Dr Ngo has a PhD from Mahidol University in human rights and peace studies. She holds Masters degrees in Public International Law (LLM) and Human Rights (M.Phil.) from the University of Oslo, and in Development Management from the Asian Institute of Management. Dr Ngo is currently a lecturer in the School of Law, Vietnam National University, Hanoi. She is co-founder of the Center for Development and Integration Vietnam (CDI), a Vietnamese NGO. She has also worked at the Asian Development Bank, NORAD and other NGOs. Her fields of expertise in research and teaching include human rights laws, human rights in other branches of laws, human rights of vulnerable groups, human rights and globalisation, human rights and good governance and human rights and social development. She specialises in child rights, migrant and labor rights, human rights and business and corporate social responsibility and good governance. Contact: nmhuongvn@gmail.com
Over the past century, the trajectory of gender equality in Vietnam has been marked by a nuanced ... more Over the past century, the trajectory of gender equality in Vietnam has been marked by a nuanced interplay of historical contexts, societal norms, and ideological shifts. A burgeoning women's movement has emerged, favoring the term 'gender equality' over 'feminism' in private and public spheres. Gender equality has historically challenged traditional norms, notably during times of war, reshaping gender roles. Under communism, gender equality became static, confining feminism within a framework of patriotism and heroism. The persistence of gender equality is revealed in the context of a complex and contested amalgam of Western feminist ideas and historical antecedents. This article delves into the evolution of gender roles in Vietnam, exploring how communism and wartime conditions influenced feminism from the national liberation era to the Vietnam War. The article argues that the patriarchal structure present in a longstanding culture of Confucianism in Vietnam does not inherently obstruct gender equality and women's rights. Instead, it stems from changing women's roles outside the domestic sphere to heroism during war efforts. Vietnamese women's movement, before the term 'gender equality,' emerged during wartime but did not contest feminism. The notion of gender equality has become static; however, feminism is still contested and has yet to be adopted to this day.
Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons: Challenges for Implementing ASEAN Convention on Trafficking in Persons in Vietnam, 2023
Human trafficking is a domestic and transnational crime that poses complex law enforcement challe... more Human trafficking is a domestic and transnational crime that poses complex law enforcement challenges to all nations. Vietnam is particularly affected due to rapid growth in labour migration and international tourism. The presumption of law makers is that by improving the criminal justice response to trafficking in persons (TIP), its incidence within the country and beyond its borders will decrease. Inherent in this premise is the assumption that strong legal sanctions deter would-be traffickers. This paper describes Vietnam's criminal justice responses to human trafficking with reference to the legal framework and institutions. Barriers and challenges in implementing the ASEAN Convention on Trafficking in Persons (ACTIP), and the underlying reasons why the current response is inadequate in addressing TIP are identified with a focus on issues associated with victims and trials. The paper argues that Vietnam needs to increase efforts to meet its obligations and standards as set out in the United Nation's Recommended Principles and Guideline on Human Rights and Human Trafficking and ACTIP. In particular, prosecution of traffickers and the protection of victims need to be prioritised.
Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons:Challenges for Implementing ASEAN Convention on Trafficking in Persons in Vietnam, 2023
Human trafficking is a domestic and transnational crime that poses complex law enforcement challe... more Human trafficking is a domestic and transnational crime that poses complex law enforcement challenges to all nations. Vietnam is particularly affected due to rapid growth in labour migration and international tourism. The presumption of law makers is that by improving the criminal justice response to trafficking in persons (TIP), its incidence within the country and beyond its borders will decrease. Inherent in this premise is the assumption that strong legal sanctions deter would-be traffickers. This paper describes Vietnam's criminal justice responses to human trafficking with reference to the legal framework and institutions. Barriers and challenges in implementing the ASEAN Convention on Trafficking in Persons (ACTIP), and the underlying reasons why the current response is inadequate in addressing TIP are identified with a focus on issues associated with victims and trials. The paper argues that Vietnam needs to increase efforts to meet its obligations and standards as set out in the United Nation's Recommended Principles and Guideline on Human Rights and Human Trafficking and ACTIP. In particular, prosecution of traffickers and the protection of victims need to be prioritised.
