Regen Med Res 2017, 5, 2 © B. Sacchetti et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1051/rmr/170004 Available online at: www.regenmedres-journal.org RESEARCH ARTICLE Effect of miR-204&211 and RUNX2 control on the fate of human mesenchymal stromal cells Benedetto Sacchetti1, Alessandro Fatica3, Melissa Sorci3, Antonio Sorrentino4, Michele Signore2, Annamaria Cerio2, Federica Felicetti2, Alessandra De Feo2, Elvira Pelosi2, Alessandra Caré2, Edoardo Pescarmona5, Jan Oxholm Gordeladze6, and Mauro Valtieri2,7,* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Department of Science, University ROMA TRE, Rome, Italy Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, “La Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy Exiqon A/S, Skelstedet 16, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmar “Regina Elena” National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy Institute of basic Medical Science, Department for Molecular Medicine, Section for Biochemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine & Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Received 21 September 2017, Accepted 9 November 2017, Published online 5 December 2017 Abstract -- MiR-204 and 211 enforced expression in murine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been shown to induce adipogenesis and impair osteogenesis, through RUNX2 down-modulation. This mechanism has been suggested to play a role in osteoporosis associated with obesity. However, two further fundamental MSC functions, chondrogenesis and hematopoietic supporting activity, have not yet been explored. To this end, we transduced, by a lenti-viral vector, miR-204 and 211 in a model primary human MSC line, opportunely chosen among our MSC collection for displaying all properties of canonical bone marrow MSCs, except adipogenesis. Enforced expression of miR-204&211 in these cells, rescued adipogenesis, and inhibited osteogenesis, as previously reported in murine MSCs, but, surprisingly, also damaged cartilage formation and hematopoietic supporting activity, which were never explored before. RUNX2 has been previously indicated as the target of miR-204&211, whose down modulation is responsible for the switch from osteogenesis to adipogenesis. However, the additional disruption of chondrogenesis and hematopoietic supporting activity, which we report here, might depend on diverse miR-204&211 targets. To investigate this hypothesis, permanent RUNX2 knock-down was performed. ShRUNX2 fully reproduced the phenotypes induced by miR-204&211, confirming that RUNX2 down modulation is the major event leading to the reported functional modification on our MSCs. It seems thus apparent that RUNX2, a recognized master gene for osteogenesis, might rule all four MSC commitment and differentiation processes. Hence, the formerly reported role of miR204&211 and RUNX2 in osteoporosis and obesity, coupled with our novel observation showing inhibition of cartilage differentiation and hematopoietic support, strikingly resemble the clinical traits of metabolic syndrome, where osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, anaemia and obesity occur together. Our observations, corroborating and extending previous observations, suggest that miR-204&211–RUNX2 axis in human MSCs is possibly involved in the pathogenesis of this rapidly growing disease in industrialized countries, for possible therapeutic intervention to regenerate former homeostasis. Keywords: Mesenchymal stromal cells, miR-204&, RUNX2, cartilage, hematopoietic support activity, osteogenesis, adipogenesis 1 Introduction Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent the second stem cell population residing in bone marrow (BM) [33,37], wherein they provide both the reservoir for * mauro.valtieri@iss.it skeletal cell turn-over and “the soil” for parenchymal cells “seeds”, i.e. hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). MSCs are endowed with extensive proliferation, equal or longer than three months in vitro, the ability to differentiate in at least four structural lineages, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipoblasts and reticular stromal cells supporting HSCs; the capability to produce huge amounts of multiple growth This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 2 B. Sacchetti et al.: Regen Med Res 2017, 5, 2 factors [33,37] underlying their anti-apoptotic, immuneregulator, nurturing and regenerative potential [30,33,37]. Although MSCs were first discovered in BM, other tissuespecific