For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
Excavations at Tel Kabri iii
The 2013 to 2019 Seasons
Edited by
Eric H. Cline
Alexandra Ratzlaff
Assaf Yasur-Landau
leiden | boston
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
List of Figures xii
List of Tables xxi
Abbreviations xxiii
Notes on Contributors xxiv
Kabri Archaeological Project Publications, 2006–2021
1
xxviii
Introduction and Overview of the Kabri Archaeological Project, 2013–2019 Seasons
Eric H. Cline, Alexandra Ratzlaff and Assaf Yasur-Landau
part 1
Area D-West: the Iron Age Remains
2
Phase ii Stratigraphy
Meir Edrey
3
Phase ii Pottery 24
Meir Edrey
19
part 2
Area D-West: the Wine Storage Complex and Earlier Remains
4
Phase iii Stratigraphy 45
Alexandra Ratzlaff, Roey Nickelsberg and Brigid Clark
5
Phase iii Pottery from the Wine Storage Complex
Matthew Susnow
6
Phases iv–v and Earlier Stratigraphy 100
Alexandra Ratzlaff, Roey Nickelsberg and Brigid Clark
7
Phases iv and v Pottery in Area D-West
Matthew Susnow
8
Statistical Studies of the Pottery in the Trash Deposits
Silvana Kreines
9
The Cypriot Pottery
Brigid Clark
10
Small Finds 168
Tanya Sokolsky
11
The Scarab 189
Daphna Ben-Tor
71
111
138
150
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
1
viii
contents
part 3
Area dw-East
12
Stratigraphy 195
Alexandra Ratzlaff
13
Pottery from the Floors of dw-East 204
Matthew Susnow, Assaf Yasur-Landau and Meir Edrey
Area L
part 4
14
Tomb 8050: Architecture and Remains 211
Brigid Clark and Erin M. Brantmayer
15
The Pottery from Tomb 8050
Matthew Susnow
16
The Cypriot Pottery from Tomb 8050 and Area L
Brigid Clark
17
The Small Finds from Tomb 8050
Tanya Sokolsky
18
Early Bronze Age Architecture
Brigid Clark
19
Early Bronze Age Pottery
Shira Albaz
20
The Scarabs 260
Daphna Ben-Tor
221
227
232
241
248
part 5
Physical and Environmental Studies
21
Organic Residue Analyses from the Phase iii Storage Rooms
Andrew J. Koh and Alison M. Crandall
267
22
Radiocarbon Dates for the Middle Bronze Age Palace: an Update
Felix Höflmayer and Sturt Manning
23
Ancient Wood Remains
Brita Lorentzen
24
Archaeobotany 310
Marco Nicolì
287
298
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
ix
contents
25
Stable Isotope Measurements on Seed Remains
Simone Riehl
318
26
Zooarchaeology 328
Ghavin Deonarain
27
Petrographic Analyses of Middle Bronze Age Ceramics
Paula Waiman-Barak
28
Evaluating the Hidden Extent of an Archaeological Site: an Example from Tel Kabri, Israel 364
Gilad Shtienberg, Assaf Yasur-Landau, Sariel Shalev, Naomi Porat, Polina Spivak, Simona Avnaim-Katav and
Ruth Shahack-Gross
29
Micro-geoarchaeology 381
Roey Nickelsberg and Ruth Shahack-Gross
30
Earthquake Damage as a Catalyst for the Abandonment of Tel Kabri 389
Michael Lazar, Eric H. Cline, Roey Nickelsberg, Ruth Shahack-Gross and Assaf Yasur-Landau
360
part 6
Conclusions
31
Thoughts on the Wine Storage Complex, Wine, and Feasting at Kabri
Assaf Yasur-Landau, Alexandra Ratzlaff and Eric H. Cline
Illustrations
Index
421
454
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409
chapter 14
Tomb 8050: Architecture and Remains
Brigid Clark and Erin M. Brantmayer
Abstract
Tomb 8050 is a Middle Bronze (MB) Age ii mortuary structure
located in Area L, west of Tel Kabri’s palatial building. The tomb
dates to Phase iii of the palace, within the mb ii (mb iib). This
chapter focuses on the architecture and dating of the tomb, with
the contents, including the ceramic assemblage, detailed elsewhere within this volume. The human remains within the tomb
have not yet been studied but appeared to be secondary burials
with no primary burial yet found.
