and on the 24th of the same month embarked for Bordeaux. He arrived in Paris on October, and made contacts with specialists to prepare the vain June rious portions of his "Historia". in The work was finally printed, 28 volumes. Gay returned to Chile in 1863 and died there on 29 No- vember 1873 (Barros Araiia, 1876; Porter, 1902). Francis de Castclnau CasFrancis Louis Nompar de Caumont de Laporte de February TELNAU was born on 25 December 1810. and died on 4 1880 in his residence of Aply-Place (East-Melbourne). Australia, as consul of France. Very little is known of his life. Castelnau was one of tlie end of founders of the French Entomological Society. At the the through years for 5 travelling America, 1837 he visited North the made Having States of the Union, Texas, and Canada. the by invited was acquaintance of several authorities. Castelnau Lima. in Consul American Union to ser%e as Government of the permission of the could not accept the position without where he pu1841, in Paris French Government, he returned to King Louis Nord du TAmerique blished his "Vues ct scenes de As he . 150 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Philippe, learning of this intention to serve the Government of the Union, decided to send him on an expedition to South America. As companions on that trip Castelnau had Eugene d'Osery, "ingenieur au corps des mines" who had attracted the attention of the scientific world during his examination in the "ficole Polytechnique". Algerson Weddel (born on 22 June 1819 in BirchesPainswick. England, and died on 22 June 1877) near -Houses, was to be the botanist of the expedition. Weddel had studied botany with Adrien and Jussieu, and graduated in medicine in 1841. He had written a book on plants of the environs of Paris, and in 1843 joined Castelnau's expedition, accompanying him to From 1846 to 1851, as we shall see. he travelled alone, Bolivia. and from Islay in Peru went to North America, before returning to Europe (Hoehne, 1942: 242). fimile Douville. an employee of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle was to help Castelnau with the zoological collec- Hugh tions, as preparator. Castelnau's plan was first to cross the South American continent from Rio de Janeiro to Lima, trying to follow, when possible, the dividing line between the hydrographic basins of the Amazons and of the Rio dc La Plata; then Amazons River. With those two transects, to travel down the he hoped to establish the possibihty of a communication between the two great basins, thus permitting uninterrupted navigation from the Antilles to Buenos Aires. French brig "Dupetit-Thouars ". the members of from Brest on 30 April 1843. arriving at Rio de Janeiro (SF-23. 43-23a) on 17 June. Through the French Consul. M. Taunay. they went to live in the former home of Baron von Langsdorff. at the side of the beautiful Gloria church (Igreja da Gloria). During their stay in the city, several points were explored, their excursions extending to Praia Grande (now the city of NiWhile Castelnau and d"Osery made asteroi; SF-23. 43-23b). tronomical observations. Douville collected animals around the ciCastelnau visited on several occasions the Institute Histoty. rico e Geografico do Brasil", to study maps of the interior of the country, and documents relating to Brazilian history, especially from Sao Paulo, who in the penetration of the "Bandeirantes former centuries had entered the back country in search of gold and Indian slaves. At the end of 1843 Castelnau and d Osery sent to the French Academy of Sciences their first observations made in Rio de Janeiro. The insect collection gathered in and Aboard the the expedition sailed " " THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 151 about Rio was sold by Castelnau to the Musoum National d'Histoire Naturelle by 1.500 francs (cf. Catalogue des animaux sans rertebres, vol. 3, pp. 102-104 [Paris Museum accessions book]). Leaving the city on 12 October 1843, furnished with letters of recommendation to the authorities in the provinces, the commisRio Inhomirim, arriving at Porto Estrela. Passing sion entered the by Mandioca, they noted the state of abandonment of that Farm, after the death of Baron von Langsdorff. From 21 to 25 October they visited Mage (SF-23, 43-23a) and reached Sumidouro {SF-23. 43-22d). On 6 November they arrived at Encruzilhada (SF-23. 43 22c) and on the 8th the banks of the Rio Paraibuna. the border between the provinces of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Proceeding by way of Juiz de Fora (SF-23, 43-22a: 10-11 November). Chapeu d'Uvas (SF-23. 44-22b), crossing the Serra da Mantiqueira under strong rains. Barbacena (SF-23, 44-2 Id; 28 November). Quelu: (Queluzitas. SF-23. 44-21b; 1 December), and Ouro Branco (SF-23, 44-21b; 2 December), they arrived to Ouro Preto (SF-23. 44-20d) on 5 December 1843. In the capital of Minas Gerais they met the Danish naturalist Claussen (see Chapter V). and with him they proceeded to Cachoeira (SF-23. 44-20c; 11 December), staying at Ciaussen's home, where a real Museum could be seen. Claussen maintained several persons as curators of the different parts of his natural history collections, and offered to Castelnau several objects, in- cluding a herbarium of the regional companions also flora. From Ouro visited the village of Preto Mariana Castelnau and his (SF-23, 43-20c). Leaving Ouro Preto (SF-23, 44-20c) on 17 December 1843. they met Claussen again the next day in Cachoeira (SF-23. 44-20c). On the 9th they reached Itabirito (SF-23. 44-20d). 1 where some Englishmen had a gold mine. There they were received by a certain Mr. Champion, director of the establishment. Departing on the 22nd, they visited the mines of Morro Velho, at the time also operated by Englishmen; there the naturalists spent Christmas. On the 27th they reached Sabara (SE-23. 44-20b), leaving that city only on 8 January 1844, proceeding to Curral del Rei (presently Belo Horizonte, capital of the State of Gerais; SE-23, 44-20a). Proceeding by way of Bicas (SE-23. 44-20b), Mateus Leme (SE-23. 44-20a; 15 Januar>'). Rancho do Mato (?; 16 January), Pitangui (SE-23, 45-20b; 20 January), they crossed the Rio Sao Francisco, and passed through Dores (Dores do Indaia; SE-23, 46-19d; 26 January), Sao Francisco de Chaves, and Sao Minas 152 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Sebastiao (5 February 1844). They reached Patrocinio (SF-23. 47-19a) on 8 February, and remained there for some days. Leaving Patrocinio on 14 February 1844, they crossed the Rio Paranaiba on the 22nd. entering the province of Goias. Proceeding through Catalao (SE-23, 48-1 8d; 24 February), they re- mained until the 5th of March collecting in the vicinity, putting and organizing the collections. Leaving Catalao ahead of his companions, since he had to meet the president of the province, who in a few days was to depart for Rio. Castelnau went directly to the city of Goias (SD-22, 50-16a), where he arrived on 19 March. Some days afterwards his companions arrived. The scientific commision stayed in Goias. preparing for the planned voyage to the north of the province, down the rivers Tocantins and Rraguaia. Meanwhile Weddel and Douville made an e.xcursion to Serra Dourada (SE-22, 50-1 6c; 8 to 17 April their notes in order, 1844), near the city of Goias. Leaving the capital on 28 April 1844. the naturalists proceeded for only one league, when they discovered that the beasts of burden were not prepared for the trip. They had to return to Goias, in order to reorganize the pack, and left again on 3 May. They headed then for Crixas (SD-22. 50-14d: 8 May), where they remained for some days. Salinas (14 May), where canoes were built for the river trip, and on 10 June started down the River Crixas- Agu (SD-22. 50-1 5b; 50- 14a; 50-14d). which Proceeding down the latter, they followed to the River Araguaia. they passed the Ilha do Bananal (SC-22. 50-1 la; 49-9a), taking the right arm (Braqo menor do R. Araguaia. SC-22. 50-lOa; 50Ilc) of the Araguaia. passed the mouth of the Rio Chavantes (15 June), and reaching the confluence of both arms of the Araguaia on the 27th. north of the Ilha do Bananal. After portaging many waterfalls, in their descent of the Araguaia. they reached Sao Jose dos Martirios on 9 July, after the Cachoeira Grande, and arrived at Sao Joao das Duas Barras (Sao Joao do Araguaia, SB-22, 49-5d), at the confluence of the Araguaia and Tocantit\s. In Sao Joao they prepared the collections to be transported to the French consul in Belem through one of the officials of Sao Joao who would go there down the Tocantins. However, the canoe in which the collections were being transported turned and the collections, which comprised 67 species of birds, several skins of mammals, reptiles, plants, etc., the geological collections of the Araguaia. besides that region, were weapons and lost in the river. utensils of the Indians of THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 153 Departing from Sao Joao das Duas Barras (SB-22, 49-5d) on 20 July 1844. the naturalists went up the Rio Tocantins, passing through Carolina (SB-23, 47-7c; 11 August; the ancient village of Sao Pedro de Alcantara). Porto Imperial (Porto Nacional; SC-22. 48-1 la: 31 August), and Peixe (SD-22. 49-12d; 18 September),' the limit of their navigation. ro Leite (SD-22. 49-14a: 1 Proceeding overland, through AmaOctober), they headed directly to Goias (SD-22, 50- 16a). arriving on 18 October. After having organized the collections obtained in the trip up the Tocantins. they departed on 29 October going on to Cuiaba. Leaving Goias. they crossed the Araguaia on 14 November, entering the Province of Mato Grosso at the village of Araguaiana (SD-22. 52- 16b). and went directly to the city of Cuiaba (SD-21, 56-1 6a). During their stay in the Capital of Mato Grosso, an was made to Diamantino (SD-21, 57-1 4d; 20 to 25 December 1844). Davillc explored several places around the capital, collecting a number of vertebrates and a considerable e.xcursion quantity of insects. Leaving Cuiaba on 28 December 1844. they went to the banks of the Rio Cuiaba (SD-21. 56-1 6b; 56- 17a), which was followed to the mouth of the Rio Sao Louren^o (SE-21, 56-1 7a; 2 February 1845). Proceeding down the Rio Cuiaba, they reached its confluence with the Rio Paraguay (4 February), and down the latter continued to Corumba (SE-21, 58-19b; 7 February). From Corumba the naturalists went on to Albuquerque (SE-21, 57-19c; 9 February), where they prepared the equipment necessary for a trip to Paraguay. Deville was left behind; if the dictator of Paraguay arrested the naturalists, he would go to Rio de Janeiro to inform the French authorities. Castelnau knew too well what had been the treatment inflicted upon Bonpland by the dictator of that country. Reaching Nova Coimbra (Coimbra. SE-21, 58-20b) on 11 February, they proceeded down the Paraguay Rircr to Fuerte Olimpo (Province of Olimpo). in Paraguay. On 6 March 1845, they left that place, and sailing up the Paraguay River, went to Bahia Ncgra (9 March), returning to Nova Coimbra (SE-21, 58-20b) and Albuquerque (SE-21, 57- 10c; 16 March), following the Rio Miranda (SE-21. 57-20b), a tributary, to the city of Miranda (SE-21, 56-20c) on 28 March. Leaving Miranda, travelling down the Rio Miranda they again reached Albuquerque (SE-21, 57-1 9c; 17 April), and proceeded up the Paraguay Rircr. to Vila Maria (Caccres; SE-21, 154 ESSAYS ON 58-1 6d), THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY where they arrived on 18 May 1845. Castelnau left the collections obtained on this trip under the care of the bishop of that city, who dispatched them safely to Rio de Janeiro, from where they were afterwards sent to Paris. Leaving Caceres on 27 May 1845. the naturalists went to Mato Grosso (SD-21, 60-1 5d: 10 June). After a week in that city, they headed for Bolivia. After passing through Casalvasco (SD-21. 60-15d; 18 June), they crossed the border on the 22nd, and proceeded by way of Santa Ana (25 June to 27). San Ignacio (SE-20, 16-61d: 28 June to 2 July). San Miguel (SE-20, 17-61b: 2-4 July). Conccpcion (SE-20. 16-62d; 9-11 July), and San Javier (SE-20. 16-62c; 12 July). Crossing the rivers San Miguel (16 July) and Rio Grande (21 July), they finally arrived at Santa Cruz de la Sierra (SE-20. the village of 18-63a). Weddel remained behind when his companions left the city on 3 September 1845, and continued his trip alone. Castelnau and the others, after bidding farewell to Weddel, proceeded along the Rio Grande or Piray, going past Sumaipata (SE-20. 18 September). Pampa Grande (SE-20. 18-64c). Chiion (SE-20. 18-65d; 14 September), and left the department of Santa Cruz, entering that of Cochabamba. Proceeding by way of Aiquilc (SE-20. 18-65c; 16 September), Chinguri (Quiroga?; SD-20. 18-65c), and crossing the Rio Grande, they entered the department of Chuquisaca, reaching the town of Chuquisaca (presently Sucre; SE-20, 19-65c), then the capital of Bolivia, on 20 September 1845. Departing again on 23 October, the naturalists left the Department of Chuquisaca. entering that of Potosi, reaching the caThere they pital. Potosi (SE-20. 20-66b). after 3 days travel. remained until 1 November 1845. when they left for Yocalla. after crossing the Rio Pilcomayo and continuing through the Department of Oruro. reaching Poopo (SE-19. 18-67c) and then the city of Oruro (SE-19. 18-67a), where they met the geologist Aime Pissis (see below), who had been contracted by the Bolivian Government to inspect the mines of the region. Leaving the city of Oruro. they went to Caracollo (SE-19. I8-67a). and entering the Department of La Par, reached Sicasica {SE-19. 17-68d) on 13 November. After travelling through Patacmaya (SE-19. 17-68d). Ayo Ayo (SE-19. 17-6Sc) and Calamarca (SE-19. 17-68a), they arrived in La Paz (SE-19. 16-68c). After staying for some time there, the naturalists left on 2 December 1845. for Tiahuanaco (SE-19, 17-69b) following along the margins of Lake Titicaca (SD-19, SE-19, 16-69c), through cm 2 3 4 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 SciELO 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 155 Guaqui (SE-I9, 17-69b; 4 December), and Desaguadero (SE-19. 17-69a: 5 December) to enter Peru. Through the Province of Puno, in Peru, they went through Pomata (SE-19. 16-69c: 6 December). Juli (SE-19. 16-69c). Ilave (SE-19. 16-70d: 7 December). Acora (SD-19, 16-70b; 8 December), and Puno {SD-19. 16-70a; 9-12 December), then going to Arequipa (SE-19. 16-72d; 17 December), where d'Osery stayed, to follow next a different route. Castelnau and Deville left Arequipa on 23 December 1845. for Islay (SD-18, 17-72; 25 December). After 2 days at sea, they landed in Pisco (SD-18, 14-76a; Ica Province), to visit the "guano" islands; on 30 December the ship arrived at Callao (SD-18. 12-77c) whence the naturalists went up to Lima (SD-IS. 12-77c). Meanwhile, d'Osery, leaving Arequipa (SE-19, 16-72d) on 24 December 1845. proceeded by way of Vitor (SE-19, 16-72d), Camana (SD-18. 17-73b; 27 December), Ocafia (SD-18, 14-75d; 28 December), Atico (SD-18, 16-74d; 31 December 1845), Puerto de Chala (SD-18, 16-74a: 2 January 1846). Yauca (SD-18. 16-75b: 4 January), and Acari (SD-18, 15-75d: 5 January), all Continuing by coastal localities in the department of Arequipa. Narca (SD-18, 15-75b: 9 Januarv). Palpa (SD-18, 15-75b), Ica (SD-18, 14-76d: 13-16 January), Pisco (SD-18, 14-76a; 17 January), Chincha Alta (SD-18, 13-76c), Caficte (SD-18. 13-76c; 19 January), Cerro Azul (SD-IS, 13-76c; 24 January). Mala (SD-18. 13-77b), Chiica (SD-18, 13-77b: 25 January), and Lurin (SD-18. 12-77d). d'Osery joined his companions in Lima (SD-18, 12-77c) on 26 January 1846. After a stay of over three months, the naturalists left Lima on 10 May 1846, and after eight days of voyage reached Cerro (SD-18. 16-73a) proceeding then to Junin (SC-18, ll-76d), Tarma (SC-18, ll-76d), Jauja (SC-18, ll-75d) and Huancavo (SD-18, 12-75c), in the province of Junin. Through Huancavelica (SD-18, 13-75a) and Licay (SD-18, 13-7Db; Huancavclica Ayacucho (SD-18, 13-74c) and Ocros (SD- de Pasco Province). 13-74d) Ayacucho Province). Chincheros (SD-18 14-/3a) (SU-lb. Andahuaylas (SD-18, 14-73a), Huancarama crossed they Province) and Abancay (SD-18, H-73b: Apurimac a). 14-71 (SD-19, the Apurimac River and reached Cu=co Uaving Curco on 21 July, they arrived the ne.xt day at the -18, 13-74d: banks of the Vilcanota Rircr (SD-19. 14-72b) in the city of Urubamba (SD-18. 13-72c). There begun a difficult trip down %vere abandoned fhe river. After many incidents, the naturalists remained to be by their waterfalls As several Indian guides. 156 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY and the margins of the river were inhabited by wild Indian tribes, Castelnau decided to send d'Osery to Lima, to leave D'Osery dethe manuscripts and instruments in a safe place. parted on 17 August, accompanied by Indian guides. crossed, The remaining members of the expedition followed down the (SC-18, 11 -73a; SD-IS. 12-73c). with much hardship, loss of equipment, capsized canoes, desertion of guides, hunger, incessant rains, and other trials. Rio Urubamba On the 17th of September they passed the mouth of the River Pachitea (SC-18, 9-75d), reaching finally the village of Sarayacu (SB-18, 7-75a), the first place where they could rest, on the 28th. Being kindly assisted by the local missionary and by the local Indians, the naturalists recovered their health, and on 9 October made an excursion to the margins of the Urubamba, to obtain fishes for the collection, using the Indian method of poisoning the waters with specific plants. 