Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej, 2014
ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to present the manner in which the following denominational fam... more ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to present the manner in which the following denominational families: Protestantism, Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism argue in order to support the substance of faith. Aim which is formulated in such a way implies an answer to a question: is rationality an indispensable element of faith of the denominational families herein? Research is being conducted on the basis of the assumption analysis of the selected denominational families through the prism of what the said state about themselves. Therefore, catechisms or their manifestos which take the form of catechisms, as well as documents of papal preaching and reflections of theologists constitute the starting point. In order to avoid methodological issues and at the same time to enable the comparison of the three denominational families, the author employs a common schema of discussing the assumptions: a. understanding of faith; b. recognition and concept of God; c. criteria of theological reflection. Such a manner of solving the problem reveals the extent to which these major Christian families emphasise abilities of reason in the act of faith. The outcome of the critical analysis and of the comparison of statements of the selected confessions is typology, which reveals the amount of rationality of the denominational families herein.
This paper talks about roots of European culture. The author tries to get involved in this discus... more This paper talks about roots of European culture. The author tries to get involved in this discussion by putting forward arguments that among these roots there should be a place for Christianity as well. He uses the analysis of Ratzinger’s works at the same time. Ratzinger is convinced that European culture derives from the Christian religion. His writings are against a present belief that Europe was shaped only thanks to the Enlightenment. Ratzinger points out what exact factors influenced the shaping of European culture. Apart from Greek philosophy, he mentions such Christianity’s achievements as the natural right, which has its source in the Old Testament; a personal vision of human being, which leads to a conception of a person who deserves inalienable dignity and respect for life. These factors strengthened the meaning of freedom in the development of an individual and all nations. The last, still important motion assumes the form of a bet proposed by Ratzinger. He points out the fact that a human being has only two alternatives: to live as if God did not exist or veluti si Deus darateur.
StreszczenieW glosie poruszona została problematyka odszkodowania z tytułu tzw. wrongful birth w ... more StreszczenieW glosie poruszona została problematyka odszkodowania z tytułu tzw. wrongful birth w świetle relacji dóbr osobistych do przepisów normujących dopuszczalność dokonania aborcji. Autorzy wykazują niezasadność posługiwania się konstrukcją „prawa do aborcji” rozumianego jako prawo podmiotowe, na które powołał się Sąd Administracyjny w tytułowym orzeczeniu. Argumentacja wskazuje także na niedopuszczalność uznania za szkodę zarówno faktu urodzenia, jak i poniesionych kosztów w związku z wychowaniem dziecka. W ten sposób autorzy dochodzą do wniosku, że na gruncie norm prawa cywilnego, rozpatrywanych w kontekście konstytucyjnej ochrony życia, nie ma możliwości przyznania odszkodowania za tzw. „złe urodzenie”.
What does modern democracy mean? What forms its basics? These are the questions faced by everyone... more What does modern democracy mean? What forms its basics? These are the questions faced by everyone who follows the discussions about the shape of the nation on the media. Answers to the above mentioned questions can be found in the preaching of Benedict XVI, as well. In his speeches there can be spotted certain issues which are fundamental to the democracy. The first one states that the democracy involves some risk, in such a way that it assumes the division between the conscience and the mind. As a result, it leads to the omission of the transcendent dimension and the assumption of power. The second issue shows the crisis of judgment, which means organizing the world over the aspects of good and bad, fair or unfair. This concern relates to the issues of the truth and the picture of a human being which must be taken under consideration. The Pope in his speeches gives directions of how the law should be set, in such a way that it will include the needs of the weak and the poor and the...
The aim of this paper is to present the manner in which the following denominational families: Pr... more The aim of this paper is to present the manner in which the following denominational families: Protestantism, Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism argue in order to support the substance of faith. Aim which is formulated in such a way implies an answer to a question: is rationality an indispensable element of faith of the denominational families herein? Research is being conducted on the basis of the assumption analysis of the selected denominational families through the prism of what the said state about themselves. Therefore, catechisms or their manifestos which take the form of catechisms, as well as documents of papal preaching and reflections of theologists constitute the starting point. In order to avoid methodological issues and at the same time to enable the comparison of the three denominational families, the author employs a common schema of discussing the assumptions: a. understanding of faith; b. recognition and concept of God; c. criteria of theological reflection. Suc...
W artykule odniesiono się do argumentów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego, zawierających kry... more W artykule odniesiono się do argumentów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego, zawierających krytykę rozwiązań prawnych proponowanych w głośnym projekcie ustawy, który był przedmiotem inicjatywy obywatelskiej „Stop Aborcji” w 2016 r. Tekst odnosi się zarówno do wątków medycznych, jak i prawnych podniesionych w Stanowisku PTG. Wskazano m.in. na przytoczone przez PTG nieaktualne dane medyczne dotyczące ryzyka zgonu kobiet w ciąży z nadciśnieniem płucnym oraz nieuwzględnienie aktualnych wytycznych European Society of Cardiology przy opisie przypadków klinicznych. Wykazano jednocześnie, że PTG całkowicie bezpodstawnie twierdziło, jakoby projekt stanowiący przedmiot inicjatywy obywatelskiej „Stop Aborcji” zabraniał stosowania diagnostyki prenatalnej w celach terapeutycznych. Jednocześnie zwrócono uwagę, że Stanowisko PTG tworzy wrażenie jakoby diagnostyka prenatalna była wyłącznie ukierunkowana na działania o charakterze terapeutycznym, odwracając uwagę od faktu, że stanowi ona często i...
