Kamal Badreshany
Durham University, Archaeology, Faculty Member
- Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology), Ceramic Petrography, Archaeological Science, Archaeological GIS, and 30 moreArchaeological Method & Theory, Geoarchaeology, Landscape Archaeology, Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant, Archaeology of the Levant, Pottery technology and function, Archaeometry, Petrographic Analysis of Ceramics, Anthropology, Pottery, Technology, Chaîne Opératoire, Clay Processing, Spatial Patterning, Lebanon, Lithic Technology, Archaeobotany, Levantine Archaeology, Palestine, Paleobotany, Burial Practices (Archaeology), Middle Bronze Age, Early Bronze Age, 1) cultural interconnections and trade (Egypt and Levant), Levant, Middle Bronze Age Lebanon, Middle Bronze Age Syria, Syria and Lebanon in the Late Bronze Age, History, and Provenance studies of archaeological materialedit
Contents I. The Site II. The Topographic Survey of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida III. Preliminary Geological Report IV. Terminology, Recording System, and Methodology V. Stratigraphy VI. The Pottery VII. The Small Finds VIII. Radiocarbon... more
Contents
I. The Site
II. The Topographic Survey of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida
III. Preliminary Geological Report
IV. Terminology, Recording System, and Methodology
V. Stratigraphy
VI. The Pottery
VII. The Small Finds
VIII. Radiocarbon Dates
IX. Plant Remains
X. Faunal Remains
XI. Physical Anthropology
XII. The Phosphorus Data from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida
XIII. A Lithic Site to the Southeast of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida: Preliminary Observations
XIV. Conclusions
I. The Site
II. The Topographic Survey of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida
III. Preliminary Geological Report
IV. Terminology, Recording System, and Methodology
V. Stratigraphy
VI. The Pottery
VII. The Small Finds
VIII. Radiocarbon Dates
IX. Plant Remains
X. Faunal Remains
XI. Physical Anthropology
XII. The Phosphorus Data from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida
XIII. A Lithic Site to the Southeast of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida: Preliminary Observations
XIV. Conclusions
Research Interests: Near Eastern Archaeology, Bioarchaeology, Archaeobotany, Levantine Archaeology, Archaeological Method & Theory, and 25 moreArchaeological Stratigraphy, Palestine, Levant Prehistory, Archaeometry, Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology), Death and Burial (Archaeology), Infant burial (Archaeology), Lithic Technology, Lithics, Archaeological Chemistry, Early Bronze Age (Archaeology), Bronze and Iron Ages in Eastern Mediterranean (Archaeology), Syria (Archaeology), Pottery, Faunal Analysis, Phosphorus, Early Bronze Age, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), • Archaeological recording and survey methods., Levant, Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant, Levantine ceramics, Early Bronze Age Syria, Middle Bronze Age Lebanon, and Bronze Age Syria
In the Iberian Iron Age, the transition to workshop-based pottery production involved the use of innovative tools (the potter's wheel and kiln) and dedicated workspace. This facilitated an intensification of production, with repercussions... more
In the Iberian Iron Age, the transition to workshop-based pottery production involved the use of innovative tools (the potter's wheel and kiln) and dedicated workspace. This facilitated an intensification of production, with repercussions for consumption practices and the economy. Cross-craft comparison can contribute to understanding the transmission processes underpinning this transition, as well as its impact on local craft traditions. This paper discusses an archaeometric methodology to compare the technological procedures underpinning different clay crafts to reveal crossovers and divergences that are meaningful for understanding cross craft interaction and the spread of technological innovations. We use thin-section ceramic petrography, X-Ray Fluorescence, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry, and X-Ray Diffraction to analyse the mineralogical and geochemical compositions and levels of standardisation in handmade pottery, wheel-made ceramics, and ceramic building materials from the Late Iron Age oppidum of Monte Bernorio (Aguilar de Campoo, Palencia) and the kiln site of El Cerrito (Cella, Teruel). The results demonstrate that wheel-made pottery was produced according to a highly uniform clay preparation and clay selection procedure, which spanned the northern Iberian Plateau and largely existed in isolation from local pottery traditions. At Monte Bernorio, wheel-made pottery was made onsite from non-local clays, suggesting that suitable clays were brought to the site, perhaps by itinerant potters working on a seasonal basis. Technological traditions were thus largely polarised, demonstrating that knowledge, skills, and markets relating to workshop-produced pottery were enacted by a segment of society operating as part of a closed technological system.
