Iranian Journal of Veterinary
Science and Technology
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Received: 2023- Jan-30
Accepted after revision: 2023- Oct-24
Published online: 2023-Nov-18
DOI: 10.22067/ijvst.2023.80606.1222
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Infection with Bovine
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine Parainfluenza Virus-3,
and Bovine Adenovirus-3 in Dairy Cattle Farms of Fars
Province, Southern Iran
a
b
a
Majid Hashemi, Mehran Bakhshesh, Mohsen Manavian
a
b
Shiraz Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension
Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran.
Department of Animal Virology, Research and Diagnosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
ABSTRACT
The seroprevalences of BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 were studied in the dairy cattle of Fars Province in the
south of Iran and their associated risk factors were determined. Serum samples (n = 420) were collected from
36 cattle herds in the northern, central, and southern regions of the study area. Commercial enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay kits were used to detect antibodies against these viruses. The Chi-square test and
logistic regression were used to identify potential risk factors. Antibodies were estimated 100% for all the
studied viruses at the herd level and 76.43%, 76.90%, and 92.62% at the animal level for BRSV, BPIV-3, and
BAV-3, respectively. In logistic regression analysis, age for all the viruses, season for BPIV-3 and BAV-3, and
region and farming type for BAV-3 were significantly related to seroprevalence at the animal level. A significant association of dual infections with studied viruses was identified. The present study demonstrated
that BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 are very prevalent in the dairy herds of southern Iran and highlighted the
necessity to establish a control program.
Keywords
Seroprevalence, Bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Bovine
parainfluenza virus-3, Bovine adenovirus-3
Number of Figures:
Number of Tables:
Number of References::
Number of Pages:
0
3
29
9
Abbreviations
BRSV: Bovine respiratory syncytial virus
BPIV-3: Bovine parainfluenza virus-3
BAV-3: Bovine adenovirus-3
BRD: Bovine respiratory disease
https://IJVST.um.ac.ir
CI: Confidence interval
OD: Optical density
PP: Percent positivity
Corresponding author: Email: Mj.hashemi@areeo.ac.ir
Tel: +98(71)3624-0021
Majid Hashemi
RESEARCH ARTICLE
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Introduction
B
RD, a global health problem causing severe
economic losses due to body weight decline,
yield loss, veterinary costs, medical fees, and animal
mortality in cattle herds worldwide [1]. They may
cause BRD alone or in mixed infections with other viruses or bacterial species, including Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, Pasteurella multocida,
and Histophilus somni. They are the most well-known
organisms that damage the respiratory tract of cattle
and create opportunities for bacteria to colonize the
lungs. Viruses are usually the first pathogens to intervene, while bacteria act as secondary invaders, aggravating the condition of formerly diseased animals [2].
BRSV is classified in the Pneumovirus genus and
Pneumovirinae subfamily within the Paramyxovirdae family [3]. It is enveloped and contains a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome encoding 11
proteins. Cattle are the natural hosts of BRSV, and a
seroprevalence of 30%-70% has been detected. BRSV
mostly affects young animals under one year old and
calves often show severe clinical symptoms, such as
fever, cough, loss of appetite, increased respiratory
rate, and nasal discharge. BRSV infection is associated with high morbidity (60%-80%), and mortality
can reach 20% in some outbreaks [4]. Previous studies
identified environmental and climatic stressors, herd
type, size and density, age group, purchasing new animals, and coinfection with bovine viral diarrhea virus
as the main risk factors associated with BRSV infection [5-9].
BRSV and BPIV-3 are two closely related viruses often involved in BRD outbreaks [10]. BPIV-3 is
a non-segmented, single-stranded, negative-sense,
and enveloped RNA virus. It belongs to the Respirovirus genus of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, family Paramyxoviridae, and spreads primarily by large
droplet transmission [11].
Aerosols and fomites contaminated with nasal
discharge can transmit BPIV-3 from animal to animal.
