ACCOUNTABILITY AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

The impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the economic growth of host countries, especially on the developing ones, is a major point of discussion by economists since 1980's. The study examines the impact of FDI on the factors of economic growth like gross domestic product (GDP), exports and imports of Pakistan by applying different econometric tests like Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration Test, Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Granger Causality Test on time series data from 1981 to 2009. The result obtained proves that there is long run relationship between the macroeconomic variables. It has been proved that FDI granger the growth process of host counties, but the result obtained is not confirmed in the case of Pakistan. But, the economic growth of Pakistan does granger the FDI influx. In the end, there is bi-direction causality between GDP and exports; and FDI and exports.

2013

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is often seen as an important catalyst for economic growth in the developing countries. It affects the economic growth by stimulating domestic investment, increasing human capital formation and by facilitating the technology transfer in the host countries. The core object behind this study is to explore the exports as well as compare to imports, for the development of Pakistan by Foreign Direct investment (FDI) & find out the impact of GDP growth. Particularly the main objective is the exports increases against imports & to control the deficit problem of the country. This paper focuses on the FDI-led growth hypothesis in the case of Pakistan economy. This study comprises of annual observations and its data cover period from 1976 to 2010 and evaluate a series of observations. I describe this study with three variables, depended & independed variables & to use the secondary data & put into ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag) Model are applied to exam...

Asian Social Science, 2010

2010

Asian Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, 2020

This paper investigated the causal relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and GDP in 40 Asian countries by using panel unit root tests and panel cointegration analysis for the period 1970-2010. The results showed a strong causality from economic growth to investment in these countries. Moreover, FDI had significant effects on GDP in short- and long-run. So, the findings imply bidirectional causality between foreign direct investment and economic growth in these countries. FDI in these countries has been an important source of capital complementing the domestic private investment, being usually associated with new job opportunities and enhancement of technology transfer and spillover, human capital (knowledge and skill) enhancement, boosting overall economic growth in host countries.

POSTSCRIPTS, 2021

This article considers whether there might be a canon of the Gurdjieff Work and, if so, what that canon might include. The author emphasizes that any canonical explication must incorporate two complementary aspects: first, texts that describe the psychological, philosophical, metaphysical, and cosmological structure of Gurdjieff's system of self-transformation; second, an integrated set of guidelines, procedures, and techniques that provide the experiential and spiritual engine for actualizing potential self-transformation. Taking this twofold canonical definition into account, the article defines the Gurdjieff canon as an ensemble of texts, methods, and performative media that when, engaged sincerely and persistently, might facilitate self-transformation psychologically and spiritually. The article focuses on written texts because the starting point of Gurdjieff’s system is intellectual understanding. These written texts are overviewed in terms of seven categories: (1) Gurdjieff’s Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson and Ouspensky’s In Search of the Miraculous; (2) additional texts by Gurdjieff and Ouspensky; (3) commentaries on Beelzebub’s Tales; (4) commentaries on the Gurdjieff Work; (5) biographies of Gurdjieff; (6) memoirs of Gurdjieff; and (7) works that extend Gurdjieffian ideas in innovative directions. Note: This version is the pre-final copy; errors in this copy have been corrected in the published version, including correcting the reference for Mrs. Staveley's description of Jane Heap.

Les théâtres antiques et leur entrées: parodos et aditus, 2024

This article examines one of the main architectural features of the Graeco-Roman theatre, namely, the lateral entrances, focusing on a time span that stretches from the Classical to the Late Roman period. Firstly, matters of terminology are addressed. It is shown that the lateral entrances of the Greek theatre were referred to either by the generic word εἴσοδος or, at least from the early Hellenistic period onwards, by the terminus technicus πάροδος. Next, their symbolic significance and their importance from the functional point of view in the Classical and Hellenistic theatre and drama are examined. Architecturally, the parodoi were open-air corridors flanking the retaining walls of the auditorium. Finally, the analysis of the changes observed in performances and theatrical architectures during Roman times leads to the conclusion that the centuries-long history of the side entrances in Greek theatres is characterized by a consistent continuity in both form and function over time.