IP Geolocation is a term used for finding the geographical location of an IP node. In this paper,... more IP Geolocation is a term used for finding the geographical location of an IP node. In this paper, we study the Internet communication properties and their use for client-independent Geolocation-finding the location without assistance of the node being located. We present and discuss the communication properties dependence on geographical aspects such as the geographical distance, differences between the source and destination country, and country population density and country ICT development index. For the study, we used a large set of data captured between the nodes geographically distributed across Europe. Based on the results, we propose an algorithm for a final location estimation within the delimited geographical area. The proposed algorithm improves the location accuracy when compared with the current techniques.
In this paper we deal with discovering a geographic location of a node in the Internet. Knowledge... more In this paper we deal with discovering a geographic location of a node in the Internet. Knowledge of location is a fundamental element for many location based applications and web services. We focus on location finding without any assistance of the node being located - client-independent estimation. We estimate a location using communication latency measurements between nodes in the Internet. The latency measured is converted into a geographic distance which is used to derive a location by the multilateration (triangulation) principle. We analyse the latency-to-distance conversion with a consideration of location underestimation which is a product of multilateration failure. We demonstrate that location underestimations do not appear in experimental conditions. However with a real-world scenario, a number of devices cannot be located due to underestimations. Finally, we propose a modification to reduce the number of underestimations in real-world scenarios.
For the kind of applications such as IPTV a support of interaction between content provider and s... more For the kind of applications such as IPTV a support of interaction between content provider and subscribers is a big challenge for the coming years. This paper extends the hierarchical aggregation method for determining as structure of hierarchical tree in more practical manner and describes TTP protocol, which should realize session communication.
A paper deals with the state of the nowadays research of the multicast routing protocols for wire... more A paper deals with the state of the nowadays research of the multicast routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. We describe how to establish efficient multicast tree for wireless sensor network environment and introduce the two base groups of the multicast routing protocols. For these groups, blind flooding and geographic protocols, we introduce the main protocols representatives.
2011 34th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), 2011
The paper deals with a new methods for IP geolocalisation, which is finding a real position of IP... more The paper deals with a new methods for IP geolocalisation, which is finding a real position of IP-enabled nodes in the Internet. The method is based on RTT measurement between landmarks with known position and a target node, which position we are interested in. The method provides GPS coordinates of a target, which is a different approach from other IP
IFIP — The International Federation for Information Processing, 2007
ABSTRACT For largescale multimedia distributions, multicast is the preferred method of communicat... more ABSTRACT For largescale multimedia distributions, multicast is the preferred method of communication. ASM (Any Source Multicast) and SSM (SourceSpecific Multicast) are the two types of multicast used. ASM is designed for either manytomany or onetomany communication. SSM is derived from ASM. SSM is used when only one session member is allowed to send data. An example use of SSM could be an IPTV broadcasting system over fixed or mobile network. The paper deals with describing hierarchical aggregation for feedback transmission in SSM. For the purpose of hierarchical aggregation, multicast receivers are organized into a tree structure. We present a tree structure consisting of end and summarization nodes. End nodes act as multicast receivers and summarization nodes perform feedback aggregation. The proposed MFCP (Multicast Feedback Control Protocol) is used to establish the tree structure and to exchange signalization needed for the feedback hierarchical aggregation. Full Text at Springer, may require registration or fee
... The TEEN, APTEEN, PEGASIS, LEACH and its modifications are the representative of this ... Ene... more ... The TEEN, APTEEN, PEGASIS, LEACH and its modifications are the representative of this ... Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering) [13] and centralized protocols, LEACH-C (LEACH-Centralized) [14] and BCDCP (Base-station Controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol) [15]. ...
Plenty of proposed architectures for effective data gathering in WSN rely on the smart location a... more Plenty of proposed architectures for effective data gathering in WSN rely on the smart location awareness sensors andoptimize justthedata gathering processes. However, application of the several protocols to completely ensure theproper and effective function of the WSNload the entire energy-constrained sensor network. Hence, the designing of the complex protocol for the localization and the effective data gathering seems to be
This paper presents an investigation of energy demands during localization of wireless nodes in a... more This paper presents an investigation of energy demands during localization of wireless nodes in ad-hoc net-works. We focus on the method based on the received signal strength (RSS) to estimate the distances between the nodes. To deal with the uncertainty of this technique, statistical methods are used. It implies more measurement samples to be taken and consequently more energy to be spent. There-fore, we investigate the accuracy of localization and the con-sumed energy in the relation to the number of measurement samples. The experimental measurements were conducted with IRIS sensor motes and their results related to the pro-posed energy model. The results show that the expended en-ergy is not related linearly to the localization error. First, improvement of the accuracy rises fast with more measure-ment samples. Then, adding more samples, the accuracy in-crease is moderate, which means that the marginal energy cost of the additional improvement is higher.