30 October, Castelnau decided to go on to the Maranon where he had arranged to meet d'Osery on his return from Lima. After going up the Ucayali River (SB-18. 6-75), the naturalists reached the Maranon, arriving in the city of Nauta (SBThere they remained until the Hth, -18, 5-74v) on 6 November. proceeding to Iquitos (SA-18, 4-73a; 17 No%'ember), and Pebas (SA-19, 3-72d; 19 November). This was where d'Osery was During their voyage down the to meet Castelnau and Devilie. Ucayali and the Maranon they had heard contradictory news about d'Osery. Some said that he had been killed by the Indians, others that he had already gone past the places visited by CastelAs d'Osery did not arrive in Pebas. Castelnau decided to nau. leave on 23 December 1846, with the intention of traveling very slowly down the Amazons, thus giving d'Osery the possibility of On River, joining him. in Loreto (SA-19, 4-71 c; 25 to 28 Decemtwo naturahsts, Castelnau and Devilie, entered Brazil They left on 9 Jaat the city of Tabatinga (SB-19. 70-4d). nuary 1847, going by Sao Paulo de Olivenga (SA-i9. 69-4b), where they remained for some time, Ega (Tefe; SA-20, 65-3d: 23 January to 2 February), and still going down the Amazons they reached Manaus (SA-20, 60-3c; SA-21, 60-3d) on 7 February. Leaving the city on the 15th, they proceeded by Vila Nova da Rainha (Parintins; SA-21. 57-3b; 17 February). Obidos (SA-21, 55-2a; 20 February), and Santarem (SA-21, 55-2d: 22 February), leaving the latter on the 25th. After passing by Monte Alegre (SA-21. 54-2a), they reached the mouth of the After a brief stay ber), the THE FRENCH COLLECTORS meta^SA ofTn"^ Tocanf;„ ^'Z^'' , on 16 March j^/'"' ^^^-22' °" ^'"""'^^ Gui^r. ^mana, on Place^" '^^^'^ S-^^'^^nau °" 5 March, Caafter entering the rivers "'"'''^'^ ''^ ^"'^ '^'^ "^inq^dZ^ April 1S47' 157 (SA-22. 40-ld), show up in the folio- decided then to leave Belem, and on 5 embarked on "La Thetis", arriving in Cayenne, French the 9th. .^^'''^ ^^'^^ ^^^y ^'^'^2'^ Degrad de Cannes, a small ^' ^^^'our// (NB-22, 5-52c) where they stayed With G°""ana. On the 20th they went up the ^ Af^/,*^"'^'" ^""^ canoe for two hours, to the Montagnes Anglaises (NB-22 T^^^ ^^^'^^ entering the Crique Roquemont, and proceeding overl J ^^e"' " to the Montagne de Gabrielle (NB-22, 5-52c), 12 ^'""'^ Cayenne. On the 21st they left Gabrielle, return^^^"^^ through Pte. des Diamants (NB-22, 5-52c). Deville ^^'^^ feeling ill, returned to Cayenne. Castelnau and ' • , Gour'^' nana sailed along the coast, eastwards, entering the R. Ap- P'ouagne {^A-22. 4-52a) on the same day (21 April). n the 22nd they visited a small establishment (Ressource), ^ eagues from the mouth of the R. Approuaguc. and also Ja^ they reached Guisanbourq (NB-22, }-52b), whence fh^,'^"^' fhey returned to Cayenne. Gayenne Castelnau found Deville so ill, that he had to be take n immediately to France, aboard "La Caravane"; in Cayenne aiso learned of Oserys death, ^ Castelnau departed aboard the "Vigie", follothe coast westward, and reached the mouth of the D (NB-22, 6-54d). In the following day, with a "chalupa" h'''^ ^-f^'^en'Jed the river for 3 hours, arriving at the village of Ma' 6-54d). Thence the "Vigie" departed on 5 May for v^.gj , th Suriname (NB-21, 5-55a). On their arrival in Fort ."Amsterdam (NB-21, 6-55c), they asked permission to entej.^^ci^''' "^'"2™' which was granted, and reached Paramaribo (NB-?i Nie ^^^y- accompanied by Dutch officers, Castelnau ente^^^^l Saramaca (NB-21, 6-55c), south of Paramaribo, and ne.xt the Wariica Creek (NB-21, 6-55c); entering the R. ^ ^^B-21. 6-56d), they arrived at Groningen (NB-2], red 6-56H'r'' following day (16 May) they continued to descend ^" ^^''^'^^ca and, after passing Port Nassau (NB-21. 6-56)1 ^^^^'^^ ^he "Vigie" was waiting for them, they entered the A ^tJantic Ocean, and followed the coast westwards, arriving 'Georgetown (NB-21, 7-5Sc) on the R. Demerara on 19 May. I 158 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGV On 26 May 1847, sloop "Elisabeth", going remained until the 9th Lucia (ND-20, 14-61 c), left Georgetown, aboard the Barbados (ND-20, 13-60b), where he On 10 June landed at Saint of June. and on the 12th at Saint Pierre, Marti- Castelnau to nique (ND-20, 15-1 6c), remaining there until the 15th, when he sailed to the capital, Fort-Royal (now Fort-de-France, ND-20. Castelnau remained in Fort-Royal until 24 June 1847, 15-61c). when he made an excursion to Gros Morne (ND-20, 15-61c), arriving in Trinite (ND-20, 15-61d), on the eastern side of the Following northwards along the coast, by Sainte-Marie island. (ND-20, 15-61d), he entered the interior of the island, through Mont Pelee (ND-20, 15-61c), reaching once more the western side of Martinique at Saint-Pierre (ND-20, 15-61c), whence he returned to the capital. On 27 July he embarked again, and passing by Dominica (ND-20, 15-62b), reached Basse-Terre, capital of La Guadeloupe (ND-20, NE-20, 16-62d). On the 28th he passed by Antigua (NE-20, 17-62b), Montserrat (NE-20, 17-62c), and Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts; NE-20, 17-63b). On the 28th he went by Tortola (NE-20, 18-65b), in the Virgin Islands, and St. Croix (NE-20, 18-65d), landing finally on the 30th at the bay of St. Thomas (NE-20, 18-65b). After 3 days, he embarked aboard the steamer "Forth", which after 14 days reached the Azores, and 7 days later Southampton. On the same day Castelnau departed for Le Havre, and, via the railroad constructed during his long absence, entered Paris on 25 July 1847. France was going through difficult times, due to the revoluCastelnau left his country once more, and traveled to Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, as French Consul. There he wrote a report on tion. his trips, in collaboration with the other members The monumental work, "Expedition dans of his expedition. de I'Amerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para" was printed in Paris from 1850 to 1857, in 15 volumes. The first 6 contain the history of the voyage, and the others descriptions of landscapes and sceneries, Inca antiquities, itineraries and geological observations, geography, botany, and zoology. les parties centrales From Salvador, he went as consul to the Cape of Good Hope, and then to Siam, remaining in Bangkok until 1862, returning to France with rich collections and voluminous notes. His intention was to organize the notes and publish them as a book of travels, But to his sad suras he had done during his stay in Salvador. prise, he discovered that his servant had used his papers to light the daily fire. THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 159 Castelnau gave his collections to the Paris Museum, and the remaining notes and drawings to Lacordaire, except those on the Coleoptera, which he took with him to Melbourne, where he had been appointed French Consul. There he remained for the rest of his hfe, and published several papers. As his collections were always increasing, he could no longer keep them and sent all the specimens to Paris, where they were separately sold. Two years before his death he had retired and decided to remain in Australia, where death caught him in 1880 (Enc; Castelnau, 1850-57, 1949; Garcia, 1922; Pereira, 1935). A. Pissis Pierre J. Noel Aime Pissis was born in Brioude. Hauteon 17 May 1812. His father was the medical doctor His first studies were made in his native Pierre Joseph Pissis. town, where he went to the "Lycee Charlemagne". In 1830 he entered the Polytechnic School, and soon acquired fame as a -Loire, geologist. His first voyage to South America was made to Brazil (around 1841), to study the geology of the country. According to his geological memoirs (1842a-d, 1888), and to Leinz (no date: 248), his travels in Brazil were limited to the neighborhood of Salvador (SD-24, 38-13c), Bahia, and Rio de Janeiro (SF-23, 43-23a). From Rio de Janeiro he travelled to Ipanema (SF-22, 48-24a), in Sao Paulo (for itineraries see Chapter V), and to Ouro Preto (SF-23, 44-20d) and Sahara (SE-23, 44-20b) in Minas Gerais (see also Chapter V). He also used his time in Brazil to study the fauna map tical as and the flora. In 1846 he was employed by the Government of Bolivia to the country, a task which was left unfinished due to poliOn that occasion he met Castelnau in Oruro, disturbances. we have seen. Leaving Bolivia, he proceeded to Chile in 1848, also employed by the Government to study the geology and mineralogy Duof the country; there he remained for 20 years (1848-1867). valuable Paris collections to sent he Chile ring his long stay in of insects, which were studied by Macquart and Bigot. He published a book on the geography of Chile (1875), with a chapter on the Chilean fauna (pp. 293). In 1854 the French Government awarded him the "Legion d'Honneur". He occupied for many years the position of head of the geographical ESSAYS ON 160 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY section of the "Oficina Central de Estadistica" of Chile, in and died January 1889, after more than 40 years of Chile (Porter, 1903a). Santiago on 21 service to P. Germain Philibert Germain was born in Lyon, France on 25 January 1827. It is said that he could read at the early age of 4, and that at 8 he was much beyond his contemporaries, deserving a place in a school. There he remained for 5 years, moving then to a State School, where in two years he finished the study of "humanities". law forbade this In 1842 he was ready before the age of 16 to graduate, but as the (Germain was 13 years old then), he had to wait, and used his time to study ornithology and entomology. His interest in insects came from a book about the insects of France, which his father had given him when he was 1 1 In 1853 he embarked for Chile, witth a letter of recommendation to Gay, who obtained a job for him in the Museum. Soon afterwards he was made director of the National Museum of On his Santiago, occupying this post for only a few months. arrival, R. Philippi was appointed director of the institution, and Germain became the vice director, occupying this position until 1858. when he left the museum to undertake several zoological expeditions. at the "Liceo de Quillota". returSantiago only in February 1903, as head of the entomological section. In 1892 he was appointed member of the Sociedad Cientifica de Chile, and the French Government, through its Ministry of Agriculture, granted him, in For some years he taught ning to the Museum of 1902, the Cross of Agricultural Merit. Germain dedicated 50 years of his life to Chile. He is known as a coleopterist, having published numerous papers with L. Fairmaire, from 1858 to 1862, in the Annales de la SoAll his collections were evenciete Entomologique de France. better tually sent to the Paris Museum. all of Chile, from Tarapaca to Magallanes, but no information is available about his itineraries. He left a short account (1891b), of his excursion to the CordilleHe also seems to have visited the Amazons, and ra de Chilian. According to his brief in 1887 visited Mato Grosso, in Brazil. report (1891a) he arrived to Caceres (SE-21, 58-1 6d), in Mato Germain explored practically THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 161 Grosso, aboard the "Terere" (which sailed between Corumba Three weeks later (I September) entered the R. Sipotuba (SD-21, 58-Hd, 58-16b) and twelve days later reached the mouth of the Jumbeba. from where he returned, after 15 days, to Caceres. and Caceres), on 4 August 1887. In 1899 (?) he visited Corumba (17 September), Piedra Santa Ana (26 September), San Carlos (2 October), and San Jose (6 October), reaching Santa Cruz de La Sierra on October 12, after 22 days of voyage. About this trip he wrote two small and uniformative articles (1900a, 1900b). Blanca, According to Porter (1903, 1913) he then went down the Paraguay, arriving at Buenos Aires, whence he returned to Chile. Porter (1930b) lists also among Germain's writings an account of his travels from Asuncion to Mollendo, which I have not been able to locate. Labels of Coleoptera in the Paris Museum indicate that Gerin Rio de Janeiro (1884), in the Serra do Cara?a, Minas Gerais ( VII-XII.1884) on the Rio Piiacicaba. Minas Gerais (n.l885), in Mato Grosso (1886), and in Cochabamba. Bolivia (1889). Germain died in Chile on 9 December 1913 (Porter. 1903b). main also collected , M. de Mathan Nothing is known about the life of Marc de Mathan. From on specimens of Cerambycidae belonging to the Museum labels National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris, the following information has been extracted (kindly supplied by Ubirajara R. Martins). He went up the Amazons River, from Belem (SA-22, 49-Id) to Tefe (SA-20, 65-3d), in the State of Amazonas, there staying from January to June and October to November 1879. The next date is from Sao Paulo de Oliven^a (SA-19, 69-4b), also in the State of Amazonas, where he was during the month of May 1883. He must have proceeded then up the Maranon and its tributaries, to Caballococha (SA-19, 4-70a), Peru (May to August 1884), then to Chambiruyaca (near Yurimaguas, SB-18, 6-76a),R. Huallaga. Peru (June to August 1885), Tarapoto (San Martin; SB-18, 7 -76a), Peru (October to December 1885, May to August 1886), Moyobamba (San Martin; SB-18, 6-77d; January to June 1887), and thence to Ecuador, arriving at the Rio Chimbo (SA-17, 2-80d), whence we have labels dating from 1891. In 1893 we have labels from Balzapamba THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 162 (SA-17, 2-79a), "route de Quito", and Bolivar (SA-17. 2-79a). Ecuador (September-October); again from the same place, March to April 1894. The next label tells us that from January to June, was in Canache (?), Cundinamarca, Colombia. It not known whether he spent all these years in South America, 1900, he visited those countries at inter%'als, returning to is or France between times. P. E. GouncUc Pierre Smile Gounelle was born in Paris on 9 June 1850. His father was the engineer Eugene Gounelle, who directed in 1844 the works of the first French telegraph lines between Paris and Rouen and between Rouen and Havre, As an employee voyaged of the "Ministere dcs Colonies ', Gounelle 1873, but his health did not permit a He began then long stay there, and he soon returned to France. to work seriously on entomology, and joined the French Entomoto Indochina in logical Society in 1878. From 1884 to 1914 he undertook seven voyages to different points of Brazil, bringing home valuable collections, sent afterwards to the Paris Museum. The data on his voyages are also somewhat incomplete: I. 1884: Rio de Janeiro (SF-23, 43-23a). State of Guanabara; Gounelle collected especially in the forests of Tijuca. Proceeding then through the Serra dos 6rgaos, crossing the Rio Paraibuna, and going through several cities of Minas Gerais (see Chapter for itineraries), he reached the Scrra do Caraqa on 1 January 1885 (see Bull. Soc. Ent. France 1885: xxxvii). staying there until February of the same year. From March to April 1885 we find him collecting in Matoiinhos (SE-23, 44-20a), Minas Gerais. The next month he was at Terra Nova. Bahia, and then in Salobra. also in the State of Bahia. where he remained from June to July 1885. He then returned to France. V II. His second collecting trip in Brazil was to Santo Antonio da Barra. State of Bahia, from 1888 (on the labels cember") to 1889. III. From May to June 1892, in Peri-Peri Quipapa SC-24, 36-9a), State of Pcrnambuco. stayed from November to December 1892, going "November-De(Municipio de In this place he in January 1893 THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 163 to the Serra de Comunati, Mun. Aguas Belas (SC-24, 37-9c), Pernambuco, and there remaining until March. IV. In 1895 he explored the Serra de Baturite (SB-24, 39-4c) (January), and Marco da Legua (presently inside the city of Belem) and Benevides (SA-22. 