The analysis of the citizens’ initiative mechanism includes a description of the current legal si... more The analysis of the citizens’ initiative mechanism includes a description of the current legal situation in Poland as well as a review of the citizens’ right exercise of the right to direct governance as practiced in previous parliamentary terms and the current, 8th term which began in November 2015.
l. Filozoficzny problem dwóch wizji życia ludzkiego Czym jest życie ludzkie? Odpowiedź na to pozo... more l. Filozoficzny problem dwóch wizji życia ludzkiego Czym jest życie ludzkie? Odpowiedź na to pozornie proste pytanie wymaga głębszego namysłu. Rozwiązań jest wiele, jednak na pierwszy rzut oka można zauważyć przynajmniej dwa. Po pierwsze, jest ono jedynie faktem biologicznym, upływem czasu, ciągiem wydarzeń wypełniającym pustkę między narodzinami a śmiercią. Druga możliwość ukazuje życie jako dar, który się otrzymuje samemu nie będąc jego źródłem. Oba spojrzenia nie muszą się wykluczać. Każdej z tych wizji odpowiada inny sposób patrzenia na fenomen życia, odsłaniający jego różne aspekty. Spojrzenie na życie człowieka jak na fakt biologiczny, powoduje, że nie różni się on niczym od zwierząt i zostaje zredukowany do wymiaru cielesnego. Nie sposób zakwestionować ten rodzaj opisu, ale czy jest on jednak kompletny? Czy człowiek jest czymś lub kimś więcej niż tylko egzemplarzem z gatunku "człowiek"? Aporią dla logiki ciała jest ujęcie życia w kategorii daru. Życie jako dar, ukaz...
W artykule odniesiono się do argumentów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego, zawierających kry... more W artykule odniesiono się do argumentów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego, zawierających krytykę rozwiązań prawnych proponowanych w głośnym projekcie ustawy, który był przedmiotem inicjatywy obywatelskiej „Stop Aborcji” w 2016 r. Tekst odnosi się zarówno do wątków medycznych, jak i prawnych podniesionych w Stanowisku PTG. Wskazano między innymi na przytoczone przez PTG nieaktualne dane medyczne dotyczące ryzyka zgonu kobiet w ciąży z nadciśnieniem płucnym oraz nieuwzględnienie aktualnych wytycznych European Society of Cardiology przy opisie przypadków klinicznych. Wykazano jednocześnie, że PTG całkowicie bezpodstawnie twierdziło, jakoby projekt stanowiący przedmiot inicjatywy obywatelskiej „Stop Aborcji” zabraniał stosowania diagnostyki prenatalnej w celach terapeutycznych. Jednocześnie zwrócono uwagę, że Stanowisko PTG tworzy wrażenie, jakoby diagnostyka prenatalna była wyłącznie ukierunkowana na działania o charakterze terapeutycznym, odwracając uwagę od faktu, że stanowi ona często instrument współczesnej eugeniki. W warstwie prawnej odniesiono się kompleksowo do zarzutu, rzekomych regulacji projektu obywatelskiego uniemożliwiających podejmowanie skutecznych interwencji lekarskich mających na celu ratowanie zdrowia matki w ciąży. Krytyka PTG koncentrowała się na użyciu pojęcia „bezpośredniego zagrożenia życia matki”, utrzymując, jakoby wymóg „bezpośredniości” uniemożliwiał odpowiednio wczesne interwencje lekarskie w sytuacji nieuchronnego zagrożenia życia matki. Twierdzenie to zasadza się na nieuprawnionym uznaniu, że termin „bezpośredni” w odniesieniu do zagrożenia życia matki stanowiącego stan wyższej konieczności można rozumieć tak, jak termin „bezpośredni” w odniesieniu do zamachu uzasadniającego obronę konieczną. W tym pierwszym przypadku bezpośrednie niebezpieczeństwo oznacza jego nieuchronność i nie musi oznaczać natychmiastowego zagrożenia, któremu chce się zapobiec. Tym samym zaproponowane w projekcie rozwiązanie, wbrew twierdzeniom PTG, nie ograniczało lekarzowi możliwości ratowania życia matki – pacjentki.
Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej, 2014
ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to present the manner in which the following denominational fam... more ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to present the manner in which the following denominational families: Protestantism, Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism argue in order to support the substance of faith. Aim which is formulated in such a way implies an answer to a question: is rationality an indispensable element of faith of the denominational families herein? Research is being conducted on the basis of the assumption analysis of the selected denominational families through the prism of what the said state about themselves. Therefore, catechisms or their manifestos which take the form of catechisms, as well as documents of papal preaching and reflections of theologists constitute the starting point. In order to avoid methodological issues and at the same time to enable the comparison of the three denominational families, the author employs a common schema of discussing the assumptions: a. understanding of faith; b. recognition and concept of God; c. criteria of theological reflection. Such a manner of solving the problem reveals the extent to which these major Christian families emphasise abilities of reason in the act of faith. The outcome of the critical analysis and of the comparison of statements of the selected confessions is typology, which reveals the amount of rationality of the denominational families herein.