The morbidity and mortality of BPIV- 3 infections are
low, and generally remain subclinical but may present
with symptoms, such as reluctancy to eat, cough, discharge from the nose, other respiratory signs, fever,
lacrimation, and conjunctivitis [12, 13]. Several studies determined the seroprevalence of BPIV-3 infection in Isfahan (84.4%), Qazvin (95.2%), and Kerman
(100%) Provinces of Iran and other countries (85.6%
and 43% in Turkey and Mexico, respectively) which
indicated broad virus dissemination [5, 6, 14-16].
BAV-3 belongs to the Mastadenovirus genus of
the family Adenoviridae, which are non-enveloped
double-stranded DNA viruses [17]. BAV-3 is considered one of the most important respiratory pathogens
in cattle, especially newborn calves. Although BAV-3
Hashemi M. et al., IJVST 2023; Vol.15, No.4
DOI: 10.22067/ijvst.2023.80606.1222
10
infection usually occurs in a subclinical form, clinical
symptoms, including fever, dyspnea, as well as nasal
and conjunctival discharge have been described in
severe infections, especially associated with immunosuppressive factors as crowding or co-infection with
other viral or bacterial agents [18]. Data on the serological detection of BAV-3 are rare in Iran and limited to Isfahan and Kerman Provinces which reported
55.6% and 100% seroprevalence [14, 15].
Fars Province ranks first in the south of Iran in
terms of cow population with 0.4 million cattle (mostly crossbreeds) and supplies the country with milk
and meat. However, there is no official viral respiratory disease control program on dairy cattle farms,
and limited knowledge is available on the prevalence
of BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 infection in Fars Province. In order to set up a favored control program, it is
important to know the prevalence and potential risk
factors of infection. Therefore, the current research
aimed to determine the prevalence of antibodies and
risk factors of BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 infections in
Fars Province, Iran.
Result
Only apparently healthy cattle were sampled, and
finally, 432 blood samples were taken. The lack of kits
caused 12 samples to be removed randomly. Finally,
140 specimens from each region (a total of 420 samples) were used in the test, which was considered to be
approximately 10% higher than the calculated number. Seroprevalence at the herd level was estimated at
100% for all the studied viruses. Out of 420 animals,
321 (76.43%, 95% CI: 72.17%-80.24%), 323 (76.90%,
95% CI: 72.64%-80.68%), and 389 (92.62%, 95% CI:
89.71%-94.75%) were positive serologically for BRSV,
BPIV-3, and BAV-3, respectively. Geographic region,
gender, and age significantly affected (p < 0.05) BRSV
serostatus, and then they were used in logistic regression analysis (Table 1). All the studied risk factors
significantly affected the seroprevalence of BPIV-3
at the animal level. The variable “breeding type” was
not included in the multivariable logistic regression
analysis of BAV-3 due to the lack of statistically significant differences in the univariable model. In logistic
regression analysis, age for all the viruses, season for
BPIV-3 and BAV-3, and region and farming type for
BAV-3 were significantly related to seroprevalence at
the animal level (Table 2).