MSCs have been recently identified and categorized on the basis of their antigen expression signatures and cell differentiation spectra. Tissue-specific MSCs partly overlap with pericytes and span aubiquitous distribution in human tissues as structural cells [24,30]. We first isolated and characterized, through four lineages, MSCs in bone marrow [33]. Subsequently, we isolated and banked tissuespecific MSCs from amnion, foetal liver, tonsil, dental pulp, lung, bowel [24,30] and dermal connective tissue. Colonic (C-) MSCs were subjected to in depth analysis and comparison to BM-MSCs, classified, both functionally and by smooth muscle actin expression, in peri-cryptic and inter-cryptic myofibroblasts [24,30]. Apical peri-cryptic myofibroblasts are in close contact with intestinal epithelial stem cells, wherein they nurture, regulate and maintain them in the intestinal niche, similarly to the hematopoietic niche in the BM. Apical or peri-cryptal myofibroblasts hierarchically represent the highest intestinal MSC rank, i.e. the closest to BM-MSCs. Inter-cryptal MSCs, on the other hand, represent the progeny of the former, mainly devoted to the structural function of holding the crypts in place. In the present study we utilized primary peri-cryptic C-MSCs endowed with all the BM-MSCs functions except adipogenesis, to assay the effect of enforced expression of miR-204&211 on their whole differentiation spectrum. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20–22 nt long single stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting complementary nucleic acid sequences [7,28,32,1,22,34,13,3]. Micro-RNAs play a regulatory role in virtually all cellular functions, including stemness [32], plasticity [1] and differentiation in many stem cell types including MSCs [32,1,22,34,13,3,11]. A growing clinical interest is arousing around miRas diagnostic and therapeutic tool for several diseases. MiR-204 and 211 enforced expression in murine MSCs have been previously shown to induce adipogenesis and repress osteogenesis, by targeting RUNX2 [14,17]. Being bone formation inter-wined with chondrogenesis, we seek to explore their effect of on cartilage formation. In bone development, in fact, chondro- and osteo-genesis are coordinated developmental processes, since bones form from cartilage cores by endochondral ossification [8,18,5] head and neck bones excluded for carrying out membranous ossification. An overlooked but pivotal lineage, functionally defined as hematopoietic supporting activity, is also dependent on MSCs, as constituents of the so called “hematopoietic niche”, i.e. the soil for HSCs and their siblings [29]. The “hematopoietic niche” is a micro-structural entity whose best candidate components are reticular stromal cells and osteoblasts, both pertaining to the MSC lineage [26,31,35,29]. Prototypes of the “hematopoietic niche” are the blood islands around the developing embryo or the erythroblast islands in the red BM. However, the effect of miR-204&211 on both chondrogenesis and hematopoietic supporting activity has been thus far neglected. One major target of miR-204&211 is RUNX2, a known master gene for bone development [4]. We report here that miR-204&211, formerly described to inhibit osteogenesis and promote adipogenesis [14] in murine MSCs, reproduce this phenothypein human CMSCs and additionally inhibit chondrogenesis and hematopoietic supporting activity. Noteworthy, further targets of miR- 204&211, besides RUNX2, might account for the disruption of chondrogenesis and hematopoietic supporting activity we report. Regarding chondrogenesis, we explored CRTAP [5] a reported virtual target according to Target Scan6.2 (www. targetscan.org) but it was not decreased by miR-204&211. We then performed RUNX2 knock-down and fully reproduced the miR-204&211 over-expression phenotype, demonstrating that RUNX2 itself controls all four canonical MSC differentiation lineages, including cartilage formation and hematopoietic supporting activity. 