Keywords
Middle Bronze Age tomb – mortuary architecture – ceramic
deposition – human remains
1
Introduction
Tomb 8050, a masonry-constructed chamber tomb dating
to the mb ii period (Phase iii of the palace), was discovered in July 2019, approximately 5 m west of the northwest corner of Area L (Fig. 14.1). In addition to the skeletal remains and grave goods found within the tomb, additional skeletal material was also found above and adjacent
to the capstones of Tomb 8050, outside the chamber of
the tomb, indicating the existence of other tombs in the
area that have been disturbed by either modern or ancient
activities.
Additional evidence for an ephemeral mb settlement
in the area was also suggested by the fact that some finds
from the fill of the tomb were not typical of a tomb assemblage, including 20 sherds of Cypriot White Painted jugs
and juglets as well as fragments of a mb wheel-made cooking pot.
2
Architecture of the Tomb
Masonry-constructed chamber tombs of the mb generally
consisted of enclosed, subterranean, roofed cavities with
or without entrances, and were designed to contain varying numbers of individuals (Cradic 2017: 226). Tomb 8050
represents a typical masonry-constructed tomb, covered
by five capstones. While there is a large degree of variability in mortuary practices in the mb, masonry-constructed
tombs became increasingly common throughout the mb
ii (mb iib and iic) (Hallote 1995: 98–100). The presence of
five capstones associated with Tomb 8050 may suggest a
gabled roof to the tomb. In addition, a possible stele was
found on top of the capstone in two pieces, potentially a
grave marker for Tomb 8050. It is composed of natural rock
and has parallels to stelai found in open air mb sanctuaries
at Tel Hazor (Albright 1957: 248; Ben-Tor 2013).
Two of the five capstones found covering Tomb 8050,
Locus 8037 (188×110cm) and Locus 8106 (188×37 cm),
were found in situ (Fig. 14.2). Three additional capstones
(Loci 8103, 8104, and 8105) were found standing vertically
in various disturbed locations in the vicinity of the tomb.
Since these capstones were 50–80 cm beneath the surface layer, it is likely that the capstones were disturbed via
ploughing or other agricultural activities long ago.
The largest capstone, L8106, covered approximately the
western half of Tomb 8050. This capstone is unique due to
its massive size and a cut channel which stretches diagonally from the northeast to the middle of the western side
(Fig. 14.3). The channel is 143 cm in length and 19–20 cm in
width. Near the middle of this channel and the approximate center of the capstone is a hole which cuts through
the entirety of the stone, measuring 9cm in diameter. It
has been proposed that such holes cut into the capstones
of burial tombs may have been intended for the introduction of offerings for the dead on a repeated basis after the
initial interment, especially for libations poured into the
tomb (Ribar 1973: 45). It was therefore sampled for residue
analysis, the results of which are forthcoming.
Parallels for the cut exist across the Levant, including a
20cm funnel-shaped hole in a Megiddo tomb designated
Grabkammer ii, dated to the end of the mb or the beginning of the lb (Schumacher 1908), and from lb Tomb L
at Ugarit (Schaeffer 1938). Ribar (1973: 52–53) also noted
an opening cut into the roof of many lb tombs that may
parallel the opening in L8106, including ‘votive’ recesses
in three lb ii burials of Area D at Tel Hazor thought to
have originated in the mb ii, and additional apertures cut
into the ceilings of various ‘Third Semitic Period’ tombs
(ca. 1350–1000/late lb to Iron i) uncovered at Gezer (Ribar
1973: 53; Macalister 1912).