More than half of the sera (66.67%) had antibodies against all three viruses, and 6% of the sera were
free of antibodies. The status of co-infection is shown
in Table 3. A significant association of co-infections
with BRSV and BPIV-3 (φ = 0.494, p < 0.001), BRSV
and BAV-3 (φ = 0.337, p < 0.001), and BPIV-3 and
Study of BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3 in dairy cattle farms
Viruses
Factor
BRSV
Number
T
Serop†
(%)
BPIV- 3
χ2*
pvalue
P
Number
T
Season
1.07
Serop†
(%)
χ2*
BAV-3
pvalue
P
Number
T
0.30
16.42
Serop†
(%)
0.001
210
165
78.60
210
179
85.2
210
200
95.2
Cold
210
156
74.30
210
144
68.6
210
189
90.0
29.50
0.001
9.06
0.011
Central
140
85
60.7
140
98
70.0
140
118
84.3
Northern
140
115
82.1
140
119
85.0
140
132
94.3
Southern
140
121
86.4
140
106
75.7
140
139
99.3
31.67
0.001
17.03
0.001
Male
38
15
39.5
38
19
50.0
38
31
81.6
Female
382
306
80.1
382
304
79.6
382
358
93.7
Age
118.25
0.000
33.14
0.000
Calf
80
24
30.0
80
42
52.5
80
60
75.0
Adult
340
297
87.4
340
281
82.6
340
329
96.8
Farming
type
1.92
0.17
4.38
0.04
Industrial
212
156
73.6
212
154
72.6
212
188
88.7
Traditional
208
165
79.3
208
169
81.3
208
201
96.6
Breeding
type
1.08
0.298
8.69
0.003
11
Artificial
219
189
86.3
219
191
87.2
219
210
95.9
Mating
113
102
90.3
113
84
74.3
113
112
99.1
† Seroprevalence *Chi-square T: Tested P: Positive
4.21
0.04
23.89
0.001
7.45
0.006
44.88
0.000
9.72
0.002
2.65
0.103
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Hashemi M. et al., IJVST 2023; Vol.15, No.4
DOI:10.22067/ijvst.2023.80606.1222
Gender
pvalue
P
warm
Geographic
region
χ2*
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Study of BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3 in dairy cattle farms
Table 1.
Univariable analysis of associated variables for Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV-3), and bovine adenovirus-3 (BAV-3)
seropositivity in animal-level.
OR†
95% CI††
pvalue
OR
Upper Lower
season
Region
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Class
BPIV-3
Sex
Age
Farming
type
Breeding
type
95% CI†
Upper
Lower
1.87
5.31
BAV-3
pvalue
0.000
OR
warm
3.15
2.54
Cold
1
1
1
95% CI†
Upper
Lower
1.06
6.07
0.036
1.05
7.66
0.039
107.48
0.015
1.82
0.352
2.43
15.15
0.000
1.23
7.72
0.016
Central
1.014
0.50
2.07
0.21
1
Northern
0.633
0.31
1.29
0.97
1.65
0.82
3.31
0.164
2.84
Southern
1
0.63
0.33
1.21
0.169
13.27 1.64
Male
1.01
Female
1
1.72
Calf
1
1
Adult
13.44
0.40
6.89
2.59
26.23
0.98
0.000
1
4.39
Industrial
1
Traditional
1.61
Artificial
1
Mating
1.86
† Confidence interval, ††Odds ratio
pvalue
1
0.73
4.07
0.219
0.582 0.19
1
2.28
8.43
0.000
6.07
1
0.98
2.65
0.062
0.61
5.66
0.273
3.08
12
Factor
BRSV
Study of BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3 in dairy cattle farms
Viruses
Hashemi M. et al., IJVST 2023; Vol.15, No.4
DOI: 10.22067/ijvst.2023.80606.1222
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Table 2.
Logistic regression analysis of associated factors for Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV-3), and bovine adenovirus-3
(BAV-3) seropositivity in animal-level.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Table 3.
The rates of dual infections of Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (BPIV-3), and bovine
adenovirus-3 (BAV-3)
BRSV and BPIV-3
BRSV and BAV-3
BPIV-3 and BAV-3
BRSV(+)&BPIV-3(+)
67.62%
BRSV(+)&BAV-3(+)
74.52%
BPIV-3(+)&BAV-3(+)
75.48%
BRSV(+)&BPIV-3(-)
8.81%
BRSV(+)&BAV-3(-)
1.90%
BPIV-3(+)&BAV-3(-)
1.43%
BRSV(-)&BPIV-3(+)
9.29%
BRSV(-)&BAV-3(+)
18.10%
BPIV-3(-)&BAV-3(+)
17.14%
BRSV(-)&BPIV-3(-)
14.29%
BRSV(-)&BAV-3(-)
5.48%
BPIV-3(-)&BAV-3(-)
5.95%
Phi value
0.494
Phi value
0.337
Phi value
0.385
p-value
0.001
p-value
0.001
p-value
0.001
BAV-3 (φ = 0.385, p < 0.001) has been identified in
cattle.