Summary The simulation models in general are irreplaceable tools for testing and validating of th... more Summary The simulation models in general are irreplaceable tools for testing and validating of the present or the proposed algorithms. This paper deals with the design of the multicast model with the one source using the RTP (Real Time Protocol) transport protocol for data delivering to the great number of receivers. The simulation results show the present situation in the sharing of control bandwidth for RTCP feedback reports among all multicast receivers. The main object is to propose the efficient multicast model in the ns2 for the new feedback algorithm implementation. Input here the part of summary. proposed multicast model represents the issue of the feedback report interval for the great number of receivers and in the future will serve for the implementation of the new algorithms that will be used for the feedback report interval reduction. The IPTV service takes advantage of the multicast model called SSM (Source Specific Multicast), but the cooperation of the RTP and SSM mo...
All known localization techniques for wireless sensor and ad-hoc networks require certain set of ... more All known localization techniques for wireless sensor and ad-hoc networks require certain set of reference nodes being used for position estimation. The anchor-free techniques in contrast to anchor-based do not require refer-ence nodes called anchors to be placed in the network area before localization operation itself, but they can establish own reference coordinate system to be used for the relative position estimation. We observed that contemporary anchor-free localization algorithms achieve low localization error, but dissipate significant energy reserves during the recog-nition of reference nodes used for the position estimation. Therefore, we have proposed an optimized anchor-free lo-calization algorithm referred to as BRL (Boundary Recog-nition aided Localization), which achieves a low localiza-tion error and mainly reduces the communication cost of the reference nodes recognition phase. The proposed BRL al-gorithm was investigated throughout the extensive simula-tions on the...
Summary The current state of the RFC 3550 RTP/RTCP standard is not optimal for large-scale stream... more Summary The current state of the RFC 3550 RTP/RTCP standard is not optimal for large-scale streaming sessions employing source- specific multicast and is currently the subject of research in many research laboratories. The most promising optimization for the RTP/RTCP protocol seems to be hierarchical aggregation (2), (3), (5), (6), (10), (11). However, hierarchical aggregation has not yet completely solved the problem of hierarchical structure organization. The answer can be a Tree Transmission Protocol (TTP), which seems to be flexible and powerful but quite demanding to implement. This text deals with a different approach that tries to maximally utilize the features of current standards.
2007 Third International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC'07), 2007
... TREE ESTABLISHMENT ALGORITHM In this section, we introduce a tree organization algorithm for ... more ... TREE ESTABLISHMENT ALGORITHM In this section, we introduce a tree organization algorithm for the RTCP feedback transmission within a multicast session ... in Europe, see Figure 7. This leads to a difference in the feedback-level (or application-level) overlaying topology and ...
Sixth International Conference on Networking (ICN'07), 2007
The real time protocol (RTP) and its accompanying real time control protocol (RTCP) are employed ... more The real time protocol (RTP) and its accompanying real time control protocol (RTCP) are employed in multicast applications. The RTCP protocol is used to distribute feedback on multimedia transmission among session members. The feedback is reported by sending, among others, RR (receiver report) and SR (sender report) packets. With the specific-source multicast, the hierarchical aggregation is used as a method of feedback distribution. The hierarchical aggregation allows a significant reduction of the feedback transmission delay in case of large-scale sessions such as IPTV broadcasting. This paper deals with a tree structure of session members for the feedback distribution with the hierarchical aggregation used. The tree concerned consists of end nodes and summarization nodes. A summarization node aggregates feedback produced from end nodes, which are situated on the lowest tree level only. The tree is applied to an IPTV broadcasting multicast session. The video format used is SD-DVB (standard definition-digital video broadcasting) with the MPEG-2 standard. Also, bandwidth requirements for the feedback distribution in case of the IPTV application described are discussed.
