Joe Buchanan

<p>(A) A Venn diagram showing the overlap and distinctiveness of microbial taxa from common wasps in the native (England and Belgium) and invaded range (New Zealand and Argentina). A total of 131 peptides from distinct microbial taxa were observed. Of these 131 microbial taxa, 39 taxa were shared between all countries, but different countries had between 9–14 distinct taxa. (B) Rarefaction curves showing the similarity of microbial taxa accumulation with increasing peptides sampled.</p

<p>(A) Putative Deformed wing virus (DWV) sequences. (B) Kashmir bee virus (KBV) sequences from <i>Vespula vulgaris and Apis mellifera</i> sampled (bold) and the best matching sequences on GenBank, together with their accession numbers and host species. The trees were based on 2000 bootstraps of a general time-reversible model with gamma distribution and invariant sites parameters (GTR + G(0.48) +I(200); lnL −550.04) for DWV and a general time-reversible model (GTR; lnL −195.50) for KBV in MEGA6. The estimates of levels of support shown below the nodes are bootstrap values greater than 50%. The trees are drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site.</p

<p>(A) The number of microbial taxa observed in published studies examining <i>V</i>. <i>germanica</i> and <i>V</i>. <i>vulgaris</i>. The numbers at the top of the bars represent the number of published studies, e.g. there were nine published papers examining fungal in wasps from the invaded range. Inset is a graph showing the non-significant relationship (p≥0.218) between the number of taxa found and the number of studies for each microbial group. (B) Results from our proteomics survey of microbes associated with wasps from the native and invaded range. No viruses were observed in the proteomics analysis. The “other” category is from peptides indicating the presence of taxa including amoeba (<i>Acanthamoeba</i> sp.), a protozoan (<i>Babesia</i> sp.), and tapeworm (<i>Taenia</i> sp.).</p

<p>The tree was based on 2000 bootstraps of a general time-reversible model with gamma distribution and invariant sites parameters; lnL −559.13) in MEGA6. The estimates of levels of support shown below the nodes are bootstrap values greater than 50%. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Often GenBank sequences were equally well matched to the sequences from <i>V</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> and those displayed on the tree are not exhaustive (e.g. the Ireland sample matched equally well to multiple <i>Arthrobacter</i> sp.).</p

<p>Twenty adult <i>V</i>. <i>vulgaris</i> worker wasps were collected from each of the four countries. In some cases, multiple wasps were collected in the same area, but never from the same nest. For Argentina, the restricted sampling area represents the latitudinal limits of their distribution at the time of sampling in 2013. Common wasps are distributed throughout New Zealand.</p

<p>The tree was based on 2000 bootstraps of a general time-reversible model with gamma distribution and invariant sites parameters (GTR + G(0.69) +I(0.0); lnL −928.456) in MEGA6. The estimates of levels of support shown below the nodes are bootstrap values greater than 50%. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site.</p

Genetic variation in Carpophyllum Greville and Cystophora J. Agardh (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) was investigated at a variety of scales. An extensive survey of mitochondrial spacer variation in Carpophyllum maschalocarpum from 32 populations around New Zealand shows strong population differentiation at relatively small scales (50–100 kilometres), but also pathways of long distance dispersal that connect populations over much greater distances. In addition, historical climate change appears to have restricted C. maschalocarpum to the northern North Island during the last glacial maximum, with subsequent southward range expansion revealed by low genetic diversity in southern populations. These results are consistent with limited dispersal at the gamete and zygote stage, expected in fucalean algae, but with occasional long distance dispersal by detached floating thalli. The genetic signature suggests these two modes of dispersal are decoupled. Internal Transcribed Spacers sequences show li...

Nine species of crustose brown algae are described from New Zealand’s coast. Three species are microthalli of species of Scytosiphonaceae: Colpomenia bullosa Yamada, Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link and Petalonia binghamiae (J. Agardh) Vinogradova. One species of Lithodermataceae, Pseudolithoderma roscoffense Loiseaux is described from Northland. Four species are Ralfsiaceae, Ralfsia expansa (J. Agardh) J. Agardh, Ralfsia confusa Hollenberg, a new species, Ralfisa sp. “smooth”, and Hapalospongidion gelatinosum Saunders. H. saxigenum Lindauer is identical to Hapalospongidion gelatinosum Saunders. One new species of Diplura, currently placed in the Ralfsiaceae, is described. Ralfsia verrucosa (Areschoug) Areschoug, previously reported from New Zealand, was not found. ITS-2 sequences show that Ralfsia expansa, Ralfsia confusa and Ralfsia sp. “smooth” are closely related. Ralfsia expansa is more distantly related. These relationships are consistent with morphological differences. L...