Discussion
Antibodies against BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3
were found in all herds in this study. Vaccination
against BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 was not practiced in the herds of Fars Province. Therefore,
the presence of antibodies indicates exposure to
these viruses. Limited knowledge is available on
the herd-level prevalence of BRSV, BPIV-3, and
BAV-3 infections in Iran. BRSV, BPIV-3, and
BAV-3 were found in all the herds representing
a seroprevalence of 100% at the herd level in Fars
Province, and these rates are similar to the findings in Kerman Province, Iran [15]. The results
from the Aegean Region in Turkey, São Paulo
State in Brazil, and Northern Italy also demonstrated that antibodies to BRSV were detected in
100% of studied dairy herds [7, 8, 20]. The high
herd prevalence of BRSV was also reported in dual-purpose cattle herds in some Latin American
countries (91.3% and 93.2% in Ecuador and Mexico, respectively) [21, 22]. Poor biosecurity measures, such as failure to quarantine newly purchased animals, inability to diagnose subclinical
BRSV cases, and the lack of vaccination programs
against respiratory diseases may play a role in the
high seroprevalence rate of BRSV at the herd level
[7]. In endemic areas, observing biosecurity can
protect herds from invading viral infections and
reduce the morbidity rate [20].
The prevalence of BRSV (76.43%) in our study
was considered high at the animal level, comStudy of BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3 in dairy cattle farms
pared to the other report (51.1%) from the central region of Iran [14]. High individual seroprevalence of BRSV in the present study is also
consistent with 80.48% and 79.5% of individual
seroprevalences observed in Brazil and Ecuador,
respectively [7, 22]. The animal-level seroprevalence of BRSV was reported 69.1% in Italy and
52.2% in Mexico [8, 21]. Some explanations for
these variabilities are the differences in the number of samples, time of sample collection, route
of antibody detection, housing and management,
and inadequate knowledge of the disease [20]. In
this study, a Chi-square analysis of the variables
showed that region, gender, and age significantly
affected the prevalence of antibodies to BRSV. The
probability of BRSV infection in adults increased
significantly (p < 0.05) by a factor of 13.44 compared to calves. The high risk of BRSV associated
with age is in agreement with other reports. This
association was explained by the longer exposure
to the pathogen, decreased maternal antibodies,
and reinfection with BRSV throughout life for
older animals [20, 22]. A study in eastern and
southeastern Poland confirmed the presence of
BRSV infections in young cattle under 12 months
of age in 60% of the dairy and beef herds examined, which was similar to other parts of Poland
and Europe [23].
The reports from various countries have shown a
great variation in BPIV-3 seroprevalence. In Iran,
the seroprevalence of BPIV-3 was reported 100%
at the herd level in Kerman and Qazvin Provinces, and 84.4%, 90%, and 95.5% at the animal level
in Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, and Qazvin Provinces, respectively [14-16, 24]. Others reported
Hashemi M. et al., IJVST 2023; Vol.15, No.4
DOI:10.22067/ijvst.2023.80606.1222
13
RESEARCH ARTICLE
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
a lower prevalence of antibodies against BPIV-3
in Saudi Arabia (67.6%), Turkey (56.2%), western Kenya (20.1%), and Grenada (13.4%) [25-28].