In Vietnam, academic freedom is not guaranteed. This is especially so in relation to politically ... more In Vietnam, academic freedom is not guaranteed. This is especially so in relation to politically sensitive subjects such as human rights. This paper discusses how human rights education (HRE) can develop in such contexts. The Government of Vietnam is a signatory to various UN treaties and, consistent with its obligations, has encouraged the development of specialist human rights degree programmes and the introduction of human rights content into other degree programmes. The paper considers government’s role in course approval processes, discussing how political sensitivities are addressed and state monitoring operates to restrict academic freedom. It finds that, subsequent to the Government of Vietnam ratifying international human rights treaties, there is a softening of the ideology that ‘human rights’ are an alien concept in a socialist state. The need for HRE and greater academic freedom are recognised, yet HRE is largely restricted to higher education institutions where its impl...
This paper examines the impact of the ideology of ‘Asian Values' on the legal norms and pract... more This paper examines the impact of the ideology of ‘Asian Values' on the legal norms and practices that frame the recognition and protection of human rights in Vietnam. Specifically, the paper focusses on the extent to which Asian Values has been deployed to discourage the adoption of international human rights norms and practices in the context of Vietnam’s rapid economic development since the mid- 1980s. The paper first sketches the adoption of Asian Values in Vietnam’s politics and society. Cultural and political factors that have shaped the conception of human rights are reviewed. Human rights language and norms, as manifest in political ideologies, policies and laws are then analysed, with particular reference to the different versions of Vietnam’s Constitution. It is shown that both the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and the State of Vietnam have clearly articulated Asian Values in formulating their conceptions of human rights. This outcome is argued to result from the fa...
In Vietnam, academic freedom is not guaranteed. This is especially so in relation to politically ... more In Vietnam, academic freedom is not guaranteed. This is especially so in relation to politically sensitive subjects such as human rights. This paper discusses how human rights education (HRE) can develop in such contexts. The Government of Vietnam is a signatory to various UN treaties and, consistent with its obligations, has encouraged the development of specialist human rights degree programmes and the introduction of human rights content into other degree programmes. The paper considers government's role in course approval processes, discussing how political sensitivities are addressed and state monitoring operates to restrict academic freedom. It finds that, subsequent to the Government of Vietnam ratifying international human rights treaties, there is a softening of the ideology that 'human rights' are an alien concept in a socialist state. The need for HRE and greater academic freedom are recognised, yet HRE is largely restricted to higher education institutions where its implementation is monitored.
9th Engaging Vietnam Conference Vietnam National University Hochiminh City-ISBN 978-604-73-6621, 2018
This paper identifies challenges faced by ASEAN nations in ensuring economic, social and cultural... more This paper identifies challenges faced by ASEAN nations in ensuring economic, social and cultural rights for their citizens, with special attention to the case of Vietnam. It is argued that, despite such rights being recognised in the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (AHRD) and in their constitutions and laws, ASEAN states have yet to eliminate obstacles relating to knowledge, capacity, commitment and resources in the realization of rights. It is further argued that Vietnam faces special challenges arising from the particularities of its political, legal and social systems. The authors demonstrate that addressing challenges to rights’ recognition in both theory and practice requires engagement of the states and peoples of the region. This process is associated with the promotion of good governance principles and economic development. A guarantee of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) is mandated by ASEAN states’ obligations under international human rights law and the goals of stable and sustainable development.