IP Geolocation is a term used for finding the geographical location of an IP node. In this paper,... more IP Geolocation is a term used for finding the geographical location of an IP node. In this paper, we study the Internet communication properties and their use for client-independent Geolocation-finding the location without assistance of the node being located. We present and discuss the communication properties dependence on geographical aspects such as the geographical distance, differences between the source and destination country, and country population density and country ICT development index. For the study, we used a large set of data captured between the nodes geographically distributed across Europe. Based on the results, we propose an algorithm for a final location estimation within the delimited geographical area. The proposed algorithm improves the location accuracy when compared with the current techniques.
In this paper we deal with discovering a geographic location of a node in the Internet. Knowledge... more In this paper we deal with discovering a geographic location of a node in the Internet. Knowledge of location is a fundamental element for many location based applications and web services. We focus on location finding without any assistance of the node being located - client-independent estimation. We estimate a location using communication latency measurements between nodes in the Internet. The latency measured is converted into a geographic distance which is used to derive a location by the multilateration (triangulation) principle. We analyse the latency-to-distance conversion with a consideration of location underestimation which is a product of multilateration failure. We demonstrate that location underestimations do not appear in experimental conditions. However with a real-world scenario, a number of devices cannot be located due to underestimations. Finally, we propose a modification to reduce the number of underestimations in real-world scenarios.
For the kind of applications such as IPTV a support of interaction between content provider and s... more For the kind of applications such as IPTV a support of interaction between content provider and subscribers is a big challenge for the coming years. This paper extends the hierarchical aggregation method for determining as structure of hierarchical tree in more practical manner and describes TTP protocol, which should realize session communication.
A paper deals with the state of the nowadays research of the multicast routing protocols for wire... more A paper deals with the state of the nowadays research of the multicast routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. We describe how to establish efficient multicast tree for wireless sensor network environment and introduce the two base groups of the multicast routing protocols. For these groups, blind flooding and geographic protocols, we introduce the main protocols representatives.
2011 34th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), 2011
The paper deals with a new methods for IP geolocalisation, which is finding a real position of IP... more The paper deals with a new methods for IP geolocalisation, which is finding a real position of IP-enabled nodes in the Internet. The method is based on RTT measurement between landmarks with known position and a target node, which position we are interested in. The method provides GPS coordinates of a target, which is a different approach from other IP
IFIP — The International Federation for Information Processing, 2007
ABSTRACT For largescale multimedia distributions, multicast is the preferred method of communicat... more ABSTRACT For largescale multimedia distributions, multicast is the preferred method of communication. ASM (Any Source Multicast) and SSM (SourceSpecific Multicast) are the two types of multicast used. ASM is designed for either manytomany or onetomany communication. SSM is derived from ASM. SSM is used when only one session member is allowed to send data. An example use of SSM could be an IPTV broadcasting system over fixed or mobile network. The paper deals with describing hierarchical aggregation for feedback transmission in SSM. For the purpose of hierarchical aggregation, multicast receivers are organized into a tree structure. We present a tree structure consisting of end and summarization nodes. End nodes act as multicast receivers and summarization nodes perform feedback aggregation. The proposed MFCP (Multicast Feedback Control Protocol) is used to establish the tree structure and to exchange signalization needed for the feedback hierarchical aggregation. Full Text at Springer, may require registration or fee
... The TEEN, APTEEN, PEGASIS, LEACH and its modifications are the representative of this ... Ene... more ... The TEEN, APTEEN, PEGASIS, LEACH and its modifications are the representative of this ... Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering) [13] and centralized protocols, LEACH-C (LEACH-Centralized) [14] and BCDCP (Base-station Controlled Dynamic Clustering Protocol) [15]. ...
Plenty of proposed architectures for effective data gathering in WSN rely on the smart location a... more Plenty of proposed architectures for effective data gathering in WSN rely on the smart location awareness sensors andoptimize justthedata gathering processes. However, application of the several protocols to completely ensure theproper and effective function of the WSNload the entire energy-constrained sensor network. Hence, the designing of the complex protocol for the localization and the effective data gathering seems to be
This paper presents an investigation of energy demands during localization of wireless nodes in a... more This paper presents an investigation of energy demands during localization of wireless nodes in ad-hoc net-works. We focus on the method based on the received signal strength (RSS) to estimate the distances between the nodes. To deal with the uncertainty of this technique, statistical methods are used. It implies more measurement samples to be taken and consequently more energy to be spent. There-fore, we investigate the accuracy of localization and the con-sumed energy in the relation to the number of measurement samples. The experimental measurements were conducted with IRIS sensor motes and their results related to the pro-posed energy model. The results show that the expended en-ergy is not related linearly to the localization error. First, improvement of the accuracy rises fast with more measure-ment samples. Then, adding more samples, the accuracy in-crease is moderate, which means that the marginal energy cost of the additional improvement is higher.