© Brigid Clark and Erin M. Brantmayer, 2024 | doi:10.1163/9789004548336_015
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
212
chapter 14
figure 14.1
Plan of Area L with Tomb 8050 at the northern boundary
plan by s. pirsky
figure 14.2
Detail of two capstones of Tomb 8050 (left), a disturbed vertical capstone, and an in situ
capstone (right)
photo by e.h. cline
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
213
area l: tomb 8050: architecture and remains
figure 14.3
The largest of the Tomb 8050 capstones in situ, featuring a cut channel and hole in the center
photo by e.h. cline
The burial chamber (Fig. 14.4) has maximal inner
dimensions of 250cm east–west and 110cm north–east.
The burial chamber is composed of southern Wall 8054
(Fig. 14.5), western Wall 8053 (Fig. 14.6), and northern
Wall 8052 (Fig. 14.7), and each wall is composed of six
courses constructed using medium to large sized fieldstones. The eastern side of the burial chamber was not
walled but instead consists of a mudbrick superstructure
placed on top of an earlier eb wall (W8099). This mudbrick installation, Locus 8102, was not excavated, but measures approximately 40cm east–west by 120cm north–
south.
Wall 8052 is 220cm long, with a width of two rows justified to the outside of the tomb. Wall 8054 is also built of
similar sized fieldstones in two rows, but its construction
is more robust than that of Wall 8052, and it is justified to
the inner wall as well as the outer face of the tomb; it is
195 cm in length. Wall 8053 is a short wall, only 90cm long,
also built as two rows of fieldstones.
The entrance to the tomb lies between the southern
edge of Wall 8053 and the northern face of Wall 8054. The
entrance, identified as Locus 8055, is made of two stone
lintels, one of which is still in situ, and an in situ threshold composed of one slab (Fig. 14.8). The construction of
a doorway with two stone lintels and a door slab is very
similar to Tomb 498 in Area C at Kabri (Kempinski 2002:
figs. 4.46–4.47).
3
Earlier Remains
Excavation of Tomb 8050 during the 2019 season likely
reached the deepest extent of the tomb, approximately
100–110cm beneath the removed capstones. The foundation of the burial chamber appears to lie on several
earlier walls which emerged beneath Walls 8052, 8053,
and 8054. At an elevation of 53.65/53.75m, a dark gray
clay sediment was exposed, possibly representing the
bottom elevation of the tomb (this sediment was excavated as Locus 8100 in the east and Locus 8101 in the
west).
At the same elevation, two walls were exposed (Figs.
14.9a, b). The first is Wall 8098, composed of two rows of
medium-sized field stones and 120 cm in length, running
north–east, and possibly running beneath Wall 8052 in the
north. The second is Wall 8099, also composed of two rows
of medium-size field stones and 102cm in length, running
northwest–southeast and is beneath Wall 8052. So far only
one course of either wall has been exposed and both may
certainly continue deeper.
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214
chapter 14
figure 14.4
Plan of Tomb 8050 with the north (8052), west (8053),
and south (8054) walls delineated
plan by s. pirsky
figure 14.5
Drawing of the southern section of Tomb 8050 featuring Wall 8054
drawn by s. pirsky
figure 14.6
Drawing of the western section of Tomb 8050 featuring Wall 8053
drawn by s. pirsky
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
215
area l: tomb 8050: architecture and remains
figure 14.7
Detail of the northern section of Tomb 8050 featuring Wall
8052 taken from a photogrammetric model
graphics by e. brantmayer
figure 14.8
Tomb 8050 looking west. The in situ threshold in the tomb’s southwestern
corner is outlined
photo by e.h. cline
The top course of Wall 8098 lies only 5 cm beneath Wall
8053, while the highest elevation of Wall 8099 is only 3 cm
from the bottom of Wall 8052. Walls 8098 and 8099 appear
to be curvilinear and may be part of an eb i structure; similar situations have been identified previously in Area B
(Tomb 984 and 902) by Kempinski (Scheftelowitz and Gershuny 2002: 29; Fig. 4.13). It therefore appears quite likely
that Tomb 8050 was dug into, and constructed directly on
top of, eb residential structures. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the majority of the material in the
lower elevations of the tomb dates to the eb, especially
pottery baskets 8043-10, 8043-10, and 8051-9, which all contain primary readings of eb.
