For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) Excavations at Tel Kabri iii The 2013 to 2019 Seasons Edited by Eric H. Cline Alexandra Ratzlaff Assaf Yasur-Landau leiden | boston For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) Contents Acknowledgments xi List of Figures xii List of Tables xxi Abbreviations xxiii Notes on Contributors xxiv Kabri Archaeological Project Publications, 2006–2021 1 xxviii Introduction and Overview of the Kabri Archaeological Project, 2013–2019 Seasons Eric H. Cline, Alexandra Ratzlaff and Assaf Yasur-Landau part 1 Area D-West: the Iron Age Remains 2 Phase ii Stratigraphy Meir Edrey 3 Phase ii Pottery 24 Meir Edrey 19 part 2 Area D-West: the Wine Storage Complex and Earlier Remains 4 Phase iii Stratigraphy 45 Alexandra Ratzlaff, Roey Nickelsberg and Brigid Clark 5 Phase iii Pottery from the Wine Storage Complex Matthew Susnow 6 Phases iv–v and Earlier Stratigraphy 100 Alexandra Ratzlaff, Roey Nickelsberg and Brigid Clark 7 Phases iv and v Pottery in Area D-West Matthew Susnow 8 Statistical Studies of the Pottery in the Trash Deposits Silvana Kreines 9 The Cypriot Pottery Brigid Clark 10 Small Finds 168 Tanya Sokolsky 11 The Scarab 189 Daphna Ben-Tor 71 111 138 150 For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 1 viii contents part 3 Area dw-East 12 Stratigraphy 195 Alexandra Ratzlaff 13 Pottery from the Floors of dw-East 204 Matthew Susnow, Assaf Yasur-Landau and Meir Edrey Area L part 4 14 Tomb 8050: Architecture and Remains 211 Brigid Clark and Erin M. Brantmayer 15 The Pottery from Tomb 8050 Matthew Susnow 16 The Cypriot Pottery from Tomb 8050 and Area L Brigid Clark 17 The Small Finds from Tomb 8050 Tanya Sokolsky 18 Early Bronze Age Architecture Brigid Clark 19 Early Bronze Age Pottery Shira Albaz 20 The Scarabs 260 Daphna Ben-Tor 221 227 232 241 248 part 5 Physical and Environmental Studies 21 Organic Residue Analyses from the Phase iii Storage Rooms Andrew J. Koh and Alison M. Crandall 267 22 Radiocarbon Dates for the Middle Bronze Age Palace: an Update Felix Höflmayer and Sturt Manning 23 Ancient Wood Remains Brita Lorentzen 24 Archaeobotany 310 Marco Nicolì 287 298 For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) ix contents 25 Stable Isotope Measurements on Seed Remains Simone Riehl 318 26 Zooarchaeology 328 Ghavin Deonarain 27 Petrographic Analyses of Middle Bronze Age Ceramics Paula Waiman-Barak 28 Evaluating the Hidden Extent of an Archaeological Site: an Example from Tel Kabri, Israel 364 Gilad Shtienberg, Assaf Yasur-Landau, Sariel Shalev, Naomi Porat, Polina Spivak, Simona Avnaim-Katav and Ruth Shahack-Gross 29 Micro-geoarchaeology 381 Roey Nickelsberg and Ruth Shahack-Gross 30 Earthquake Damage as a Catalyst for the Abandonment of Tel Kabri 389 Michael Lazar, Eric H. Cline, Roey Nickelsberg, Ruth Shahack-Gross and Assaf Yasur-Landau 360 part 6 Conclusions 31 Thoughts on the Wine Storage Complex, Wine, and Feasting at Kabri Assaf Yasur-Landau, Alexandra Ratzlaff and Eric H. Cline Illustrations Index 421 454 For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 409 chapter 14 Tomb 8050: Architecture and Remains Brigid Clark and Erin M. Brantmayer Abstract Tomb 8050 is a Middle Bronze (MB) Age ii mortuary structure located in Area L, west of Tel Kabri’s palatial building. The tomb dates to Phase iii of the palace, within the mb ii (mb iib). This chapter focuses on the architecture and dating of the tomb, with the contents, including the ceramic assemblage, detailed elsewhere within this volume. The human remains within the tomb have not yet been studied but appeared to be secondary burials with no primary burial yet found. Keywords Middle Bronze Age tomb – mortuary architecture – ceramic deposition – human remains 1 Introduction Tomb 8050, a masonry-constructed chamber tomb dating to the mb ii period (Phase iii of the palace), was discovered in July 2019, approximately 5 m west of the northwest corner of Area L (Fig. 14.1). In addition to the skeletal remains and grave goods found within the tomb, additional skeletal material was also found above and adjacent to the capstones of Tomb 8050, outside the chamber of the tomb, indicating