This paper talks about roots of European culture. The author tries to get involved in this discus... more This paper talks about roots of European culture. The author tries to get involved in this discussion by putting forward arguments that among these roots there should be a place for Christianity as well. He uses the analysis of Ratzinger’s works at the same time. Ratzinger is convinced that European culture derives from the Christian religion. His writings are against a present belief that Europe was shaped only thanks to the Enlightenment. Ratzinger points out what exact factors influenced the shaping of European culture. Apart from Greek philosophy, he mentions such Christianity’s achievements as the natural right, which has its source in the Old Testament; a personal vision of human being, which leads to a conception of a person who deserves inalienable dignity and respect for life. These factors strengthened the meaning of freedom in the development of an individual and all nations. The last, still important motion assumes the form of a bet proposed by Ratzinger. He points out the fact that a human being has only two alternatives: to live as if God did not exist or veluti si Deus darateur.
StreszczenieW glosie poruszona została problematyka odszkodowania z tytułu tzw. wrongful birth w ... more StreszczenieW glosie poruszona została problematyka odszkodowania z tytułu tzw. wrongful birth w świetle relacji dóbr osobistych do przepisów normujących dopuszczalność dokonania aborcji. Autorzy wykazują niezasadność posługiwania się konstrukcją „prawa do aborcji” rozumianego jako prawo podmiotowe, na które powołał się Sąd Administracyjny w tytułowym orzeczeniu. Argumentacja wskazuje także na niedopuszczalność uznania za szkodę zarówno faktu urodzenia, jak i poniesionych kosztów w związku z wychowaniem dziecka. W ten sposób autorzy dochodzą do wniosku, że na gruncie norm prawa cywilnego, rozpatrywanych w kontekście konstytucyjnej ochrony życia, nie ma możliwości przyznania odszkodowania za tzw. „złe urodzenie”.
What does modern democracy mean? What forms its basics? These are the questions faced by everyone... more What does modern democracy mean? What forms its basics? These are the questions faced by everyone who follows the discussions about the shape of the nation on the media. Answers to the above mentioned questions can be found in the preaching of Benedict XVI, as well. In his speeches there can be spotted certain issues which are fundamental to the democracy. The first one states that the democracy involves some risk, in such a way that it assumes the division between the conscience and the mind. As a result, it leads to the omission of the transcendent dimension and the assumption of power. The second issue shows the crisis of judgment, which means organizing the world over the aspects of good and bad, fair or unfair. This concern relates to the issues of the truth and the picture of a human being which must be taken under consideration. The Pope in his speeches gives directions of how the law should be set, in such a way that it will include the needs of the weak and the poor and the...
The aim of this paper is to present the manner in which the following denominational families: Pr... more The aim of this paper is to present the manner in which the following denominational families: Protestantism, Orthodox Christianity and Catholicism argue in order to support the substance of faith. Aim which is formulated in such a way implies an answer to a question: is rationality an indispensable element of faith of the denominational families herein? Research is being conducted on the basis of the assumption analysis of the selected denominational families through the prism of what the said state about themselves. Therefore, catechisms or their manifestos which take the form of catechisms, as well as documents of papal preaching and reflections of theologists constitute the starting point. In order to avoid methodological issues and at the same time to enable the comparison of the three denominational families, the author employs a common schema of discussing the assumptions: a. understanding of faith; b. recognition and concept of God; c. criteria of theological reflection. Suc...
W artykule odniesiono się do argumentów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego, zawierających kry... more W artykule odniesiono się do argumentów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego, zawierających krytykę rozwiązań prawnych proponowanych w głośnym projekcie ustawy, który był przedmiotem inicjatywy obywatelskiej „Stop Aborcji” w 2016 r. Tekst odnosi się zarówno do wątków medycznych, jak i prawnych podniesionych w Stanowisku PTG. Wskazano m.in. na przytoczone przez PTG nieaktualne dane medyczne dotyczące ryzyka zgonu kobiet w ciąży z nadciśnieniem płucnym oraz nieuwzględnienie aktualnych wytycznych European Society of Cardiology przy opisie przypadków klinicznych. Wykazano jednocześnie, że PTG całkowicie bezpodstawnie twierdziło, jakoby projekt stanowiący przedmiot inicjatywy obywatelskiej „Stop Aborcji” zabraniał stosowania diagnostyki prenatalnej w celach terapeutycznych. Jednocześnie zwrócono uwagę, że Stanowisko PTG tworzy wrażenie jakoby diagnostyka prenatalna była wyłącznie ukierunkowana na działania o charakterze terapeutycznym, odwracając uwagę od faktu, że stanowi ona często i...
The analysis of the citizens’ initiative mechanism includes a description of the current legal si... more The analysis of the citizens’ initiative mechanism includes a description of the current legal situation in Poland as well as a review of the citizens’ right exercise of the right to direct governance as practiced in previous parliamentary terms and the current, 8th term which began in November 2015.
l. Filozoficzny problem dwóch wizji życia ludzkiego Czym jest życie ludzkie? Odpowiedź na to pozo... more l. Filozoficzny problem dwóch wizji życia ludzkiego Czym jest życie ludzkie? Odpowiedź na to pozornie proste pytanie wymaga głębszego namysłu. Rozwiązań jest wiele, jednak na pierwszy rzut oka można zauważyć przynajmniej dwa. Po pierwsze, jest ono jedynie faktem biologicznym, upływem czasu, ciągiem wydarzeń wypełniającym pustkę między narodzinami a śmiercią. Druga możliwość ukazuje życie jako dar, który się otrzymuje samemu nie będąc jego źródłem. Oba spojrzenia nie muszą się wykluczać. Każdej z tych wizji odpowiada inny sposób patrzenia na fenomen życia, odsłaniający jego różne aspekty. Spojrzenie na życie człowieka jak na fakt biologiczny, powoduje, że nie różni się on niczym od zwierząt i zostaje zredukowany do wymiaru cielesnego. Nie sposób zakwestionować ten rodzaj opisu, ale czy jest on jednak kompletny? Czy człowiek jest czymś lub kimś więcej niż tylko egzemplarzem z gatunku "człowiek"? Aporią dla logiki ciała jest ujęcie życia w kategorii daru. Życie jako dar, ukaz...