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This article will discuss the role of monuments in the construction of the Early Bronze Age (EBA) landscape on the Lebanese coast. The discussion focuses on Byblos, where an extensively excavated EBA town plan shows evidence of at least... more
This article will discuss the role of monuments in the construction of the Early Bronze Age (EBA) landscape on the Lebanese coast. The discussion focuses on Byblos, where an extensively excavated EBA town plan shows evidence of at least seven temples and a monumental town wall. Nearby contemporary sites that followed markedly similar building activity phases during the period will also be examined. Finally, we will argue that the construction of these buildings and the communal activities they facilitated were integral to the social organization of groups along this part of the Lebanese coast. Temples and related monumental architecture were the nexus of labor and social ties, integrating both the hinterland and participants in overseas and overland exchange networks, most visible in Egypt but also likely including Syrian, Mesopotamian, and Anatolian communities. We show that Byblos was composed of several neighborhoods built around temples, where people participated in events that served to integrate local communities while simultaneously providing a stage for competitive display. Further, we will present evidence that the temples served as venues for these social acts and stimulated contact with emerging powers such as Egypt, which delivered prestige and status to local elites fostering the development of political hierarchies apparent in the following periods.
Digital Fully Open Access:
https://egyptianexpedition.org/volumes/vol-37-egypt-and-the-mediterranean-world-from-the-late-fourth-through-the-third-millennium-bce/
Digital Fully Open Access:
https://egyptianexpedition.org/volumes/vol-37-egypt-and-the-mediterranean-world-from-the-late-fourth-through-the-third-millennium-bce/
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This is the second of three monographs concerning archaeological excavations for Highways England's 2013-17 upgrading of the A1 to motorway status between Leeming and Barton in North Yorkshire. A1 scheme research themes "First... more
This is the second of three monographs concerning archaeological excavations for Highways England's 2013-17 upgrading of the A1 to motorway status between Leeming and Barton in North Yorkshire. A1 scheme research themes "First Contact" and "Dere Street" are addressed here, along with research questions concerning evidence from Scotch Corner and its hinterland. The archaeological remains at Scotch Corner encompass a remarkable era of social, economic and political transformations associated with the absorption of northern England into the Roman province. Artefact typologies, radiocarbon dates and Bayesian modelling indicate that the initial settlement (c.55BC-c.AD15) was characterised by unenclosed roundhouses and mixed arable and pastoral farming. A growing economy promoted exchange amongst communities from the coast and further inland. The local Brigantian tribal elite developed a power centre at nearby Stanwick, which operated like a southern British oppidum and was a base for Roman diplomatic missions. This volume examines the character of native society, settlement, and economic activity at Scotch Corner and its environs once first contact with Rome occurred around the beginning of the 1st millennium. It presents evidence for a period of relative peace and unprecedented prosperity during the early to mid-1st century AD as native elites centred at nearby Stanwick negotiated political concord with the potential invader. Finally, it describes the evidence for Roman conquest at Scotch Corner, with far-reaching implications for how the process of invasion is understood in the environs and wider region
Evidence for domestic settlement during the Chalcolithic is scant at Byblos, in contrast to the remarkable number of richly adorned jar burials attributed to the period (Artin, this volume). The Chalcolithic as defined by Levantine... more
Evidence for domestic settlement during the Chalcolithic is scant at Byblos, in contrast to the remarkable number of richly adorned jar burials attributed to the period (Artin, this volume). The Chalcolithic as defined by Levantine archaeologists is a period covering at least 800 years. We know structures, presumably representing domestic settlement, exist across the site, with the excavator (Maurice Dunand) recognising several phases. Due to the uneven quality of the excavations it is impossible to determine which structures were contemporary and which existed hundreds of years apart. Crucially, it is also difficult to understand the relationship of the burials to these structures (Artin 2010 and 2014; Dunand 1973). Still, the Chalcolithic represents an important transitional phase in the history of site, warranting an exploration of the available evidence from Byblos and the wider region
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In recognition of the significant contribution that Suzanne Richard has made to the archaeology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant, this Festschrift represents the best of scholarship in her areas of interest and publication... more
In recognition of the significant contribution that Suzanne Richard has made to the archaeology of the Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant, this Festschrift represents the best of scholarship in her areas of interest and publication in the field. Professor Richard is known for her work on the Early Bronze Age, especially the EB III-IV. Her first major articles (BASOR 1980; BA 1987) are still standard references in the field. More recently, she is concerned with interconnectivity in the Levant during the Early Bronze Age, including the critical transitions between the northern and southern Levant with the Chalcolithic and the Middle Bronze Age. With an international cadre of leading scholars the volume reflects recent scholarship on the nature of Early Bronze Age urbanism, cultural transitions at the beginning and end of this first urban period in Palestine, and the nature of the Early Bronze IV period. The volume is an important contribution to the field of late 4th through the ...
