The aim of the study was to compare histopathologic and immunohistochemical markers between survi... more The aim of the study was to compare histopathologic and immunohistochemical markers between survivors and nonsurvivors of surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). With appropriate ethical approval, archived resection specimens were identified for patients with NEC (Bell Stages II and III) for whom outcome data (survival yes/no) were available. For each specimen, a severely affected part of the bowel and the least affected area, usually the margin, were analyzed. Histologic findings were scored as no necrosis/mucosal necrosis/full-thickness necrosis and immunohistochemistry staining for inflammatory markers vascular cell adhesion protein (VCAM), CD68, CD20, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR), CD3, Cleaved Caspase-3 (CC3), forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), CD62p, and C4d were performed and scored on a semiquantitative scale (0; no staining to 10, strong extensive staining). All samples were identified by only their study number throughout and the samples were analyzed completely blinded to all clinical information. Data were compared using chi-square test for trend (histologic data) or Mann-Whitney U test. A total of 123 slides from 60 patients (birth weight 1.3 ± 0.1 kg, gestational age at birth 29.3 ± 0.6 weeks) were examined. Seventy-four specimens (60%) were from survivors and 49 specimens (40%) were from those who subsequently died. There was no relationship between histologic severity of necrosis (none/mucosal/full thickness) and mortality (p = 0.58). VCAM (adhesion molecule; p = 0.005) and CC3 (a marker of apoptosis, p = 0.008) expression was significantly elevated in nonsurvivors, whereas there were no differences in CD68, CD20, ICAM, HLA-DR, CD3, FOXP3, CD62p, or C4d expression. There is a poor relationship between histologic severity of bowel necrosis and patient survival in infants undergoing bowel resection for NEC. There is statistically increased expression of VCAM reflecting severity of systemic inflammatory response and evidence of increased apoptosis in the form of CC3 expression in those who subsequently die, but no histologic features can predict outcome.
To promote the development of an optimally functional total hip prosthesis for medium and large d... more To promote the development of an optimally functional total hip prosthesis for medium and large dog breeds, accurate measurements of the normal anatomy of the proximal femur and acetabular retroversion are essential. The aim of the current study was to obtain precise normal values of the femoral anteversion angle using computed tomography on cadavers of mature dogs with normal hip joints of both medium and large breeds. Based on the length of their femora 58 dogs were allocated either to group I: ≤195 mm or group II: >195 mm. In the study the femoral anteversion angle (FAA) was measured on each femur using multi-slice spiral computed tomography (CT). The data were processed as multi-planar and three-dimensional reconstructions using Advantage Workstation software. The CT measurements showed that the mean ± standard deviation (SD) FAA of group I was 31.34 ± 5.47° and in group II it was 31.02 ± 4.95°. There were no significant mean difference associations between the length of the ...
Background and Aim: Passive hip laxity (PHL) is considered the primary risk factor for canine hip... more Background and Aim: Passive hip laxity (PHL) is considered the primary risk factor for canine hip dysplasia (HD) and is estimated, in stress hip radiographs, using the distraction index (DI). The study aimed to associate the early PHL using the hip Distractor of University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (DisUTAD) and the late HD grades. Materials and Methods: A total of 41 dogs (82 hips) were submitted to a follow-up study. First, between 4 and 12 months of age, dogs were radiographed using the DisUTAD hip distractor and were determined the DI for each hip joint. Then, after 12 months of age, dogs were reevaluated for HD using the conventional hip ventrodorsal projection and hips were evaluated for HD using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) scoring system. Results: Hips of dogs' in the second examination with FCI grades of A (n=28), B (n=11), C (n=22), and D and E (n=21) had an early DI of 0.32±0.1, 0.38±0.08, 0.50±0.12, and 0.64±0.11, respectively. Statistical a...
Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 2013
Environmental exposure to nitrosamines is associated with the development of cancer in a variety ... more Environmental exposure to nitrosamines is associated with the development of cancer in a variety of target organs. One such carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosurea (MNU), has long been used to induce mammary tumors in rats, which provide a useful model to study mammary carcinogenesis. However, some poorly clarified issues remain, such as the lack of a clear description of morphological patterns of tumors and the distribution and role of estrogen receptors (ERs) during tumor progression, as tumors overexpressing ERs show a paradoxical tendency to recur after ovariectomy. Mammary carcinomas were induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using MNU. The tumors were studied histologically and distribution of smooth muscle actin and ERs was studied immunohistochemically. All tumors presented both an epithelial and a myoepithelial component, demonstrated by immunohistochemical detection of smooth muscle actin. Tumors showed distinct histological patterns: well-differentiated papillary and adenoid areas and poorly differentiated solid and spindle-cell foci. Overexpression of ERs (>75% of labelled cells vs. 0-75% in control tissue) occurred in papillary and adenoid areas but not in solid and spindle-cell foci. Poorly differentiated tumor foci are likely to represent a more advanced, estrogen-independent phase in cancer progression and constitute the basis for tumor recurrence after ovariectomy.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2012
Summary Objectives: To study the radiographic projected hip parameters of the proximal femur and ... more Summary Objectives: To study the radiographic projected hip parameters of the proximal femur and acetabulum in young and adult Estrela Mountain Dogs with normal and abnormal hip joints. The parameters evaluated were: femoral angles of inclination and anteversion (FAI and FAA), femoral neck length and width (FNL and FNW), acetabular depth (AD) and acetabular angle of retrotorsion (AAR). Methods: Five hundred and twenty-five standard hip-extended ventrodorsal radiographic views and 622 mediolateral views of the right and left femur were used to measure the FAI, FAA, FNL, FNW, AD, AAR and modified AAR (mAAR). Results: The FAI decreased in adult dysplastic dogs, in females and in right femora; FAA decreased with age; FNL was characterized by a greater relative size in normal adult animals; FNW was greater in abnormal hips in young and adult animals; AD was less in adult dysplastic dogs and in right hips; AAR was similar in the studied groups; mAAR was greater in abnormal hips and in lef...
Three hundred and thirteen Estrela mountain dogs were examined for hip dysplasia (HD) using the s... more Three hundred and thirteen Estrela mountain dogs were examined for hip dysplasia (HD) using the standard ventrodorsal hip extended view, and graded into five categories (A, B, C, D and E) using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale's (FCI) scoring system. The Ortolani method was performed to evaluate hip joint laxity. Pedigree information was obtained from the Portuguese Kennel Club and the genetic trend was evaluated by calculating the mean breeding values (BVs) for the last 15 years, using the threshold model. HD was found in 66% of the dogs. There was low-moderate correlation between the results of the Ortolani test and FCI hip scores (r(s)=0.386; P<0.001). Grades of hip dysplasia were equal in both males and females (P=0.14) and in the animals' right and left sides (P=0.51). The mean BVs for HD were stable in dogs born between 1991 and 2003, and showed an improvement in 2004 and 2005. The data confirm the high prevalence and severity of HD in predisposed breeds that do not have breeding programmes in place. It also confirms an initial favourable change in BVs that is a likely consequence of the voluntary radiographic hip-screening programme.
Mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced in rats by intraperitoneal admin... more Mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Determining tumor volume is a useful and quantitative way to monitor tumor progression. In this study, the authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography. They then used different formulas to calculate tumor volume from these tumor measurements and compared the calculated tumor volumes with the real tumor volume to identify the formulas that gave the most accurate volume calculations. They found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied substantially. Mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry. The most accurate volume calculations were obtained using the formula V = (W(2) × L)/2 for caliper measurements and the formula V = (4/3) × π × (L/2) × (L/2) × (D/2) for ultrasonography measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, L is tumor length and D is tumor depth.