48-Ic), in the State of Para (10 February to 10 March 1895) (see also Bol. Mus. Paraense 2: 70-77). V. and His wanderings during 1897 took him to the Canary Islands, He visited Ribeirao 1898-99, to southern Braril. Pires (SF-23, 46-24a; November, 1898), and Cerqueira Cesar (SF-22, 49-23c), in the State of Sao Paulo (November-December J 898), proceeding next to the State of Rio de Janeiro, where he explored the Serra do Itatiaia (SF-23, 45-22d; February 1899), arriving in Rio de Janeiro (SF-29, 43-27a), State of Guanabara, in February 1899, and then going for a second time to the Serra do Cara(ja, in Minas Gerais (March to May 1899). then, in VI. In 1901 he traveled again to the Canary Islands, and returned once more to Brazil, landing at Rio de Janeiro and proceeding through Minas Gerais to Diamantina (SE-23, 44-I8d; lor itinerary see voyage of Saint-Hilaire, in the beginning of this Returning to Rio. he visited then the city of Nova Friburgo (SF-23, 43-22d, on the Serra dos Orgaos; February to May 1903), and visited again the Serra do Caraqa, Minas Gerais (June 1903). After returning to Europe from this voyage, his health was chapter). impaired, and he hesitated for a long time before departing for last voyage to Brazil. He finally decided to leave France his in November 1913, and came to the State of Santa Catarina. There he acquired a disease and had to return to France in March 1914. He was so hurt by the beginning of the World War I that his disease much worsened, and he died on 2 October 1914. (Milot, 1920). M. A. Rojas Marco Aurelio Rojas was born in Caracas, Venezuela, on 10 April 1831. His father was the economist Jose Maria Rojas. from the Spanish part of the Island of Santo Domingo (now Dominican Republic), who had come to live in Caracas ^or some years. There he had opened a book-shop, where the boy read his first natural history books. Marco Aurelio Rojas ESSAYS ON 164 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Caracas, and there he graduated in met Augustc Salle, and then took a When Salle left Venezuela, Rospecial interest in entomology. jas employed a collector, who explored the surroundings of Caracas (NC-19. ll-67d); the collections thus obtained were sent Rojas was elected fellow of the French Entomological to Salle. He had a Society in 1851, remaining as a member until 1864. special liking for Coleoptera. and published several papers on made his basic studies medicine. in In Caracas also he the group in the Annals of the Society. became a doctor in medicine. Leaving the parental home, he went to San Fernando de Apure (NB-19. Returning to Cara8-67c). where he remained for 16 months. At the age of 24 he May After 1856, he got cholera, during an epidemic. he went to New York and Philadelphia to visit his Next he went to Le Havre and Paris, where he arrived in September. He remained in the city for two years, studying at several hospitals, and then left for London, remaining in England for a year working at the schools of Edinburgh and Returning to Paris, he left then for New York, which Dublin. he reached in April 1859. Having decided to establish himself in the United States, he went to New Orleans in January 1860, but, feeling himself unable to stand the unhealthy climate, embarked to Cuba, and established himself at Cienfuegos, where he practiced medicine for about 4 years. On 21 May 1863. he received a prize from the Royal Academy of Medical Sciences of Havana, for his medical works. In December 1864, he left Cienfugos to go to New York, where he died from scarlet fever on 17 June 1866 at the cas in recovery, brothers. age of 35 (Salle. 1866). Other collectors above collectors, some other names must be cited about whom "we have very scant or no information at all. Of Lebas we have only a short note given by Reiche (1843: 238), that he collected in Colombia (Santa Fe de Bogota and other areas) and Ecuador, around 1830. Of HoGARD (or Hodgard). and ot Beaupertuis. who collected in Guadeloupe in 1839 (Urban. 1903: 20) and are cited by Robineau-Desvoidy and Macquart, we know nothing. In addition to the also cites a "Fontaine" (or Fontaines), who col"Fontaine" is cited by du PetitChile and Peru. Macquart lected in A THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 165 -Thouars. in his relation of the vovaqe of the friqate "La Venus" (1840-43). Pierre Antoine Fontana. "dit Fontaine", was "capitaine d armes de premiere classe", aboard the frigate "La Venus", commanded by du Petit-Thouars. The frigate left Brest on 29 December 1836 for Teneriffe (9 January 1837), and then for Fernando de Noronha (SB-25, 33-4b). and Cabo Frio (SF-23, 42-23a; SF-24. 42-23b; 3 February). The frigate landed in Rio de Janeiro (SF-23, 43-23a). staying there from 4 to 16 February, going afterward to Florianopolis (SG-22, 4S-28a), Montevideo (SI-21, 35-56a; 24 February). Buenos Aires, Cape Horn, and Valparaiso (SI- 19, 33-72d; 27 March), whence some of the members of the expedition followed to Santiago (SI-19, 33-7] d), overland. Leaving Valparaiso on 13 May, they visited the Island of San Gallan (?), and the Island of San Lorenzo (?), then Callao and Lima (SD-18, 12-77c), in Peru. Ne.xt they returned to Callao (SD-18. 12-77c; 14 June), and from there departed for the Sandwich Islands and other places, returning after"'ards to Monterey. California. They November then explored the localities of Guadalupe (?) (19 1837), Bahia de Magdalena (NG-12, 25-1 Id), San Lucas (?). San Pedro del Cabo (?). Isla Venado (?). Mazatlan (NF-13. 23-1 06a), Golfo de Corter (?). Isla Isabel (NF-13, 22-106b), San Bias (?), Tepic (NF-13. 22-105d). and Acapulco (NE-14, 1 7-101 d). Proceeding to the Easter Island, they returned next to the South American Pacific coast, touching the Juan Fernandez Islands, and landing in Valparaiso (SI-19, 3372d). They visited the Islas Dcsarenturadas (?),/. San Ambro(SI-18. 26-80d). /. San Felix (SI-18. 26-80a), Callao (SD-18, ^2-77c), Isla Hormigas (?). Paita (SB-I7. 5-81c), San Miguel de Piura (?). Colan (SB-17, 5-81c), and Galapagos (21 June), and on 15 July 1838, departed for the Marquesas (du Petit-Thouars, 1840-43). However, no referente is made by Petit-Thouars to "Fontaine" as a zoological collector, credit being given to the ship surgeon, Adolphe Simon Neboux, "chirurgien de premiere classe". '^'ho sent collections of animals, especially birds and insects, to the Paris Museum. Thus, we cannot be sure whether the "Fontaine" cited by Macquart is the same as the one who participated 'n the "La Venus" expedition. Of Justin Goudot, who collected extensively in "Nueva Granada" (Colombia), we have very meagre information. He seems to have come to Colombia with two other naturalists, Jean 166 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Joseph Dieudonne Boiissingault, and Franqois Desire Boussingault came to Colombia to investigate old, abandonned mines, that would be reexplored by an English company. Boussingault stayed in the country for many years. Roulin taught physiology in Bolivia, and to make a living undertook the topographic mapping of the country, according to a wish of Bolivar. Baptiste Roulin. Magdalena Valley and other regions Boussingault and Roulin he visited the regions of Cticuta, Pamplona, Santa Rosa. Tunja and Bogota, from 1822 to 1823. In 1824. he collected in the "llanos" of San MarHe travelled tin and then down to the mouth of the Rio Mefa. afterwards with a Peruvian. Rivero. to the areas of Bogota and Vele:. and in 1825 to Mariquita. the "paso" of Herveo up to Supia. and to the provinces of Antioquia, Popayan and Tolima Goudot collected in the of Colombia. With (Medem, 1969). Goudot seems to have had his headquarters in Bogota, and have employed Indians and other collectors. He may have served as an intermediary between professional collectors in Colombia and handlers of natural history materials in several European countries. He spent 15 years in Colombia, returning to Later he returned to CoParis in 1843, with rich collections. lombia, and there he died (Stresemann. 1951: 389). Pierre Bouchard collected in New Grenada (Colombia), No especially around the Santa Marta region (Pascoe, 1866). other details are available to me. Mme. RivoiRE collected in French Guiana (La Mana), and Martinique. In the Paris Museum accession book (Cataloque des animaux sans vcrtebres), two entries, p. 127 (1837), of Vol. 1, p. 233 of Vol. 2 (1840), and p. 179 of Vol. 3 (1841) refer to her name, also as "Mme. Rivoire Theodosie". to References Anonymous 1833. [Notice sur 2 1870. : Ics voyages dc M. Lcpricur], XV, Ann. Soc. Ent. Prance LX-xvm. [Lacordaire. biographical note]. (Proc.) : xuv-xv.ll. Avaca Diaz. 1960. (Bull.) Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1870 S Viaje de La Coquillc y cxpedicidn antarctica belga. 227-236. Santiago 2 Est. Ent.. : PiM. Centra THE FRENCH COLLECTORS Barral, 167 A. J. 1857. Ocuvrcs completes de Franfois Acago, rAcademic des Sciences 9 644 pp. Gide : Wcigel, Editeur. secretaire perpetucl Editeur, Paris & de T. O. Leipzig. Barros Araija, D. 1876. Don 49 Bl-kc. Claudio 5-227. : A. V. A. 1898. Gay. Su vida, sus obras. Anal. Univ. Chile (Also separately published, 235 pp., Santiago). Sacramento Diccionario bibliographico brazileiro Rio de Janeiro. 4 : 529 pp. Imprcnsa Na- cional. Bougainville, 1837. Y. }i. P. P. Journal de la navigation autour du globe de la fregate 'La Thetis' de la corvette 'L'Esperancc', pendant les annees 1S24, 1S25 ct 1S26, publiec par ordre du roi, sous les auspices dc la marine / : vm 742 pp., pis.: 2(1): xvi 351 pp.: 2 (2) 165 pp. Arthus Bcrtrand, Libraire-Editcur, Paris. ct + + : Castclnau, F. de 1850-57. Expedition dans les parties centrales de rAmcrique du Sud. liio de Janeiro a Lima, ct dc Lima au Para, exccutcc par ordre du gouverncment fran^ais pendant les annces 1843 a 1S47, 1 (Histoire du voyage, 6 vols.); 2 (Vues et scenes) 485 pp.: ^ (Antiquites des Incai) 467 pp.; 483 pp.; 4 (Itineraires) 5 (Geographie) 439 pp.. 478 pp.: 6 (Botanique) : \ii map: 7 (Zoologic). dc : : : + : 1949. I Expedifao as regioes centrals da America do Sul 1 383 pp.; 2 379 pp. (Biblioteca Pcdagogica Brasileira, Seric 5', Brasiliana, vols. 266, 267). Qjmpanhia Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo. : : Crevaux. 1883. J. Voyages dans rAmcrique du Sud. maps. Debret. J. 1940. Hachette Cie., xvi + 635 pp., 235 figs., 4 Paris. B. Vi&gem portrait. pitoresca e historica ao Brasil 1 : 295 pp., 49 pis., 1 1 map. (Biblioteca Historica Nacional, vol. 4). Livraria Martins, Etchevcrry Campafia, I960. & Sao Paulo. E. Viaje de La Favorite. Publ. Centra Est. Ent.. La Bonite Santiago 2 y : L'astrolabe 239-251. y La Zelee. THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 168 Freycinct. D. dc C. L. Voyage autour da mondc, cntrepcis par ordre da roi, sous le conformement aux instructions de S. Exc. M. le Vicomte de Bouchage. secretaire d'etat aa departement de la Ma' vine, execute sur les corvettes dc S. M. I'Oranie et la Physicienne, xvi + 341 pendant les annces 1S17, ISIS. 1819 et 1820, / (I) 3-13-734 2 515 pp. Pillet Aine. Imprimcur-Lipp.: / (2) 1828. ministerc et : : Paris. braire, Garcia. : ; R. das cxplora^Ses scicntificas, pp. 856-910, Geographico e Ethnographico Brasileiro, Historico. Geographico c Ethnographico do Brasil 1 1922. Historia In.stituto in Diccionario Historico, 1688 pp.. : illus. Germain. P. Trois 1892a. dans moi.s Une 1892b. la excursion entomologiquc Act. Soc. Scicnt. Chili 2 Dc Corumba 1900a. 10 Chili La 1900b. Girard. a dans la (province 1 (1891) Cordillere dc : Matto- 53-65. de Chilian. CLXV-CLXVn. : Santa Crui dc Act. Sierra. la Soc. Scient. 4-52. : Bolivic Sierra. Sipotuba du vallce Act. Soc. Scicnt. Chili Grosso, Bresil). Oricntalc. Act. Soc. Scicnt. La Prefecture Chili 10 : dc Santa Crui dc la 318-378. M. Notice necrologique sur la vie et les travaux scicntifiques d'Adolphe Doumerc. doctcur en medicine, racmbre fondateur dc Ann. Soc. Ent. France {-i) la Societe Entomologiquc de France. 1868. S : 885-892. Hoehne. F. C. (1942). Notas bio-bibliograficas de naturalistas botAnicos, in F. C. Hochne, M. Kuhlmann & O. Handro. Jardim Botanico de SSo Paulo, 656 pp., illus. SSo Paulo. O Lacerda. 1905. J. B. Fastos do toricas Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro. Recordafdes his[undadas em documentos authenticos e e acientificas inlormafdes vcridicas, Janeiro. IV -j- 188 pp. Imprensa Nacional, Rio de THE FRENCH COLLECTORS Lacordaire, J. 169 T. 1830. Memoire sur ]es habitudes des coleopteres de I'Amerique meridionale. Ann. Sci. Naf. 20 185-291; 21 149-194. 1832. Notice sur I'entomologie de France 1 348-366. : : la Guyane Frangaise. Ann. Soc. Ent. : 1833a. 1833b. Notice sur les habitudes des lepidpteres rhopaloceres de la Guyane Frarifaise. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 2 Essai sur les Coleopteres de la Guiane fran?aise. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 2 35-97. (diurnes) : 379-397. Noiiv. Anna!. : Ladislau Netto, 1870. ( — Investigagoes historicas e scientificas sobre o Museu Imperial e Naciona! do Rio de Janeiro acompanhadas de tuna breve noticia de suas collccfoes e publicadas por ordem do Minisferio da Agricultura. IV -f 310 x pp. Institute Philomatico, Rio de + Janeiro. Laplace, C. P. 1833. T. Voyage autour du monde par les mors de I'lndc et do Chine execute sur les corvettes de I'etat La Favorite pendant les annees 1S30, 1S31. ct 1832. 1 xu + 588 pp.. map; 2 481 pp.; 3 (1835) 510 pp.; 4 (1835) 480 pp. Imprimene Royale, Paris. {Album historique. par M. de Sainson, 1835 72 pis., Arthus Bcrtrand, 1 : : : : : Paris). La Salle, A. de 1845-53. Voyage autour du monde execute pendant les annees 1S36 et la corvette La Bonite commandec par M. Vaillant, 1837 sur Capitainc de Vaisseau. publie par ordre du roi, sous les auspices du departement de la marine. Relation du voyage 1 xvi -f- 478 540 pp. Arthus Berpp.; 4 pis.; 2 (1851) 414 pp.; 3 (1852) trand. Paris. (Album historique [no date], 100 pis.). : : : Leinz, V. A geologia e a palentologia no Brasil, pp. 245-263, in F. de Azevedo, ed., As ciencias no Brasil 1 412 pp., illus. Companhia Melhoramentos, Sao Paulo. (no date). : Lesson, P. 1838. Voyage autour du monde, cntrcpris par ordre du gouvernement sur la corvette La Coquille 1 512 pp., pis. P. Pourrat Freres, : fiditeurs, Paris. Wedem, p. (1969]. El desarroUo de la herpetologia en Colombia. Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Exactas, Fisicas y Maturates 13 ( 50) (1968) : 149-199. 2 tables. 13 figs., 1 map. THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 170 Milot, A. 1920. d'Orbigny, Ann. Soc. Enf. France Notice necrologique sur P.-E. Gounelle. S9 109-112. : A. D. 1835-1847. Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale (Ic Bresil. Repu- la Orientalc de I'Uruguay. la Republiquc Argentine, la Patagonie. la Republique du Chili, la Republique de Bolivia, la Republique da Pcrou), execute pendant les annees 1826. 1827, 1828, 1829. 1830. 1S31. 1S32. et 1833. 1 (1835) Partie Historique; 2 (1839-18-13) Partie Historique [cont.]: 3 (1) (1844) : Partie Historique [concl.]; 3 (2) Geographie; 3 (3) (1846) Geologic: 3 (4) Paleontologie; 4 (1842) (1842) (1) L'Hommc Americain: 4 (2) (1847) Mammiferes; (1839) 4 (3) : Oiseaux: 5 (1) (1847) Reptiles: 5 (2) (1847) : PoUsons: 5 (3) (1835-1843) MoIIu.sques: 5 (4) (1839 and 1846) : Zoophytes: 5 (5) (1839) Foraminifercs: 6 (1) (1843) Crustaces: 6 (2) Insectes: 7 (1-2) (1839) (1837-1843) Cryptogamie: 7 (3) Palmiers: S Atlas historique. gco(1847) graphique. geologiquc, paleontologique ct botanique: 9 : Mammiferes. crustaccs, et insectes. Pitois-Levrault & Cic., LibrairieEditeurs, Strasbourg: [Vols. 2, 3. 4 (1). 5 and 9] P. Bcrtrand. Paris & Ve. Lcrrault, Strasbourg. blique : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 1S53. Voyage dans : deux Amiriqucs, augmente de renseignements 1853 sur les diflcrcnts itats da nouvcau mondc, illus.. pis. 2 maps. Furnc Cie.. Libraircs-Editcurs. les exacts, jusqu'en rv + 615 pp.. Paris. 1945. Brasil — Rcpublica del Uruguay — La Patagonia — Republica del Chile — — Republica del Peru, realizado de 1S26 Viajc a la America Meridional. — Repiiblica Argentina Republica de Bolivia a 1S33. illus. 1 (+ : 439 2 : 449-816: 3 : 825-1232; 4 1241-1614. gcogrAfico cstadistico. historico de las matcrias los quatro tomos. 35 pp ) Editorial Future pp.: : Irtdicc contcnidas en . Buenos Aires. Pascoo. F. P. 1866. List of the Longicomia collected by the late Mr. P. Bouchard Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3) 5 279. at Santa Macta. Pennell, F. 1945. Pereira, : W. Historical sketch, pp. 35-48, in F. V'erdoorn. cd.. Plants and plant sciences in Latin America, xxxvn -f- 381 pp. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Massachusetts. C. 1935. Castelnau e o Brasil. 84-95. Bol. Biol. (N.S.). SSo Paulo 2 (3) : THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 171 Petit-Thouars, A. A. du 1840-43. Voyage autour da mondc sue la fregatc La Venus, pendant les annees 1836-1839, publiee par ordre da roi, sous les auspices da ministerc de la marine 1 (1S40) XLIV 402 pp., 2 pis.; 2 (1841) 464 pp.; 3 (1841) 490 pp.. 6 pk; 4 (1843) 178 pp.. 1 pi. Atlas Pittoresquc. 68 pis. + : : Pissis. : : A. 1842a. Considerations generales sur les terrains Geol. France (1) 13 : 289-290. 1842b. Memoire sur la position geologique des terrains de la partie australe du Bresil, et sur les soulevements qui, a diverscs epoques, on change 14 1842c. : le relief de cette Notice geognostiquc sur Geol. (Arch. Geol.) Sci. 1888. Mcmoria austral C. Bresil. Bull. Acad. Sci. Paris /?. sobre do Province de la 1 : Rio Ann. de Janeiro. 224-249. gcologica dos sobre as soleva^ocs que e DufrcsnoyJ. ct 353-413, 2 maps, 8 pis. estructura a Brasil Beaumont Cordier, : da parte diversas epocas terrenos em modificaram o relevo do solo desta regiao. Rev. Trimestr. 147-151. Gcograf. Ethnogr. Brasil. 51 (2) (Suppl.) Hist. Plee, Soc. 1044-1046. [Memoire presentee par A/cm. Acad. Sci. Paris 10 1842d. contree. du Inst. : A. 1820-1825. Catalogue des divers objets qui composcnt non premier envoi dHistoirc Naturclle (Fort Royal, He Martinique, 31 juillct 1820). Signe de I'auteur, avec un supplement, (MS 71.1) 76 pp. au Museum — — Second envoi — — Liste des poissons de la Martinique Supplement, (MS 71.11), 16 pp. (MS 71. Ill), 76 pp. Troisieme envoi (IS mars 1821). (MS 71. IV), 33 pp. cnvoyes au Museum, (MS 71. V). 15 pp. 6' partie de la collection fdAug. PlecJ, 2' serie. Cahier d'analyses ou d examen des animaux. des vegetaux ct mineraux, — (1824-1325). — (MS 71. VI). 220 pp. Poissons de la Guaira. (MS 71. VII), 11 pp. (320 X 195 mm, Bibliotheque du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris). (no date). Catalogue des collections d'Auguste Ptee conservees dans Zoologic en general, mammi[eres, oiscaux, reptiles, poissons de Puerto-Rico ct de la Cote Fermc, vers, zoophytes, (MS 72) 362 fis. (330 x 200mm, Bibliotheque du Museum National dHistoirc Naturelle, Paris). I'alcool — ESSAYS ON 172 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY (1822-1823). Atlas. Recueil de vues ou esquisses laitcs pendant le vowage. Dessins, en general au crayon, relatifs sax Petites-Antilles, a la Cote-Ferme, a Vile de Porto-Rico (1822-1S23). aux EtatsUnis et au Canada. (MS 73), 277 fls. (410 x 310mm, Biblio[MS theque du Museum National dHistoire Naturcllc, Paris). bound in 3 vols.]