the existence of other tombs in the area that have been disturbed by either modern or ancient activities. Additional evidence for an ephemeral mb settlement in the area was also suggested by the fact that some finds from the fill of the tomb were not typical of a tomb assemblage, including 20 sherds of Cypriot White Painted jugs and juglets as well as fragments of a mb wheel-made cooking pot. 2 Architecture of the Tomb Masonry-constructed chamber tombs of the mb generally consisted of enclosed, subterranean, roofed cavities with or without entrances, and were designed to contain varying numbers of individuals (Cradic 2017: 226). Tomb 8050 represents a typical masonry-constructed tomb, covered by five capstones. While there is a large degree of variability in mortuary practices in the mb, masonry-constructed tombs became increasingly common throughout the mb ii (mb iib and iic) (Hallote 1995: 98–100). The presence of five capstones associated with Tomb 8050 may suggest a gabled roof to the tomb. In addition, a possible stele was found on top of the capstone in two pieces, potentially a grave marker for Tomb 8050. It is composed of natural rock and has parallels to stelai found in open air mb sanctuaries at Tel Hazor (Albright 1957: 248; Ben-Tor 2013). Two of the five capstones found covering Tomb 8050, Locus 8037 (188×110cm) and Locus 8106 (188×37 cm), were found in situ (Fig. 14.2). Three additional capstones (Loci 8103, 8104, and 8105) were found standing vertically in various disturbed locations in the vicinity of the tomb. Since these capstones were 50–80 cm beneath the surface layer, it is likely that the capstones were disturbed via ploughing or other agricultural activities long ago. The largest capstone, L8106, covered approximately the western half of Tomb 8050. This capstone is unique due to its massive size and a cut channel which stretches diagonally from the northeast to the middle of the western side (Fig. 14.3). The channel is 143 cm in length and 19–20 cm in width. Near the middle of this channel and the approximate center of the capstone is a hole which cuts through the entirety of the stone, measuring 9cm in diameter. It has been proposed that such holes cut into the capstones of burial tombs may have been intended for the introduction of offerings for the dead on a repeated basis after the initial interment, especially for libations poured into the tomb (Ribar 1973: 45). It was therefore sampled for residue analysis, the results of which are forthcoming. Parallels for the cut exist across the Levant, including a 20cm funnel-shaped hole in a Megiddo tomb designated Grabkammer ii, dated to the end of the mb or the beginning of the lb (Schumacher 1908), and from lb Tomb L at Ugarit (Schaeffer 1938). Ribar (1973: 52–53) also noted an opening cut into the roof of many lb tombs that may parallel the opening in L8106, including ‘votive’ recesses in three lb ii burials of Area D at Tel Hazor thought to have originated in the mb ii, and additional apertures cut into the ceilings of various ‘Third Semitic Period’ tombs (ca. 1350–1000/late lb to Iron i) uncovered at Gezer (Ribar 1973: 53; Macalister 1912). © Brigid Clark and Erin M. Brantmayer, 2024 | doi:10.1163/9789004548336_015 For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 212 chapter 14 figure 14.1 Plan of Area L with Tomb 8050 at the northern boundary plan by s. pirsky figure 14.2 Detail of two capstones of Tomb 8050 (left), a disturbed vertical capstone, and an in situ capstone (right) photo by e.h. cline For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 213 area l: tomb 8050: architecture and remains figure 14.3 The largest of the Tomb 8050 capstones in situ, featuring a cut channel and hole in the center photo by e.h. cline The burial chamber (Fig. 14.4) has maximal inner dimensions of 250cm east–west and 110cm north–east. The burial chamber is composed of southern Wall 8054 (Fig. 14.5), western Wall 8053 (Fig. 14.6), and northern Wall 8052 (Fig. 14.7), and each wall is composed of six courses constructed using medium to large sized fieldstones. The eastern side of the burial chamber was not walled but instead consists of a