W artykule odniesiono się do argumentów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego, zawierających kry... more W artykule odniesiono się do argumentów Polskiego Towarzystwa Ginekologicznego, zawierających krytykę rozwiązań prawnych proponowanych w głośnym projekcie ustawy, który był przedmiotem inicjatywy obywatelskiej „Stop Aborcji” w 2016 r. Tekst odnosi się zarówno do wątków medycznych, jak i prawnych podniesionych w Stanowisku PTG. Wskazano między innymi na przytoczone przez PTG nieaktualne dane medyczne dotyczące ryzyka zgonu kobiet w ciąży z nadciśnieniem płucnym oraz nieuwzględnienie aktualnych wytycznych European Society of Cardiology przy opisie przypadków klinicznych. Wykazano jednocześnie, że PTG całkowicie bezpodstawnie twierdziło, jakoby projekt stanowiący przedmiot inicjatywy obywatelskiej „Stop Aborcji” zabraniał stosowania diagnostyki prenatalnej w celach terapeutycznych. Jednocześnie zwrócono uwagę, że Stanowisko PTG tworzy wrażenie, jakoby diagnostyka prenatalna była wyłącznie ukierunkowana na działania o charakterze terapeutycznym, odwracając uwagę od faktu, że stanowi ona często instrument współczesnej eugeniki. W warstwie prawnej odniesiono się kompleksowo do zarzutu, rzekomych regulacji projektu obywatelskiego uniemożliwiających podejmowanie skutecznych interwencji lekarskich mających na celu ratowanie zdrowia matki w ciąży. Krytyka PTG koncentrowała się na użyciu pojęcia „bezpośredniego zagrożenia życia matki”, utrzymując, jakoby wymóg „bezpośredniości” uniemożliwiał odpowiednio wczesne interwencje lekarskie w sytuacji nieuchronnego zagrożenia życia matki. Twierdzenie to zasadza się na nieuprawnionym uznaniu, że termin „bezpośredni” w odniesieniu do zagrożenia życia matki stanowiącego stan wyższej konieczności można rozumieć tak, jak termin „bezpośredni” w odniesieniu do zamachu uzasadniającego obronę konieczną. W tym pierwszym przypadku bezpośrednie niebezpieczeństwo oznacza jego nieuchronność i nie musi oznaczać natychmiastowego zagrożenia, któremu chce się zapobiec. Tym samym zaproponowane w projekcie rozwiązanie, wbrew twierdzeniom PTG, nie ograniczało lekarzowi możliwości ratowania życia matki – pacjentki.
W artykule podjęta została próba refleksji dotyczącej prawnych aspektów standardów medycznych daw... more W artykule podjęta została próba refleksji dotyczącej prawnych aspektów standardów medycznych dawstwa oraz przeno-szenia komórek rozrodczych i zarodków z perspektywy poję cia zasady dobra dziecka oraz ugruntowanego, konstytucyjnego modelu rodziny. Obejmuje ona analizę stosowanych w ustawie o leczeniu niepłodności pojęć, w szczególności tych dotyczących różnych form dawstwa, przesłanek podmiotowych przeniesienia komórek rozrodczych męskich albo przeniesienia zarodka do organizmu kobiety, a także rozstrzygnięcie w zakresie możliwości skorzystania z procedury medycznie wspomaganej prokreacji przez samotne kobiety i ocena takiego stanu prawnego z punktu widzenia norm konstytucyjnych.
State of Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Poland. Recent Developments., Sep 2016
The present analysis of the citizens’ initiative mechanism includes a description of the current ... more The present analysis of the citizens’ initiative mechanism includes a description of the current legal situation as well as a review of the citizens’ right exercise of the right to direct governance as practiced in previous parliamentary terms and the current, 8th term which began in November 2015 in Poland.
State of Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Poland. Recent Developments., Sep 2016
The analysis of the recent changes in the legislation concerning family rights and family policy ... more The analysis of the recent changes in the legislation concerning family rights and family policy in Poland contains two parts. The first one will reflect upon legal obligations of public authorities towards families stemming from the Constitution and legal acts. The second one is devoted to an analysis of the recent changes in family-related legal provisions and their evaluation in context of both human rights guarantees and the influence on the welfare of families.
Mass media transmit information from different parts of the world reducing its size to that of a ... more Mass media transmit information from different parts of the world reducing its size to that of a glass screen. Therefore, they play a role in shaping and distorting the awareness of both the individuals and the communities and the cultural society as well. In this context, the role they should play must be specified. Benedict XVI as the leader of a religious community and a person whose words and gestures were manipulated, points out in his messages for the World Communications Day tasks which the mass media need to fulfill in order to portray the real picture of the world. The analysis of the above mentioned messages has led to the conclusion that the role of mass media is based on four values: truth, common welfare, human dignity, family welfare. Benedict XVI formulates moral and practical responsibilities paying attention to the fact that the representatives of the media should always strive for reliable reports of the events, thorough explanations of the public issues and fair presentation of different points of view with respect to one’s dignity and family welfare. It is about maintaining objectivity in order to provide the recipient with the opportunity to make the right choice which will fulfill one’s needs of the sense, the truth, the beauty and the good. Their role is not only limited to spreading the ideas but also to work as helping tools in building a fairer and united world.