. Porter, C. E. Don Claudio Gay, 1902. Hist. Nat. 6 de Galeria 1903a. Chil. (3) Hist. notas biograficas 109-132, : naturalistas Nat. 7 : de pi. biograficas i Rev. bibliograficas. Chile. Don Amado Pissis. Rev. bibliograficas. Don Filiberto Germain. Rev. Chil. Nat. 7 Hist. : Notas 2-19-253, H. pi. Don Filiberto Germain, fallecido el 9 dc Diciembre Rev. Chil. Hist. Nat. 17 245-255, portrait. 1913. CM. 201-202, portrait. Galeria de naturalistas dc Chile. 1903b. i 3. dc 1913. : Reiche, L. Cok'opteres de Colombie. (18431. Rev. Zck,1. 5 238-242. : Reyes Bianchi, R. 1960. Colecta entomologica y relacion de los viajes de d'Orbigny y 255-263. del Alert a Chile. Publ. Centra Est. Ent.. Santiago 2 : Saint-Hilaire, 1822. A. Apcrju voyage d'un Cisplatine et les Nat. Paris 9 1823. : daas I'intdrieur du Bresil, Missions dites du Paraguay. la Province M6m. Mas. Hist. 307-380. voyage de M. Auguste dc Saint-Hilaire dans le du Paraguay lu a TInstitut de France. Academic Roy ale des Sciences, 8 pp. Imprimeric de J. Smith, Rapport sur Bresil et le les missions Paris. IS30. Voyage dans les Provinces de Rio de Janeiro et de Minas Gerais, 2 vols., XIV 4- 458 pp., and 478 pp. Grinbct 6 Dores, Paris (Voyages dans rUitirieur du Brisil, Premiere partie). 1838. le district des diamans et sur le littoral da Brisil. de notes sur quelques plantes caractiristiques et d'un pricis de rhistoire des rivolutions de f Empire Brisilien, depais le commencement da regne de Jean VI jasqu'a Tabdication de D. Pedro / XX -f 402 pp.; 2 456 pp. Gide. Paris. (Voyages dans I'intMuer du BrisiL Seconde partie). Voyages dans suivi : : THE FRENCH COLLECTORS 1847-48. Voyages aux sources du Rio de Goyaz vince dc (Voyages 1 85 1. 173 1 dans S. Francisco et dans la Pro380 pp. Arthus Bertrand, Paris Bresil, Troisieme partie). 347 pp.; 2 : : du I'interieur Voyage dans les Provinces de Saint-Paul et de Saintc-Catherine 464 pp.; 2 423 pp. Arthus Bertrand, Paris (Voyages dans I'interieur du Bresi], Quatrieme partie). 1 vi : : Voyage a Rio Grande do Sul 1887. luison, 1936a. + (Bresil), vin 645 pp. Viagem a Provincia de Santa Catharina (1820), 252 Pedagogica Brasileira, Serie 5', Brasiliana, panhia Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo. teca 1936b. H. Her- Orleans. Scgunda viagem ao do interior Pedagogica (Biblioteca Brasileira, vol. pp. (Biblio58). Com- Espirito Santo, Brasil, Serie 5', Brasiliana, 245 pp. vol. 72). Companhia Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo. 1937. Viagem as nascenfes do Rio Goyaz / 341 pp.; 2 : Francisco e pela Provincia S. de (Biblioteca Pedagogica Brasileira, 78). Companhia Editora Nacional, 306 pp. : Serie 5', Brasiliana, vols. 68, Sao Paulo. 1938a. Segurula viagem do Rio de Janeiro a Minas Gerais e a Sao (Biblioteca Pedagogica Brasileira, (1S22). 222 pp.. pis. Serie 5', Companhia Editora Nacional, vol. Brasiliana, 5). Sao Paulo. Paulo Viagem 1938b. 1 pelas 378 : pp., Brasileira, Editora 1939. Provincias de Rio de Janeiro illus.; Serie Nacional, 5', 2 : 370 pp., Brasiliana, Sao vols. 126, Pedagogica Minas Gerais Pedagogica 126-A). Companhia Paulo. Viagem ao Rio Grande do Sul (1820-1821). 404 teca e (Biblioteca illus. (Biblio- pp., illus. Brasiliana, 5". Serie Brasileiia, vol. 167). Companhia Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo. (1940]. Viagem a Provincia de Sao Paulo Brasil, Provincia (Biblioteca Cisplatina e Historico-Brasileira, e resumo das viagens ao Missoes do Paraguai, 375 pp. vol. 2). Livraria Martins, Sao Paulo. 1941. Viagem pelo Distrito dos Diamantes e litoral do Brasil, com urn "Resumo historico das revolufoes do Brasil. da chcgada de D. Joao VI a America a abdicafao de D. Pedro". 452 pp. (Biblioteca Pedagogica Brasileira, Serie 5*, Brasiliana, vol. 210). Companhia Editora Nacional, Sao Paulo. Salle, A. 1866. Notice necrologique sur le Dr. Marco- Aurelio Rojas. 600-602. France (4 ) 6 Ent. : Ann. Soc. ESSAYS ON 174 Sampaio, A. 1928. THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOCY de J. Auguste de Saint'Hilaire Janeiro 4 (4) : 1-31, 1 (1779-1853). Bol. Mus. Nac.. Rio de map. Satilcy, F. de 1894. Notice necrologique sur 543-458. 63 C.-E. Leprieur. Ann. Soc. Enf. France : Stresemann, E. 1951 Urban, . Die Entwicklung der Ocnithologie, von Arisfoteles bis zur Gegenwart. 431 pp., 14 pis., 3 text-figs. F. W. Peters, Berlin. I. 1903. Notae biographicae percgrinatorura Indiae occidenfalis botanico14-158, rum, in his Symbolae Antillanae 3 (1) Lipsiac : (= 1908. Leipzig). Vitae itineracque collectorum botanicorum. notae collaboratorum biographicae. Florae Brasiliae ratio edendi chronoiogica. systcma. index familiarum, pp. l-oc. in F. P. von Martius cf a!.. Flora Brasiliensis, cnumcratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum quas suis aliorumquc botanicorum studiis descriptas ct mcthodo naturali digcstas partim iconcs illustratas 1 CX -1- 266 ( 1 ) -f 31 pp.. 59 pLs. C : Chapter IX Entomological collectors in Mexico and Cuba The Exploration of Mexico In the works of Macquart, but more especially in those of Bigot. Mexico is frequently cited as the locality of several species In this section we shall accompany described by these authors. some of the naturalists who brought to France the rich collections studied by those diptcrists. Unfortunately, only a few isolated details are known about these collectors, and the itineraries are very incomplete. One of the earliest collectors to arrive in Mexico was Louis According to Salle (1852), Pilate travelled through the United States (Alabama, Louisiana and Texas), and explored the State of Yucatan, in Mexico. Returning to France, Pilate decided to visit Mexico again, and came to Yucatan for a second time in 1849. After a prolonged stay in that part of the country, Pilate moved to Mexico City, where he died on 17 March 1852 at the age of 36 years, of a "hypertrophy of the heart". Pilate. The relation of Pilate's activities and descriptions of the regions he visited was published by himself in 1846, as follows (Translation by G. C. Steyskal) : "The province of Yucatan, situated in the southeast of the Gulf of Mexico, extends nearly from 17-29° of latitude. Even in the north, the thermometer does not go below 11" Reaumur 176 (= ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY F) during the coldest part of the u-inter; considerable in the summer. The northern part down to Campeche. is in general arid; it is. so to say, only a vast rock, nearly level and with a wrinckled surface. single chain of hills about a hundred meters or more in elevation, originates a Uttle south of Campeche. follows the coast northward a few kilometers inland for about 20 leagues and then turns southeastward to the rocky part of the peninsula. One finds there, at various places, especially in the northeast, a kind of subterranean pond called locally senofes; othen^'ise there is no water during the dry season except in wells, that is. from November to the end of May. The vegetation is poor, the thinness of the soil permit nothing to live but shrubs, mostly of the Mimosa family, and rarely are there trees whose highest branches attain more than 10 13.75'^ C. the heat there 56.75'^ is A am speaking of the cultivated places About a dozen leagues south of Campeche a terrain of another nature starts from the little river of Champoton. the land is low, flat, humid, and inundated for several months of the year. Finally, in the southern part, ri\'ers abound and the vegetation is magnificent. There is never any dryness there and the country is very unhealthy. I lived in the capital (Merida. in the northeast) for 5 years and made only short trips to other locahties; there was hardly anything in the north that I could secure besides insects. It is easy to imagine that I would find little, and generally only small, insects, in a dry and sterile land. I might add that except for a dozen Coleoptera. everything is rare; in 4 or 5 hours of searching I often found only a few specimens. However, in May and June there are more. In the rainy season diurnal Lcpidoptera are abundant, but not of many kinds. Except for mosquitoes and the housefly, Diptera are very rare, and I would say the same about all other insects. I needed plenty of perseverance, a very determined attitude, and the aid of a domestic for 10 years, with nothing else to do but collect, to gather together here 8000 Coleoptera comprising almost 720 species, of which 500 about are new." meters of height. I not that are continually irrigated. — The Belgians also collected in Mexico; special mention must be made of Ghiesbrcght. Linden, and Funck. August B. Ghiesbreght (the Ghisbretch or Ghiesbrecht of Macquart) (1810-1893) was the zoologist of a Belgian commission charged by the government to undertake a scientific exploration of Mexico and other tropical countries. The other two members were Jean Jules Linden (1817-1898), a botanist, and Nicholas Funck (1819-1896). the artist of the expedition. ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTORS MEXICO AND CUBA IN 177 Their first voyage was to Brazil, where they arrived in December 1835; they visited the provinces of Rio de Janeiro, Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Sao Paulo (see voyage of SaintIn March 1837 they returBelgium with the zoological and botanical collections obtaiTheir second voyage was made to Havana, Cuba, where -Hilaire for an idea of itineraries). ned to ned. they arrived in December 1837. The Belgians spent 3 months on the island, exploring its northern and western districts, and left in March 1838 for Me.xico. There they visited the plateau of Anahuac (?), the volcanoes Popocatepetl (NE-H. 19-99b) and Iztacchihuatl Ixtacihuatl. NE-H. 19-99b), the Cofre de Perote (or Nauhcampatepetl, NE-H, 19-97a), the peak of Orizaba ( (or Ciflaltepetl, Cordillera. NE-H, 19-97a), and From Veracruz they all sailed the eastern slopes of the to Campeche (NE-15, 20-91d). crossed Yucatan, and then went by sea to visit the states of Tabasco and Chiapas, entering also northern Guatemala. Linden then went to Havana and the United States, and the commission returned in February 1841 to Belgium. seems that from 1840 on, Ghiesbreght travelled alone, Tabasco, and then in Chiapas: although repeatedly visiting Europe, Ghiesbreght spent many years in Mexico. Nothing else is known to me of his life and travels. It living in Linden, however, undertook a third voyage, with Louis Joseph Schlim, this time to South America. Landing at La Guaira (NC-19, ll-67d), Venezuela in December 1841, he explored the coast from Caracas (NC-19. ll-67d), to Cumana (NC-20, 10-64a). going then to the shore of the Lake of Maracaibo (NC-18, I0-72d: NC-19. 9-7Ia). Merida (NC-19, 9-71c), and San Cris(NC-19, 9-71b). Entering Colombia, they proceeded through Ciicuta (NB-18, 8-73d), in the Department of Norte de Santander. the cities of Bucaramanga (NB-18, 7-73a). Socorro (NB-18, 6-73a) and Barbosa (NB-18, 6-74d), in the Department of Santander, crossed the western part of the Department of tobal Boyaca, entering the Department of Cundinamarca, and finally reached Bogota (NB-18, 5-74c). From Bogota Linden and Schlim went north, to the Department of Tolima, visiting Honda (NB-18, 5-75b). Mariquita (NB-18, 5-75b). Tolima (NB-18, 4-75a) and Ibaqiie (NB-18, 4- 75a). Proceeding through Armenia (NB-18, 5-76d ) Pareira (NB-18, 5-76d) and Puerto Caldas (NB-18, 5-76d), all in the Department of Caldas. the naturalists reached Cartago (NB-18, 5- 76d) in the Department of Valle. and from there went to visit , the Pacific coast. ESSAYS ON 178 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Returning to Cartago they retraced their steps to Bogota (NB-18. 5-74c). and visited the regions of Tunja (NB-18, 6-73c) and Tundama (?) (? Tunamas, NB-18, 5-73b). Leaving Bogota, the naturalists returned by the same route to Merida (NC-19. 9-71c), in Venezuela, and proceeded through Trujillo (NC-19. 9-70a), and Barinas (NC-19, 9-70c). to visit the "llanos" of the Orinoco, and through Carabobo reached Caracas on 17 August 1843. In the following months they explored Puerto Cabcllo (NC-19, 10-68a) on the coast of Venezuela, and sailed again to Colombia, arriving in Rio Hacha (NC-18, 12-73d), in the Department of Magdalena. whence they went overland to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (NC-18, ll-74b). Returning then to Rio Hacha, they sailed in March 1844 to Jamaica. In Jamaica they spent some weeks collecting in the Blue Mountains (NE-18. 18-77b), leaving then for Cuba. In a period of six months they visited the eastern part of the island, the Sierra Macstra, the plains of Saltadero (?) and Yateras (NE-18. NF-18. 20-75d), the mountains Libano and Toro (?). the forests of Los Hondones and Sagua (?), the Sierra del Cristal (NF-18, 21 -75c), the Sierras of El Cobre {NF-18, 20-76b), "Nimanima" In October (?), and the i?io Cauto (NF-18, 21 -76c) basin. thence to Europe North America, and 1844, they left Cuba for (Pennell. 1945: 45: Urban, 1903). Although only the name of Ghiesbreght is cited by Macquart, it is possible that in the same collections insects collected by LinAccording to the den. Funck and Schlim were also included. Paris Museum book of accessions (Vol. 3. p. 83) {Catalogue des animaux sans rertebres), Ghiesbreght sold insects to the Museum in 1842, for 30 francs per a hundred specimens. On the other hand, most of the insects collected in Mexico were acquired in Europe through professional collectors, who explored Mexico for many years, visiting almost every State of Foremost among these are Salle and Boucard, about the country. whom we have very little information. died in Paris on 5 May 1896, in his 76th travelled much in the southern United States. Mexico, AuGUSTE Salle year. He and Venezuela, making collections branches of entomology. On his return to Europe he esHe sevetablished himself as a natural history agent in Paris. the ral times took temporary charge of important collections rich collection of Baron dc Chaudoir was kept in his house His Central American colduring the siege of Paris in 1875. lections were purchased by Godman and Salvin for the Biologia West Indies, Central America, in all — ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTORS IN MEXICO AND CUBA 179 Centrali Americana. Salle was elected a fellow of the French Entomological Society in 1857 and of the Entomological Society of London in 1875 (Anon.. 1896). About Adolphe BoUCARD I have no information. He seems to have been a general collector, but more especially dedicated to birds and insects. He wrote an account of his e.xtensive travels through the United States. Me.xico, Central America, Colombia, Chile, and other countries (1894), which unfortunately I have not been able to consult. In 1867 he published a catalogue of the natural history collection that he had gathered in Me.xico. In 1878 another catalogue of the collections obtained in Guatemala, W'hich were e.xibited at the "E.xposition Universelle de Paris", and perhaps about the same time a list of Coleoptera offered for sale. According to Carriker (1910) he collected in Costa Rica in 1877, spending there several months, which he used in visiting Puntatarenas (NC-16 10-S5d). San Jose (NC-16, 10-84c: NC-17. I0-84c). Cartago (NC-17. 10-S4d), Orosi (NC-17, 10-84d), Navarro (NC-17, 10-84d), Volcan de Irazii (NC-17, 10-84d), Juan Vinas (NC-17, 10-84d) and San Carlos River (NC-16, ll-84c), probably at the Comandancia de San Carlos (op. cit., p. 362). Boucard printed a list of the birds collected during this trip (1878). other naturalists of this period are the brothers Duges. his brother Eugene Their father '^vere born in Montpellier, France, around 1S26. professor of the doctor, medical Antoine Louis Delsescautz was a father's their death, Upon naturalist. University of Paris, and the two brothers moved to Paris to study medicine. Alfred left Two Alfred Auguste Delsescautz Duces and May As soon as his medical title for Mexico arriving in 1853. ^vas recognized in Mexico City, he moved to Guanajuato (NF-H, 2I-101a). where he remained practicing medicine and teaching natural history. His brother Eugene came to Mexico only in 1865. becoming also established in Guanajuato as a medical docEugene was an entomologist, and sent collections to Paris. Later he founded a museum of natural history in Morelia, and tor. Alfred died in that city on 13 January 1895 (Anon.. 1895). also used to collect in the neighborhoods of Guanajuato, espeHe died at 84 cially on Sundays, accompanied by his students. years of age on 7 January 1910 (Martin del Campo, 1937). The exploration of Cuba: Sagra, Poey, Gundlach Ra.mon de la Sagra was bom in Corufia. Galicia, Spain, in Placed in charge of the directorship of the botanical gardens of Havana, Cuba, by his government, he left for the 1798. 