Despite a high seroprevalence, BPIV-3 has been
identified less frequently in livestock farms. This
is probably due to the lack of clinical cases, the
similarity of symptoms to other respiratory diseases, and the lack of diagnostic kits. It has been
hypothesized that small ruminants, particularly
goats with high BPIV- 3 prevalence, may act as
reservoirs or vectors in the transmission of BRDC
to cattle [25]. The most common respiratory virus
in our study was BAV-3, with a seroprevalence of
92.62%, which was in agreement with the findings
in north-western Turkey, which reported a seroprevalence of 92.3% for BAV-3 [5]. Other reports
from Iran showed that although the herd level seroprevalence of BAV-3 in Fars Province (100%)
is similar to that in Kerman Province, the animal
level prevalence of the virus is higher than that reported in Isfahan province (55.6%)[14, 15]. The
prevalence of BAV-3 was 61.9% in serum samples
from calves showing respiratory disorders symptoms [24]. Although preliminary Chi-square tests
showed associations (p < 0.05) between the presence of antibodies to BPIV-3 and all the studied
factors, season and age were significant in logistic
regression analysis. Older animals had 4.39- and
6.07-fold greater odds of seropositivity for BPIV-3
and BAV-3 than calves, respectively. This higher
seropositivity probably results from the fact that
older animals were exposed to the active substance longer than younger animals [6, 27]. The
prevalence of BPIV-3 and BAV-3 was higher in
the warm seasons than cold seasons in the present study. Immunosuppressive stress is induced
by various factors, such as dehydration, and high
temperature may contribute to a difference between seroprevalence in seasons. A higher seroprevalence of BAV-3 in the southern region than
in the northern region of the study area was manifested by risk factors analysis, which may be due
to a higher temperature in the southern region
compared to the northern region. Regarding the
type of husbandry, the static analysis confirmed
that cattle in traditional farms were 3.08 times
more likely to be seropositive for BAV-3 than industrial farms. The likely causes for this difference
Hashemi M. et al., IJVST 2023; Vol.15, No.4
DOI: 10.22067/ijvst.2023.80606.1222
14
have been ascribed to variations in herd hygiene,
diet, and management system. Poor diet, early
weaning, dehydration, low or high temperatures,
inadequate rest, and transportation can trigger
immunosuppressive stress [29]. A lower prevalence of BAV-3 in industrial farms can be due to
many factors, for instance, the control of environmental factors, the establishment of biosecurity measures, and good management practices
[14].
A significant association of dual infection with
BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 was shown in the current study. The frequencies of mixed infection in
the present study were higher than those in Isfahan Province. They reported 3.7% triple virus
infection and 10% and 18.9% dual infections of
BRSV plus BPIV-3 and BPIV-3 plus BAV-3, respectively [14].
In summary, this study demonstrated that BRSV,
BPIV-3, and BAV-3 are very common in dairy
cattle farms in the study area. Although the high
seroprevalence found is not synonymous with
disease, it represents a worrying epidemiological scenario as it is potentially important in the
bovine respiratory disease complex. Therefore, a
comprehensive epidemiological study on bovine
respiratory viruses and other related bacterial
species, including Mycoplasma spp, Mannheimia/Pasteurella, and Haemophilus/Histophilus,
in Fars Province is proposed. Some preventive
measures, such as quarantine, mass vaccination,
and biosecurity, alongside raising farmer awareness of known risk factors, can help establish a
control program on dairy farms.
Materials and Methods
Study location
This cross-sectional study with random cluster sampling was
designed in Fars Province, southern Iran. This Province is located between latitude 27o3' to 31o40' N and longitude 50o36' to
55o35' E in an area of about 133000 km2 with a mean annual
rainfall of about 230 mm in the south of Iran and contains 29
counties. Fars Province is classified into three regions based on
topographic features. The northern region surrounds an area of
the north, northwest, and west of the Province with mild cold
winters. Central region is characterized by a relatively temperate
climate with rainfall in winter and a hot and dry climate in summer. Finally, the southern region, which extends from south to
southeast area, is defined by very warm summers (Statistical Yearbook of Fars Province 2019). The counties of Fars Province were
assigned into northern, central, and southern regions based on
Study of BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3 in dairy cattle farms
RESEARCH ARTICLE
their geographical locations. Three industrial and three traditional
dairy farms were randomly selected in each of these regions. Sampling was performed two times; one in the warm season (June-July) and another in the cold season (November-December) 2017.