There is no simple answer for the question of human life. Yet, two of its aspects can be noticed... more There is no simple answer for the question of human life. Yet, two of its aspects can be noticed. Firstly, it is only a biological fact, the sequence of events between the birth and the death. The second option presents the life as a gift which one receives by himself without really being the source of it. Both points of view do not have to exclude each other. Each of these visions correspond to a different way of perceiving the phenomenon of life, revealing its other aspects. The look at a human life as a biological fact, shows that it is not dissimilar to animals and is reduced to a corporal dimension. In no way such kind of a description can be questioned but is it complete? Is the human being something or someone more than just a copy of ‘human” species? What should constitute the criterion that shows the meaning of human life and the responsibility for it?
What does modern democracy mean? What forms its basics? These are the questions faced by everyone... more What does modern democracy mean? What forms its basics? These are the questions faced by everyone who follows the discussions about the shape of the nation on the media. Answers to the above mentioned questions can be found in the preaching of Benedict XVI, as well. In his speeches there can be spotted certain issues which are fundamental to the democracy. The first one states that the democracy involves some risk, in such a way that it assumes the division between the conscience and the mind. As a result, it leads to the omission of the transcendent dimension and the assumption of power. The second issue shows the crisis of judgment, which means organizing the world over the aspects of good and bad, fair or unfair. This concern relates to the issues of the truth and the picture of a human being which must be taken under consideration. The Pope in his speeches gives directions of how the law should be set, in such a way that it will include the needs of the weak and the poor and the demands established by moral standards. The analysis of his speeches leads to the conclusion that it is the virtue of justice which forms the basis of the democracy. Though, a significant role is played by the religion, independent to politics. Moreover, it purifies ‘political mind’, which is clearly stated in the preaching of Benedict XVI.
The paper presents the Ratzinger's conception of human ecology (Ökologie des Menschen). Reconstru... more The paper presents the Ratzinger's conception of human ecology (Ökologie des Menschen). Reconstruction of Ratzingerian conception is built of three parts: (1) the author sketches connection of the human ecology and corrective role of faith. In the next step (2) he gives an outline of Ratzinger's conception of human ecology. Finally, (3) the author shows the moral dimension of rational social and economic progress. A closer inspection allows to draw conclusion, that the Ratzinger's conception is based on the premise that man is able to discover the tasks arising from its rational nature. Discovery of this nature is possible thanks to the synthesis of reason and faith. Faith is such a point of reference that helps the reason to uncover itself once again. As a result, the 'corrected reason' can shape the social and economic progress.
Człowiek z perspektywy religii, rodziny i szkoły, 2013
This paper talks about roots of European culture. The author tries to get involved in this discus... more This paper talks about roots of European culture. The author tries to get involved in this discussion by putting forward arguments that among these roots there should be a place for Christianity as well. He uses the analysis of Ratzinger’s works at the same time. Ratzinger is convinced that European culture derives from the Christian religion. His writings are against a present belief that Europe was shaped only thanks to the Enlightenment. Ratzinger points out what exact factors influenced the shaping of European culture. Apart from Greek philosophy, he mentions such Christianity’s achievements as the natural right, which has its source in the Old Testament; a personal vision of human being, which leads to a conception of a person who deserves inalienable dignity and respect for life. These factors strengthened the meaning of freedom in the development of an individual and all nations. The last, still important motion assumes the form of a bet proposed by Ratzinger. He points out the fact that a human being has only two alternatives: to live as if God did not exist or veluti si Deus darateur.
F. Gończyński-Jussis, Ł. Kosiński, S. Szyc (red.), Uniwersytet wczoraj i dziś, Lublin - Radzyń Podlaski 2015, s. 9-18.
In the today’s philosophical discourse, the place for theoretical considerations is being taken b... more In the today’s philosophical discourse, the place for theoretical considerations is being taken by practical effectiveness. This change leads to alteration of the role of the university treating it more like a company. If a university is divided into non-similar units, it blurs the universitas nature. On the other hand, the impossibility of evaluation in the sphere of theoretical endeavours blurs the sense of freedom. These assumptions reveal problems worth pondering over. This is why the key point in this article could be presented by the series of questions: could the search for the truth be the basis for a university? Could the ability to evaluate could be the measure of its freedom? Argumentation in this article is based on a selection of texts by Pope Benedict XVI.
Przedmiotem opinii jest postulat zrównania wieku uprawniającego do zawarcia związku małżeńskiego ... more Przedmiotem opinii jest postulat zrównania wieku uprawniającego do zawarcia związku małżeńskiego mężczyzn z wiekiem kobiet. Sformułowanie postulatu nie jest precyzyjne – już w aktualnym stanie prawnym zarówno mężczyźni, jak i kobiety, są uprawnieni do zawarcia małżeństwa w wieku 18 lat. Zróżnicowanie występuje w zakresie możliwości wcześniejszego zawarcia małżeństwa za zgodą sądu opiekuńczego, która przysługuje obecnie wyłącznie kobietom, które ukończyły 16. rok życia. Zasadniczym przedmiotem analizy będzie więc postulat przyznania mężczyznom możliwości wcześniejszego zawarcia związku małżeńskiego za zgodą sądu. Przedmiotem opinii jest także postulat wprowadzenia obowiązku alimentacyjnego matek celem wyeliminowania dyskryminacji ojców. Przepisy dotyczące obowiązku alimentacyjnego, które zostaną poddane analizie, znajdują się w Dziale III Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego.