180 ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS He soon became widely known, not only because of his difficult personality ( "personalidad que ha sido objecto de encontradas opinioncs por su menosprecio hacia los valores cubanos", as says Aguayo, 1950: 7). but also for having reformed island in 1824. Gardens, teached botany, studied the useful Cuba, applied botanical knowledge to medicine and agriculture, and published the "Anales de Ciencias. Agricuitura, Comercio y Artes". Very early in his life in Cuba, he had the idea of publishing a great work about the island encompassing With this in mind, he contracted in all branches of knowledge. every part of Cuba several specialized collectors who sent him In 1835 Sagra the natural productions of the three kingdoms. left Cuba, taking all his materials to Paris, where, with the collaboration of several specialists, he started to write his work. Sagra wrote the introduction to the work, and the parts on the climate and agriculture; Gervais was in charge of the mammals: d'Orbigny of the birds, mollusks, and Foraminifera; Cocteau and Bibron studied the reptiles and amphibians; Guichenot described the fishes; Guerin-Mcneviile published on the crustaceans and insects; Bigot described the Diptera, and Lucas described the Arachnida. The work took 20 years to complete and was published in fascicles, from 1842 to 1856. It resulted in 13 volumes in folio, with many hand-coloured plates. Sagra remained afterwards in Europe, became General-Consul of Uruguay, and died in June 1871 in Cortaillod, Ncuchatel, Switzerland (Aguayo, 1950; Urban, 1903). Sagra did not include in his work materials collected by Cuban naturalists, due to his attitude towards the natives. One of the important collections which he thus overlooked was that assembled by Poey. the Botanical plants of Felipe Poey y Aloy was born in Havana, Cuba, in 26 May 1798, and died on 28 January 1891. Before studying natural sciences he studied law in Havana. Going to France, he studied who placed under his care the collection of Cuban In France he was elected fellow of the Entomological Society. His first works dealt with entomology, especially with Lcpidoptera, on which he published two parts of his projected "Centuria de Lepidopteros de Cuba" (1847). under Cuvier, fishes of the In the museum. middle of the 1 9th century he started to edit his "Memorias sobrc la Historia Natural de la Isia de Cuba", a work Later in two volumes, published in fascicles from 1851 to 1S61. he also edited, in two volumes published in fascicles, his "Repertorio Fisico Natural de la Isla de Cuba" (1865-1866), with ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTORS IN MEXICO AND CUBA 181 the cooperation of Gundlach, Arango. Presas, Jimenez, Aguilera and other Cuban He naturalists. many papers on mollusks and fishes. Of hundred species from Cuba. On 24 October 1842 he \vas appointed professor of zoology and comparative anatomy; in 1863 was put in charge of the chairs of -oology, botany, mineralogy and geology, and after the reform of 1871, of the chairs From of zoology and mineralogy only. 1880 to 1881 he taught vertebrate zoogeography, and invertebrate zoology. In 1S73 he was appointed dean of the "Facultad de Filosofia, Ciencias Letras". also published fhe latter, he described over a y He lach. '^'ere sent several Cuban and other naturalists, studied by Bigot. collections, gathered to the Museum by him, Gundwhere they of Paris, Juan Cristobal Gundlach, one of the greatest collaborators of Poey. was born on 17 July 1810. in Marburg, Electorate of Hesse-Nassau, Germany. There he remained until he was 28 years old. Although he lost his father at an early age, his mother did not neglect his education, and he graduated from the University of Marburg, as "Magister Artium Liberahum" in 1837, and "Doctor Philosophiae" in 1838, specializing in zoology. Afterwards he moved to Frankfurt am Main, to further pursue and there conceived the idea of travelling to a tropical his studies, country. Leaving Hamburg on 3 November 1838, he landed in Havana (NF-17. 23-82), Cuba, on 5 January 1839. He was accompanied by the malacologist and medical doctor Luiz Pfeiffer, and by the The three naturalistas established Eduard Otto. "San Antonio. Fundador de estate, coffee on a Canimar", 9 km from the city of Matanzas (NF-17, 23-82b), as guests of Carlos Booth y Tinto, a wealthy Cuban gentleman. botanist themselves Cuba only two months, returning to his on to Caracas, after first visiting went Otto March; 'he United States. Gundlach remained exploring the coffee plantation, making frequent e.\cursions to Punta de Maza (?), n the Bay of Matanzas (NF-17, 23-82b). In 1842 he moved to the "finca" San Juan, near the city of Cardenas (NF-17, 23-Sla). Jn 1846 he spent several weeks in Cayo Piedras (NF-17, 22-81c). Pfeiffer remained in country in In the second half of 1 849 he met Father Ramon de La Paz Worejon, an enthusiast of natural history, and from him received a letter of recommendation to some relatives who lived in several places near Cienaga de Zapata (NF-17, 22-8 la). In September 182 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY visited "Hato Zarabanda", situated in the central part Cuban peneplain next to the Cienaga de Zapata, where Gundlach of the he gathered in a short time a considerable amount of natural history specimens. In the summer of 1850 he visited Caibarien In 1852 he decided to visit the city of (NF-17. 23-79c). Havana (NF-17. 23-82a), to meet personally Felipe Poey. with whom he had maintained In the next year, a scientific correspondence since 1841. commissioned by Nicolas J. Gutierrez, president of the Academy of Sciences, and by Poey. he moved to the Isla de Pinos (NF-17, 22-83d). e.xploring the Sierra Columpo (NF-17, 22-83d). Sierra de Caballos (NF-17. 22-83d). Sierra de las Casas (NF-17. 22- 83d), especially for mollusks. He collected more than 60 species of birds, dozens of reptiles and a great number of insects. In 1855. invited by the botanist Francisco Adolfo Sauvalle. he visited the "finca" Las Playitas. near Bahia Honda (NF-17, 23- 83a). in the Partido of Las Pozas. Gundlach passed through Pan de Guajaibon (?). Arroyo Canillas (?). Rancho Lucas, arriving in Hato Rangel (?), where the botanist Jose Blain was waiting for him. Blain lived in a rustic house in his "finca" El Retiro. near Santa Cruz de los Pinos (NF-17. 23-83c). at the foot of Monte Range!, on the margins of the R. Taco-Taco (NF-17. 23-83c). Gundlach returned to Havana and published in the Memorias of Poey an extensive report on his fruitful trip to Las Playitas. (NF-17. 22-83a) and then in the middle of 1856 started on a more important excursion, to the oriental regions of Cuba. Starting his trip in Cienfuegos (NF-17. 22-80a). and following the southern coast, he reached Trinidad (NF-17. 22-80d) on 12 September, presenting himself to Justo German Cantero. "gentil hombre de camara de S. M. y alferez real", who received Gundlach as guest in his sugar-estate "Magua". whence Gundlach went to visit the sugar-estates of Buenavista and Guinia de Soto; then, going to Quemado (NF-17. 22-SOd). he visited the farms San Juan de Latran and Hato Naranjo. He afterwards explored the "lomas de Banao" (NF-17. 22-80d). where he stayed for 8 days, returning to Trinidad to ascend the mountain El Vigia. Manzanillo (NF-18. 20-77a). arriving at the end of February 1857. and from there to Santa Cruz (?) and Punta del Ingles (NF-18. 20-78d). returning in Travelling on horseback, he next visited April to Manzanillo. From there he went on a side trip (NF-18. 20-77b). Bayamo. to Guisa, a small village, and in October went to Cayamas. on From Trinidad he went to ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTORS IN MEXICO AND CUBA 183 ^he Rio Cauto (NF-18. 21 -76c), which he travelled down by °at to Its mouth, and by sea went again to Manzanillo, after ^'Siting Cabo Cruz once more. After a month he embarked to ^antiago de Cuba (NE-18. 20-76b), visited the coffee plantation •^santa Maria, near Enramada (now San Luis; NF-18 20-76b) and Gran Piedra (NE-18. NF-18. 20-76d) in the Sierra Maestra.' ^""^ ^858, he reached Caimanera (NE-18, NF-18. 2r, U-75d), where he stayed for 7 weeks with Teodoro Brooks and ^nnque Lescaille. employees of the railroads of Guantanamo. In eptember of the same year Lescaille resigned from the railroad aaministration to take better care of his coffee plantation Ermi^ano, in Yateras (NE-18. NF-18. 20-75b). and took Gundlach The naturalist visited several coffee estates and "fincas in the vicinity, and went on to Monte Libano, and Monte Monte Rus), returning to Guantanamo (NF-18, 7° 2n -'Da) by way of Santa Fe (?), and then proceeding to Santiago Cuba (NE-18. NF-18. 20-76b). with a stop in Caimanera (NE-18. NF-IS, 20-75d). May 1859 he reached Baracoa (NF-18. 20-74a). visiting de Mata (NF-18. 20-74a) and the El Yunque coffeePJantation. By sea he went to Gibara (NF-IS, 21-76a), collecting 'n the neghborhood. and continued through Nucvitas (NF-18, |^-77c). arriving in Havana (NF-17, 23-82a) on 15 August ^9 after an absence of more than 3 years, In in • 't 1867. by decision of the Cuban government, Gundlach ^'?^P°'"'2d all his collections to Paris, where they were e.xhibited the "E.xposition Universelle". At the request of Leopold Krug. the German vice-consul in ll^ayaguez, Gundlach visited Puerto Rico in 1873. remaining ^re collecting for approximately 6 months. In 1875 he undertook a second voyage to Puerto Rico, where he spent one year. The data obtained on his two voyages were Pubhshed as "Apuntes para la fauna Puerto-riquefia", in the Anales de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural, from 1878 fo 1893. In the years 1884 . and 1888 Gundlach spent most of Cuba, in the company of his old ^n the oriental region of his time friends. " 890 he decided to sell his collection to the Institute de Historia ^"^atural de Havana, and on 7 December 1892, the sale was made. at Attacked by bronchopneumonia, he died on 15 March 1896 89 years of aqc (Aquayo 1950; Castellano Rodiles, I960; ' '^estre. 1915). ^ ^ ^ 184 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON References Aguayo, C. G. Bosquejo historico de la roologia cubana. 3-31. "Felipe Poey", Havana / (I) 1950. Bo!. Nat. Soc. Hist. : Anonymous 1893. [Eugene Duges. biographical note]. 1896. [Augustc Salle, (Proc). 1S96 biographical : Zool. Anz. IS Trans. note]. Ent. 260. : Soc. London xcui-xciv. Boucard. A. 1867. Catalogue des collections d'histoire naturelle recoltees au Mexique par M. A. Boucard, 16 pp. Typ. Obcrthur et fils, Rennes. 187?. Liste de coleoptercs en ventc chcz A. Boucard, 27 Obcrthur ct fils, Rennes. 1878a. -}- ' PP- Typ- Notice sur tcs objets exposes par la Republique dc Guatemala par Adolphe Boucard a VExposition Univcrsellc de Paris, 32 pp. ct On 1878b. birds 1S78 189^. : collected Gista Rica. in Zool. Soc. Proc. London 37. of a Travels and history A naturalist. customs of record Americans descriptions of animals, chiefly made in o{ adventures, discoveries, and Indians, habits and North America. California. Mexico, Central America. Columbia. Chili, etc., during the last forty two years, viu + II 204 pp. Pardy & Son. Printers. Bournemouth. London. (Not seen. Library of Congress card E27.B75). + Carriker, 1910. M. A.. An Jr. annotated Castellano Rodiles, 1960. list of the birds Ann. Carnegie Mas. 6 Islands. 3H-970. : Rica including 1 map. Cubana Hist. Cocos L Juan Cristobal Gundlach. Poey" of Costa 1 : 1-11, Publ. Soc. Nat. "Felipe illus. Martin del Campo. R. 1937. Alfredo Augusto DeUescautz Inst. Biol.. Mexico 8 : Dug*s. 137-455. 3 Ensayo figs. biografico. An. ENTOMOLOGICAL COLLECTORS Mcstre, Homenajc a Hist. Nat. F. 1945. 15 Poey. : — Mem. Datos biograficos. Soc. Cubans W. Historical sketch, plant sciences in (Letter (2) pp. 35-48, in F. Verdoorn, ed., Plants and 381 pp. Chronica Latin America. XXXVll + Massachusetts. 4 about his : travels in Yucatan]. Bull. Soc. Ent. France xcvi-xcvii. A. 1852. L. Pilate, (Bull.) Urban, 85 L. 1S46. Salle, 1 3-8, portrait. Botanica Co., Walthara, Pilate, MEXICO AND CUBA A. 1915. Penncll, IN : biographical note. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (2) JO L. I. 1903. Notae corum, (= biographicae in his Leipzig). peregrinatorum Indiae Symbolae Antillanae 3 (1) occidentalis : 14-158. botaniLipsiae Chapter X The French Dipterists Guerin-MenevilJe Feiix fidouard Guerin-Meneville was born in Toulon, France, There he made his first studies. His int natural sciences began early in life, due to the influence of D^^' "mont d'Urv-ille and Lefebure de Cerisy. Leaving his native ''^ "^^'ent to Amiens, where he remained for a short period, finally moved to Paris, where he lived permanently. He ^ °"^ of the most prolific writers in entomology, and studied th^^ .1"^^'-^^ collected by Lesson and Duperrey during the cruise of^ La Coquille' (1831. ^ 1838), and several other collections to the Paris Museum by other e.xpeditions. He also published an "Iconographie du Regne Animal" (1S29-I844). He 'n Paris on 26 January 1874 (Anon., 1874). l^^^fober 1799. Olivier Guill ^"illaume Antoine Olivier was born at Arcs, near Frejus, January 1756. and died at Lyons in 11 August ISH^^'h" studied medicine at Montpellier and meanwhile became pj. int natural history, chiefly because of his acquaintance "itl[^^r'^ *«e naturalist Pierre Marie Auguste Broussonnet (1761- 188 ESSAYS OX THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Upon completing his medical course he returned to his Finding medicine unattractive and unprofitable he found employment, through the aid of Broussonnet, in making a statistical and economic study of the natural products in the vicinity of Paris; the work was done in such a thorough and commendable manner that he was engaged by Gigot d'Orcy, a wealthy amateur entomologist, to collect insects in Holland, England, and other countries. This opportunity enabled him to procure material for his "Encyclopedie ^Tethodique". and his great work on Coleoptera. One of the parties which held temporary authority during the French Revolution decided that a mission should be sent to establish commercial relations with Persia, and Olivier and Bruguiere (a merchant of Nimcs. Card, France) were commissioned 1807). native place. accompany it in the capacity of naturalists. Olivier was engaged on this expedition for si.\ years, during which he suffered much inconvenience in consequence of the fall from power of to the minister, Roland, the projector of the mission, his successors considering of no importance to trade with Persia. He returned to France in December 1798, bringing with him large natural made in European and Asiatic Turkey, Asia Minor, Persia, Egypt, and various eastern Mediterranean islands. Having enough money to live on he set about describing and publishing the insects and other animals thus collected. He was appointed Professor of Zoology of the Veterinary School of Alfort and became a member of the Institut de France in 26 January 1800. He became nationally known as a great entomologist and was visited by most of the contemporaries of the time, He was a patron, being especially intimate with Fabricius. protector, and provider of Latreille during the revolutionary period from 1810 to 18H. In the latter part of his life, his health, which had been very robust, failed, and he travelled through different parts of Europe to restore it; but he was found dead in his bed at Lyons on 1 October 1814. His disease proved to have been an aneurism of the aorta, the existence of which had not been suspected by his physicians (Essig. 1931: 719-721). history collections Robincau-Dcsvoidy Jean Baptistc Robineau-Desvoidy was bom January 1, 1799 Sauveur en Puisaye, a little town southwest of Auxerrc (Department of the Yonne). He studied in Auxcrre and in in St. THE FRENCH DIPTERISTS 189 Paris, obtained his doctorate in 1822. and since then spent his in his native place dividing his time between his medical duties and his favorite pursuits. The district in which he lived Jife ^'as unattractive, marshy and unhealthy, with poor and sickly inhabitants. Having inherited a sufficient competence ( "asse: comfortable independence") he never attempted to increase it. built a villa (which he called "Hermitage") in a cold and damp valley near St. Sauveur and there he lived in isolation. With great disinterestedness he performed the daily taks of Visiting his numerous patients ("il ne savait pas ce que c'etaient des honoraires") and in this respect his biographer renders him an ample justice ("une eclatante justice"). His health finally gave way under the deleterious influence of the climate, and after prolonged sufferings, a short time before his death he was removed to a private hospital in Paris, where he died in 1857 in his 59th year. The love and admiration he inspired to the small circle of his friends found an eloquent e-xpression in the memorial speech pronounced by Dr. Duche during the meeting of the French Scientific Association in Au.xerre in 1858. This speech is prefixed to his posthumous work: Dipteres des Environs de Paris. The publication of this posthumous work was another act of friendly devotion to his memory. Mr. Monceau-X, secretary of a scientific society in Au.xerre, an entomologist, but by no means a Dipterist, undertook the onerous and thankless task of publishing the manuscript left by Robineau. It cost him several years not only of He overcome the opposition against this publication, and to obtain the means for carrying it editorial labor, but also of negociations to out. Robineau's publications embrace not only zoology, but also geology, paleontology, local history, archeology, statistics, etc.. principally with reference to his native district. Besides, he seems to have been a good Latin and Greek scholar, and to have possessed an admirable power of expression, both in speech, and in Writing (...). His large work was printed in 1830. but he must have been occupied with it for many years, because (...) he gives 1 826 as the date of the presentation of the manuscript to the Academy of Sciences. Between 1830 and his death he was incessantly at ^'ork on preparing his Dipteres des Environs de Paris (...). The impossible task he had undertaken, to base the classifi- imagos on the mode of life of the larvae, was His rupture with Macquart became a public one after the publication of the 2nd volume of Macquart s Histoire cation of the doomed to failure. Naturelle des Dipteres (1835). Macquart in his work absolutely ESSAYS OX 190 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY name appears only in the list of abbreviaand is also connected with some of the new species published by Robineau (...). Robineau criticized Macquart. and called his volume a mere compilation (...). Robineau seems finally to have become a bete noire among the official scientists of Paris" ignores Robineau; his tions (Osten Sacken, 1893: 383). In his "Essai sur les Diptercs" (1830) Robineau-Dcsvoidy many exotic Diptera. based on the collections gathered Poey in Cuba. Paiisot dc Beauvois in "Saint-Domingue", described by Hodgard in Haiti, Leschenault de la Tour and Doumerc in the Guianas, Humboldt in Peru and the largest of all. the one gathered by Saint-Hilaire and Delalande in Brazil. Robineau-Desvoidy mentions in regard to the latter "Rio Grande" (voyage of Saint Hilaire to the eastern part of Rio Grande do Sul). "Missions" (Rio Grande do Sul. western part), "Guaratuba" (a city in the coast of the State of Parana), "capitainerie des mines" (Saint Hilaire's first voyage to Minas Gerais). and "Centre du Bresil" (Saint Hilaire's second voyage to Minas Gerais and voyage to Goias), as the locality of most of his new species of Diptera. Very probably, due to his incompatibility with Macquart. many of the latter's species are synonyms of Robineau-Desvoidy's, since both studied the same collections in Paris. Macquart Marie Macquart was born in HazebroucJc. 