mudbrick superstructure placed on top of an earlier eb wall (W8099). This mudbrick installation, Locus 8102, was not excavated, but measures approximately 40cm east–west by 120cm north– south. Wall 8052 is 220cm long, with a width of two rows justified to the outside of the tomb. Wall 8054 is also built of similar sized fieldstones in two rows, but its construction is more robust than that of Wall 8052, and it is justified to the inner wall as well as the outer face of the tomb; it is 195 cm in length. Wall 8053 is a short wall, only 90cm long, also built as two rows of fieldstones. The entrance to the tomb lies between the southern edge of Wall 8053 and the northern face of Wall 8054. The entrance, identified as Locus 8055, is made of two stone lintels, one of which is still in situ, and an in situ threshold composed of one slab (Fig. 14.8). The construction of a doorway with two stone lintels and a door slab is very similar to Tomb 498 in Area C at Kabri (Kempinski 2002: figs. 4.46–4.47). 3 Earlier Remains Excavation of Tomb 8050 during the 2019 season likely reached the deepest extent of the tomb, approximately 100–110cm beneath the removed capstones. The foundation of the burial chamber appears to lie on several earlier walls which emerged beneath Walls 8052, 8053, and 8054. At an elevation of 53.65/53.75m, a dark gray clay sediment was exposed, possibly representing the bottom elevation of the tomb (this sediment was excavated as Locus 8100 in the east and Locus 8101 in the west). At the same elevation, two walls were exposed (Figs. 14.9a, b). The first is Wall 8098, composed of two rows of medium-sized field stones and 120 cm in length, running north–east, and possibly running beneath Wall 8052 in the north. The second is Wall 8099, also composed of two rows of medium-size field stones and 102cm in length, running northwest–southeast and is beneath Wall 8052. So far only one course of either wall has been exposed and both may certainly continue deeper. For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 214 chapter 14 figure 14.4 Plan of Tomb 8050 with the north (8052), west (8053), and south (8054) walls delineated plan by s. pirsky figure 14.5 Drawing of the southern section of Tomb 8050 featuring Wall 8054 drawn by s. pirsky figure 14.6 Drawing of the western section of Tomb 8050 featuring Wall 8053 drawn by s. pirsky For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 215 area l: tomb 8050: architecture and remains figure 14.7 Detail of the northern section of Tomb 8050 featuring Wall 8052 taken from a photogrammetric model graphics by e. brantmayer figure 14.8 Tomb 8050 looking west. The in situ threshold in the tomb’s southwestern corner is outlined photo by e.h. cline The top course of Wall 8098 lies only 5 cm beneath Wall 8053, while the highest elevation of Wall 8099 is only 3 cm from the bottom of Wall 8052. Walls 8098 and 8099 appear to be curvilinear and may be part of an eb i structure; similar situations have been identified previously in Area B (Tomb 984 and 902) by Kempinski (Scheftelowitz and Gershuny 2002: 29; Fig. 4.13). It therefore appears quite likely that Tomb 8050 was dug into, and constructed directly on top of, eb residential structures. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the majority of the material in the lower elevations of the tomb dates to the eb, especially pottery baskets 8043-10, 8043-10, and 8051-9, which all contain primary readings of eb. 4 Dating of the Tomb Tomb 8050 has been dated to Kabri’s Phase iii based in part on the ceramic assemblage contained within. Phase iii corresponds to the end of the mb ii and the final phase of the palace, i.e., the ‘Wine Palace’. There are also architectural parallels from elsewhere on the site which date to this same period. One such is Tomb 984, which was excavated by the Kempinski expedition and is a 2.5 ×1.7 m masonry tomb composed of medium sized field stones which was in use during the mb ii (mb iib), though the ceramic assemblage is quite different from Tomb 8050 (Scheftelowitz 2002: 32). Masonry tombs with sealed entrances were also identified in the mb ii (mb iib) at Megiddo, particularly Tomb 51 and Tomb 56, although Tomb 8050 of Kabri lacks the masonry passage leading into the chamber (Guy 1938: 55). At Megiddo, masonry Tombs 51 and 56 appear to be distinct examples for the mb ii (mb iib) period in the Levant (Guy 1938: 137). 