4
Dating of the Tomb
Tomb 8050 has been dated to Kabri’s Phase iii based in
part on the ceramic assemblage contained within. Phase
iii corresponds to the end of the mb ii and the final phase
of the palace, i.e., the ‘Wine Palace’.
There are also architectural parallels from elsewhere on
the site which date to this same period. One such is Tomb
984, which was excavated by the Kempinski expedition
and is a 2.5 ×1.7 m masonry tomb composed of medium
sized field stones which was in use during the mb ii (mb
iib), though the ceramic assemblage is quite different
from Tomb 8050 (Scheftelowitz 2002: 32).
Masonry tombs with sealed entrances were also identified in the mb ii (mb iib) at Megiddo, particularly Tomb
51 and Tomb 56, although Tomb 8050 of Kabri lacks the
masonry passage leading into the chamber (Guy 1938: 55).
At Megiddo, masonry Tombs 51 and 56 appear to be distinct examples for the mb ii (mb iib) period in the Levant
(Guy 1938: 137).
5
Human Remains
The human remains found in the tomb have not yet been
studied in detail, due to delays caused by the covid-19
pandemic, but it is worth pointing out that the quantity
of bones in the tomb was smaller than expected for a
masonry tomb of this size, especially when compared to
Kempinski’s Tomb 498, which contained 23 individuals,
or Tomb 984 with eight individuals (Faerman et al. 2002:
390–391). Based on their positioning, none of the remains
in Tomb 8050 appear to represent an in situ burial. Parallels can be drawn to Kempinski’s Tomb 902, which contained only scattered bones dated to the mb ii (mb iib)
to early lb, and no primary burial (Faerman et al. 2002:
391).
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
216
chapter 14
figure 14.9a
Detail of the two walls (8098 and 8099)
that may be part of an eb structure
beneath Tomb 8050. The blurred section contains human remains
photo by e.h. cline
figure 14.9b
Walls 8098 and 8099 delineated on a
plan of the tomb
drawn by s. pirsky
6
Pottery Distribution
In addition to the human remains, 44 vessels were found
in the tomb, of which 37 were intact or restorable (see following chapter). These vessels include bowls, jugs, juglets
and storage jars. The next chapter of this volume provides
an in-depth analysis of these ceramic finds from the tomb,
although it is worthwhile to note the positioning of the
vessels within the context of the tomb’s architecture.
The largest concentration of ceramic finds was in the
northwest corner of the tomb, within the corner formed
by Walls 8052 and 8053 (Fig. 14.10). The ceramic finds then
continue east along W8052 but are confined almost exclusively to the northern area of the tomb interior. It seems
that storage jars and large jugs were piled into this area, as
well as smaller vessels such as platters, dipper juglets, and
carinated bowls. The southern area of the tomb, along Wall
8054 and in line with the two-stone lintel entrance (Locus
8055), appears to be emptier. This absence of pottery may
have delineated the entrance to the tomb and provided a
space to manipulate burials, perhaps over several generations or decades.
7
Phases of Tomb Use
Due to the mixed nature of the skeletal and ceramic
remains, it was impossible to identify phases of burial.
While the chamber represents the deposition of several
individuals during a sequence of different burial events,
the chronology of these events is unclear.