Children Rights in the tourism industry- the case of Vietnam and Myanmar ISBN: 978-604-89-6401-6 , 2019
When children are exposed to work for earning or tied up with the involuntary activities, which m... more When children are exposed to work for earning or tied up with the involuntary activities, which may form child labor or forced or exploitation of the child for labor. Children who join the to work in tourism related service may also come from rural to urban or tourism hubs or they themselves can be street children. Vietnam commits in ILO convention no. 182 on elimination of all forms of child labor based on the vulnerability of children and so limit the form of work which may have negative effect on children. Several laws have been developed, including Law on Children 2016, Law on Prevention and Control of Human Trafficking 2011, Law on Tourism 2017 etc. However, in informal sectors, such as voluntary participation by children or forced participation in tourism related activities outside the formal labor contractual setup, or in street, this seems remain to be gaps in understanding the driving forces and problems of children. This research aims to draw gaps in policies and protection mechanism on children who take part in the forms of labor in the work under tourism related activities with focus on informal sector including street children. From the analysis of current legal framework and policies in Vietnam on protection of child against all forms of child labor, the study first contest whether the current legal framework can sufficiently stop child labor in tourism related activities and then if not, what other measures could be formulated. The study include survey to children group in selected urban or tourism areas including Sapa, Hanoi, and Hue through over 60 case stories of working street children who engaged in (voluntary or non-voluntary) in the work under tourism related activities to identify the situation of vulnerability of children and find out to what extent protection measures have been taken. The paper includes four parts: (i) Trend in Tourism in relations to child engagement in economic activities (ii) Legal review on child protection against child labor in informal sector and in tourism industry (iii) Findings on vulnerability of working children with focus on street children (iv) Implications and recommendations on strategies to address problems of working children in tourism related activities.
Human Rights and Peace in Southeast Asia Series 5. Pushing the Boundary. Southeast Asia Human rights studies Network. ISBN 978-616-279-849-8, 2016
The shift since 1986 towards an economy based on free markets, driven by so-called Doi Moi (or ec... more The shift since 1986 towards an economy based on free markets, driven by so-called Doi Moi (or economic renovation) policy of the communist-controlled State of Vietnam, has had major implications for the nation’s workforce. Whilst economic growth has benefitted many citizens, low-income workers, especially those employed in the booming manufacturing sector, many still endure inadequate wages, poor working conditions, and poor access to social goods. Vietnam’s trade union system led by the Vietnam General Confederation of Labor (VGCL) is mandated by government to protect workers’ rights. This paper addresses (1) challenges faced by trade unions resulting from the shift from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, (2) resulting changes in the relationship between the VGCL and the Government, (3) changes to laws framing the role of trade unions, and (4) changing roles and ways of operating of unions. The paper is based on a literature review, government and union policy documents and laws and 20 interviews conducted with trade union officials at all levels of government and in different types of business enterprises. The latter provide insider views of the changing nature and effectiveness of union power.
This paper examines the impact of the ideology of 'Asian Values' on the legal norms and practices... more This paper examines the impact of the ideology of 'Asian Values' on the legal norms and practices that frame the recognition and protection of human rights in Vietnam. Specifically, the paper focusses on the extent to which Asian Values has been deployed to discourage the adoption of international human rights norms and practices in the context of Vietnam's rapid economic development since the mid-1980s. The paper first sketches the adoption of Asian Values in Vietnam's politics and society. It is shown that both the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and the State of Vietnam have clearly articulated Asian Values in formulating their conceptions of human rights. This outcome is argued to result from the fact that Vietnamese political leaders, alike with Lee Kwan Yew in Singapore, the progenitor of Asian Values, have been still strongly influenced by Confucian ideals of governance although the Marxist-Leninist principles on which the current State of Vietnam was based at remain intact. The influence of Asian Values, on the recognition of and support for human rights in Vietnam has, however, been largely negative rather than positive, especially in relation to recognising civil and political rights as codified in universal human rights instruments. Thus, the protection and promotion of human rights in Vietnam, going forward, essentially mandates eliminating the negative influence of Asian Values in the ideology of political leaders and in the wider society.