45 (Nord). France, in 1776. In his parental home there was a garden where Macquart first became interested in natural sciences. His older brother, a fellow of the "Societe des Sciences dc Lille", was an ornithologist, and assembled a sizable Pierre Justin km west of Lille collection which, after his death. ser\ed as the starting point for Museum. A second brother was interested in botany, a botanical garden with over 3,000 species. Macquart also became interested in natural history, choosing entomology as his field. His first paper, published by the LilJc Scientific Society, dealt with Psyllids. the Lille and built At he had to leave his native place to join Rhine. He went to Mannheim, entering the Corps of Engineers. During his leaves he was able to e.xpIore the banks of the Rhine, so rich in natural productions. He ser\cd the commander of the Army of the Rhine, General Annand the the age of 21 Army of the Samuel, Marquis of Marescot, in the quality of secretary and With the Army he visited Schwetringen. Heidelberg, draftsman. THE FRENCH DIPTERISTS 191 and Mainz, passing to Switzerland, to Arau and nearby places. Afterwards the general staff moved on to Zurich, returning to •Arau and Basel. While Macquart stayed at Basel he received the sad news of his mother's death. He returned to Lille, after an absence of IS months (1797-1798). From Germany and Switzerbooks, a herbarium, insects and the military campaign through land he brought home German birds. Once established again in Lille he dedicated himself entirely and during the winters studied in the public to natural histor)'. hbrar>' of Lille. On 27 nivose, "an XI (1802) he was elected fellow of the Societe des Sciences, de L'Agriculture et des Arts " de Lille. Macquart also travelled frequently to several regions of Fran- ce, especially to Paris, tures of Latreille. tions gathered by After a where he followed The the entomological lec- great entomologist identified the collec- Macquart and encouraged him in his career. Holland, Macquart's "wandering hfe became settled by a happy marriage, followed by a happy and numerous paternity" (Macquart, lS50a). Following his marriage, he moved from Hazebrouck to Lestrem, living in a house made of two towers, remains of a castle from the XIV century, in the middle of a beautiful village, trip to near the banks of the Lawe. a tributary of the Lys. Eventually he became the mayor of Lestrem, and a member of the "Conseil general du Pas de Calais". He started then his studies of Diptera. made easier by Meigen's publications. With the help of the works of the great Waster he started the study of the French Diptera, which resulted '"n his "Dipteres du nord de la France" (1828-1833). This work opened to him the important collections and libraries of the time: Blainville, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Ferussac, Lepelletier de SaintFargeau, Audinet Serville, Audouin, Carcel, Al. Lefebvre, Brulle, Castelnau, Winthem, etc. of this work, Latreille thought °f editing a special work on insects, in collaboration with several entomologists, and invited Macquart to take care of the Diptera. This project, whose execution was delayed by the death of the Soon editor, after the publication was afterwards started again, under the editorship of N. name changed to "Collection des Suites a Buf- E- Roret, and the (on. oeuvres de cet auteur un cours complet (82 volumes, II atlases). Macquart worked ^ery hard, preparing the "Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Dipte- d formant avec histoire naturelle" les THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 192 ESSAYS ON res'", studying the collections in the Paris Museum and several the two volumes were published (1834- Once private collections. 1835), he received a number of collections of exotic flies and all the leading entomologists of his time. established relations with and Belgium. where he saw the collecdone by the great diptcrist, and In the meantime, he travelled throughout France In 1839 he visited tions, Meigen 3.000 drawings of in Stolbcrg. flies which contained exclusively his own writings. As Meigen was in straitened conditions, Macquart offered to Mcigen's buy library, his collections. rities of the Paris After obtaining permission from the autho- Museum, Macquart acquired the famous and valuable collection. Returning to the Museum of Paris, and having at his disposal the great collections brought home by French expeditions and collecting naturalists in almost every corner of the globe, Macquart undertook the description of the new species in the Museum, since these had not been examined by Wiedemann while working on exotic flies, and only a few had been dealt with before in the works of Guerin-Meneville, Olivier. RobincauDesvoidy. and Macquart's own "Histoire Naturelle". In this great series, published from 1838 to 1855, in two tomes and five supplements, he described some 1,800 species. In the first volume of his "Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus" (1838 15) he gives : a list of the collections studied: "In France, the exotic Diptera brought back during the last few years, and not seen by Wiedemann, are due in large part to the searching of our travellers, whose love of natural sciences has impelled them to gather in these specimens for their fatherland: Gay and Fontaine Sylveira, Gaudichaud-Beauprc, Wauthier in Chile and Peru (=Vauthier) in Brazil Lcprieur, Leschenault de la Tour, Lebas in Colombia Richard. Lacordaire, and Banon Plee Doumerc, and Mme. Rivoire Guiana. in in De La Hogard the Antilles Cuba Santo Domingo Sagra. Poey in in Beaupcrtuis in Guadeloupe." in Cayenne THE FRENCH DIPTERISTS 193 Macquart also studied the private collections of Castelnau, and those of Guerin-Meneville. and Olivier, which included the flies gathered by the several French Expeditions of the ships L Ouranie. La Physicienne, La Coquille, etc. As fast as new collections arrived from the explorations of several travelling natu- such as Durvilie. Goudot, Pilate. Salle. d'Orbigny, ClausGhiesbreght. Saint-Hilaire. and others, Macquart published new supplements to his work. In 1845 he visited Switzerland again, calling on Perty in Berne, and thence passed to Germany. Returning to France, he put his newly acquired entomological collections in order, and ralists, sen, returned to his work of classifying the exotic flies. In 1850 he wrote a book on the "Facultes interieures des animaux invertebres", in whose introduction he published an autobiography of 82 pages. Macquart was elected fellow of the entomological and scien- Linnean, Normandy, Bordeaux, Turin, Lyon. Zurich, Malta, Stettin, and others. He died in 1855, the year of publication of the 5th supplement of his "Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus." tific societies of France. Blanchard Charles fimile Blanchard, to whom was given _the Diptera section of Gay's "Historia fisica y politica de Chile", was born of natural in Paris in 6 March 1 81 9. His father was a painter the Paris entered Blanchard history objects. When years old, the After Audouin. of Museum, in the entomological laboratory H death of Audouin, Blanchard had Milne-Edwards as superior. As Blanchard had no academic title, he was a temporary employee, charged only wilh material tasks. However, he was able to learn Latin. English, German, drawing, painting, and to acquire some knowledge of natural history. In 1838 he was aPPomted preParateur". and promoted to "aide-naturaliste in 1841 In J to Milne-Edwards and Quatrefages went to the coasts of bic.ly member a appointed investigate the marine fauna. Blanchard was of the expedition, which gave him some importance in the scienthe French Academy of tific world. In 1862 he was elected to Museum. administratif" of the Paris Sciences, and "professeur After his 40th year of life he gradually became blind, and had a noticeable influence upon his ^^ork. He died on February 1900 at 81 years of age (Gaudry, 1900). this 11 194 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Coquerel Charles Coquerel, who described the myasis-producing Cochliomyia hominlvorax, was born in Amsterdam. Holland, on 2 December 1822. the son of Athanase Coquerel. a protestant preacher. He studied medicine and was also interested in entomology, being made a member of the French Entomological SoIn 1845 he entered the French royal navy as ciety in 1843. "chirurgien de 3"^ classe". and took part in a Mediterranean campaign aboard the "Diademe". In 1846 he visited Bourbon (Mauritius), Madagascar. Ceylon. Pondichery (in India), aboard the ships "Belle-PouUe" and "Prudente". In Madagascar especially he made some remarkable entomological discoveries. Returning to France in 1847, he participated in the February re\olution. Afterwards, he embarked in Toulon for La Martinique, in the West Indies, where he stayed collecting insects, and returned to France only in 1849, aboard the "Proserpin". which Going then to Paris he obtained his left him in Brest in March. title of "Doctor Medicinae". Going again to Toulon, he embarked once more as surgeon on the ship "Minerve". In 1850 he obtained the grade of "chirurgien de 2me. classe". and sailed aboard the "Provenqal" to the Reunion Islands, where he collected a great quantity of insects. In 1852 he went again to Madagascar, there remaining for one year. After another short stay in the Reunion Islands, returned to France, arriving at Bordeau.x on 18 September 1854. For a while he worked in the hospital of Toulon, but after that, had to embark on the "Montezuma" to take part in the Crimean War (25 February 1855). As Count Dejean had done previously. Coquerel collected in- sects in the battlefield. He returned to France in April 1856 with a group of soldiers Following that, he was appointed to a hospital in Mcrs-el-Kebir. in Algeria, and there remained until May 1858. when he returned to Paris. At this time he published his paper on the Calliphoridae found in the frontal sinuses of men in Cayenne (1858a. 1858b. 1859b. 1859c). War then broke out in Italy. Coquerel embarked again on 23 June 1859. and took part in several campaigns. On 10 May 1860. he was promoted to "chirurgien 1' classe". and while visisick with typhus. ting the coasts of Syria had a violent attack of disentery, which forced him to return to France, where he remained for 6 months. After his convalescence, he visited the island Saint-Denis, ex- THE FRENCH DIPTERISTS 195 plonng it for three and a half years. After that he returned to rrance for the last time, in May 1866. very frail in health. He Jeft the country to go to the Reunion Islands, where he died 1S67 (Fairmaire, 1868). in Laboulb ene Joseph Ale.xandre Laboulbenc, born in Agen on 25 August is of interest to us only for his papers on Dermatobia and ^ochliomyia (I860. 1861. 1868. 1883, 1889). He had no inclina- S25 f'on to the trade of merchant, followed by his father, and leaving native town in September 1845. went to Paris, with Leon L'ufour and his two sons, in whose company he intended to study his "ledicine. He studied in several hospitals in Paris, and obtained his "Doctor Medicinae" in 8 March 1854. He followed a ^edical career, becoming professor of History of Medicine and urgery in 1879. He published several papers on entomology, but niore especially on parasitic Cuterebridae and Calliphoridae. He "cd in Saint-Denis d'Anjou (Mayenne). on 7 December 1898, 3t the end of a painful paralysis (Fairmaire, 1906; Blanchard, f'He of Bigot Information about Jacques Marie Frangille Bigot and his colis ver>' meager. He was born in 1818, in 1S44 was elected ellowof the "Societe Entomologique de France", and seems to have possessed one of the best collections of Diptera ever gathered. As parich (1905 ii) points out, "Bigot's main work (...) is in the orm of a long series of articles in the Annales Soc. ent. France ) interspersed chronologically with fragments in the Bulletin of same society. Owing to Bigot's peculiar, complicated and inconS'stent system of numbering his contributions, it has been almost "^possible for me to find them all, but I believe I have succeeded. *•••). Sometimes his Roman numerals stop and remain the same 'ections : ' • • • or several papers, then again the numbering in "parts" becomes /ationary while the other qocs on. and in two cases two papers ''^^e both the same." O'got published two large scries, the "Essai d une classificaJ. and ?^nerale et synoptique de I'ordre des Insectes Dipteres tj°" ^ Dipteres nouvcau.\ ou peu connus". He also studied the ", ESSAYS ON 196 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY Cuba (1857a) and Cap Horn (1888). Diptera collected by Sagra in the Mission Scientifique du by He which 1852, and started publishing in interests us is those collected the last of his papers dated 1889. Osten Sacken was particularly resentful of Bigot's descripwork. As Alexander (1969 13) says: "On a visit to Paris he (Osten Sacken) called on the latter (Bigot) and personally informed him that while he (Bigot) was doing a useful work in forming a large collection, particularly of the exotic species. "... he should renounce descriptive work, for which he was not competent. I expressed my opinion in the strongest terms, con'If all your publications could be cluding with the words: suppressed it would be a gain for science ". tive : Bigot's large and valuable collection of Diptera (which included some of Macquart's types) was later acquired by G. H. Verrall. and is now deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). References Aldrich, J. M. A 1905. catalogue of North American Diptera. = 46 (2 Alexander, C. publ. H-i-J) : Smithson. Misc. Coll. 1-680. P. Baron Osten Sacken and his influence on American dipfcrology. Ann. Rev. Ent. 14 : 1-18. portrait. 1%9. Anonymous (Gu^rin-Mcneville, biographical 4 5-8. xrv-xvL 187-!. (5) Bigot. J. M. 1854. Essai d'unc classification Essai d'unc III'. g^n^rale et synoptiquc dc I'ordre Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3) 2 g^n^rale tt synoptiquc de IV'. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3) 4 : : des 4-!7--»82. I'ordre classification Insectes Diptires. 1857a. Ann. Sbc. Ent. France F. Insectes Diptires. 1856. note). : des 51-91. Dipteros. pp. 328-349. pi. 20 of insects and crustaceans, bound voL 8, in R. de La Sagra, Historia fisica. politica y nattaal dc la I si a de Cuba 7 371 pp. Paris, "1856". (This portion on in : was also published as pp. 738-829 of the French edition, in Paris. 829 pp.. 1857. The Frendi and Spanish editions were Diptera THE FRENCH DIPTERISTS 197 said to have been issued simultaneously, the from the former). 1857b. Dipteres nouveaux provenant du 5 (3 ) ^^57c. : latter a translation Ann. Soc. Ent. France Chili. 42-72. Essai d'une classification generale et .synoptique de I'ordre des V^. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3) 5 : 517-564. Insectes Dipteres. 1858. Essai d une classification generale et synoptique de I'ordre des Insectes Dipteres. VI« Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3) 6 569-595. : 1859a. Diptcrorum aliquot nova genera. 305-315. 1859b. Essai Rev. Mag. Zool. : II. pi. d'une classification generale et synoptique de I'ordre des 'VII=. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3) 7 201-231. Insectes Dipteres. 1875. 11 (2) : V 4^ partie, Asilidcs exoEspeces exotiques nouvelles des Volucella (auctorum); 5<: partie, Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. tiques nouveaux; 5"= partie, VI : : genres Sphixea (Rondani) et VII Especes nouvelles du genre Cyphomyia. France (5) 5 237-248; 469-482; 483-488. Ann. Soc. Ent. : : 1876a. Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 6= partie. VIII Phasidcs (Phasidae, mihi). G^'^ Tricliopoda (Macq.) 389-400. (Rond.). Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) 6 Curie des : et Bogosia : 1876b. (Diagnose d'un nouveau genre de Dipteres LXVl. Soc. Ent. France (5) 6 (Bull.) : Paranthrax). Ann. : 1876c. (Diagnoses de quatrc Dipteres cxotiques nouveaux Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) 6 Emphysomcra) et Ommatius : (BuW.) . : L.\XXV-L.\X.V\X 1877a. Genre SomoDipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 7^ partie, IX myia (Rondani) Lucilia (Rob-Desv.) CaUiphora, Phormia. Genre Somomya (Rondani) Chrysomyia (id.); 8' partie, X Calliphora. Melinda. Mufctia. Lucilia. Chrysomyia (alias Micro: : chrysa Rond.) Robineau-Desvoidy. 7 : 35-48; 243-259. '877b. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) Genus novum, Ortalidarum (Macq., Schin. et auctor.) vel Tanipczidarum (Rond.) vel Trypetidarum (J. Bigot). Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) 7 (Bull.) xwi-xxvii. Genus partie, XII 9<^ Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. : '878. : Phumosia. Pyrcllia. Cosmina. Ochromyia et Curtonevra; 9« partie. XIII Genres Ocyptera (Latr.), Ocyptcrula. E.xogastcr (Rond.): Tribu des 9« partie. XIV Notes et melanges; I0« partie, Ann. Soc. Ent. Asilidi curies des Laphridae et Dasypogonidac. : XV : France (5) S '*'9a. : 40-47; 48: 213-240; 401-446. Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. Xylophagidarura France (5) 9 : '8~9b. 31-40; Note. et : Stratiomydarum Curiae 11= partie. XVI Ann. Soc. Ent. (Bigot). : 183-234. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) 9 (BuU.) : l-li. (Diagnoses de trois genres nouveaux de Dipteres). Ent. France (5) 9 (BuU.) : J.x-vii-LXVia. Ann. Soc. 198 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 1880a. Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 12^ partie, XVIII Genres Plagiocera (Macq.), Fomiosia (Guerin) et Riitilia (Rob.-Desv.). Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) 10 S5-89. 1880b. Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. (mihi). Genre Eristalis (Fabr.). 10 213-230. : : XXI 14« partie, — Syrphidi : Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) : 1880c. dun genre nouveau et Weideman [sic]). Ann. (Description d'Acanthomeridae 10 (Bull.) v-vi. : (Diagnoses de 1880d. Ent. France 1880e. genres nouveaux dc Dipteres). 10 (Bull.) XLM-.XL\in. : dun nouveau Psecacera) : Ann. Soc. trois (5) (Diagnose Tachinidi de nouvelles cspeces Soc. Ent. France (5) . genre de Dipteres de tribu dcs 10 (Bull.) la Ann. Soc. Ent. France (5) : Litl. 1881. 16^ partie. XXIII Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. Xenestrinidorum. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) 1 13-21. Tribus : : 1882a. Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 18e partie. XXVIII : Acanthoraeridae (Wiedemann, Dipt. cxot. ). Ann. Soc. Ent. France 453-460. (6) ; (18«1) : 1882b. 1882c. Diptdrcs nouveaux ou peu connus. 19« partie. XXX. Ctenostylum. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) 2 : 21-22. (Descriptions de quatre genres nouveaux de la (Syrphidae, auctorum), ainsi qu« celles nouvelles especes). Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) 2 LX\TJ-UCMn. des tribu Syrphides 1882d. Genre deux de (Bull.) : (Description de deux nouvelles esp^ccs de Dipteres propres a Califomie. dont I'une est le type dun genre nouveau). Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) 2 (Bull.) xci-xcii. la : l&82e. (Diagnoses 2« partie; (Bull.) 1883a. : de genres et espices inedits dc 3« partie). Ann. Soc. Ent. cxiv-cxv; cxx-cxxi; cxxviii-cxxix. partie; I" Syrphides. France (6) 2 Diptdrcs nouveaux ou peu connus. 20« partie, XXXI Genres Volucella (Geoffr., Hist, des Insoctcs, 1764) et Phalachromyia (Rondani, Esame d. var. spec, (dinsetti Ditteri Brasiliani. Torino. 1848): 21'- partie. XXXII Syrphidi (I« partie): 22' partie, XXXII Syrphidi il' partie). Especes nouvelles, n* I; 23' partie, XXXII Syrphidi (2« partie). Especes nouvelles. : : : : Ann. Soc. n* II. F.nt. France (6) 5 : 61-88: 221-258; 315-356: 535-560. 1883b. ( [>escripCion Syrphides). 1883c. 1884a. d'un nouveau genre de Diptires de Ann. Soc. Ent. Prance (6) 3 (Bull.) la : tribu des xx-XXL (Diagnose d'un nouveau genre et d'unc nouvelle espice de Diptdre5 de la tribu des Antomyzides (sicl). Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) 3 (Bull.) : XXX. Dipteres nouveaux phidi (2* partie). France (6) 4 : ou peu connus. 4* Especes nouvelles, n' 73-116. partie. III. XXXII : Syr- Ann. Soc. Ent. THE FRENCH 199 DIPTERISTS (Diagnoses d'un genre et dune especc dc Dipteres). cvm-ci.X. J (Bull.) Ent. France "(I8S3) (6) 1884b. Soc. Ann. : 1884c. (Description dun nouveau genre et Dipteres de la familie dcs Ortalidae). -XXIX. (Bull.) (6) 4 dune 1884d. (Description dun nouveau genre et Dipteres de la familie des Dexidae). xxxvil. (6) 4 (Bull.) dune nouvelle espece de Ann. Soc. Ent. France : nouvelle especc de Ann. Soc. Ent. France : 1885a. Dipteres nouveaux ou Anthomy:ides nouvelles. 4 1885b. : 25e partie, XXXIII peu connus. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (1884) (6) : 263-304. des peu Anomalocerati XXXV 27^ partie, connus. (Coriacea. Pupipara. deux genres nouveaux de des Ddxiaires). Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) 5 (Diagnoses dc 1885c. 5 (6) : Nyc- (mihi) Ann. Soc. Ent. France auctor). tcribidae. ou nouveaux Diptdrcs Familie 22D-246. : du groupe Dipteres (Bull.) : xxv-xxvi. nouveaux dc Dipteres appartcI885d. (Les diagnoses de deux genres Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) Ortalidae). nant a la familie des 5 (Bull.) : CL.XV-CLXVI. Kr. 29e partie, XXXVII Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. groupe des Tanypeiidi du synoptique classification Essai dune ^especes inedits; 2e (suite). (mihi) et description dc genres et 369-392. 287-302; : 6 France (6) Ann. Soc. Ent. es^ce de lordre ^."nc et 1886b. (Diagnoses nouvelles dun genre an-a^. France (6) 6 (Bull.) Ent. Soc. Ann. des Ehpteres). : 1886a. . 1887a. 31^ partie. XXXIX Des- Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. Stratiomyd. et de Conops d criptions de nouvelles especes de de Myopd,. Descriptions de nonvfes es^'" 32^ partie. XL 203-208. 20-46: Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6 ) 7 : : : de quelques especes "ouvelles 7 (Bull.) : cxxxix-cxLii. 1887b. mJc. 18Ma. 1888b. Dipteres). Ann. (Diagnoses de Soc. Ent. France (6) (Diagnoses =br.g.es de de lAmerique du Nord). CLxxx-cucxxn. '^^gJ^^^^r:^'/lZ:r: Ann. ooc. i:.m. M. /n Min.te- la pp. 1-45. pis. Mission Scient^iqiie Publique. rinstniction Pans, 1882-1863. 6 (Zoologie). 2-' Parfe. Dipteres. m M-me e^Je 1891 p • 33' Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. Pf;fespeces. ^^^^ '^Tn^Soc. Diagnoses dc nouvelles 34' partie. XLII 77-101: 253-2/0. Ent. France (6) 8 • : : (Note, critique, sur les Diptfres). '888c. 8 '888d. (Bull.) : Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) XXIV. Ent. Dolichopcdi). Ann. Soc. ,Du.gnoses dVsp^ces nouvelles de .xxix-xxx. France (6) S (BuU.) : 200 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON Empidi; Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 34"^ partie, XLII Cyrtidi; 35' partie. XLIV Therevidi. Ann. partie. XLIII 1889a. : 35<^ : : Soc. Ent. France (6) 9 313-320: 111-13-}; : 321-328. (Novum genus Dipterorum ex Trypetidis, genus Chetostomae (Rondani) sat vicinum). Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) 9 (Bull.) 1889b. : XXL\-XXX. Ann. (Change of generic name). 1889c. (Bull.) France Ent. Soc. (6) 9 xcin. : (Note on relationships of Arcbilestes and synonymy; change of Ann. Soc. Ent. France (6) 9 (Bull.) CLXXXin. 1889d. generic name). : Dipteres nouveaux ou peu connus. 1890a. Essai podi. 10 (6) dune classification 1892a. Wicn. Descriptions de Dpteres nouveaux. France 5 Nova 1892c. 1892d. : Ztg. 9 ent. Tabanidi. 96. : XLVI partie. : : 321-376. Mem. Soc. Zool. 602-691. Wien. genera dipterorum. Description ent. Ztg. 11 161-162. : d'une especc nouveilc d» Diptere parasite dc Costa The Hummingbird 2 Rica. Dolicho- : Ann. Soc. Ent. France 37^ nouveaux ou peu connus. (mihi). Ann. Soc. Ent. France 61 Dipteres Bombylidi 1892b. XLV partie, 261-296. : (Change of generic name). 1890b. 36<^ generalc. (7) -19. : Blanchard. E. Orden 1852. lisica Blanchard, de politica 327-468, pp. Chile. Zoologia 7 C. Gay. ed., 471 pp. Paris. in : Historia R. Paris sitol.. 2 : Alexandre Laboulbenc. IV. Notices biographiqucs. 1899. Coqucrel, Dipteros. IX. g 343-355. Arch. Para- portrait. C 1858a. Notes sur les larves Dpt^rc. dcvclopp^ dans Ann. Soc. Ent. France 1858b. Des larves de dipteres rhomme i Cayenne, (5) 1859a. ;/ : k unc nouvelle rspece dc frontaux de rhomme. i Cayenne. appartenant Ics sinus (3) 6 : 171-176. pi. 4, d^eloppto dans Lacilia hominivorax. les fig. 2. dc Gin. de Mid. sinus frontaux Arch. 513. Note sur une larvc d'Orstride extraitc du bras d'un 356-364. Cayenne. Rev. tt Mag. Zool. (2) // bomme ^ : 1859b. Sur un nouvrau cas de mort produit par Arch. Gin. Mid. (5) 13 homiruvorax. : les larves 685. de la Lacilia THE FRENCH 1859c. 1931. 201 Nouveau cas de mort produit par le Lucilia hominivorax et description de la larve de cc diptere. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3) 7 Essig, E. DIPTERISTS 233-237, : fig. 6. pi. I. O. A history of entomology, vn Millan Co., New + 1029 pp., 263 figs. The Mac- York. Fairmaire, L. 1868. 1906. France necrologique sur Charles 301-308. (4) 8 Notice necrologique Notice Ann. Coquerel. Soc. Ent. : sur Ann. Soc. Ent. France 75 le : Joseph-Alexandre Dr. Laboulbcne. 63-66. Gaudry, M. A. 1900. Bnll. Discours-necrologiquc de Blanchard. 1900 ( 2) Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 53-5-1. : Guerin-Mencvillc, F. E. 1 83 1. Pis. 20-21 (= livrs. autour da mondc ed.. Voyage 23-24, part), in L. I. Dupevrey, majeste La Coqmlle. la corvette de sa sur Zoologie. Atlas. Inscctes. 21 1835. Pis. G. Pans. Iconograph.e du 92-104 (= livrs. ?). in his Insectes), invertebres,^^f"'^ Cuvicr 2 (Planches des animaux 104 Paris. pis. Zoologie 2 1844. pis. (2). Paris. ^ip^res, Dourieme ordre. J ^p^^^^^^r Cui'icr ^(Sx^^^^^^^^ Iconographc du regnc animal de G Paris. 4>50). livrs. (= 576 pp. Insects) i : O^^^^^^T^^Z r^^c anima, de /cono^ap./e "^""^ dapces nature de Tune des especcs p^Hs. vols, ra dammau.x. \ 3 ^^j^ non encore figurccs de chaque genre .829-1844. I^boulbenc. J. »860. 1861. "868. A extraite de la 161. Rapport sur une larve doestride A Syennf. Mim. Soc. Biol. (3) 2 Description et figure Ent. France (4) / LuciUa (4) S homini^ax (Bull.) : d'une larve d : peau dun ho.n,e : oestride de Cayenne. Ann. Soc. 249. observ^e au Mexique. xxxvx. Ann. Soc. Ent. Franc 202 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON Examen de larve la (DcTtnatobia noxialis), 729. 12 1883. vivante d'un insecte diptere du Bresil observee a Paris. Bull. Acad. Mid. (2) : 1889. Larve de Dermatobia sortie dune plaie humaine. cccxiv. France 64 (Bull.) Ann. Soc. Ent. : Macquart, 183-1. J. tera 1 : 578 pp.. a Buffon). suites 1835. 12 pis., (in 2 Tome Dipteres. N. E. Roret, 703 pp.. 12 pis., suites a Buffon). Paris. : — (in Dipteres. Tome N. E. Roret, Collection des deuxieme. I7ip- Collection des ed.. Dipteres exofiques nouveaux ou peu connus. A/em. Soc. Roy. 9-225. 25 pis. Sci.. dc I'Agr. et des Arts Lille 1S38 ( 2) des : (Also published separately, as vol. 1. pt. 25 5-221. pp. 1. pis.. 1838). Paris. 1838b. Dip- premier. ed.. Paris. Histoirc naturelle des Insectes. fera 1838a. — Histoirc naturelle des Insectes. Dipteres cxotiques nouveaux ou peu connus (2) 7 : 5-207, H (Also published in Mem. Soc. Roy. des Sci.. de I'Agr. 121-323. pis.. 1839). ct des Arts' Lille 1838 (3) pis. Paris. H : 1840. Diptires cxotiques nouveaux ou peu eonnus 2 (1) 5-135. 21 pis., Paris. (Also published in Mim. Soc. Roy. des Sci.. de I'Agr. et des Arts Ullc 1S40 283-413. 21 pis., 1841). : : 1842. 1843a. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. des Sci.. de I'Arg. ct des Arts Lille 1811 (1) (Also published as vol. 2. pt. 2. p. 5-140. 22 Mim. : Ron. Soc. 65-200. 22 pis.. Paris, pis. 1842). Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Mem. Soc. Roy. 162-460. 26 pis. (Also des Sci.. dc TAgr. et des Arts Lille 1842 Paris. published separately as vol. 2. pt. 3. pp. 5-304. 36 pis. 1843). : 1843b. Description d'un nouveau genre d'Insectes Dipteres. Ent. France (2) 7 59-63. 1 pi. Ann. Soc. : 1846. I" Supplement. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Soc. Roy. des Sci.. de TAgr. et des Arts Lille (1845) (Also separately published, as Supple1S44 133-364, 20 pis. ment I, pp. 5-238, 20 pU.. Paris. 1846). Mim. : 1847. 2« supplement. Diptires exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 21-120. Soc. Roy. des Sci.. de VAgr. et des Arts Lille 1846 6 pis. (Also separately published, as Supplement II, pp. 5-104. 6 pis.. Paris, ? 1847). Mem. 1848. : exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Suite du 2"" supplement i.e.. 3« supplement. Mim. Soc. Roy. des Sci., de rAgr. et des Arts Ule 1S47 (2) 161-237, 7 pis. (Also separately published, as supplement III. pp. 1-77. 7 pis.. Paris. 1848). Diptires : IS50. Diptires exotiques nouveaux ou peu coanus. 4* supplement [part]. Soc. des Sci.. de FAgr. et des Arts Lille 1849 : 309-465 Mtm. THE FRENCH DIPTERISTS 203 (text), 466-479 (explanation of figs., index), pis. 1-14. published separately as Supolement IV [part], pp. 5-161 Paris, ? 1850). 1850a. (Also (text), Facultes interieurcs dcs animaux invcrtebres, Ixxxii [Macquart's autobiography] 272 pp. Imprimerie de L. Danel, Lille. [Reprinted from the A/em. Soc. des Sci., dc I'Agric. et des Arts, + Lille]. 1851. connus. Suite du 4' Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu Mem. Soc. Natl, dcs Sci., de I'Agr. ct dcs Arts supolement. (explanation 283-294 of figs., (text), Lille 134-282 1S50 (Also published separately as Supplement IV index, pis. 15-28. part, pp. 161-309 (text). 317-323 (explanation of figs.), 324^-336 (combined index of the 2 parts of this supplement), pis. 15-28, : 1851). Paris, 1855. 5^ supplement. Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Mem. Soc. Imp. dcs Sci.. de I'Agr. et dcs Arts Lille 1S54 25-156, 7 pis. : Olivier, G. A. 1-360 (= livr. ?), Insects [(i.e.. Arthropoda), Pt. 5] vol. 8 Societe de Gens de pp. 361-722 (= livr. 77), 1812, in Savans et d'Artistes, Encyclopedic methodiquc. Lettres, de 1811-1812. 181 : 1: Histoire Naturelle. Paris. Oiten Sacken. C. R. 1893. third part of critical remarks about the recently-published Muscaria-Schizometopa of MM. Brauer and Bergenstamm; Berlin, ent. Ztschr. 3S also a notice on Robineau-Desvoidy. Two the (4) : 380-386. Robineau-Desvoidy. 1830. J. Essai sur et Phys., (2) 2 : B. France, CI. des Sci. Math, les Myodaires. Paris Inst, de divers Savans Acad. Roy. des Sci., Mem. presentees par 1-813. and S)Tiopsis of countries their respective zoological collectors Antilles Rohr. (Lesser) 1757-1793 (especially St. but Croix, also visited other islands) Croix, Richard. 1786 (Martinique. Guadeloupe, Antigua, Barbuda, Anguilla. St. Tortola. St. John. St. Smidt, Pfug. end of 18th century Porsitrom. Pl^e, Thomas) 1780s 1805-1812 1820-1825 Hombeck. (especially I825-18'!4 (St. Beaupertuis, around Hodgard (before W«Kc. Rivoire. 1835 (St. Croix) Barthelemy, (St. St. Thomas, St. Croix) Martinique) Jean. St. Thomas. St. Croix) (Guadeloupe) 1830) before 1838 (Martinique) Martinique. Guadeloupe^ Antigua. (Barbados. St. Lucia. Cro.x. St. Thomas) Montserrat. St. Christopher, Tortola. St. m? Caslelnau. •^i^crel. (Martinique) 1848-18-I9 A'gcnuna B^""" 6 Solander 1769 (Falklands. Capes of Gaudichaud. Quoy. Gaimard 6 Freycinet. 1820 ^Kke (senior), C>umont dUrville 1821 6 (city Lesson. of Buenos 1822 San D,cgo and San Vicente) (city of Buenos Aires) Aires) Aires, Falklands) (dty of Buenos THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 206 1822 Sellow, of Buenos (city La Touanne, Bougainville Fils. Lacordaire, of Mendoza, Cordoba. Santa Fe, and (Falklands) 1826 71828 1826, Aires) (Provinces 1826-1827 Buenos Aires) (several provinces, and city of Buenos Aires) d'Orbigny, 1827-1829 (Provinces of Buenos Aires, Entre Rios and Corrientes; Carmen de Patagones) Gay, 1828 Buenos Aires) of (city 1831-1832 Laplace, Fuego") ("Tierra del Gaudichaud & Eydoux, 1836 (Puerto Deseado, Bahia de Todos 1837 TFontaine, Germain, 71899 or los Santos) of Buenos Aires) (city 71900 (city of Buenos Aires) Bolivia 1830-1833 d'Orbigny. Castelnau. Departments. Tarija (all and Pando excepted) (Santa Cruz. Cochabamba, Chuquisaca, Potosi, Oruro, 18-15-1846 La Paz) 1845 (several regions) Pissi5, (Santa Cruz) Germain. 71899 BrazU & Banks Solander. 1831-71812 Sieber, 1769 (city beginning Beltrao, of beginning 19th (Bahia and century century 19th of Ilha Rasa) Pcrnambuco) {Ceari) century (Rio de Janeiro) 1813-1820 (States of Rio de Janeiro. 1824-1825 (Minas Gerais). 1825-1829 (States of Sao Grosso. Amazonas and Pari) 1803-1804 Langsdorff. Rio dc Janeiro. (Amazonia) Gomes, beginning of 19th Feijo, of (Bel^m. Par4) 1785 Richard. (Florianopolis). Minas Gerab). Paulo. Mato 1814-1825 (States of Minas Gerais. Rio de Janeiro. Esplrito Santo and Bahia) Freyreixs. Scllow. 1814-1831 (States of Guanabara. Rio de Janeiro. Espirito Santo. Bahia. Minas Gerais. Sao Paulo, Parana. Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul) Wrstin. around Delalande, 1814 (Slate of Guanabara) 1815-1817 Eschscholtz, 1816 (Florian<)polis and coast of Santa CaUrina) (Guanabara. Rio de Janeiro) (Sutes of Guanabara. Rio de Janeiro. Espirito Santo, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, Parana. Santa Catarioa and Rio Grande do Sul) Saint-Hilaire, 1816-1822 Goias. Mikia 1817-1818 (Guanabara. Rio Pohl. Spix 1817-1821 & de Janeiro coast) (Guanabara. Rio de Janeiro. Minas Gerais. Goiis) Martius. 