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Research Interests: Archaeology, Geology, Geochemistry, Materials Science, Ceramic Technology, and 14 moreArchaeological Science, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Neolithic Archaeology, Ceramics (Archaeology), Digital Image Processing, Ceramic Petrography, Early Neolithic pottery technology, Early Neolithic, Pottery technology and function, Fragmentation, Iberian Neolithic, Ceramic Analysis Archaeology, Pottery Archaeology, and Ceramic Refitting
"Contents I. The Site II. The Topographic Survey of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida III. Preliminary Geological Report IV. Terminology, Recording System, and Methodology V. Stratigraphy VI. The Pottery VII. The Small Finds VIII.... more
"Contents I. The Site II. The Topographic Survey of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida III. Preliminary Geological Report IV. Terminology, Recording System, and Methodology V. Stratigraphy VI. The Pottery VII. The Small Finds VIII. Radiocarbon Dates IX. Plant Remains X. Faunal Remains XI. Physical Anthropology XII. The Phosphorus Data from Tell Fadous-Kfarabida XIII. A Lithic Site to the Southeast of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida: Preliminary Observations XIV. Conclusions "
Research Interests: Bioarchaeology, Archaeobotany, Levantine Archaeology, Archaeological Stratigraphy, Levant Prehistory, and 15 moreArchaeometry, Lithic Technology, Lithics, Archaeological Chemistry, Faunal Analysis, Early Bronze Age, Early Bronze Age Archaeology, Levant, Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant, Levantine ceramics, Early Bronze Age Syria, Middle Bronze Age Lebanon, Bronze Age Syria, Death and Burial Archaeology, and Ceramic Analysis Archaeology
Research Interests: History, Ancient History, Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Zooarchaeology, and 12 moreLevantine Archaeology, Paleobotany, Lebanon, Middle Bronze Age, Ceramic Petrography, Human Osteology, Bronze Age, Middle Bronze Age Syria, Scopus, Middle Bronze Age Lebanon, Ceramic Analysis Archaeology, and Burial Practices Archaeology
Ceramic vessels have been an essential component of daily life in the Levant for 9,000 years, yet the processes shaping the introduction, development, and dissemination of pottery technology in the region remain poorly understood. This... more
Ceramic vessels have been an essential component of daily life in the Levant for 9,000 years, yet the processes shaping the introduction, development, and dissemination of pottery technology in the region remain poorly understood. This paper presents new ceramic data from the Neolithic of the Biqā c Valley and Lebanese coast and reexamines published information to investigate the earliest potting traditions in Lebanon. The aim of this work is to organize and synthesize the data available on Neolithic pottery from Lebanon and to place the assemblage in its broader regional context, thereby gaining a better understanding of the trajectory of the adoption and dissemination of pottery technology in the Levant.
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Ceramic vessels have been an essential component of daily life in the Levant for 9,000 years, yet the processes shaping the introduction, development, and dissemination of pottery technology in the region remain poorly understood. This... more
Ceramic vessels have been an essential component of daily life in the Levant for 9,000 years, yet the processes shaping the introduction, development, and dissemination of pottery technology in the region remain poorly understood. This paper presents new ceramic data from the Neolithic of the Biqāc Valley and Lebanese coast and reexamines published information to investigate the earliest potting traditions in Lebanon. The aim of this work is to organize and synthesize the data available on Neolithic pottery from Lebanon and to place the assemblage in its broader regional context, thereby gaining a better understanding of the trajectory of the adoption and dissemination of pottery technology in the Levant.