The exploitation of children working in tourism is a significant issue
in developing countries. C... more The exploitation of children working in tourism is a significant issue in developing countries. Children are vulnerable to exploitation in their workplaces and are subject to sexual exploitation and trafficking associated with tourism. Whilst tourism is booming in Southeast Asia, its impacts on children have yet to be fully researched and countered by governments. In acknowledging the intrinsic vulnerability of children and the indivisibility of their rights, there is a pressing need for state and non-state actors to work more effectively with tourist businesses to ensure child safe tourism. Vietnam and Myanmar are parties to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), therefore both countries have duty to ensure children’s rights in tourism context. This volume aims to shed further light on the extent to which tourism impacts on children’s rights in Vietnam and Myanmar. The papers are based on research by authors based in those countries. Project funding by SHAPESEA enabled academics in Vietnam and Myanmar to undertake research and to provide evidence-based policy advice grounded in that research. The objectives of this research project are: (i) to assess the extent tourism, as a booming industry in emerging economies in Vietnam and Myanmar, can impact on children’s rights; (ii) to identify risk of child rights abuses and critique policy and regulatory frameworks designed, directly and indirectly, to manage the violation of children; rights in tourism industry. The study employed both desk-based and qualitative field research involving stakeholder workshops, focus group discussions and face-to-face interviews with children, their parents, educators, tourism administrators, and business operators. The editors and authors are grateful to Dr. Jan Boontinand of Mahidol University and Emeritus Professor Peter Murphy of the University of New South Wales for their advice, peer review and editorial contributions. We would like to thank Joel Mark Barreto of Mahidol University and staff of the Center for Development and Integration (Vietnam) and students from the School of Law, Vietnam National University (Hanoi) and Hue Law University for assisting in field research. This publication was made possible by a SHAPE-SEA research grant. SHAPE-SEA (Strengthening Human Rights and Peace Education in Southeast Asia) is a collaboration between two regional networks: ASEAN University Network-Human Rights Education (AUN-HRE) and Southeast Asian Human Rights Network (SEAHRN). This programme is supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and the Norwegian Center for Human Rights (NCHR).
Over the past century, the trajectory of gender equality in Vietnam has been marked by a nuanced ... more Over the past century, the trajectory of gender equality in Vietnam has been marked by a nuanced interplay of historical contexts, societal norms, and ideological shifts. A burgeoning women's movement has emerged, favoring the term 'gender equality' over 'feminism' in private and public spheres. Gender equality has historically challenged traditional norms, notably during times of war, reshaping gender roles. Under communism, gender equality became static, confining feminism within a framework of patriotism and heroism. The persistence of gender equality is revealed in the context of a complex and contested amalgam of Western feminist ideas and historical antecedents. This article delves into the evolution of gender roles in Vietnam, exploring how communism and wartime conditions influenced feminism from the national liberation era to the Vietnam War. The article argues that the patriarchal structure present in a longstanding culture of Confucianism in Vietnam does not inherently obstruct gender equality and women's rights. Instead, it stems from changing women's roles outside the domestic sphere to heroism during war efforts. Vietnamese women's movement, before the term 'gender equality,' emerged during wartime but did not contest feminism. The notion of gender equality has become static; however, feminism is still contested and has yet to be adopted to this day.
Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons: Challenges for Implementing ASEAN Convention on Trafficking in Persons in Vietnam, 2023
Human trafficking is a domestic and transnational crime that poses complex law enforcement challe... more Human trafficking is a domestic and transnational crime that poses complex law enforcement challenges to all nations. Vietnam is particularly affected due to rapid growth in labour migration and international tourism. The presumption of law makers is that by improving the criminal justice response to trafficking in persons (TIP), its incidence within the country and beyond its borders will decrease. Inherent in this premise is the assumption that strong legal sanctions deter would-be traffickers. This paper describes Vietnam's criminal justice responses to human trafficking with reference to the legal framework and institutions. Barriers and challenges in implementing the ASEAN Convention on Trafficking in Persons (ACTIP), and the underlying reasons why the current response is inadequate in addressing TIP are identified with a focus on issues associated with victims and trials. The paper argues that Vietnam needs to increase efforts to meet its obligations and standards as set out in the United Nation's Recommended Principles and Guideline on Human Rights and Human Trafficking and ACTIP. In particular, prosecution of traffickers and the protection of victims need to be prioritised.