Sample size
A total of 36 dairy farms were selected. Selected farms were
visited, the purposes and details of the research project were described to the farm owners at the start of the study, and verbal consent was obtained. The target population was cattle herds, and the
sampling unit was cattle. The formula below was used to calculate
the sample size [19].
n=((1.96)^2 ×EP ×(1-EP) )/d^2
Where n is the sample size, d represents precision of 0.05 at a
95% confidence level, and EP refers to an abbreviation for the expected prevalence, which was assumed to be 50% because the data
on the seroprevalence of studied viruses are scarce in the south
of Iran. Blood samples were taken from 12 cows on each farm,
including six adult females, three adult males, and three calves
under six months of age. Adult females were substituted if there
were insufficient young or male animals. Generally, no vaccine
was used against BPIV-3, BRSV, and BAV-3 in the study location.
Samples and antibodies evaluation
The sterile vacuum tubes without anticoagulant (VACUETTE®, Greiner Bio-One GmbH, Kremsmünster, Austria) were
used for blood sample collection from the jugular vein. The tubes
were labeled and immediately transported to the laboratory in a
chilled state. Sera were collected after 10 min centrifugation at
3000 rpm and stored in a microtube at -20°C until analysis.
Antibodies against BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 were screened
using an ELISA kit developed commercially by Bio-X Diagnostics
(Rochefort, Belgium). According to the kit
instructions, a dilution buffer was prepared, and the samples
were diluted in a dilution plate. The kit’s reference sera were also
diluted in a tube. The samples and controls were poured into the
wells of antigen-coated microtiteration plate and incubated at
21°C for 1 h. The plate was rinsed with washing solution, and after three rinses, the diluted conjugate solution was added to each
well. The plate was washed again after another incubation, and the
reaction was made visible by chromogen combination for 10 min.
Next, 1 M phosphoric acid stopped the reaction in the last step,
and the ODs were recorded at 450 nm. The following formula was
used to calculate percent positivity:
PP=(ODcorr of sample )/(ODcorr of positive control )×100
ODcorr is an abbreviation for corrected optical density, which
is equal to ODtest of antigen or positive control minus ODcontrol.
The sample was considered positive for BRSV, BPIV-3, and
BAV-3 if PP was greater than 20%, 20%, and 10%, respectively.
Herds were considered positive for herd prevalence calculation
when at least two antibody-positive samples were detected.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software
version 22. Descriptive data analysis was carried out to calculate
the animal and herd level seroprevalences. Associations between
outcomes (BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3 serostatus) and geographic
region, cattle specifications, and farm features at the animal level
were investigated by the Chi-square test. Logistic regression was
used to find the effects of potential risk factors on the seroprevalence outcomes. The strength of the association between outcome
and variables was assessed using odds ratios and a 95% confidence
interval. Phi and Cramer's V measures were used for the correlaStudy of BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3 in dairy cattle farms
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
tion of the coexistence of antibodies to BRSV, BPIV-3, and BAV-3.
Authors' Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception
and design. Material preparation, data collection and
analysis were performed by Majid Hashemi, Mehran
Bakhshesh and Mohsen Manavian. The first draft of
the manuscript was written by Majid Hashemi and all
authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This study received financial support in the form
of Research Project No. 51944 from research council
of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
We would like to thank all the colleagues for their corporations.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Study of BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3 in dairy cattle farms
RESEARCH ARTICLE
IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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How to cite this article
Hashemi M, Bakhshesh M, Manavian M. Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for Infection with Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine Parainfluenza Virus-3, and Bovine Adenovirus-3 in Dairy Cattle Farms of Fars Province, Southern Iran. Iran J Vet Sci Technol.
2023; 15(4): 9-15.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22067/ijvst.2023.80606.1222
URL:https://ijvst.um.ac.ir/article_44426.html
Study of BRSV, BPIV-3 and BAV-3 in dairy cattle farms
Hashemi M. et al., IJVST 2023; Vol.15, No.4
DOI:10.22067/ijvst.2023.80606.1222
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