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The excavation of a monumental mud-brick building and revetment wall dating to the Middle Bronze Age at Tell el-Burak have yielded a large assemblage of ceramics. This article gives a summary of the Middle Bronze Age ceramic types found... more
The excavation of a monumental mud-brick building and revetment wall dating to the Middle Bronze Age at Tell el-Burak have yielded a large assemblage of ceramics. This article gives a summary of the Middle Bronze Age ceramic types found at Tell el-Burak through the 2010 season of excavations and associates them with new carbon 14 evidence to provide an understanding of their chronological, functional, and regional context.
Research Interests: Near Eastern Archaeology, Levantine Archaeology, Ancient Near East, Hyksos, Fortifications, and 9 moreMiddle Bronze Age Period relations with Egypt, Middle Bronze Age Syria, Archaeology of the Levant, Middle Bronze Age Lebanon, Middle Bronze Age Southern Levant, Middle Bronze Age Levant, Ceramic Analysis Archaeology, Pottery Archaeology, and Prehistoric Fortification Archaeology
This paper presents the results of a large-scale analytical program undertaken on Neolithic ceramics from the Homs region, the Beqaa, and Northern Lebanese Coast. Like other parts of the Northern Levant, a burnished ware tradition is... more
This paper presents the results of a large-scale analytical program undertaken on Neolithic ceramics from the Homs region, the Beqaa, and Northern Lebanese Coast. Like other parts of the Northern Levant, a burnished ware tradition is found across these regions from the very introduction of ceramics to the area. Through the 6th and 5th millennia BCE, however, two distinct provinces form. To the south, in Lebanon and the Homs area, burnished wares continue to be produced, whereas to the north and east painted traditions take hold. What first appears a seemingly simple matter of local preference endures, and these areas are set on differing trajectories, resulting in the development during the Bronze Age of a fairly rigid stylistic and technological boundary between what have traditionally been termed ‘Syrian’ styles to the north and ‘Palestinian’ styles to the south. This study integrates an archaeometric approach with traditional macroscale studies to track the development of ceramic technologies, modes of production and decorative traditions in the Late Neolithic of the Central Levant. The resulting data provides deeper insight into key influences on the development of later ceramic traditions of the region which in turn enhances our understanding of the formation, maintenance and remodelling of distinct regional assemblages and their meaning in the pre-classical Levant.
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Thesis (M.A.)--American University of Beirut, Dept. of History and Archaeology, 2005.;"Advisor: Dr. Helen Sader, Professor, History and Archaeology--Member of Committee: Dr. Helga Seeden, Professor, History and Archaeology--Member of... more
Thesis (M.A.)--American University of Beirut, Dept. of History and Archaeology, 2005.;"Advisor: Dr. Helen Sader, Professor, History and Archaeology--Member of Committee: Dr. Helga Seeden, Professor, History and Archaeology--Member of Committee: Dr. Herman
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This paper details the results of a large-scale multidisciplinary analysis of Iron Age pottery from a settlement in the core of the Phoenician homeland. The research presented centres on a large corpus of Phoenician carinated-shoulder... more
This paper details the results of a large-scale multidisciplinary analysis of Iron Age pottery from a settlement in the core of the Phoenician homeland. The research presented centres on a large corpus of Phoenician carinated-shoulder amphorae (CSA) from the later Iron Age II and Persian period contexts at the coastal site of Tell el-Burak. Traditional typological investigations are combined with a focused archaeometric approach including a new quantitative method for the morphometric analysis of amphorae, thin-section petrography, geochemistry and organic residue analyses, aimed at gaining a more detailed understanding of the organisation of the Phoenician economy. Despite gradual, but marked typological changes, very little change in the fabrics of these amphorae was noted over the 400 year Iron Age occupation of the site. The research, thus, demonstrates that the production of the Iron Age amphorae from Tell el-Burak was highly organised and was undertaken by long- lived, sustained and centralized modes. The establishment of Tell el-Burak and this new pottery industry coincides with the proliferation of the world's first great imperial powers, the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian empires and the outcomes of this research provide new insights into socio-economic strategies adopted in the Phoenician homeland during this pivotal time.