Criminal Justice Responses to Trafficking in Persons:Challenges for Implementing ASEAN Convention on Trafficking in Persons in Vietnam, 2023
Human trafficking is a domestic and transnational crime that poses complex law enforcement challe... more Human trafficking is a domestic and transnational crime that poses complex law enforcement challenges to all nations. Vietnam is particularly affected due to rapid growth in labour migration and international tourism. The presumption of law makers is that by improving the criminal justice response to trafficking in persons (TIP), its incidence within the country and beyond its borders will decrease. Inherent in this premise is the assumption that strong legal sanctions deter would-be traffickers. This paper describes Vietnam's criminal justice responses to human trafficking with reference to the legal framework and institutions. Barriers and challenges in implementing the ASEAN Convention on Trafficking in Persons (ACTIP), and the underlying reasons why the current response is inadequate in addressing TIP are identified with a focus on issues associated with victims and trials. The paper argues that Vietnam needs to increase efforts to meet its obligations and standards as set out in the United Nation's Recommended Principles and Guideline on Human Rights and Human Trafficking and ACTIP. In particular, prosecution of traffickers and the protection of victims need to be prioritised.
In Vietnam, academic freedom is not guaranteed. This is especially so in relation to politically ... more In Vietnam, academic freedom is not guaranteed. This is especially so in relation to politically sensitive subjects such as human rights. This paper discusses how human rights education (HRE) can develop in such contexts. The Government of Vietnam is a signatory to various UN treaties and, consistent with its obligations, has encouraged the development of specialist human rights degree programmes and the introduction of human rights content into other degree programmes. The paper considers government’s role in course approval processes, discussing how political sensitivities are addressed and state monitoring operates to restrict academic freedom. It finds that, subsequent to the Government of Vietnam ratifying international human rights treaties, there is a softening of the ideology that ‘human rights’ are an alien concept in a socialist state. The need for HRE and greater academic freedom are recognised, yet HRE is largely restricted to higher education institutions where its impl...
This paper examines the impact of the ideology of ‘Asian Values' on the legal norms and pract... more This paper examines the impact of the ideology of ‘Asian Values' on the legal norms and practices that frame the recognition and protection of human rights in Vietnam. Specifically, the paper focusses on the extent to which Asian Values has been deployed to discourage the adoption of international human rights norms and practices in the context of Vietnam’s rapid economic development since the mid- 1980s. The paper first sketches the adoption of Asian Values in Vietnam’s politics and society. Cultural and political factors that have shaped the conception of human rights are reviewed. Human rights language and norms, as manifest in political ideologies, policies and laws are then analysed, with particular reference to the different versions of Vietnam’s Constitution. It is shown that both the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and the State of Vietnam have clearly articulated Asian Values in formulating their conceptions of human rights. This outcome is argued to result from the fa...
In Vietnam, academic freedom is not guaranteed. This is especially so in relation to politically ... more In Vietnam, academic freedom is not guaranteed. This is especially so in relation to politically sensitive subjects such as human rights. This paper discusses how human rights education (HRE) can develop in such contexts. The Government of Vietnam is a signatory to various UN treaties and, consistent with its obligations, has encouraged the development of specialist human rights degree programmes and the introduction of human rights content into other degree programmes. The paper considers government's role in course approval processes, discussing how political sensitivities are addressed and state monitoring operates to restrict academic freedom. It finds that, subsequent to the Government of Vietnam ratifying international human rights treaties, there is a softening of the ideology that 'human rights' are an alien concept in a socialist state. The need for HRE and greater academic freedom are recognised, yet HRE is largely restricted to higher education institutions where its implementation is monitored.