Studies show that Christians continue to be the most persecuted group across the globe. In 2015, ... more Studies show that Christians continue to be the most persecuted group across the globe. In 2015, approximately 105,000 Christians were killed because of their faith. One year later, approximately 90,000 Christians lost their lives because they confess Jesus Christ as God and the Savior.
Not a day goes by without news about the dramatic situation of Christians worldwide. This phenomenon, which could be rightly called Christianophobia, takes different forms, including acts of genocide.
Persecution of Christians has been recognized at many national and international fora and organizations. However, one can still notice the lack of comprehensive legal analysis of the situation of that particular religious group.
This report aims at filling in this gap by providing a systematic legal study both at the EU and at the international level.
The master thesis presents the “work” as a subject of the Polish copyright law. It is built of fo... more The master thesis presents the “work” as a subject of the Polish copyright law. It is built of four parts: (1) the author sketches history of evolution of copyright law. In the next step (2) he gives an outline of legal prerequisite which work, as a product of intellect should have to find it as “work” in copyright law meaning. Thirdly, (3) the author makes a distinction of “work” depending on their genetic feature, such as e.g. number of authors. Finally, (4) in a legal-comparative part the author shows understanding of “work” as the subjects of other legal systems of copyright such as: international law including EU law; U.S. copyright law and German law. A closer inspection allows to draw conclusion, that the Polish concept of copyright law is unique mainly because of its legal definition of “work”. Generally, the scope of the Polish copyright law is equate with those accepted in other legal systems which had been analyzed. As a result, this aspect of the comparison shows that it is possible to change within the Polish concept of the “work” so as to do it more accurate and harmonized.
The present thesis tries to analyse film production of Ingmar Bergman in order to find some theol... more The present thesis tries to analyse film production of Ingmar Bergman in order to find some theological places ( locus theologicus ) in it. The present author uses a classical method to gain theological arguments, with the intension to show the Swedish master's output as a specific territory of revelation.
Undoubtedly, Ingmar Bergman is one of the directors who by means of their production, most often so called '' hidden religiousness'', try to ask questions reffering to transcedency, something which goes beyond human reality. In his masterpieces, Bergman asks not only about the existence of God, about faith, but also about love as a power to either build or destroy the final aim or the sense of human life. It should be emphasised that the present author does not intend to blur the outlines of Bergman's films, Bergman himself did not want his films to be interpreted in ar eligious sense only.
Working hard on discovering theological places, it is important to mention Bergman's personal experience, especially his '' spiritual dilemma'', also typical of his contemporaries. Therefore, the present thesis also tries to interpret the attitude of contemporary man to the existence of God, the attitude of man hustled by the waves of despair and broken by the winds of evil, whom Bergman showed in his films. At the same time, the present author is fully engaged in pointing out how difficult it is for Bergman to escape from himself and the dimension of his production, which was not his intension to be as it is. It is difficult to accept the thesis that Begman consciously and ''without intension, was talking about God, however'' or only about the need for dealing with that problem in human life.
Bergman's films and scripts are the materials analised. For better understandind and interpreting them properly, the present author uses specific cinema language on the one hand and bases on theological output on the other hand, so as to discover and explain the religious sense of some issues.The analysis of various Bergman's masterpices and the description of its results will allow answers to some questions arosen, especially to the ones whether Bergman's film production is a specific locus theologicus for intelligent, sensitive audience and whether his production does not allow ignoring the issue of God as something which used to be meaningful before but is not meaningful to man any longer.
The plan of the present thesis allows showing some essential issues Bergman dealt with in his production. The division into chapters was done after analysing films and concetrates mainly on so called '' problems connected with the issue of God'', not ignoring man, however, and his attitude to God, religion and values.
Chapter 1 talks about the ways of God's revelation. It explains how to understand the place and time of revelation. The second part of the chapter if very helpful. Here, the present author introduces a method used to search for places which are called theological places by classical methodology. The author explains how to understand the issue of locus theologicus and shows some possible ways of development of a closed hierarchy loci.
Chapter 2 is devoted to the issue of God's existence. In the first part of the chapter, the present author presents rational arguments for His existence, which directly come out from the protestant religion. Verification of the hypothesis allows coming to the second part of the chapter which presents one of three ( Sola Scriptura, sola fide, sola gratia ) essential assumptions of the religion discussed, so called sola fide ( only faith).Here,the present author discusses the'' rule '' only briefly, preparing the background for further cosideration. It places Bergman in culture tradition, whose part is also religion.
Chapter 3 presents archetypes of God appearing in Bergman's masterpieces. They create a kind of album of patterns, often wrong , with which man sometimes is not able to deal.. The first pattern shows God of law, God of decalogue. Another picture of God emerging from Bergman's films is a pattern of suffering Christ. Is He God the gospel shows, however? The third pattern is patriarchal. It shows the relationship with Bergman's father and his influence on the picture of God the Father. The last archetype is an artistic pattern. Here, God appears as a product of imagination or of fears of a man facing suffering most often. He appears as a spider, director, or wanderer.