The skeletal remains suggested no clear orientation,
except for a high amount of long (possibly leg) bones
in the western half of the tomb, and the single partially
complete cranium found close to the eastern edge of
the tomb, which suggests a tentative east–west orienta-
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
217
area l: tomb 8050: architecture and remains
figure 14.10
Tomb 8050 looking north, including much of the in situ ceramic assemblage. The blurred
sections contain human remains
photo by e.h. cline
tion. It is likely that the individuals who were interred
earlier were moved within the tomb during the placement of the later burials, and the resulting commingled
remains found during excavation represent secondary or
even tertiary depositions. Extensive reuse of burial chambers in mb tombs was not uncommon and often resulted
in the intermixing of skeletal remains, likely a result of
highly ritualized, symbolic depositional events (Cradic
2017: 220).
8
Final Remarks
While the presence of mb i or mb ii tombs at Tel Kabri was
recorded by the Kempinski Expedition, Tomb 8050 represents the first tomb excavated by the renewed excavation
team, and may indicate the presence of additional burials
in Area L.
Tomb 8050 itself may continue at either deeper elevations or to the east, beyond the mudbrick installation
labeled as Locus 8102. The full dimensions of the tomb
beyond this installation will be investigated in future seasons.
Overall, the location and choice of extra or intramural burial in the mb depended on a variety of factors
and seems to have been a choice made individually by
each community (Hallote 1995: 104). The identification of
an extramural burial area at Tel Kabri may represent the
increasing wealth of the Kabri community in the mb ii or
an attempt to claim the land and delineate the borders of
the palace as a sort of territorial marker (Hallote 1995: 103–
111). The possibility of a mb cemetery in Area L of Tel Kabri,
as well as the relationship between mb ii burials and the
eb architecture on which the foundations lie, will be investigated in further seasons.
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
218
chapter 14
appendix 14.1 List of loci for Tomb 8050 (2019)
Locus
Square
Description
8035
8036
8037
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
8040
8041
8042
8043
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8051
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
8052
Tomb 8050
8053
Tomb 8050
8054
Tomb 8050
8055
Tomb 8050
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tractor trench
South probe
Large, hewn, flat-lying capstone exposed in tractor trench; elevation 55.09/54.94 m; dimensions: approx.
100.0 cm (E-W) by 62.0 cm (N-S). Removed June 10, 2019
Sediment under capstone L8036
North probe
Southwest probe
Compact, gravel-like sediment under capstone L8037 and sediment L8040, representing the entire interior of tomb; elevation 54.71/74.74 to 53.58/53.63 m; dimensions 258.0 cm (E-W) by 110.0 cm (N-S)
Vessel #1
Leveling southwest probe = 8042 + 8035
Southeast extension behind ashlar
Articulation of east capstone and L8046
Equals L8040
Under east capstone
Beneath L8042, gravelly loose sediment in eastern interior of tomb; elevations: 54.49 to 53.56/53.63 m;
dimensions 160/0 cm (E-W) by 110.0 cm (N-S)
Wall; northern extent of Tomb 8050, oriented E-W, construction justified towards the exterior, 6 courses
with no clear number of rows; top elevation: 54.69/54.98 m; bottom elevation 53.76/53.79 m, dimensions: length (E-W): 220.0 cm interior and 232.0 exterior; width (N-S): 18.0 to 60.0 cm
Wall, western extent of Tomb 8050, oriented north/northeast to south, 5–6 courses; top elevation:
54.79–54.93 m; bottom elevation: 53.78/53.85 m; dimensions: length (N-S) 90.0 cm; width (E-W): 15.0
to 47.0 cm
Wall; southern extent of Tomb 8050, oriented E-W, 6 courses with 2 clear rows, top elevation: 54.72/
54.93 m; bottom elevation: 53.76/53.83; dimensions: length (E-W): 195.0 cm interior and 217.0 cm exterior; width (N-S): 28.0 to 50.0 cm
Lentil/doorway of Tomb 8050, oriented N/NW to S/SE; 1 upright lentil, slightly tilted and missing
upper part (likely due to agricultural activity) and one flat lying. Elevations: 55.02/54.78 m; dimensions:
65.0 cm (N-S) by 12.0 cm (E-W)
Vessel #3: Platter with plain rim
Vessel #4: small platter
Vessel #5: large platter with plain rim
Vessel #9: hemispherical drinking bowl—Northern/bottom
Vessel #11: hemispherical drinking bowl—Western/top
Vessel #8: globular storage—rim
Vessel #6: storage jar
Vessel #2: storage jar
Vessel #13: carinated bowl
Vessel #14: dipper juglet inside Vessel #13.