9th Engaging Vietnam Conference Vietnam National University Hochiminh City-ISBN 978-604-73-6621, 2018
This paper identifies challenges faced by ASEAN nations in ensuring economic, social and cultural... more This paper identifies challenges faced by ASEAN nations in ensuring economic, social and cultural rights for their citizens, with special attention to the case of Vietnam. It is argued that, despite such rights being recognised in the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration (AHRD) and in their constitutions and laws, ASEAN states have yet to eliminate obstacles relating to knowledge, capacity, commitment and resources in the realization of rights. It is further argued that Vietnam faces special challenges arising from the particularities of its political, legal and social systems. The authors demonstrate that addressing challenges to rights’ recognition in both theory and practice requires engagement of the states and peoples of the region. This process is associated with the promotion of good governance principles and economic development. A guarantee of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) is mandated by ASEAN states’ obligations under international human rights law and the goals of stable and sustainable development.
Children Rights in the tourism industry- the case of Vietnam and Myanmar ISBN: 978-604-89-6401-6 , 2019
When children are exposed to work for earning or tied up with the involuntary activities, which m... more When children are exposed to work for earning or tied up with the involuntary activities, which may form child labor or forced or exploitation of the child for labor. Children who join the to work in tourism related service may also come from rural to urban or tourism hubs or they themselves can be street children. Vietnam commits in ILO convention no. 182 on elimination of all forms of child labor based on the vulnerability of children and so limit the form of work which may have negative effect on children. Several laws have been developed, including Law on Children 2016, Law on Prevention and Control of Human Trafficking 2011, Law on Tourism 2017 etc. However, in informal sectors, such as voluntary participation by children or forced participation in tourism related activities outside the formal labor contractual setup, or in street, this seems remain to be gaps in understanding the driving forces and problems of children. This research aims to draw gaps in policies and protection mechanism on children who take part in the forms of labor in the work under tourism related activities with focus on informal sector including street children. From the analysis of current legal framework and policies in Vietnam on protection of child against all forms of child labor, the study first contest whether the current legal framework can sufficiently stop child labor in tourism related activities and then if not, what other measures could be formulated. The study include survey to children group in selected urban or tourism areas including Sapa, Hanoi, and Hue through over 60 case stories of working street children who engaged in (voluntary or non-voluntary) in the work under tourism related activities to identify the situation of vulnerability of children and find out to what extent protection measures have been taken. The paper includes four parts: (i) Trend in Tourism in relations to child engagement in economic activities (ii) Legal review on child protection against child labor in informal sector and in tourism industry (iii) Findings on vulnerability of working children with focus on street children (iv) Implications and recommendations on strategies to address problems of working children in tourism related activities.
Human Rights and Peace in Southeast Asia Series 5. Pushing the Boundary. Southeast Asia Human rights studies Network. ISBN 978-616-279-849-8, 2016
The shift since 1986 towards an economy based on free markets, driven by so-called Doi Moi (or ec... more The shift since 1986 towards an economy based on free markets, driven by so-called Doi Moi (or economic renovation) policy of the communist-controlled State of Vietnam, has had major implications for the nation’s workforce. Whilst economic growth has benefitted many citizens, low-income workers, especially those employed in the booming manufacturing sector, many still endure inadequate wages, poor working conditions, and poor access to social goods. Vietnam’s trade union system led by the Vietnam General Confederation of Labor (VGCL) is mandated by government to protect workers’ rights. This paper addresses (1) challenges faced by trade unions resulting from the shift from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, (2) resulting changes in the relationship between the VGCL and the Government, (3) changes to laws framing the role of trade unions, and (4) changing roles and ways of operating of unions. The paper is based on a literature review, government and union policy documents and laws and 20 interviews conducted with trade union officials at all levels of government and in different types of business enterprises. The latter provide insider views of the changing nature and effectiveness of union power.