Chapter 4 is devoted to explanation of institutionalized religion, namely to presentation of Church in which Bergman grew up. In his eyes, the Church is not well-disposed enough towards man, it is only an institution basing on performing laws and duties. In this chapter, the present author wants to point out lack of mediation between God and man as well as abandonment of man, which might be called God's silence with man.The present author also shows the consequences ( rewards and punishment )of obeying laws and duties imposed by that religion . Such an analysis allows looking at Bergman as someone who in his production consciously or even more naturally uses accepted religious symbols so to say sucked in with his mother's milk.
The last chapter talks about important values which each man is, more or less, aware of. The present author presents them from the perspective of a lonely and abandoned man.Why? Because most Bergman's film characters find themselves in such situatios as Bergman himself did. The analysis of their behaviour and utterances tries to show what the truth, freedom, love, death and evil are not only to man portrayed in Bergman's films but also to modern man. Description of those values seems to be important for the whole paper.
One of the important, if not the most important, conclusions drawn from the research done is a belief that by showing the world and the man from the perspective of '' closed impenetrable heaven'' with silent God, the Director of human fate and even by showing the world and the man through the broken glass of certainty, '' so what if there is no God'', Bergman wants to add one more proof to all the evidence that God exists. It seems to be more convincing for present man.It is argumentum ex morte [ the present author's translation ], '' an indirect evidence from practical consequences of life as if God did not exist''. Bergman shows those practical cosequences on the screen. In his films, loneliness and being lost in the world, pain and suffering, fear of death and the feeilng of no sense in life gain religious meaning. They testify the existential '' fear and trembling'' after the death of God who was an important reference for human existence. At the same time, they provoke those who easily leave God after discovering '' death as illness '', not showing the slightest grimace of pain or disgust. Perhaps they have never met Him? Perhaps they have a false picture of God, the product of '' fear '' ?
The present author hopes that the present thesis will add to the development of theoretical search for '' theological places '' in art, especially in cinema. It could also add to reflection on being lost or spiritual dilemma of the modern world, which calls for not only moral but also spiritual depth. The results presented in the present thesis mark the beginning of research on the line theology – philosophy and culture – theory of film. In other words, it is necessary to look at film as a challenge and specific territory of revelation for theology and philosophy.The present author hopes that there will be someone to take up the subject, adding to deeper study of the problems connected with the present thesis.
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Papers by Olaf Szczypiński
W warstwie prawnej odniesiono się kompleksowo do zarzutu, rzekomych regulacji projektu obywatelskiego uniemożliwiających podejmowanie skutecznych interwencji lekarskich mających na celu ratowanie zdrowia matki w ciąży. Krytyka PTG koncentrowała się na użyciu pojęcia „bezpośredniego zagrożenia życia matki”, utrzymując, jakoby wymóg „bezpośredniości” uniemożliwiał odpowiednio wczesne interwencje lekarskie w sytuacji nieuchronnego zagrożenia życia matki. Twierdzenie to zasadza się na nieuprawnionym uznaniu, że termin „bezpośredni” w odniesieniu do zagrożenia życia matki stanowiącego stan wyższej konieczności można rozumieć tak, jak termin „bezpośredni” w odniesieniu do zamachu uzasadniającego obronę konieczną. W tym pierwszym przypadku bezpośrednie niebezpieczeństwo oznacza jego nieuchronność i nie musi oznaczać natychmiastowego zagrożenia, któremu chce się zapobiec. Tym samym zaproponowane w projekcie rozwiązanie, wbrew twierdzeniom PTG, nie ograniczało lekarzowi możliwości ratowania życia matki – pacjentki.
W warstwie prawnej odniesiono się kompleksowo do zarzutu, rzekomych regulacji projektu obywatelskiego uniemożliwiających podejmowanie skutecznych interwencji lekarskich mających na celu ratowanie zdrowia matki w ciąży. Krytyka PTG koncentrowała się na użyciu pojęcia „bezpośredniego zagrożenia życia matki”, utrzymując, jakoby wymóg „bezpośredniości” uniemożliwiał odpowiednio wczesne interwencje lekarskie w sytuacji nieuchronnego zagrożenia życia matki. Twierdzenie to zasadza się na nieuprawnionym uznaniu, że termin „bezpośredni” w odniesieniu do zagrożenia życia matki stanowiącego stan wyższej konieczności można rozumieć tak, jak termin „bezpośredni” w odniesieniu do zamachu uzasadniającego obronę konieczną. W tym pierwszym przypadku bezpośrednie niebezpieczeństwo oznacza jego nieuchronność i nie musi oznaczać natychmiastowego zagrożenia, któremu chce się zapobiec. Tym samym zaproponowane w projekcie rozwiązanie, wbrew twierdzeniom PTG, nie ograniczało lekarzowi możliwości ratowania życia matki – pacjentki.
guarantees and the influence on the welfare of families.
zgodą sądu. Przedmiotem opinii jest także postulat wprowadzenia obowiązku alimentacyjnego matek celem wyeliminowania dyskryminacji ojców. Przepisy dotyczące obowiązku alimentacyjnego, które zostaną poddane analizie, znajdują się w Dziale III Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego.
Not a day goes by without news about the dramatic situation of Christians worldwide. This phenomenon, which could be rightly called Christianophobia, takes different forms, including acts of genocide.
Persecution of Christians has been recognized at many national and international fora and organizations. However, one can still notice the lack of comprehensive legal analysis of the situation of that particular religious group.
This report aims at filling in this gap by providing a systematic legal study both at the EU and at the international level.