5 Human Remains The human remains found in the tomb have not yet been studied in detail, due to delays caused by the covid-19 pandemic, but it is worth pointing out that the quantity of bones in the tomb was smaller than expected for a masonry tomb of this size, especially when compared to Kempinski’s Tomb 498, which contained 23 individuals, or Tomb 984 with eight individuals (Faerman et al. 2002: 390–391). Based on their positioning, none of the remains in Tomb 8050 appear to represent an in situ burial. Parallels can be drawn to Kempinski’s Tomb 902, which contained only scattered bones dated to the mb ii (mb iib) to early lb, and no primary burial (Faerman et al. 2002: 391). For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 216 chapter 14 figure 14.9a Detail of the two walls (8098 and 8099) that may be part of an eb structure beneath Tomb 8050. The blurred section contains human remains photo by e.h. cline figure 14.9b Walls 8098 and 8099 delineated on a plan of the tomb drawn by s. pirsky 6 Pottery Distribution In addition to the human remains, 44 vessels were found in the tomb, of which 37 were intact or restorable (see following chapter). These vessels include bowls, jugs, juglets and storage jars. The next chapter of this volume provides an in-depth analysis of these ceramic finds from the tomb, although it is worthwhile to note the positioning of the vessels within the context of the tomb’s architecture. The largest concentration of ceramic finds was in the northwest corner of the tomb, within the corner formed by Walls 8052 and 8053 (Fig. 14.10). The ceramic finds then continue east along W8052 but are confined almost exclusively to the northern area of the tomb interior. It seems that storage jars and large jugs were piled into this area, as well as smaller vessels such as platters, dipper juglets, and carinated bowls. The southern area of the tomb, along Wall 8054 and in line with the two-stone lintel entrance (Locus 8055), appears to be emptier. This absence of pottery may have delineated the entrance to the tomb and provided a space to manipulate burials, perhaps over several generations or decades. 7 Phases of Tomb Use Due to the mixed nature of the skeletal and ceramic remains, it was impossible to identify phases of burial. While the chamber represents the deposition of several individuals during a sequence of different burial events, the chronology of these events is unclear. The skeletal remains suggested no clear orientation, except for a high amount of long (possibly leg) bones in the western half of the tomb, and the single partially complete cranium found close to the eastern edge of the tomb, which suggests a tentative east–west orienta- For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 217 area l: tomb 8050: architecture and remains figure 14.10 Tomb 8050 looking north, including much of the in situ ceramic assemblage. The blurred sections contain human remains photo by e.h. cline tion. It is likely that the individuals who were interred earlier were moved within the tomb during the placement of the later burials, and the resulting commingled remains found during excavation represent secondary or even tertiary depositions. Extensive reuse of burial chambers in mb tombs was not uncommon and often resulted in the intermixing of skeletal remains, likely a result of highly ritualized, symbolic depositional events (Cradic 2017: 220). 