This paper examines the impact of the ideology of 'Asian Values' on the legal norms and practices... more This paper examines the impact of the ideology of 'Asian Values' on the legal norms and practices that frame the recognition and protection of human rights in Vietnam. Specifically, the paper focusses on the extent to which Asian Values has been deployed to discourage the adoption of international human rights norms and practices in the context of Vietnam's rapid economic development since the mid-1980s. The paper first sketches the adoption of Asian Values in Vietnam's politics and society. It is shown that both the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) and the State of Vietnam have clearly articulated Asian Values in formulating their conceptions of human rights. This outcome is argued to result from the fact that Vietnamese political leaders, alike with Lee Kwan Yew in Singapore, the progenitor of Asian Values, have been still strongly influenced by Confucian ideals of governance although the Marxist-Leninist principles on which the current State of Vietnam was based at remain intact. The influence of Asian Values, on the recognition of and support for human rights in Vietnam has, however, been largely negative rather than positive, especially in relation to recognising civil and political rights as codified in universal human rights instruments. Thus, the protection and promotion of human rights in Vietnam, going forward, essentially mandates eliminating the negative influence of Asian Values in the ideology of political leaders and in the wider society.
The exploitation of children working in tourism is a significant issue
in developing countries. C... more The exploitation of children working in tourism is a significant issue in developing countries. Children are vulnerable to exploitation in their workplaces and are subject to sexual exploitation and trafficking associated with tourism. Whilst tourism is booming in Southeast Asia, its impacts on children have yet to be fully researched and countered by governments. In acknowledging the intrinsic vulnerability of children and the indivisibility of their rights, there is a pressing need for state and non-state actors to work more effectively with tourist businesses to ensure child safe tourism. Vietnam and Myanmar are parties to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), therefore both countries have duty to ensure children’s rights in tourism context. This volume aims to shed further light on the extent to which tourism impacts on children’s rights in Vietnam and Myanmar. The papers are based on research by authors based in those countries. Project funding by SHAPESEA enabled academics in Vietnam and Myanmar to undertake research and to provide evidence-based policy advice grounded in that research. The objectives of this research project are: (i) to assess the extent tourism, as a booming industry in emerging economies in Vietnam and Myanmar, can impact on children’s rights; (ii) to identify risk of child rights abuses and critique policy and regulatory frameworks designed, directly and indirectly, to manage the violation of children; rights in tourism industry. The study employed both desk-based and qualitative field research involving stakeholder workshops, focus group discussions and face-to-face interviews with children, their parents, educators, tourism administrators, and business operators. The editors and authors are grateful to Dr. Jan Boontinand of Mahidol University and Emeritus Professor Peter Murphy of the University of New South Wales for their advice, peer review and editorial contributions. We would like to thank Joel Mark Barreto of Mahidol University and staff of the Center for Development and Integration (Vietnam) and students from the School of Law, Vietnam National University (Hanoi) and Hue Law University for assisting in field research. This publication was made possible by a SHAPE-SEA research grant. SHAPE-SEA (Strengthening Human Rights and Peace Education in Southeast Asia) is a collaboration between two regional networks: ASEAN University Network-Human Rights Education (AUN-HRE) and Southeast Asian Human Rights Network (SEAHRN). This programme is supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and the Norwegian Center for Human Rights (NCHR).
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Papers by Huong Ngo
This paper addresses (1) challenges faced by trade unions resulting from the shift from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, (2) resulting changes in the relationship between the VGCL and the Government, (3) changes to laws framing the role of trade unions, and (4) changing roles and ways of operating of unions. The paper is based on a literature review, government and union policy documents and laws and 20 interviews conducted with trade union officials at all levels of government and in different types of business enterprises. The latter provide insider views of the changing nature and effectiveness of union power.
Books by Huong Ngo
in developing countries. Children are vulnerable to exploitation in their
workplaces and are subject to sexual exploitation and trafficking associated
with tourism. Whilst tourism is booming in Southeast Asia, its impacts on
children have yet to be fully researched and countered by governments. In
acknowledging the intrinsic vulnerability of children and the indivisibility
of their rights, there is a pressing need for state and non-state actors to
work more effectively with tourist businesses to ensure child safe tourism.
Vietnam and Myanmar are parties to the UN Convention on the Rights of
the Child (CRC), therefore both countries have duty to ensure children’s
rights in tourism context.