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Isolation and characterization of MSCs The isolation procedure from human colon biopsies was derived from the BM-MSC isolation [33] detailed below. BM from healthy donors was purchased from CAMBREX Poietics cell systems (Gaithersburg, MD). BM samples were treated for 20 min at 20 °C with RosetteSep human MSC enrichment cocktail (StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada) composed by CD3, CD14, CD19, CD38, CD66b, Glycophorin A tetrameric antibody (Ab) complexes crosslinking unwanted cells with red blood cells, diluted, and centrifuged over Ficoll-Hypaque gradient for 25 min at 300 g at 20 °C. Enriched cells were collected, washed, and treated with NH4Cl (StemCell) for 10 min in ice to remove residual red blood cells. CD34 cells were removed by MACS column (Miltenyi, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Enriched cells were then cultured at sub-clonal density (1–10 cells/cm2) for 3 weeks in a-medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 20% fetal calf serum (FCS; StemCell) in T75 flasks at 37 °C in 5% CO2/O2 atmosphere. Half medium was replaced two times a week until MSCs reached confluence, defined as passage (P) 0. MSCs were detached by trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution (Invitrogen) treatment, partly freezed and partly replated. Each weekly replating or P was defined by a progressive number. Colon surgical specimens, obtained from patients who signed an informed consent before undergoing surgical resection of a tumor lesion, were dissected to separate the compromised from the normal tissue, the normal tissue fragment was thoroughly washed with PBS supplemented with 5X antibiotic/antimycotic (A/A) solution (Invitrogen), maintained o/n in PBS 5X A/A at 4 °C, treated with 30–45 ml 1 mM EDTA/EGTA PBS 75’ at 20 °C, vigorously shaked, then processed as described for BM. Cells are cultured in controlled CO2/O2 environment provided by Forma Scientific incubators customized by BioSpherix C-Chambers and ProOx110 controller for normoxia or hypoxia settings. B. Sacchetti et al.: Regen Med Res 2017, 5, 2 2.2 Isolation of cord blood (CB) CD34+ HPCs Collection of CB, isolation of CD34 performed as described [36,39]. + cells were 2.3 Hematopoietic support BM-MSCs and colon (C)-MSCs were plated at the saturating density for confluence of 3.6
104/cm2 in 96well/plates (Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ) in alphamedium, 20% MCS selected FCS (Lonza); 1 week before the start of the long-term culture (LTC) assay [36,39] the medium was changed to alpha-medium with 10% FCS, 10% Horse S (both from Stem Cell Technologies), supplemented with 106 M hydrocortisone (Sigma, St Louis, MO) [36,39]. Plates were then seeded with 2
103 CD34+ cord blood (CB)cells and cultured up to 5 weeks at 33 °C in 5% CO2/O2 atmosphere [36,39]. Half volume of each culture (0.03 ml) was harvested weekly and replaced with fresh medium. Cells weekly recovered from the harvested medium were counted and seeded in hematopoietic multilineage semi-solid clonogenetic assay cultures for 14 days at 37 °C in 5% CO2/O2 atmosphere [36,39] in order to allow the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic colonies. At week 5, upon termination of LTC cultures, both cells recovered from the medium and the cells entrapped in the MSC layers were independently counted and seeded in hematopoietic clonogenetic assays [36,39]. Hematopoietic colonies were scored as CFUGEMM (Colony Forming Unit-Granulocyte Erythroid Megacaryocyte Monocyte: large mixed red and white colonies) BFU-E (Burst Forming Unit-Erythroid: pure erythroid red colonies) and CFU-GM (white granulocyte and/or monocyte colonies) after 2 further week secondary culture under an Olympus inverted microscope. 2.4 MSCs proliferation BM- and C-derived MSCs were cultured in 75 cm2 flasks, re-fed twice a week with 12.5 ml of fresh medium, detached at confluence, usually once a week, by trypsinethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution (Invitrogen) treatment, counted, partly frozen and partly reseeded for culture at 37 °C in 5% CO2/O2 atmosphere. Each weekly re-seeding or passage (P) was defined by a progressive number. 2.5 In vitro MSC differentiation Osteogenic. 3.1
103 MSC/cm2 were seeded in sixwell/plates(BD) in MSCGM (Cambrex, Poietics Cell Systems) for 24 h at 37 °C in 5% CO2/O2 atmosphere. MSCGM was replaced with Osteogenesis Induction Medium (Cambrex), and MSCs cultured for 3 weeks with refeeding every 3–4 days. Osteoblasts were stained with ALP and Von Kossa, labeling early and late differentiation, respectively. Alternatively, in the RUNX2 knock-down, osteogenic differentiation was assessed by Von Kossa’s stain alone. Chondrogenic. 2.5
