The Wilson Phase (A.D. 1150-1350): A Middle Mississippian Cultural Florescence in the Western Lowlands of Arkansas.

The cultural theorist Paul Virilio argued that every technological innovation carries its own negativity, which is invented simultaneously. "When you invent the ship," he wrote, "you also invent the shipwreck; when you invent the plane, you also invent the plane crash; and when you invent electricity, you invent electrocution." Did the construction of the Panama Canal invent the drought-induced traffic jam? Not exactly. But the engineering and environmental management choices of the 1904-1914 construction era and expansion of global maritime traffic in the following century have articulated with dry periods in Panama to produce a recurring problem.

In 1979, Michel Foucault gave a series of lectures on the emerging governmental body of thought called 'neoliberalism'. The lectures have proven to be prophetic: today, neoliberalism is considered the dominant mode of economic governance. It mobilizes the governmental apparatus to promote free market competition, entrepreneurship, and the maximization of shareholder value. Foucault's lectures, however, were experimental forays into unknown terrain, so they also had their limits. Thirty years later, researchers have emphasized (a) more continuities with modern liberalism than Foucault had acknowledged, (b) a strange affinity with religious traditionalist social movements, and (c) governments' tendency to not only promote neoliberal forms of conduct but also to exclude those who are no longer worth this investment. I use Giorgio Agamben's engagement with Foucault's history of governmentality to provide a new critique of neoliberalism that accounts for these blind spots. According to Agamben, modern economic governance still bears the traces of medieval theological ideas of 'oikonomia'. He identifies this insight as the foundation of a new field of study: economic theology. In the Middle Ages, theologians used the word 'economy' to refer to God's providential government of the world toward salvation. This approach played a crucial role in medieval theodicy: God’s goodness, omniscience, and omnipotence could be reconciled with the existence of evil in the world, because God had entrusted the 'oikonomia' of the world to his fallible creatures. God supposedly ensured the general laws of nature, while individual creatures had been created in such a way that they would spontaneously bring about salvation, although some collateral damage along the way would be inevitable. According to Agamben, modern liberal economists like Adam Smith adapted this theological idea of Divine Providence to the domain of free market trade. Liberals argued that the free market was construed as an 'economy', which entailed that, if everyone acted out of self-interest, the common good would spontaneously be procured. The invisible hand of the market, or God, allegedly guaranteed the reconciliation between private and public interest, even if some collateral damage along the way was inevitable. By tracing this genealogy further in the 20th century, I show how the economic theology of neoliberalism reveals (a) what continuities exist between classical liberalism and neoliberalism, (b) why neoliberalism goes together so well with religious traditionalism, and (c) how neoliberals use arguments similar to theodicy to defend the exclusion of marginalized groups. The dissertation has three parts: (I) presenting the insights and limits of Foucault’s analysis of neoliberal governmentality, (II) elucidating Agamben’s economico-theological project, and (III) applying this economico-theological project to neoliberalism. I take the problem of exclusion (c) as the primary fuel to drive the argument forward. After explaining Foucault’s conceptualization of governmentality in chapter 1 and of neoliberalism in chapter 2, I thus devote chapter 3 to the merits and limits of Foucault’s approach to exclusion in neoliberal governmentality. Moving to part II, I argue in chapter 4 how Agamben’s economico-theological approach expands the notion of exclusion in governmentality toward the idea of collateral damage. In chapter 5, I subsequently show how Agamben rewrites the history of governmentality from the perspective of economic theology and collateral damage. Here the concerns for continuity (a) and the religious factor (b) also return. Agamben rethinks the history of governmentality as a progressive secularization of providential theology because the modern sciences and Smithian liberalism re-furbish the signature of ‘economy’ to structure their own discourses. Through the signature of ‘economy’, the liberal governmental rationality becomes an oikodicy for the free market that justifies the expulsion of surplus populations in the name of the auctoritas of the market. In part III, I extend this reading prism to neoliberal governmental discourses. I focus, more specifically, on Hayek’s competition theory, the Chicago School’s economic approach to human behaviour, and Novak’s celebration of the primacy of shareholder value in corporate governance. In each instance, I show discursive continuity with liberalism and/or medieval providential theology: Hayek and the Chicago School invoke liberal arguments and Smith’s ‘invisible hand’-metaphor to justify neoliberal government, while Novak even explicitly returns to medieval providential theology to justify corporations. All three also display a religious dimension: they structure their discourse as an theodicy for the free market at the cost of poverty and deprivation. All three, lastly, employ the rhetorics of theodicy to identify and justify the collateral damages caused by neoliberalism: Hayek admits his ideal competitive markets still exclude those who fail to adapt to competitive pressures or lose out due to bad luck; for the Chicago School, I focus on how they use the economic approach to human behaviour to legitimate the discrimination and structural unemployment of African Americans on US labour markets; Novak, thirdly, uses a mix of theology and neoliberal management theory to absolve corporate managers from responsibility toward the negative side-effects of corporations’ misconducts.

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This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the financial factors and risk management strategies essential for optimizing disaster resilience within the Serbian defence industryʹs critical infrastructure. The significance of this sector is multi-faceted, impacting national security, economic stability, and technological advancement. Primarily, the Serbian defence industry ensures the preservation of vital defence interests, maintaining Serbiaʹs independence from foreign sources for weapons and military equipment in both peacetime and wartime. Economically, it is a significant employer of the working-age population, directly affecting local employment rates, fostering economic development, and ensuring the sustainable growth of this crucial sector. This, in turn, stimulates broader economic activity and enhances social cohesion while strengthening the national balance of payments through increased export potential. From a technological perspective, the defence industry drives scientific, technological, and industrial development, reinforcing Serbiaʹs global political and military standing within the Western Balkans and on the international stage. Consequently, the paper aims to examine the risk management and protection of the Serbian defence industryʹs critical infrastructure, offering concrete and actionable measures to improve and develop these systems with a particular emphasis on security. The researchʹs utility and contribution lie in identifying similarities and differences in the operational performance of defence industry companies, a vital segment of the national economy. The presentation of these findings focuses on the protection of critical infrastructure. The results will form the basis for further investigation into the underlying causes of business performance and the effective management of critical infrastructure security.

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Abstract Papua New Guinea has been facing foreign exchange (forex) shortages since 2015. Businesses in PNG need foreign currencies for trading purposes. This paper aims to find the implication of forex issues on businesses; that is, how much it affects its operation, their mitigation strategies, how they procure the foreign currencies, and the time it takes to get enough forex. The study adopts a qualitative method, employing a semi-structured interview to understand in-depth the experiences and strategies of businesses in the face of forex shortages. The findings highlight the severe impact of forex shortages and delays on stock levels, financial stability, employment, and overall business efficiency. Mitigation strategies vary, including price adjustments, placing early forex orders and attempting to get around Bank of Papua New Guinea regulations. In comparison with other businesses challenges in PNG forex is rated the most pressing by all the businesses I interviewed. There needs to a holistic approach to address these multifaceted challenges and foster a conducive business environment on PNG.