8 Final Remarks While the presence of mb i or mb ii tombs at Tel Kabri was recorded by the Kempinski Expedition, Tomb 8050 represents the first tomb excavated by the renewed excavation team, and may indicate the presence of additional burials in Area L. Tomb 8050 itself may continue at either deeper elevations or to the east, beyond the mudbrick installation labeled as Locus 8102. The full dimensions of the tomb beyond this installation will be investigated in future seasons. Overall, the location and choice of extra or intramural burial in the mb depended on a variety of factors and seems to have been a choice made individually by each community (Hallote 1995: 104). The identification of an extramural burial area at Tel Kabri may represent the increasing wealth of the Kabri community in the mb ii or an attempt to claim the land and delineate the borders of the palace as a sort of territorial marker (Hallote 1995: 103– 111). The possibility of a mb cemetery in Area L of Tel Kabri, as well as the relationship between mb ii burials and the eb architecture on which the foundations lie, will be investigated in further seasons. For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 218 chapter 14 appendix 14.1 List of loci for Tomb 8050 (2019) Locus Square Description 8035 8036 8037 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 8040 8041 8042 8043 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 8044 8045 8046 8047 8048 8049 8051 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 8052 Tomb 8050 8053 Tomb 8050 8054 Tomb 8050 8055 Tomb 8050 8056 8057 8058 8059 8060 8061 8062 8063 8064 8065 8066 8067 8068 8069 8070 8071 8072 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tractor trench South probe Large, hewn, flat-lying capstone exposed in tractor trench; elevation 55.09/54.94 m; dimensions: approx. 100.0 cm (E-W) by 62.0 cm (N-S). Removed June 10, 2019 Sediment under capstone L8036 North probe Southwest probe Compact, gravel-like sediment under capstone L8037 and sediment L8040, representing the entire interior of tomb; elevation 54.71/74.74 to 53.58/53.63 m; dimensions 258.0 cm (E-W) by 110.0 cm (N-S) Vessel #1 Leveling southwest probe = 8042 + 8035 Southeast extension behind ashlar Articulation of east capstone and L8046 Equals L8040 Under east capstone Beneath L8042, gravelly loose sediment in eastern interior of tomb; elevations: 54.49 to 53.56/53.63 m; dimensions 160/0 cm (E-W) by 110.0 cm (N-S) Wall; northern extent of Tomb 8050, oriented E-W, construction justified towards the exterior, 6 courses with no clear number of rows; top elevation: 54.69/54.98 m; bottom elevation 53.76/53.79 m, dimensions: length (E-W): 220.0 cm interior and 232.0 exterior; width (N-S): 18.0 to 60.0 cm Wall, western extent of Tomb 8050, oriented north/northeast to south, 5–6 courses; top elevation: 54.79–54.93 m; bottom elevation: 53.78/53.85 m; dimensions: length (N-S) 90.0 cm; width (E-W): 15.0 to 47.0 cm Wall; southern extent of Tomb 8050, oriented E-W, 6 courses with 2 clear rows, top elevation: 54.72/ 54.93 m; bottom elevation: 53.76/53.83; dimensions: length (E-W): 195.0 cm interior and 217.0 cm exterior; width (N-S): 28.0 to 50.0 cm Lentil/doorway of Tomb 8050, oriented N/NW to S/SE; 1 upright lentil, slightly tilted and missing upper part (likely due to agricultural activity) and one flat lying. Elevations: 55.02/54.78 m; dimensions: 65.0 cm (N-S) by 12.0 cm (E-W) Vessel #3: Platter with plain rim Vessel #4: small platter Vessel #5: large platter with plain rim Vessel #9: hemispherical drinking bowl—Northern/bottom Vessel #11: hemispherical drinking bowl—Western/top Vessel #8: globular storage—rim Vessel #6: storage jar Vessel #2: storage jar Vessel #13: carinated bowl Vessel #14: dipper juglet inside Vessel #13. Vessel #12: Kabri cup Vessel #15: dipper juglet Vessel #16: dipper juglet Vessel #7: broken storage jar Vessel #20: super-carinated bowl Vessel #21: red burnished juglet Vessel #10: storage jar For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) area l: tomb 8050: architecture and remains 219 appendix 14.1 List of loci for Tomb 8050 (2019) (cont.) Locus Square Description 8073 8074 8075 8076 8077 8078 8079 8080 8081 8082 8083 8084 8085 8086 8087 8089 8090 8091 8092 8093 8094 8095 8096 8097 8098 8099 8100 8101 8102 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 Tomb 8050 8103 Tomb 8050 8104 Tomb 8050 8105 Tomb 8050 8106 Tomb 8050 Vessel #18: platter Vessel #22: platter, stuck to Vessel #10 Vessel #23: dipper juglet Vessel#24: dipper juglet under Vessel #23 Vessel #25: globular jug with twin handles Vessel #26: large shallow bowl with incurved rim Vessel #27: carinated bowl Vessel #28: carinated cup