105 MSC were washed twice at 150g for 5 min at 20 °C with incomplete chondrogenic medium (Cambrex), re-suspended in 0.5 ml complete 3 medium (Cambrex) in 15 ml polypropylene tube and cultured for 3 weeks at 37 °C in 5% CO2/O2 atmosphere, re-feeding every 2–3 days with fresh medium. In RUNX2 knock-down experiments, for immunohistochemistry and immuno-localization studies, cartilage pellets were fixed in 4% formaldehyde in phosphate buffer, processed for paraffin embedding and sectioned serially. Five-micronthick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Sigma-Aldrich) or Alcian Blue (Sigma-Aldrich). Immuno-histology experiments were performed using primary antibodies anti-human type II collagen (Col II; ab53047, Abcam), anti-human type X collagen (Col X; ab49945, Abcam) and anti-human Sox-9 (sc-20095, Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Immuno-localization was completed with the use of standard peroxidase/diaminobenzidine (DAB) reaction and counterstained with hematoxylin. Bright-field light microscopy images were obtained with the use of a Zeiss Axiophot epifluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). Adipogenic. Confluent MSCs were supplemented with Adipogenesis induction medium for 3 days followed by 1–3 days of culture in maintenance medium (both from Cambrex). After three cycles of induction/maintenance, cells were cultured for an additional week with maintenance medium at 37 °C in 5%CO2/O2 atmosphere. Adipocytes maturation was checked in phase contrast microscopy, then cultures were fixed and intracellular lipid droplets stained with oil red-O solution (SigmaAldrich), for further microscope analysis. 2.6 Real time qRT-PCR RNA was isolated from cells using the “Total RNA Purification micro Kit” (NorgenBioteK Corp, Canada) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Real time quantification was performed according to the TaqMan technology (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA): miR-204 (hsa-miR-204-5p) #000508; miR-211 hsa-miR211-5p #000514; RNU6B (#001093). 2.7 Lenti-miR204/211 plasmids generation The Lenti-miR204 and Lenti-miR211 plasmids were generated by cloning a fragment of the pri- miRNA (from 100 to +135 bp relative to the 50 -end of mature miR-204 and from 103 to +143 relative to the 50 -end of mature miR-211, respectively) into the pSP65-U1 cassette plasmid [7]. The expression cassette was then subcloned into the the EcoRV site of the lentiviral vector pRRLcPPT.hPGK.EGFP.WPRE [7]. Empty vetor was utilized as control (PGK). Infective particles were produced and utilized as previously described [7,20]. 2.8 RUNX2 knockdown RUNX2 knockdown was obtained by Mission Lentiviral shRNA clone SHCLNV-NM_004348 targeting RUNX2 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Mission Lentiviral Non-Targeting shRNA clone SHC002 (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was utilized as control. Lentiviral particles were 4 B. Sacchetti et al.: Regen Med Res 2017, 5, 2 prepared according to the manufacturer’s specifications. Infection of C3 MSCs was performed as previously described [28]. 2.9 Western blot analysis Western blot analysis was performed according to standard procedures either on cultured cells or on chondrogenic spheres. Antibodies listed below were used in accordance to the manufacturer’s instructions: RUNX2 (27-K: sc-101145) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology Dallas, TX, USA); b-ACTIN (Oncogene Research, La Jolla, CA, USA) and GAPDH (2D9) (OriGene, Rockville, MD, USA). b-ACTIN and GAPDH were used as loading controls. 2.10 Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and subsequently by Bonferroni post-tests. Differences are considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. 3 Results 3.1 MicroRNA 204 & 211 inhibit bone and restore fat differentiation, but inhibit also cartilage and hematopoietic support in human MSCs Intrigued by a former article describing the role of miR204&211 in murine MSC differentiation [14], we decided to reproduce these data on our primary human MSCs. To this end, among the best characterizes MSC lines in our collection [30], we chose the human smooth muscle actin (SMA+) peri-cryptic colonic C3-MSCs, comparable, for their differentiation profile, to the murine cells originally studied in [14]. The differentiation profile of C3-MSCs is shown in Figure 1. Human wild-type C3 MSCs, and control PGKC3 MSCs differentiate along the osteogenic (Fig. 1A,a) and chondrogenic pathways (Fig. 1A,c), but not toward the adipogenic one in specific differentiation culture systems (Fig.1A,b). C3 MSCs over-expressing miR-204 or miR-211 partially gainedthe ability to produce adipocytes (Fig. 1A,b) and decreased the attitude to differentiate in osteocytes (Fig. 1A,a), as expected [14]. As a novel