The aim of the study was to compare histopathologic and immunohistochemical markers between survi... more The aim of the study was to compare histopathologic and immunohistochemical markers between survivors and nonsurvivors of surgical necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). With appropriate ethical approval, archived resection specimens were identified for patients with NEC (Bell Stages II and III) for whom outcome data (survival yes/no) were available. For each specimen, a severely affected part of the bowel and the least affected area, usually the margin, were analyzed. Histologic findings were scored as no necrosis/mucosal necrosis/full-thickness necrosis and immunohistochemistry staining for inflammatory markers vascular cell adhesion protein (VCAM), CD68, CD20, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM), human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DR), CD3, Cleaved Caspase-3 (CC3), forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), CD62p, and C4d were performed and scored on a semiquantitative scale (0; no staining to 10, strong extensive staining). All samples were identified by only their study number throughout and the samples were analyzed completely blinded to all clinical information. Data were compared using chi-square test for trend (histologic data) or Mann-Whitney U test. A total of 123 slides from 60 patients (birth weight 1.3 ± 0.1 kg, gestational age at birth 29.3 ± 0.6 weeks) were examined. Seventy-four specimens (60%) were from survivors and 49 specimens (40%) were from those who subsequently died. There was no relationship between histologic severity of necrosis (none/mucosal/full thickness) and mortality (p = 0.58). VCAM (adhesion molecule; p = 0.005) and CC3 (a marker of apoptosis, p = 0.008) expression was significantly elevated in nonsurvivors, whereas there were no differences in CD68, CD20, ICAM, HLA-DR, CD3, FOXP3, CD62p, or C4d expression. There is a poor relationship between histologic severity of bowel necrosis and patient survival in infants undergoing bowel resection for NEC. There is statistically increased expression of VCAM reflecting severity of systemic inflammatory response and evidence of increased apoptosis in the form of CC3 expression in those who subsequently die, but no histologic features can predict outcome.
To promote the development of an optimally functional total hip prosthesis for medium and large d... more To promote the development of an optimally functional total hip prosthesis for medium and large dog breeds, accurate measurements of the normal anatomy of the proximal femur and acetabular retroversion are essential. The aim of the current study was to obtain precise normal values of the femoral anteversion angle using computed tomography on cadavers of mature dogs with normal hip joints of both medium and large breeds. Based on the length of their femora 58 dogs were allocated either to group I: ≤195 mm or group II: >195 mm. In the study the femoral anteversion angle (FAA) was measured on each femur using multi-slice spiral computed tomography (CT). The data were processed as multi-planar and three-dimensional reconstructions using Advantage Workstation software. The CT measurements showed that the mean ± standard deviation (SD) FAA of group I was 31.34 ± 5.47° and in group II it was 31.02 ± 4.95°. There were no significant mean difference associations between the length of the ...
Background and Aim: Passive hip laxity (PHL) is considered the primary risk factor for canine hip... more Background and Aim: Passive hip laxity (PHL) is considered the primary risk factor for canine hip dysplasia (HD) and is estimated, in stress hip radiographs, using the distraction index (DI). The study aimed to associate the early PHL using the hip Distractor of University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (DisUTAD) and the late HD grades. Materials and Methods: A total of 41 dogs (82 hips) were submitted to a follow-up study. First, between 4 and 12 months of age, dogs were radiographed using the DisUTAD hip distractor and were determined the DI for each hip joint. Then, after 12 months of age, dogs were reevaluated for HD using the conventional hip ventrodorsal projection and hips were evaluated for HD using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) scoring system. Results: Hips of dogs' in the second examination with FCI grades of A (n=28), B (n=11), C (n=22), and D and E (n=21) had an early DI of 0.32±0.1, 0.38±0.08, 0.50±0.12, and 0.64±0.11, respectively. Statistical a...
Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 2013
Environmental exposure to nitrosamines is associated with the development of cancer in a variety ... more Environmental exposure to nitrosamines is associated with the development of cancer in a variety of target organs. One such carcinogen, N-methyl-N-nitrosurea (MNU), has long been used to induce mammary tumors in rats, which provide a useful model to study mammary carcinogenesis. However, some poorly clarified issues remain, such as the lack of a clear description of morphological patterns of tumors and the distribution and role of estrogen receptors (ERs) during tumor progression, as tumors overexpressing ERs show a paradoxical tendency to recur after ovariectomy. Mammary carcinomas were induced in Sprague-Dawley rats using MNU. The tumors were studied histologically and distribution of smooth muscle actin and ERs was studied immunohistochemically. All tumors presented both an epithelial and a myoepithelial component, demonstrated by immunohistochemical detection of smooth muscle actin. Tumors showed distinct histological patterns: well-differentiated papillary and adenoid areas and poorly differentiated solid and spindle-cell foci. Overexpression of ERs (>75% of labelled cells vs. 0-75% in control tissue) occurred in papillary and adenoid areas but not in solid and spindle-cell foci. Poorly differentiated tumor foci are likely to represent a more advanced, estrogen-independent phase in cancer progression and constitute the basis for tumor recurrence after ovariectomy.
Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 2012
Summary Objectives: To study the radiographic projected hip parameters of the proximal femur and ... more Summary Objectives: To study the radiographic projected hip parameters of the proximal femur and acetabulum in young and adult Estrela Mountain Dogs with normal and abnormal hip joints. The parameters evaluated were: femoral angles of inclination and anteversion (FAI and FAA), femoral neck length and width (FNL and FNW), acetabular depth (AD) and acetabular angle of retrotorsion (AAR). Methods: Five hundred and twenty-five standard hip-extended ventrodorsal radiographic views and 622 mediolateral views of the right and left femur were used to measure the FAI, FAA, FNL, FNW, AD, AAR and modified AAR (mAAR). Results: The FAI decreased in adult dysplastic dogs, in females and in right femora; FAA decreased with age; FNL was characterized by a greater relative size in normal adult animals; FNW was greater in abnormal hips in young and adult animals; AD was less in adult dysplastic dogs and in right hips; AAR was similar in the studied groups; mAAR was greater in abnormal hips and in lef...
Three hundred and thirteen Estrela mountain dogs were examined for hip dysplasia (HD) using the s... more Three hundred and thirteen Estrela mountain dogs were examined for hip dysplasia (HD) using the standard ventrodorsal hip extended view, and graded into five categories (A, B, C, D and E) using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale's (FCI) scoring system. The Ortolani method was performed to evaluate hip joint laxity. Pedigree information was obtained from the Portuguese Kennel Club and the genetic trend was evaluated by calculating the mean breeding values (BVs) for the last 15 years, using the threshold model. HD was found in 66% of the dogs. There was low-moderate correlation between the results of the Ortolani test and FCI hip scores (r(s)=0.386; P<0.001). Grades of hip dysplasia were equal in both males and females (P=0.14) and in the animals' right and left sides (P=0.51). The mean BVs for HD were stable in dogs born between 1991 and 2003, and showed an improvement in 2004 and 2005. The data confirm the high prevalence and severity of HD in predisposed breeds that do not have breeding programmes in place. It also confirms an initial favourable change in BVs that is a likely consequence of the voluntary radiographic hip-screening programme.
Mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced in rats by intraperitoneal admin... more Mammary tumors similar to those observed in women can be induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Determining tumor volume is a useful and quantitative way to monitor tumor progression. In this study, the authors measured dimensions of rat mammary tumors using a caliper and using real-time compound B-mode ultrasonography. They then used different formulas to calculate tumor volume from these tumor measurements and compared the calculated tumor volumes with the real tumor volume to identify the formulas that gave the most accurate volume calculations. They found that caliper and ultrasonography measurements were significantly correlated but that tumor volumes calculated using different formulas varied substantially. Mammary tumors seemed to take on an oblate spheroid geometry. The most accurate volume calculations were obtained using the formula V = (W(2) × L)/2 for caliper measurements and the formula V = (4/3) × π × (L/2) × (L/2) × (D/2) for ultrasonography measurements, where V is tumor volume, W is tumor width, L is tumor length and D is tumor depth.
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