This volume aims to shed further light on the extent to which tourism
impacts on children’s rights in Vietnam and Myanmar. The papers are based
on research by authors based in those countries. Project funding by SHAPESEA
enabled academics in Vietnam and Myanmar to undertake research
and to provide evidence-based policy advice grounded in that research. The
objectives of this research project are: (i) to assess the extent tourism, as a
booming industry in emerging economies in Vietnam and Myanmar, can
impact on children’s rights; (ii) to identify risk of child rights abuses and
critique policy and regulatory frameworks designed, directly and indirectly,
to manage the violation of children; rights in tourism industry.
The study employed both desk-based and qualitative field research
involving stakeholder workshops, focus group discussions and face-to-face
interviews with children, their parents, educators, tourism administrators,
and business operators.
The editors and authors are grateful to Dr. Jan Boontinand of Mahidol
University and Emeritus Professor Peter Murphy of the University of New
South Wales for their advice, peer review and editorial contributions. We
would like to thank Joel Mark Barreto of Mahidol University and staff of
the Center for Development and Integration (Vietnam) and students from
the School of Law, Vietnam National University (Hanoi) and Hue Law
University for assisting in field research.
This publication was made possible by a SHAPE-SEA research grant.
SHAPE-SEA (Strengthening Human Rights and Peace Education in
Southeast Asia) is a collaboration between two regional networks: ASEAN
University Network-Human Rights Education (AUN-HRE) and Southeast
Asian Human Rights Network (SEAHRN). This programme is supported
by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)
and the Norwegian Center for Human Rights (NCHR).
This paper addresses (1) challenges faced by trade unions resulting from the shift from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, (2) resulting changes in the relationship between the VGCL and the Government, (3) changes to laws framing the role of trade unions, and (4) changing roles and ways of operating of unions. The paper is based on a literature review, government and union policy documents and laws and 20 interviews conducted with trade union officials at all levels of government and in different types of business enterprises. The latter provide insider views of the changing nature and effectiveness of union power.
in developing countries. Children are vulnerable to exploitation in their
workplaces and are subject to sexual exploitation and trafficking associated
with tourism. Whilst tourism is booming in Southeast Asia, its impacts on
children have yet to be fully researched and countered by governments. In
acknowledging the intrinsic vulnerability of children and the indivisibility
of their rights, there is a pressing need for state and non-state actors to
work more effectively with tourist businesses to ensure child safe tourism.
Vietnam and Myanmar are parties to the UN Convention on the Rights of
the Child (CRC), therefore both countries have duty to ensure children’s
rights in tourism context.
This volume aims to shed further light on the extent to which tourism
impacts on children’s rights in Vietnam and Myanmar. The papers are based
on research by authors based in those countries. Project funding by SHAPESEA
enabled academics in Vietnam and Myanmar to undertake research
and to provide evidence-based policy advice grounded in that research. The
objectives of this research project are: (i) to assess the extent tourism, as a
booming industry in emerging economies in Vietnam and Myanmar, can
impact on children’s rights; (ii) to identify risk of child rights abuses and
critique policy and regulatory frameworks designed, directly and indirectly,
to manage the violation of children; rights in tourism industry.
The study employed both desk-based and qualitative field research
involving stakeholder workshops, focus group discussions and face-to-face
interviews with children, their parents, educators, tourism administrators,
and business operators.
The editors and authors are grateful to Dr. Jan Boontinand of Mahidol
University and Emeritus Professor Peter Murphy of the University of New
South Wales for their advice, peer review and editorial contributions. We
would like to thank Joel Mark Barreto of Mahidol University and staff of
the Center for Development and Integration (Vietnam) and students from
the School of Law, Vietnam National University (Hanoi) and Hue Law
University for assisting in field research.
This publication was made possible by a SHAPE-SEA research grant.
SHAPE-SEA (Strengthening Human Rights and Peace Education in
Southeast Asia) is a collaboration between two regional networks: ASEAN
University Network-Human Rights Education (AUN-HRE) and Southeast
Asian Human Rights Network (SEAHRN). This programme is supported
by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)
and the Norwegian Center for Human Rights (NCHR).