finding, since chondrogenesis was not explored before, miR204 and miR211 impaired cartilage development (Fig. 1A,c). We formerly showed that wild-type C3MSCs could support hematopoiesis in a 5wk long-term culture (LTC) system as efficiently as BM MSCs [30]. We, hence, decided to evaluate this function in C3-MSCs overexpressing miR-204 or miR-211 in LTC to measure their support for cord blood CD 34+ hematopoietic progenitors (HPCs), in vitro. In this system, C3 MSCs over-expressing miR-204 or miR-211maintained the overall hematopoietic cell number (Fig. 1B, a) similarly to parental cells, but were largely ineffective in supporting hematopoietic progenitors (Fig. 1B,b), when compared to control mock (PGK) transduced C3-MSCs, as evaluated in secondary clonogenic cultures in semisolid medium derived from the primal culture. Wild-type BM12-MSCs were included as LTC-system control, representing standard hematopoietic supportive cells. The selectivity of progenitor cell decrease, together with the maintenance of the total cell number, counted by dye exclusion, ruled out any not-specific, toxic effect dependent from C3-MSC infected with miR-204 or 211 (Fig. 1B, a vs b). 3.2 MicroRNA 204 & 211 inversely correlate with RUNX2, impairing cartilage differentiation Human C3-MSCs, have little steady state expression of miR-204&211 (Fig. 2 A), similarly to reference human BM BM12-MSCs (Fig. 2A) whereas SMA- inter-cryptic colonic C6-MSCs [30) express higher levels of miR-204/ 211 (Fig. 2A), being a more differentiated cell class. C12 is an additional SMA+ colonic MSC line similar to C3 [30]. This observation may suggest that the low expression of miR-204&211 is linked to a less differentiated cell state. PGK, miR-204 and 211 infected C3 MSCs were induced in cartilage spheroids for 1 week, then lysed for protein extraction (Fig. 2B). Western Blot (WB) analysis demonstrated that RUNX-2 protein, a key transcription factor for osteogenesis, was highly expressed in control PGKC3 MSCs (Fig. 2B). In contrast, C3 MSCs over-expressing miR-204 or miR-211, effectively down-modulated RUNX-2 (Fig. 2B), whereas expression levels of CRTAP gene product, a key gene for chondrogenesis [5], and a potential target for miR-204&211, according to Target Scan6.2 (www.targetscan.org), were not altered. GAPDH, the control protein, remained steady (Fig. 2B). Additional WB analysis, in undifferentiated SMA+ C3 MSCs demonstrated that RUNX-2 was expressed as well (Fig. 2C, third lane) whereas it was not in SMA-C6 MSCs (fifth lane) nor in C13 (fourth lane), an additional SMA-colonic MSC line [30] (Fig. 2C). More importantly, it was sharply decreased in C3 over-expressing miR-204 or miR-211 (Fig. 2C, second and first lane, respectively). Actin control protein, used here, was steady (Fig. 2C). During ex vivochondrogenesis (Fig. 2D, a) RUNX2 protein expression was maintained up to 2 weeks, then down-regulated at later times. It was again down-regulated upon miR-204 or miR-211 over-expression (Fig. 2D, b) in an additional experiment confirming the former results (in Fig. 2C). 3.3 shRUNX2 inhibits bone and restore fat differentiation, similar to miR 204&211 overexpression To rule out that further miR-204&211 targets might account for the disruption of chondrogenesis and hematopoietic supporting activity in C3 MSCs over-expressing miR-204&211, we permanently knocked-down RUNX2 in C3 MSCs with a lentivirus containing RUNX2 shRNA infection. Also in these experiment, the adipogenic potential was restored (Fig. 3a) whereas the osteoblastic differentiation was impaired (Fig. 3b), reproducing the phenotype obtained by miR-204 or 211 over-expression in Fig. 1A, (b) and (a). B. Sacchetti et al.: Regen Med Res 2017, 5, 2 5 Fig. 1. (A) MiR-204 and miR-211 inhibition of osteogenesis (a), and chondrogenesis (c) coupled with promotion of adipogenesis (b) in human C3 colonic MSC line (as indicated by black arrows for intracellular lipid droplets formation). PGK represent C3 MSCs infected with empty vector viral particles. Human C6 colonic MSC line (insert, i) is shown as negative control being unable to differentiate in cartilage [30]. Scale bar = 30 mm, 4­0 mm. (B) Effect of miR-204 and miR-211 enforced expression in human C3 colonic MSCs hematopoietic supporting activity. Cord blood CD34+ cells were plated onto C3-MSC layers. Weekly cultures were halved to be refed, harvested cells were counted (shown in a) and replated in semisolid hematopoietic secondary cultures to evaluate their progenitor cell content (b). Graphs derive fromone of three different experiments performed in triplicates. C3 represent C3 MSCs infected with empty vector viral particles. BM12-MSCs are included as standard hematopoietic supportive cells. The total number of hematopoietic cells in LTC was unaffected by miR204&211 (a), whereas the number of hematopoietic progenitors (HPCs) was inhibited (b). At wk 5 the culture was terminated harvesting both the cells in suspension (s) and the ones entrapped in the adherent layer (a). Their numbers were added up to generate wk 5 (s+a) points. 