Summary The simulation models in general are irreplaceable tools for testing and validating of th... more Summary The simulation models in general are irreplaceable tools for testing and validating of the present or the proposed algorithms. This paper deals with the design of the multicast model with the one source using the RTP (Real Time Protocol) transport protocol for data delivering to the great number of receivers. The simulation results show the present situation in the sharing of control bandwidth for RTCP feedback reports among all multicast receivers. The main object is to propose the efficient multicast model in the ns2 for the new feedback algorithm implementation. Input here the part of summary. proposed multicast model represents the issue of the feedback report interval for the great number of receivers and in the future will serve for the implementation of the new algorithms that will be used for the feedback report interval reduction. The IPTV service takes advantage of the multicast model called SSM (Source Specific Multicast), but the cooperation of the RTP and SSM mo...
All known localization techniques for wireless sensor and ad-hoc networks require certain set of ... more All known localization techniques for wireless sensor and ad-hoc networks require certain set of reference nodes being used for position estimation. The anchor-free techniques in contrast to anchor-based do not require refer-ence nodes called anchors to be placed in the network area before localization operation itself, but they can establish own reference coordinate system to be used for the relative position estimation. We observed that contemporary anchor-free localization algorithms achieve low localization error, but dissipate significant energy reserves during the recog-nition of reference nodes used for the position estimation. Therefore, we have proposed an optimized anchor-free lo-calization algorithm referred to as BRL (Boundary Recog-nition aided Localization), which achieves a low localiza-tion error and mainly reduces the communication cost of the reference nodes recognition phase. The proposed BRL al-gorithm was investigated throughout the extensive simula-tions on the...
Summary The current state of the RFC 3550 RTP/RTCP standard is not optimal for large-scale stream... more Summary The current state of the RFC 3550 RTP/RTCP standard is not optimal for large-scale streaming sessions employing source- specific multicast and is currently the subject of research in many research laboratories. The most promising optimization for the RTP/RTCP protocol seems to be hierarchical aggregation (2), (3), (5), (6), (10), (11). However, hierarchical aggregation has not yet completely solved the problem of hierarchical structure organization. The answer can be a Tree Transmission Protocol (TTP), which seems to be flexible and powerful but quite demanding to implement. This text deals with a different approach that tries to maximally utilize the features of current standards.
2007 Third International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications (ICWMC'07), 2007
... TREE ESTABLISHMENT ALGORITHM In this section, we introduce a tree organization algorithm for ... more ... TREE ESTABLISHMENT ALGORITHM In this section, we introduce a tree organization algorithm for the RTCP feedback transmission within a multicast session ... in Europe, see Figure 7. This leads to a difference in the feedback-level (or application-level) overlaying topology and ...
Sixth International Conference on Networking (ICN'07), 2007
The real time protocol (RTP) and its accompanying real time control protocol (RTCP) are employed ... more The real time protocol (RTP) and its accompanying real time control protocol (RTCP) are employed in multicast applications. The RTCP protocol is used to distribute feedback on multimedia transmission among session members. The feedback is reported by sending, among others, RR (receiver report) and SR (sender report) packets. With the specific-source multicast, the hierarchical aggregation is used as a method of feedback distribution. The hierarchical aggregation allows a significant reduction of the feedback transmission delay in case of large-scale sessions such as IPTV broadcasting. This paper deals with a tree structure of session members for the feedback distribution with the hierarchical aggregation used. The tree concerned consists of end nodes and summarization nodes. A summarization node aggregates feedback produced from end nodes, which are situated on the lowest tree level only. The tree is applied to an IPTV broadcasting multicast session. The video format used is SD-DVB (standard definition-digital video broadcasting) with the MPEG-2 standard. Also, bandwidth requirements for the feedback distribution in case of the IPTV application described are discussed.
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