1817-1820 (Guanabara. Gerais. Bahia. Pcrnambuco. Piaul, Rio de Janeiro. Sao Paulo. Minas Maranhao. Para, Anutzooas) SYNOPSIS OF COUNTRIES AND THEIR RESPECTIVE Rio de Janeiro. Sao Paulo, Natterer, 1817-1835 (Guanabara. Gro5so, Amaionas, Para 5 Gaudichaud, Quoy. Gaimard Janeiro and vicinity) Olfers, Bescke 1818-1819 (senior), 1817-1818, 1821 1820 Parana, of (city Minas Gerais, Sao 207 Mato Rio de Paulo) (Sao Paulo) (Salvador in Rio de Janeiro Bahia. Guanabara) in 1822-1825 (Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Minas Gerais) Menetrics. Claussen, 71822-1840 & Duiror.t d'Urville Leschennault Bahia) Lund, Frcycinet, (Guanabara. Rio de Janeiro, 1818-1819 Kamerlacher, COLLECTORS Z. 6 (especially Lesson. 1822 Doumerc, 1823 Florianopolis and coast of Santa Catarina) (Rio de Janeiro in Guanabara, Salvador in (Guanabara. Rio de Janeiro) 1825-1829 Bougainville Fils. 1826 Lacordaire. '1826 (Rio de d'Orbigny. 1826 (city of Gay. 1828 (city of ?1831-185l Rio de Janeiro) Janeiro. (city of Rio Bescke Jr.. Minas Gerais) ( Minas Gerais. Sao Paulo) de Janeiro) Rio de Janeiro) (State of Rio de Janeiro. espc<cially Nova Friburgo) Gaudichaud. 1831. 1836 (Salvador in Bahia, city of Rio de Janeiro, Santos in S3o Paulo. Florianopolis in Santa Catarina) Vauthicr. 1831-1833 (Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro. Minas Gerais) Laplace. 1832 Ghicsbrcght. (Ilhas Funck Santo. Minas Espirito ?FonUine. dos Ratos in the Bay of Guanabara) 6 Linden. 1835-1837 (Guanabara. Rio 1837 Gerais. de Janeiro. de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) (Fernando Noronha, Cabo Frio, city of Rio Florianopolis) P'ssis. around 1841 (Salvador in Bahia. Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Minas G«rais) Castflnau. 1843-1845 Mato Grosso). (Guanabara. Rio de Janeiro, 1847 (Amaionas. Para) Minas Gerais, Goias, 'Nathan. 7I878-1883 (Para. Amaionas) 1884-1885 (Guanabara. Rio de Janeiro. Min^ (Pemambuco). 1893 (Pemambuco. 1888-1889 1852-1893 (Bahia). Guanabara. Mmas P^rt). 1898-1899 (Sao Paulo. Rio de Janeiro Oera.s) M.nas Janeiro. de Gerais). 1901-1903 (Guanabara, Rio (Amazonia) Cfnnain. 1887. 1887 Grosso) and Gerais, Gounelle. 71899. (Mato Central America Salle (?) Ghieshreght. ^ucard Funck 6 Linden. 1838-1839 (GuaUmala) (.vveral regions), in 1877 Costa Rica Chile ^hscholtz. 1817 (Conc*pci<in) ^"aont dUrvilJc G Lesson. 182J (Coneepci6n) Bahia), ) ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 208 1825 Bougainville Fils, Lacordaire Gay, (Valparaiso, Santiago and nearby places) (?I828) (Colchagua, Juan Fernandez). 1828-1832 1834-18-42 Coquimbo. Santiago, Talca. Maule, Concepcion, d'Orbigny, (Valparaiso), 1830 1833 Gaudichaud & Eydoux, 1831, 1833 Chiloe. and Valparaiso) (Valparaiso) (Valparaiso. Masafuera) 1831 Laplace, (Arica (Valdivia, etc.) I. San Gallan. I. San Lorenzo; Valparaiso, San Ambrosio, L San Felix) ?Fontainc, 1837, 1838 (Valparaiso, Desaventuradas, L Islas 1848-1867 Pissis, Germain, 1853-1913 Boucard (?) Colombia & Humboldt Bonpland, 1801-1802 (along the Magdalena, and south to Ecuador) Goudot, 71827-1 8-43 (several regions) Linden, 1842, 1844 (coast, Santa Marta Region, south to Bogota and other regions) basin of the Magdalena, Bouchard, around 1860 Mathan, 71900 Lcbas, before 1840 Salle (?) Boucard ( 2 Cuba & Humboldt Sagra, Bonpland, Ghicsbreght, Funck Linden, 1844 Gundlach, Poey, 1800-1801 1824-1835 & (eastern Linden, 1837-1838 (northern and v.estern districts) districts) 1838-1890 1845-1891 Ecuador 6 Humboldt ?Fontaine, Bonpland, 1838 Lebas. before 1802 (Galapagos) 1840 Mathan, 71887-1893 French Guiana Richard, 17S1-17S9 Rohr, 1783 (Cayenne and neighborhoods) SYNOPSIS OF COUNTRIES AND THEIR RESPECTIVE dc Beauvois, ?1790 Palisot Z. COLLECTORS (Cayenne) (?Cayennc) Bosc. 71795 Leschenault 6 Doumerc, Lacordairc. 1830-1831 1823-1824 (Cayenne, La Mana R., Oyapock Banon. ?1830 Leprieur, 830- 1833 ?1 (Cayenne and neighborhood, Oyapock R.) (coast) Castelnau, 18-17 Guyana 1780's Smidt. (Demcrara and Essequibo R.) (coast) 18-17 Castelnau. Hispaniola (Haiti) 1786 Richard, Bcauvoi5 Palisot dc (71790-1794) Jamaica 1783 Rohr. 7 Yeats (?) 1844 Linden. Mexico 1803-1804 Humboldt & Bonpland. 1824-1827 Deppe. Deppe & 1828-1830 Schiede. 1837 'Fontaine. (^.«tern coast & Ghiesbreght. Funck : Mazatlan. Acapulco. 1838-1840 Linden. (Yucatan) Pilate. 1845-1846. 1849-1852 Duges. 1853-1895 (Guanajuato) Salle (?) Boucard (?) Paraguay Germain (71899) Peru Humboldt 209 & Bonpland. Dumont dUrviUe & 1802 „ Payta) , Lesson. 1823 (Callao. 1836 (Cobija) Callao. Lima) Tacna. (Way. Gaudichaud & Eydoux. dOrbigny. 1833 1831. etc.) R.) 1837 ?Fontaine. Gay, THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY ESSAYS ON 210 (Callao, Lima), 1838 1839 (Tingo Maria, Cuzco, Arequipa, Lima, Callao) (Callao, Valley 1845-1846 (Puno, Arequipa, Apurimac, etc.) Castelnau, Ica, of Payta, Santa Junin, etc.) Ana, Urubamba, R. Huancavelica, Ayacucho, Mathan, 71883-1887 Puerto Rico 17S3 Rohr, 1786 Richard, Plee, 1822-1823 Hornbeck, between Gundlach, 1873, 1825 and 1844 (and also Island of Crabs) 1875 Surinam Dahiberg. 1746-1881 Rolander, 1755-1756 neighborhood) 1823 Leschenault, Castelnau, (Paramaribo and (Paramaribo and Commewijne R.) 1847 (coast) Uruguay (Montevideo, Maldonado, western part of the country, along Uruguay R.) Saint-Hilaire, 1820-1821 Maldonado, western 1821-1823 (Montevideo, along the Uruguay R.) Sellow, part of the country La Touanne, 1826 (Montevideo) d'Orbigny, 1826-1827 Lacordaire, 71826, 71830 Gay, 1828 (Montevideo) (Montevideo) Gaudichaud, 1836 (Montevideo) 'Fontaine, 1837 (Montevideo) Venezuela 1754-1756 Caroni) Loefling. (coast, Humboldt & Bonpland, Plee, 1824 Linden, Rojas, Salle 1779-1800 (coast, confluence of Rivers Orinoco basin) (coast) 1841-1843 71850-1856 (?) region below (north of the (Caracas, Orinoco) San Fernando de Apure) Orinoco and Index (Na rues o[ collectors in small capitals) Adet. 19 Adolf Frederick. 4. 7 Adrien 150 - — Agrcl. J. G. - — 18! S. — 26 King of Sweden BANON — 53. — 60 27 29 • — 192 1.34, _ X. 12-}. 130 — 53. — — - Anemuria. Bishop of — Angelini 55 Arago, J. 124. 126 — C. ^ — BELTRAO 49 Besche see bescke BESCKE. C. F. 87, 110. 112 BESCKE, C. H. 87, 110, 112, 145 see BESCKe Beske Beske see bescke Bibron 180 Bichat 35 Bigot. J. M. F. 159. 180. 195196 — — — — — — - — — Blainville H4 Bianchard. C. E. — 191 Blumenbach. J. F. Boerhaave. H. — — 193 — 34 2 — 42 bonpland, a. J. G. Bolivar. 193 — 192 — 7 BEAUPERTUIS J. S. . • 57 Bedloo, - • _ — 181 — 191, H8 15-16, 26 11. 17 1 Alstroemer. Baron von Altenstein. K. F. von 59, 60, 69. 71 d Amariit, J. J. S. 43 27 Ambrosius of Flensborg Andrada e Silva. J. B. 145 Arango Audouin — — Beaumont. Archbishop of Paris — — J. Baiidin. 10 Alcantara. D. Pedro de Aldrovandi 26 Alexander I. C:ar of Russia 54 Alioni 26 Allemand. 26 Almeida. J. R. de 116 — G. B. BANKS. 33. Aguilera Albin, Balbis, — 34-43. 112 — ESSAYS ON 212 THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY — 34, 57, 77, 153 - 20, 28, 29 Bosc d'Antic, P. — 20 BOUCARD, A. — 179 BOUCHARD, P. — 166 Bougainville — 34 BOUGAINVILLE, BARON, JR. — 1.31, Bonpland. M. S. Bosc. L. A. G. 144 Boussingault, Brandis, B. B. D. J. — 128 Clifford. G. - Cocteau — 180 H. V. — CORDUA 187 Crevaux - 5 33 26. 15, — — 194 191 112 Coutinho. F. Cramer. C. Cullen 2 — - J. Coquerel. A. Coqucrel, C. — M. dc S. — — — 131, 130, 128, 148, — — — 16 57. 90. 146. 190 180 — — DAHLBERG, 3. 7. 7. 8 Darondeau 127 Dc Gcer. Baron 8. 9 DELALANDE. P. ll.J-116, — 88 _ 148 38 27 147 26 Cunha, A. A.. Count da Cuvicr. Baron 34, 52. Jr. J. — Dcnraurk of 146 102, 91. CLAUSSEN. P. 90, 151, 193 Clcmond-Toncrre, Marquis of Cook. 166 ]. Burmeistcr. 90, Condal, A. J. — 89 Brooks. T. — 183 Broussonet, P. M. A. — Brouwer, C. — 7 Bruguicrc — 188 Brulle — 191 Buch, L. von — 34 Buchan — 16, 17 — 61, 62 Buchbergcr, Buffon — 16 Bullock, N. — 105 - 105 Bullock. N.. Bullock, W. - 104, 106 Bustillos. — King VIII, Christian — IC'J-IOT, 110, 112 Dcppc, W - 104 Dcsfontaincs — 28, 35, 124, 128, 148 Dcville. E. - 150 DOUMERC. A. - 1,30-131, 190, 192 Dreusy — 123 Drury. D. - 10. 26. 27 Duche — 189 Dufour. L. — 195 DUCES. A. A. D. — 179 Dumatroy — 26 Dumont d llrvillc — 128, 187 EJurvillc. Captain — 125, 193 — 128, 187 Dupcrrcy, L. DEPPE. F. - 39 Caldas. J. dc Caldeira. M. C. 50 Camara. M. dc A. 148 Cambassedes — — — Campe, H. — 33 Camper. N. du — 131 CandoUe - 41 Cantcro. G. - 182 Carcel - 191 Carrasco, M. — 141 Carvajal y Lcncastrc. Castel, de D. — 5 144 J. J. J. — dc I. C.\STELNAU. F. L. N. DE C. DE 91. 149-159, 191. 193 — Castries Catherina, 17 Empress of Russia L. 5 — I. — 8, — Egana. M. — C«risy. L. de — 187 Chamberlain — 65 Chamisso de Boncourt, - 51 Champion — 151 Capuis. P. — 148 O. 1 — — - Erichson. L. Charles III, King of Spain 39 Charles IV, King of Spain 36. 49 178 Chaudoir, Baron de Chevalier 126, 127 - 149 — Count von 61. 62 Emparan. V. 36 Endcr. T. 61. 62. 65 Eltz. 11 Celsius, 1 C. A. W. - 110 — 51, 112 — 117 — 43 of — 49 F. ESCHSCHOLTZ. 0. 6. Eschwege. W. von d'Espagnac. Baron Etruria, Queen — — 10. EYDOUX — 35. Fabricius. ]. C. Fairmaire, L. Fee 148 — - FEi;6. J. 127 126, DA s. — — 20. 25-30. 160 48. 11, 112 112 INDEX — Ferdinand VI, King of Spain Ferussac 191 Fisquet 126 — Flcmming, Count von 60, Florence, H. 5-1, 55. 56 — FON'TANA, — Fontaine see • — Forster, G. FORSTROM, Fourcroy Francia, 42 Francis, — — C. L. J. - — 28 — Paraguay of — 80 FREYREISS DE — S. — 124, 125, 61 M — — HOGARD HOGArd Q, Count von see J. 35, 47, 48, 164, 190, 112 b. — Huet 127 HUMBOLDT, F. H. A., — - — 80, — — — — — Ghisbrecht — see chiesbreght Godeffroy — 57 Godman — 178 Gomes, A. L. ^ 116, 117 GOMES. A. — 48, 111, 112 — 39 GonMlez. Father Goudin. L. — 5 — 165, 193 GOUDOT. P. Gounelle, E. Gouriana, 157 — Green Gregory E. — — C. 187, Guichenot — - F. of Dom, King VI, 49, Josephine, 53, 60, 71, Empress Portugal of Portugal 145 of France — 41 Junot, — General — 3. 28, 49 35, 57, 148, 150 — — 55 — 76 — 57 V. - 65 Koenig Kollar, KOTZEBUE, Krug, L. — Kin Kielche King, P. 17 192. Dom, — — Von O. Kratzenstein, Gronovius. J. F. Guerin-Meneville. 41 _ 162 — - 7 KAMERLACHER, J. 61, 80, 87 Grand Duke of Saxony- Weimar 61 162-163 C. 183 G. 51 — 9 — 50, 65 ~ 33 Laboulbene, A. — 195 Lacepede — 20 Lacerda, A. C. de — 145 La Condamine — 33 — 133, 136, LACORDAIRE, Krusenstern. A. C. J. 26 5 Grimaldi. Marquis of Grill. 5 4, 41 Karl-August. J. J. PS ISl - Jussieu F. GOUNELLE, Jimenez Joao V^ Joao, _ T. Jefferson, — Baron von _ — D. J. de Count Iturriaga, 124-127, 146, 192 gay. c. 148-149, 160, 192, 193 160-161 germain, p. Gervais 180 Ghiesbrecht see ghiesbrecht 176-178, 193 GHIESBREGHT, A. B. 112 27 26, Iturrigaray, — — 107 33-43, 47, 53, 57, 90, 112 190 4 Gaimard, J. P. 124, 125 Garnot 128 Gaubius 26 gaudichaud-beaupre, c. 192 — — — - 111 Holthuysen Hope 26 hornbeck, h. Hunter 176-178 Funck. N. Furtado, F. X. de ~ Hodgard 25 _ Hoffmannsegg, — Friibeck, F. 54 144 34 57. Henningscn, A. Heskcth, R. 68 FREYREISS, G. W. 57-58, 110, 112 Friedrich I, Emperor of Austria 60 — 132 J. — Hasse. C. Hauy 103, 110 see X. 70 35 Emperor of Austria Freireiss 69, 34 18, 8 fontana Dictator FREYCINET, — ' Gutierrez, 164-165, 192 E. J. Gustav Adolf IV. King of Sweden Heine, C. G. — Baron Forell, ^ A. P. 4 . ^ — 213 Kunth, G. — 2 5 J. E. — 180, 193 180 5, — GUNDLACH. ;. c. 181-183 Gustav III. King of Sweden J. 8 192 T. 159, 7 ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY 214 — - Lagrange Lamarck 50-51, — Laplace LAPLACE. Laroche La 65, 145, 150, — 126 20. 43-45, 52. — 104 Leadbeater 164, 192 LEBAS 191 Lefebvre, A. 44 Lemoine, Cardinal Leopoldina Carolina Josefa. duchess of Austria — - Arch- — Lichtenstein. 75, 0, H. - — 60. 77, 104. — - — — — XVL 149 — — — — Lowson. I. 2 Lucas 180 89-91, 112 LUND, P. w. 91 Lund. T. 115 Luxemburg. Duke of — - Macquart. 146. P. 147. Malepeyre Mailer - — 119 — — M. 159. - 190. von — — 126 Monccaux — 189 Monkhousc — — 2 Moraeus, Moraeus, S. E. — 2. More P. j R. de la on. Napoleon 87, 120. 191-193 — J. S. — 17. 18 Neboux. A. Necker. - 190 165 — 86 Neudenberg. Baron von Neudenberg. G. von 86 Neveu. Baron von 61. 62. 65, — — 68 Nicholas 56 Crar of Russia I, O'Higgins OLFERS, I. — F. 129 W. M. VON 118 Olivier, G. A. 193 112, A. D. — — 53, 69, 78, 28, 187-188, 192. — 180. 136-H4. - 188 - 150 — Otto. E. 181 Ovalle. President of Chile Ovide. F. 122 Palfy, - — 61. 62. 64. 70. 80- 44 — 181 145 120. d Orcy. G. d Osery. E. 145 Manso. A. L. da S. 3 Marcgrave. G. Marescot. A. S., Marquis of 60 Marialva, Marquis of — — 115 49, 193 116. 3 Emperor of France I. 41, DORBICNY, — J. King of Ba- Ill 61. — NATTEHER. 107 - — — 7 I. Meigen, J. W. 192 MEN^TRIES, E. 32. 53. 54 Merian, M. S. — 3 Metternich-Winneburg, Prince 60 MIKAN, J. C. 61. 118 Milne-Edwards 90. 193 34, - J. — - 176-178 J. 60 1-11, 16. 25 Linnaeus. C. 9-11, 109 Linnaeus. C, Jr. see Linnaeus Linne, C. 4 Loefling, E. 4-7, 36 LOEFLING, P. 90 Loevensterns. Baron von 18 King of France Louis Louis XVIII, King of France 128 Louis Philippe, King of France Linden, Link 161 Muhlfeld. M. von 112 Mutis. J. C. 10. 39 — — — — 61, 63-69, J. M. 147, 192 183 DE LA TOUR, L. T. 190. 192 128, 187 R. 130-131, Lesson. P. J- J. — 1 — 80. LESCHENAULT 145 Missiessy — 146 LEPRIEUR, F. Lescaille, E. von - — — P. Ill, F. 99. varia 144 Lauvergne 57 Leach 77, Maximilian Joseph 14" - — 18 MATHAN. M. DE 151 191 128. Laugier — T. p. 43 Captain P. A. 126. 116, 110. - MARTius, K. Mauricius, — Latreille, — VON H. 34 C. Salle. G. 52-56, 124, 123 35. 45, 57. BARON LANGSDORFF, 119. Marie Antoniette, Qucem of France 34 3-i. Count von — — 61, 65 PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS. A. M. F. BARON DE 19, 29, 190 PaUas. P. S. 10 Parkinson 16 — — - 148 J.. INDEX — Pastor, B. 5 ^ . — Emperor of Brazil . — 145, 69, 146 Peron — Perty, J. 124 M. - 110, 193 — 88 Pfeiffer, L. - 181 — 22, 29 PFLUG, Philippi, R. A. — 160 — 173-176, 193 PILATE, Piso, W. — 3 J. N. — 154, 159 - 159 Pissis, P. PLEE, A. — 127-128, 192 — 180-181, 182. POEY Y ALOY, 182. 190, 192 POHL, J. E. ^ 61, 62-63, 118 Pontoppidan — 25 Portales, Minister of Chile — 148 Portugal e Castro, M. do " 66 PREGENT — 146 Presas — 181 Quatrefages — 193 — QUOY, 125 A. Pfeiffer, I. G. p. L. pissis. J. F. R. J. 12-1, c. _ Rottboll H6 II. — Rosen, N. Pavon, J. 35, 111 Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil Pedro 215 3 9 - Roulin, T. C. 166 Rousseau, J. J. 33 Roxas. M. 6 Rudbeck, O. ], 3 Rubzoff. N. 54, 55, 56 Rudolphi 71 Rugendas, M. 52, 53 54 — — _ — Ruiz, — _ H. i]i 35, Sack, Count von — — 104, 106 SAGRA R. DE LA 197-180, 192 bamt-Fargeau, L. de 191 SAINT-HILAIRE, A. F. C. P DE 52 — _ 115-123, 146, 190, 193 Saint-Hilaire G. 34, 19 j Saint Vincent, B. de '44 SALLE, A. 164, 178, 193 Salvador y Carmona, B. 5 SaKin 178 Sauvalle, F. A. 182 — _ — — — 9 Schau — Scheindenburg, D. — 107 Schjodte — 2 Schlim, L. — 177 Schmidt — see SMidt 7 Schiede, \V. J. Raddi, G. — 118 62, 61, Reaumur. R. A. Rego. M. do — — Schonfeld, Count von ^ de F. 3 Schott, 85 Reuterholm, \. 2 145 Reiende, E. R. de Ribeiro, B. M. 74 Richard, C. 17 17-18, 29, 124. RICHARD, L. c. M. 192 — — — Riedel. L. - Rivadavia, B Rivas, M. de 54, 55. — 42 52 — Mme. Rrv-oiRE. Rivoire-Theodosie Duke Rivoli. — Roberg - of - — J. 188-190, p. B. VON — J. — — B. — 116, — 20-21, 29 163 — 51 — 61 64 — Sello — Sello, C. Sello, J. _ — — 62 — see sellow — J. 56 57 W. - — f. 34, 99-102, 110. 145. 146 Serville, 192 61, 26 K. von 60, Schrockinger, J, §6 scHiicH, R. 61, 146 Scopoli 27 Sehestedt, C. 21, 29, 30 Silveira. 163 Roland 20. 28. 188 ROLANDER. D. 7-9 Romanzoff, Count von Roret. N. E. 191 — RIVOIRE W. _ Schreibers, A. w. sieber, f. — Rojas. J. M. ROTAS. M. A. — Schreber sellow, 192 see 136 166, 20 Robineau-Desvoidy. ROHR. 90 3 Robespierre 120. 56, H. L. — 191 — 48, M. da sil\'eira-caldeira, 56-60, 112, 120. 111. — 69-80 V6 112 51 j. da s 132 144-147, 192 Sims. J. 57 SMIDT 21-22, 29 Smidt, A. L. 21 Smidt, J. C. 21 Smith. J. E. 11 Sochor, D. 61, 81, 83, 87 solander, d. 16, 26, 27, 29, 33 — — — — — — — — 216 ESSAYS spix. J. ON THE HISTORY OF NEOTROPICAL DIPTEROLOGY — VON- B. 145 Stobaeus, K. 111, — 65-69, 61, — Tapaiawar Taunay — 150 Taunay, A. A. 126 Thouin — 20 — 9 silveira-caldeira Urquijo, - 54, 55, 56, — Marquis L. Valen^a, Marquis of Valenciennes 125 • — 26 Vaucquelin — 144 VAUTHIER — 144, 192 Vallisnieri Waninika 145 112 110, 124. — — — 35 145 ^ — - Westermann L. — — 50 133 27 Weddel, H. A. Werner, A. G. WESTIN, — — — M. da C. — Waldeck, Prince C. von Waldheim, F. von 34 Weber 133 Thunberg. K. P. 25, 57, 109 und Taxis, Prince von 65 Tender Lund, N. 21, 29, 30 Touanne, E. de la 132 Touchard 126 Thum J. 1 — see — Velloso, VIRMOND Strandman, B. 4 Strussenfelt, Major-General Sylveira 99, ^ ^ 91. 150 34 112 57. 109. 112 Wied-Neuwied. M., Prince zu 59, 79. 85 Wiedemann. C. R. W. — 79, 111-113 Wildenow, K. L. - 33. 57 Winthem. von — 88. 112. 191 Wrbna. Count von — 60, 65 — see yeats — 22 T. Young ^ 26 Yates YEATS, p. • ZANI, F. R. — 145 108, CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME Chapter I The Systema Naturae Chapter The II Period of Fabricius Chapter III The ufe and works of J. C. Fabri- cius Chapter IV Travels of Humboldt and Bonpland Chapter V Collectors Chapter in Brazil (1801-1835) VI Collectors in Mexico and the West Indies Chapter VII Thunberc, Erichson, Perty and WlE- deman Chapter VIII The French Chapter collectors IX Entomological collectors xico AND Cuba Chapter X The French dipterists in Me- • r 595.77 Papavero, Nelson P2l3e Essays on the History of v.l Neotropical Dipterology. •