6 B. Sacchetti et al.: Regen Med Res 2017, 5, 2 Fig. 2. (A) Baseline expression of miR-204 and miR-211 in undifferentiated C3, C6, C12, BM12 MSCs by Q Real Time PCR. Full scale bar graph. (B) Modulation of RUNX-2 expression. miR-204 and miR-211 overexpression inhibit RUNX-2 as evaluated by Western blot in C3 MSCs 1wk chondroid cultures. CRTAP, a cartilage master gene and a potential target of miR-204&211 according to Target Scan6.2 (www.targetscan.org), but not miR and a (www.microrna.org), is not affected in miR 204 and miR 211 overexpressing C3 MSCs, whereas RUNX-2 is significantly decreased. GAPDH is the control protein and is steady. (C) RUNX-2 protein expression level evaluated in control C3, C3 miR204 and C3 miR211 compared with wild type C6 and C13 primary human colonic MSCs. Actin is used as control protein. (D) Modula4tion of RUNX-2 protein expression in wild type C3 MSCs upon induction of chondroid differentiation (a) or C3 over-expressing miR-204&211 (b). RUNX-2 was down-regulated during ex vivo chondrogenesis (a) Analyses were conducted on cartilage pellets. MiR-204&211 strongly down-regulated RUNX-2 protein expression in C3 MSCs (b). 3.4 shRUNX2 inhibits cartilage and hematopietic support differentiation as well, similar to miR 204 & 211 over-expression More interestingly, sRUNX2 shRNA human C3 MSCwere unable to differentiate in cartilage, both at macroscopic (Fig. 4 A, a) and at microscopic level (Fig. 4A, b), whereas control C3-MSCs fully differentiated to express Collagen II, X, and Sox 9 (Fig. 4A, c). Finally, sRUNX2 shRNA human C3 MSC were unable to support hematopoiesis in LTCs (Fig. 4B). The effect of shRUNX2 on C3 MSCs supporting CB CD34+ cells did not change the maintenance of the total number of cells up to 5 week in LTC (Fig. 4B, a). However, the progenitor cell fraction, within the total cell number of output in LTC, was deeply decreased when compared to control C3 MSCs or standard BM6 MSCs supportive activity (Fig. 4B, b). Thus, RUNX2 knock-down is, by itself, sufficient to replicate miR-204&211 over-expression phenotype in C3MSC differentiation. 4 Discussion Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) represent the second stem cell population residing in BM [33,37] where they pair with HSCs. BM-MSCs are endowed with the ability to differentiate in four canonical lineages, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipoblasts and reticular stromal B. Sacchetti et al.: Regen Med Res 2017, 5, 2 7 Fig. 3. Effects of RUNX2 knock-down in human C3 MSCs differentiation. (a) Oil red-O stained cultures, showing multiple areas of red lipid staining in shRUNX2 treated cells (as indicated by black arrowspointing to intracellular lipid droplets formation). (i, ii) Details of positive oil red-O-staining in treated cells, as seen in transmitted light. No droplets for adipogenic differentiation were observed in control mock treated-cells. Scale bar = 120 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm. (b) Strong deposition of mineralized matrix was observed in mock control cells by Von Kossa’s stain. Weak mineralization detected by Von Kossa method in shRUNX2 transduced cells. Scale bar = 120 mm. cells supporting HSCs, underlying their regenerative activity. MSCs were first discovered in BM, (other) tissue-specific MSCs have been recently recognized and studied [30,27,24,2]. In this manuscript, we utilize primary peri-cryptic colonic SMA+MSCs endowed with all BM MSCs functions but adipogenesis [30] to explore the role of miR-204&211 in their differentiation. Our choice was based on: (1) human C3-MSCs are endowed with most of the BM-MSCs functions except adipogenesis [30; (Fig. 1A, b)]. As apical or peri-cryptal myofibroblasts, they hierarchically represent the highest intestinal MSC rank,that is the closest to BM-MSCs. (2) Human C3MSCs, have little steady state expression of miR-204&211 (Fig. 1B), similarly to human BM BM12-MSCs (Fig. 1B), whereas SMA- inter-cryptic colonic C6-MSCs [30] express higher levels of miR-204/211 (Fig. 1B), being a more advanced cell. Human C6 MSCs, in fact, are unable to differentiate in cartilage (Fig. 1A, c, insert i) or to sustain hematopoiesis (not shown). In addition to C3 SMA+peri-cryptal myofibroblast line, we explored miR-204&211 expression in an additional SMA+ line, C12 [30] suggesting the low expression of miR-204&211 as a candidate stem cell marker. Inter-cryptal SMA-MSCs, like C6 or C13 [30) represent the progeny of the SMA+peri-cryptal or apical myofibroblasts and are mainly devoted to structurally hold the intestinal crypts folded. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 20–22 nt not coding single stranded RNAs that fine tune gene expression by targeting complementary nucleic acid sequences [7,28,32,1,22,34,13,3]. Micro-RNAs have been established to play a regulatory role in stemness [32], plasticity [1] and in differentiation in many stem cell types including MSCs [32,1,22,34,13,3,11]. MiRNAs are necessary for the development of normal cartilage, as shown in mice with chondrocytes lacking the Dicer gene, a key enzyme for micro RNA maturation, with severe skeletal defects [15]. Many miRNAs have been linked to cartilage development [38,9]. However, to date, no report indicates a role for miR-204&211 in chondrogenesis, despite the fact that they impair osteogenesis and by default stimulate adipogenesis, via RUNX2 inhibition [14]. RUNX2 is a recognized master gene for bone development [4]. In the developing human skeletal system, head and neck excluded, chondro- and osteo-genesis are strictly inter-wined processes. Bone formation starts from cartilage cores in a path known as endochondral ossification [8,18,5,12]. The fourth canonical differentiation pathway for MSCs, often neglected, is the hematopoietic supporting activity. Although the “hematopoietic niche” is slowly 8 B. Sacchetti et al.: Regen Med Res 2017, 5, 2 Fig. 4. Chondrogenic differentiation capability of C3-MSCs and C3 MSCs RUNX2 knock-down (Aa) Macroscopic views of 5 chondroid spheres made from treated C3 MSCs (shRUNX2), and 5 identically processed control pellets generated from mock treated C3 MSCs (ctrl). (b) Chondrospheres from mock cells generate satisfactory cartilage. In contrast, treated cells regularly failed to form good cartilage differentiation. Hematoxylin/Eosin (H/E); Alcian blue/Hematoxylin (Alcian blue/H); Alcian blue stain. Scale bar = 200 mm, 100 mm. (c) Macroscopic views of 3 chondroid spheres generated from C3 MSCs, and 3 pellets generated from C3 MSCs shRUNX2 are shown. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of C3-MSCs (left) pellets induced by culture with chondrogenic medium (Cambrex) for 3 weeks. Immunostaining of C3-MSCs (left) pellets with anti-human type II collagen (COL II), anti-human type X collagen (COL X) and anti-human Sox-9 (Sox9) and counterstained with hematoxylin. In contrast, RUNX2 knock-down (right) pellets regularly failed to form good cartilage differentiation (Alcian blue/Hematoxylin). (d) Western Blot analysis of C3 MSCs infected with control lentivirus or shRUNX2 lentivirus. RUNX2 protein is effectively knocked-down. (B) RUNX2 knock-down in human C3 MSCs supporting hematopoietic cells and progenitors in LTCs. Cord blood CD34+ cells were plated onto C3-MSC layers. Weekly cultures were halved to be reFed, harvested cells were counted (shown in a) and replated in semisolid hematopoietic secondary cultures to evaluate their progenitor cell content (b). Graphs derive from one of three different experiments performed in triplicates. C3 MSCs represent cells infected with missense control viral particles. BM6-MSCs are included as standard hematopoietic supportive cells. The treatment did not affect the overall survival of hematopoietic cells (a), but selectively decreased the hematopoietic progenitors output (b). At wk 5 the culture was terminated harvesting both the cells in suspension (s) and the ones entrapped in the adherent layer (a), which were cumulated to generate the points wk5 (s + a). B. Sacchetti et al.: Regen Med Res 2017, 5, 2 emerging as a biological rather than a conceptual entity, osteoblasts, and reticular stromal cells, all belonging to the MSCs family have been shown, in vivo, as the only candidates defining this compartment [29,26,31,35,25]. The closest anatomic counterparts to the concept of “hematopoietic niche” are the blood islands around the developing embryo or the erythroblast islands in the red BM. Thus, the effect of miR-204&211 on RUNX2, and the