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Research Interests: Archaeology and Levant
This paper presents a new rapid, low-cost method for the large-scale documentation of pottery sherds through simultaneous multiple 3D model capture using Structure from Motion (SfM). The method has great potential to enhance and replace... more
This paper presents a new rapid, low-cost method for the large-scale documentation of pottery sherds through simultaneous multiple 3D model capture using Structure from Motion (SfM). The method has great potential to enhance and replace time-consuming and expensive conventional approaches for pottery documentation, i.e., 2D photographs and drawing on paper with subsequent digitization of the drawings. To showcase the method’s effectiveness and applicability, a case study was developed in the context of an investigation of the Phoenician economy at the Lebanese site of Tell el-Burak, which is based on a large collection of amphora sherds. The same set of sherds were drawn by an experienced draftsperson and then documented through SfM using our new workflow to allow for a direct comparison. The results show that the new technique detailed here is accessible, more cost-effective, and allows for the documentation of ceramic data at a far-greater scale, while producing more consistent an...
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Research Interests: Archaeology and Levant
This paper uses new petrographic and geochemical data (ICP-AES and -MS analyses) taken from samples of ‘Combed Ware’ jars occurring at sites on the Lebanese coast, the Bekaa Valley, the Orontes Valley around Homs and the North Jordan... more
This paper uses new petrographic and geochemical data (ICP-AES and -MS analyses) taken from samples of ‘Combed Ware’ jars occurring at sites on the Lebanese coast, the Bekaa Valley, the Orontes Valley around Homs and the North Jordan Valley, to investigate the production and distribution of these vessels in the Levant during the Early Bronze Age. The evidence points to the existence of integrated regional interaction zones that can be identified through specific modes of craft production and the associated distribution networks. The new evidence sheds light on the development of a nucleated settlement landscape, and the economic, social and political changes that this implies, in central Levant and western Syria during the first-half of the 3rd millennium BC, Early Bronze Age.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Geochemistry, Archaeological Science, Levantine Archaeology, and 12 moreUrbanism, Ancient Near East, Mediterranean archaeology, Amphorae (Archaeology), Provenance studies of archaeological material, Ceramic Petrography, Social Complexity, Early Bronze Age Archaeology, Pottery technology and function, Levant, Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant, and Ceramic Analysis Archaeology
This paper details the results of a large-scale multidisciplinary analysis of Iron Age pottery from a settlement in the core of the Phoenician homeland. The research presented centres on a large corpus of Phoenician carinated-shoulder... more
This paper details the results of a large-scale multidisciplinary analysis of Iron Age pottery from a settlement in the core of the Phoenician homeland. The research presented centres on a large corpus of Phoenician carinated-shoulder amphorae (CSA) from the later Iron Age II and Persian period contexts at the coastal site of Tell el-Burak. Traditional typological investigations are combined with a focused archaeometric approach including a new quantitative method for the morphometric analysis of amphorae, thin-section petrography, geochemistry and organic residue analyses, aimed at gaining a more detailed understanding of the organisation of the Phoenician economy. Despite gradual, but marked typological changes, very little change in the fabrics of these amphorae was noted over the 400 year Iron Age occupation of the site. The research, thus, demonstrates that the production of the Iron Age amphorae from Tell el-Burak was highly organised and was undertaken by long- lived, sustained and centralized modes. The establishment of Tell el-Burak and this new pottery industry coincides with the proliferation of the world's first great imperial powers, the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian empires and the outcomes of this research provide new insights into socio-economic strategies adopted in the Phoenician homeland during this pivotal time.