Undoubtedly, Ingmar Bergman is one of the directors who by means of their production, most often so called '' hidden religiousness'', try to ask questions reffering to transcedency, something which goes beyond human reality. In his masterpieces, Bergman asks not only about the existence of God, about faith, but also about love as a power to either build or destroy the final aim or the sense of human life. It should be emphasised that the present author does not intend to blur the outlines of Bergman's films, Bergman himself did not want his films to be interpreted in ar eligious sense only.
Working hard on discovering theological places, it is important to mention Bergman's personal experience, especially his '' spiritual dilemma'', also typical of his contemporaries. Therefore, the present thesis also tries to interpret the attitude of contemporary man to the existence of God, the attitude of man hustled by the waves of despair and broken by the winds of evil, whom Bergman showed in his films. At the same time, the present author is fully engaged in pointing out how difficult it is for Bergman to escape from himself and the dimension of his production, which was not his intension to be as it is. It is difficult to accept the thesis that Begman consciously and ''without intension, was talking about God, however'' or only about the need for dealing with that problem in human life.
Bergman's films and scripts are the materials analised. For better understandind and interpreting them properly, the present author uses specific cinema language on the one hand and bases on theological output on the other hand, so as to discover and explain the religious sense of some issues.The analysis of various Bergman's masterpices and the description of its results will allow answers to some questions arosen, especially to the ones whether Bergman's film production is a specific locus theologicus for intelligent, sensitive audience and whether his production does not allow ignoring the issue of God as something which used to be meaningful before but is not meaningful to man any longer.
The plan of the present thesis allows showing some essential issues Bergman dealt with in his production. The division into chapters was done after analysing films and concetrates mainly on so called '' problems connected with the issue of God'', not ignoring man, however, and his attitude to God, religion and values.
Chapter 1 talks about the ways of God's revelation. It explains how to understand the place and time of revelation. The second part of the chapter if very helpful. Here, the present author introduces a method used to search for places which are called theological places by classical methodology. The author explains how to understand the issue of locus theologicus and shows some possible ways of development of a closed hierarchy loci.
Chapter 2 is devoted to the issue of God's existence. In the first part of the chapter, the present author presents rational arguments for His existence, which directly come out from the protestant religion. Verification of the hypothesis allows coming to the second part of the chapter which presents one of three ( Sola Scriptura, sola fide, sola gratia ) essential assumptions of the religion discussed, so called sola fide ( only faith).Here,the present author discusses the'' rule '' only briefly, preparing the background for further cosideration. It places Bergman in culture tradition, whose part is also religion.
Chapter 3 presents archetypes of God appearing in Bergman's masterpieces. They create a kind of album of patterns, often wrong , with which man sometimes is not able to deal.. The first pattern shows God of law, God of decalogue. Another picture of God emerging from Bergman's films is a pattern of suffering Christ. Is He God the gospel shows, however? The third pattern is patriarchal. It shows the relationship with Bergman's father and his influence on the picture of God the Father. The last archetype is an artistic pattern. Here, God appears as a product of imagination or of fears of a man facing suffering most often. He appears as a spider, director, or wanderer.
Chapter 4 is devoted to explanation of institutionalized religion, namely to presentation of Church in which Bergman grew up. In his eyes, the Church is not well-disposed enough towards man, it is only an institution basing on performing laws and duties. In this chapter, the present author wants to point out lack of mediation between God and man as well as abandonment of man, which might be called God's silence with man.The present author also shows the consequences ( rewards and punishment )of obeying laws and duties imposed by that religion . Such an analysis allows looking at Bergman as someone who in his production consciously or even more naturally uses accepted religious symbols so to say sucked in with his mother's milk.
The last chapter talks about important values which each man is, more or less, aware of. The present author presents them from the perspective of a lonely and abandoned man.Why? Because most Bergman's film characters find themselves in such situatios as Bergman himself did. The analysis of their behaviour and utterances tries to show what the truth, freedom, love, death and evil are not only to man portrayed in Bergman's films but also to modern man. Description of those values seems to be important for the whole paper.
One of the important, if not the most important, conclusions drawn from the research done is a belief that by showing the world and the man from the perspective of '' closed impenetrable heaven'' with silent God, the Director of human fate and even by showing the world and the man through the broken glass of certainty, '' so what if there is no God'', Bergman wants to add one more proof to all the evidence that God exists. It seems to be more convincing for present man.It is argumentum ex morte [ the present author's translation ], '' an indirect evidence from practical consequences of life as if God did not exist''. Bergman shows those practical cosequences on the screen. In his films, loneliness and being lost in the world, pain and suffering, fear of death and the feeilng of no sense in life gain religious meaning. They testify the existential '' fear and trembling'' after the death of God who was an important reference for human existence. At the same time, they provoke those who easily leave God after discovering '' death as illness '', not showing the slightest grimace of pain or disgust. Perhaps they have never met Him? Perhaps they have a false picture of God, the product of '' fear '' ?
The present author hopes that the present thesis will add to the development of theoretical search for '' theological places '' in art, especially in cinema. It could also add to reflection on being lost or spiritual dilemma of the modern world, which calls for not only moral but also spiritual depth. The results presented in the present thesis mark the beginning of research on the line theology – philosophy and culture – theory of film. In other words, it is necessary to look at film as a challenge and specific territory of revelation for theology and philosophy.The present author hopes that there will be someone to take up the subject, adding to deeper study of the problems connected with the present thesis.