consequent inhibition of osteogenesis, could impact the whole MSC differentiation spectrum, including cartilage and hematopoietic support. C3 MSCs are a colonic trilineage precursor primary line derived from SMA+pericryptalmyofibroblasts [30] able to differentiate in osteoblasts, chondroblasts and reticular stromal cells supporting hematopoiesis, but not toward adipocytes. Their baseline expression of miR-204&211 is very low, similar to BM-MSCs, which matches with their stemness functional similarities. On the other hand, C6 MSCs represent a colonic uni-lineage precursorprimary line derived from SMA- inter-cryptal myofibroblasts [30,24,2], with very restricted differentiation potential. Accordingly, their baseline expression of miR-204&211 is high. It is thus conceivable that miR-204&211 expression could regulate stem cell progression and lineage restriction. C3 MSCs were chosen as an adequate cell model to confirm (as in [14] for osteo/adipo switch) and extend (present report for chondro/hematopoietic support inhibition) the effect of miR-204&211 over-expression in human MSCs. Adipogenesis, absent in C3 MSCs, is restored, at least in part, by miR 204 or 211 gene transfer, which in turn, impairs not only osteogenesis, but also chondrogenesis and hematopietic supportive activity in 5wk LTCs. C3-MSCs, transduced with miR 204 and miR 211, strongly downmodulate RUNX2 protein, but not CRTAP, a cartilage specific potential targetfor miR- 204/211 (www.targets can.org). As a single gene product can be targeted by multiple miRNA species, and a single microRNA can target multiple mRNAs [7,28,32,1,22,34,13,3,15,38,9], additional targets of miR-204&211 might account for the disruption of chondrogenesis and hematopoietic supporting activity. Experiments with stable RUNX2 shRNA were performed to rule out the role for other targets of miR-204&211 impaired chondrogenesis and hematopoietic supporting activity. These permanent knock-down experiments fully recapitulated the phenotypes observed with miR-204&211, thus demonstrating that RUNX2 itself is necessary for normal chondrogenesis and to support hematopoiesis in vitro. It would be of great interest to validate the role of RUNX2 in hematopoietic supportive activity, as well as for the entire MSC differentiation spectrum in an in vivo system [26,31,25]. The hematopoietic supporting activity exerted by an intestinal MSCs subtype is puzzling. It is possible that this function, originally described in BM-MSCs, could have adapted in peri-cryptal intestinal myofibroblasts to nurture intestinal stem cells within the crypts (intestinal niches), but is versatile enough to support also hematopoietic cells. The recent discovery of platelet generation 9 and ectopic hematopoiesis in lung [16] corroborates this hypothesis. Furthermore, stress hematopoiesis, as known, can take place in ectopic sites in Cooley’s anemia leading to facial deformity. MSC supporting activity in tissue specific niches for highly demanded lineages, like the hematopoietic and the intestinal epithelia, might allow permissive cross-lineage colonization, as indicated by their functional deployment by adenocarcinoma cells [19], or BM diffusing neuroblastomas. We could thus speculate that some circulating white hematopoietic precursor might, when necessary, utilize peri-cryptal myofibroblasts, as nurturing pseudo-crypt for a local quick expansion [21]. This fact highlights the importance of the MSC-determined microenvironment in maintainingnormal homeostasis as well as inparticipating in inflammatory diseases (Crohn’s disease) and in cancer progression. Our data are not in contrast with a former report [10] showing no major chondrogenic impair by transient RUNX2 knock-down in a murine cell line. Those data, obtained with a different technique, might have knockeddown RUNX2 too shortly to produce the chondrogenic inhibition. It is thus apparent that RUNX2, a recognized master gene for osteogenesis, sits at the intersection of multiple MSC pathways regulating commitment and differentiation toward all canonical MSC fates. MiR204&211 have been already involved in osteoporosis [14] and obesity [23,6]. Our additional data, i.e., inhibition of chondrogenesis and hematopoietic supporting activity, coupled with promotion of adipogenesis and depression of osteogenesis, strikingly recall the clinical traits of metabolic syndrome, where obesity, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and anaemia are all combined. 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