Research Interests: Near Eastern Archaeology, Phoenicians, Archaeological Science, Levantine Archaeology, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy, and 8 moreMediterranean archaeology, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, Amphorae (Archaeology), Bronze and Iron Ages in Eastern Mediterranean (Archaeology), Iron Age, Ceramic Petrography, portable XRF (PXRF) in Archaeology and Museum Science, and Organic Residue Analysis
This paper explores the late 3rd millennium BC goblet corpus from Tell Nebi Mend in the upper Orontes Valley, Syria, by comparing the form, size, petrographic and chemical composition of these drinking vessels. The available evidence... more
This paper explores the late 3rd millennium BC goblet corpus from Tell Nebi Mend in the upper Orontes Valley, Syria, by comparing the form, size, petrographic and chemical composition of these drinking vessels. The available evidence suggests that Tell Nebi Mend belongs to its own distinct ceramic-culture province, which shares a greater affinity with the Beqa' Valley and the Black Wheel-made Ware of the southern Levant than with the traditional heartland of the Syrian 'Caliciform' culture.
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Ever since its first discovery at Megiddo in the 1930s, Black Wheelmade ware has sparked the interest of researchers, especially regarding its origin. Most of the research so far has focused on northern Palestine. Lebanon has occasionally... more
Ever since its first discovery at Megiddo in the 1930s, Black Wheelmade ware has sparked the interest of researchers, especially regarding its origin. Most of the research so far has focused on northern Palestine. Lebanon has occasionally been mentioned as a possible region of manufacture, but so far without providing any detailed evidence. In this article, we discuss the occurrence of Black Wheelmade ware in Lebanon and provide the results of the first petrographic and geochemical data from this region.
Research Interests: Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Pottery (Archaeology), Archaeology of Ancient Israel, Levantine Archaeology, and 7 moreCeramic Analysis (Archaeology), Ancient Near East, Ceramic Petrography, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), Near Eastern Archaeology, Bronze Age Aegean, Classical Archaeology, Infant burials, Mycenaean pottery, Anthropology, Immigration theory, Sea Peoples, Mythology, Creation Myths, Early Bronze Age in the Southern Levant, and Geochemistry In Archaeology
Ceramic vessels have been an essential component of daily life in the Levant for 9,000 years, yet the processes shaping the introduction, development, and dissemination of pottery technology in the region remain poorly understood. This... more
Ceramic vessels have been an essential component of daily life in the Levant for 9,000 years, yet the processes shaping the introduction, development, and dissemination of pottery technology in the region remain poorly understood. This paper presents new ceramic data from the Neolithic of the Biqā c Valley and Lebanese coast and reexamines published information to investigate the earliest potting traditions in Lebanon. The aim of this work is to organize and synthesize the data available on Neolithic pottery from Lebanon and to place the assemblage in its broader regional context, thereby gaining a better understanding of the trajectory of the adoption and dissemination of pottery technology in the Levant.
Research Interests: Near Eastern Archaeology, Pottery (Archaeology), Gift Exchange, Neolithic Archaeology, Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology), and 7 moreCeramic Petrography, Trade and Exchange, Archaeometry, Commerce and Market Exchange, Conflict, warfare, and relief, Early Neolithic pottery technology, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology), Neolithic pottery, the Neolithic of the Southern Levant, and Archaeology of the Levant
Located 9 km south of the city of Saida in southern Lebanon, Tell el-Burak has been the focus of eight excavation seasons (2001–2003, 2005, and 2008–2011) that have uncovered three main settlement phases dating to the Mamluk/ Ottoman... more
Located 9 km south of the city of Saida in southern Lebanon, Tell el-Burak has been the focus of eight excavation seasons (2001–2003, 2005, and 2008–2011) that have uncovered three main settlement phases dating to the Mamluk/ Ottoman period and the Iron and Middle Bronze Ages. 1 In Area I, a Mamluk/Ottoman period structure was found overlaying a monumental mud-brick building from the Middle Bronze Age (Figure 1). Area II yielded a massive revetment wall that was built during the Middle Bronze Age. Later, in the Iron Age, a fortification wall was erected on top of this earlier revetment wall. In Area III, buildings dating from the Middle. 1 Cf. the preliminary reports Finkbeiner and Sader 2001; Kamlah and Sader 2003; 2004; 2008; 2010. The Tell el-Burak Project is a joint project of the American University of Beirut (represented by Hélène Sader), the University of Tübingen (represented by Jens Kamlah), and the Oriental Department of the German Archaeological Institute (represented by ...