Vessel #12: Kabri cup
Vessel #15: dipper juglet
Vessel #16: dipper juglet
Vessel #7: broken storage jar
Vessel #20: super-carinated bowl
Vessel #21: red burnished juglet
Vessel #10: storage jar
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
area l: tomb 8050: architecture and remains
219
appendix 14.1 List of loci for Tomb 8050 (2019) (cont.)
Locus
Square
Description
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
Tomb 8050
8103
Tomb 8050
8104
Tomb 8050
8105
Tomb 8050
8106
Tomb 8050
Vessel #18: platter
Vessel #22: platter, stuck to Vessel #10
Vessel #23: dipper juglet
Vessel#24: dipper juglet under Vessel #23
Vessel #25: globular jug with twin handles
Vessel #26: large shallow bowl with incurved rim
Vessel #27: carinated bowl
Vessel #28: carinated cup
Vessel #29: storage jar
Vessel #30: gray juglet
Vessel #31: cylindrical juglet
Vessel #32: worked mini-juglet
Vessel #33: dipper juglet
Vessel #34: dipper juglet
Vessel #35: jug
Vessel #36: super carinate bowl
Vessel #37: juglet
Vessel #38: juglet
Vessel #39: juglet
Vessel #40: juglet
Vessel #41: cup
Vessel #42: juglet
Vessel #43: juglet
Vessel #44: juglet
Western eb wall at bottom of Tomb 8050
Eastern eb wall at bottom of Tomb 8050, see chapter X
Compact sediment/mudbrick above and around W8098; elevation: 53.82 m
Compact sediment/mudbrick above and around W8099; elevation 53.73 m
Very compact/mudbrick installation, oriented N-S, potentially representing the eastern extent of Tomb
8050; elevation: 54.43/54.45 to 53.63 m; dimensions: length 120.0 cm (N-S); width 40.0 cm (E-W)
Capstone resting vertically on top of capstone L8106, not in situ, elevation: 55.10 to 54.79 m; dimensions: 72.0 length and 37.0 cm in width
Capstone, vertical and found within tomb interior (not in situ), elevation: 54.72 to 54.09 m; dimensions:
66.0 cm length and 34.0 cm width and 12.0 cm height
Capstone, vertical, originally in southern section of tractor trench (not in situ); elevation 55.24 to
55.57/55.55 m; dimensions: 86.0 cm length and 34.0 cm width
Capstone, in situ, covering entire eastern extent of Tomb 8050; elevation: 55.04/55.52 m; dimensions
188.0 cm length, 95.0 cm max width, 19.0 cm height. Cut/channel stretching diagonally from northeast
side to middle of western side (channel is 143.0 cm in length and 19.0–20.0 cm in width), in middle of
channel there is a hole penetrating the entire capstone, 9 cm in diameter, possibly for libations or ritualistic use. Capstone was removed on July 17, 2019.
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
220
chapter 14
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1905 mit unterstutzung sr. Majestat des Deutschen kaisers und
der deutschen orient-gesell-schaft vom deutschen verein zur
erforschung Palastinas veranstalteten Ausgrabungen. Leipzig:
Rudolf Haupt.
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)
For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)