Vessel #29: storage jar Vessel #30: gray juglet Vessel #31: cylindrical juglet Vessel #32: worked mini-juglet Vessel #33: dipper juglet Vessel #34: dipper juglet Vessel #35: jug Vessel #36: super carinate bowl Vessel #37: juglet Vessel #38: juglet Vessel #39: juglet Vessel #40: juglet Vessel #41: cup Vessel #42: juglet Vessel #43: juglet Vessel #44: juglet Western eb wall at bottom of Tomb 8050 Eastern eb wall at bottom of Tomb 8050, see chapter X Compact sediment/mudbrick above and around W8098; elevation: 53.82 m Compact sediment/mudbrick above and around W8099; elevation 53.73 m Very compact/mudbrick installation, oriented N-S, potentially representing the eastern extent of Tomb 8050; elevation: 54.43/54.45 to 53.63 m; dimensions: length 120.0 cm (N-S); width 40.0 cm (E-W) Capstone resting vertically on top of capstone L8106, not in situ, elevation: 55.10 to 54.79 m; dimensions: 72.0 length and 37.0 cm in width Capstone, vertical and found within tomb interior (not in situ), elevation: 54.72 to 54.09 m; dimensions: 66.0 cm length and 34.0 cm width and 12.0 cm height Capstone, vertical, originally in southern section of tractor trench (not in situ); elevation 55.24 to 55.57/55.55 m; dimensions: 86.0 cm length and 34.0 cm width Capstone, in situ, covering entire eastern extent of Tomb 8050; elevation: 55.04/55.52 m; dimensions 188.0 cm length, 95.0 cm max width, 19.0 cm height. Cut/channel stretching diagonally from northeast side to middle of western side (channel is 143.0 cm in length and 19.0–20.0 cm in width), in middle of channel there is a hole penetrating the entire capstone, 9 cm in diameter, possibly for libations or ritualistic use. Capstone was removed on July 17, 2019. For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) 220 chapter 14 References Albright, W.F. 1957. The High Place in Ancient Palestine. In Volume du Congrès International pour l’étude de l’Ancien Testament, Strasbourg 1956, ed. by G.W. Anderson, P.A.H. de Beor, M. Burrows, H. Cazelles, E. Hammershaimb, and M. North, 242–258. Leiden: Brill. Ben-Tor, A. 2013. The Ceremonial Precinct in the Upper City of Hazor. Near Eastern Archaeology 76(2): 81–91. Cradic, M.S. 2017. Embodiments of Death: The Funerary Sequence and Commemoration in the Bronze Age Levant. asor 377: 219–248. Faerman, M., Nebel, A., Angel-Zohar, N., and Smith P. 2002. The Bio-anthropology of the Human Remains. In Tel Kabri: The 1989–1993 Seasons, by A. Kempinski. Ed. N. Scheftelowitz and R. Oren, 383–394. mssmnia 20. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. Guy, P.L.O. 1938. Megiddo Tombs. Oriental Institute Publications 33. Chicago: University of Chicago. Hallote, R.S. 1995. Mortuary Archaeology and the Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant. jma 8(1): 93–122. Kempinski, A. 2002. Stratigraphy and Architecture: Area C. In Tel Kabri: The 1989–1993 Seasons, by A. Kempinski. Ed. N. Scheftelowitz and R. Oren, 35–54. mssmnia 20. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. Macalister, R.A.S. 1912. The Excavation of Gezer: 1902–1905 and 1907–1909. London: Palestine Exploration Fund. Ribar, J.W. 1973. Death Cult Practices in Ancient Palestine. Ph.D. diss., The University of Michigan. Schaeffer, C.F.A. 1938. Les Fouilles de Ras Shamra-Ugarit: Neuvième campagne (printemps 1937): Rapport sommaire. Syria 19(3): 193–255. Scheftelowitz. N. 2002. Stratigraphy and Architecture: Area B. In Tel Kabri: The 1989–1993 Seasons, by A. Kempinski. Ed. N. Scheftelowitz and R. Oren, 19–34. mssmnia 20. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. Scheftelowitz, N. and Gershuny, L. 2002. Area B: Middle Bronze Age Burials. In Tel Kabri: The 1989–1993 Seasons, by A. Kempinski. Ed. N. Scheftelowitz and R. Oren, 30–34. mssmnia 20. Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. Schumacher, G.F. 1908. Tell el-Mutesellim; bericht uber die 1903 bis 1905 mit unterstutzung sr. Majestat des Deutschen kaisers und der deutschen orient-gesell-schaft vom deutschen verein zur erforschung Palastinas veranstalteten Ausgrabungen. Leipzig: Rudolf Haupt. For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s) For use by the Author only | © 2024 The Author(s)