Communication 47 1991

Archeologické rozhledy XLIII(2), 1991, 326-336 COMITE POUR LA SIDERURGIE ANCIENNE dc l'Union intcmationalc des sciences prehistoriques et protohistoriques W. U. Guyan, president R. Pleiner, secretaire Siege du secretariat: Institut d'archeologk. 11801 Prague 1, Letenska 4, Czechoslovakia Communication 47 Edited by R. Pleiner NEW MEMBERS: T. AmanQ, Sapporo; Mrs N. Cuomo di Caprio, Milano; M. van Ni., Amsterdam Mr6 K. Wiemcr, Cambridge. OBITUARY: In early summer bad news came. Professor Ronald Frank Tylecote left us, having suffered a serious illness. A great scientist, a great man, the teacher of most of arclmcomctal· lurgists. He was bOfn on 15th of June 1916 in Manchester. For many years he was with the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, King's Co)]cgc. as a senior lecturer in m etnllurgy. That activity lead him to a deep interest in the origin and initial devc]opment of metallurgy; ill fact. he developed this field to a branch of science: nrchaeometallurgy. His approach considered it as an integral part of pyrotechnical ｳ｣ｩ･ｮｾ＠ taking into account both non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, and their interaction. Nevertheless, a great deal of his specialized work was devoted to the making and working of iron. Later, he actcd as the head of the ArcJ,aeometallurgical laboratory of the University of London where he has educated a team of scholars. His last years, as a consultant, he spent near Oxford: his address at Yew Tree House, East Hanney, was a symbol for aU who were in scientific contact with him. The number of publications of R. F. Tylecote is enormous; just to mention some decisive steps of synthetic nature: Ｇｾｍ･ｴ｡ｬｵｲｧｹ＠ in Archaeology" (1962), r c-edited 8S uThe Prehistoric Metallurgy of the British Isles" (1986); "A History of Metallurgy" (1976, the ,o-call.d red book); "The Metallurgy of Early Ferrous Edge Tools and Edged Weapons" (1986, the so-called blue book, with B. J. Gilmour as co-author); and his "The Early History of MetalJurgy in Europe" (1987, the so-called black book). R. F . T. was a pioneer in organizing ｾｭ｣ｬｴｩｮｧ＠ experimtnts concerning the hlocmery process. His trials with the bowl furnace influenced the activities in this field as early as 1960, not to mention his fundamental treatise about the ｭ･｣ｨ｡ｮｩｾ＠ of the bloomery prccess in shaft furnaces (1971, together with N. 1. Austin and A. E. Wraith) which is even now a source of knowledge of bloomery smelting in general. He took part in many archaeometallurgical expediti(lns in Sudan, Nigeria, Mghanistan, Persia, Tunis, ｃｨ ｩ ｮ｡ｾ＠ amongst others. He paid attention also to the history of iron in Continental countries: Denmark, Sweden, France. Czechoslovakia, Poland. Ronald Frank Tylecote was a frequent contributor to most of archneometaIlurgical conferences and symposia: his lectures and papers steadily brought something nc.\\': being listf..ned to by his audience as if in a university lecture-room. Of course, ODe cannot avoid mentioning his leading role in the Historical Metallurgy Group (London) but. for me personally. it is necessary to point out that he was onc of the founding members of our Comite pour la siderurgie ancienne de l'UISPP, since 1966. His help with this international consulting board was crucial. It is hard to believe that, quoting Ronnie's name, we shall now have to say: the late professor R. F. Tylecote. R. Pleiner, Prague PERSONAL: Dr. Manfred Sonnecken who deserves praise for excavating numerous bloomery sites in the Sauerland and Mark in western Germany, has been appointed, in Septembcr 1990, the Honorary Member of the GeschichtsausschuO des Vercins def Deutschen Eisenhiittenleute in Diisseldorf. Professor Martha Goodway, metallurgist of the Smithsonian Institute's Conservation Analytical Laboratory, was elected, at the Annual General Meeting (5th May 1990), as president of The Historical Metallurgy Society, London. The C.P.S.A. congratulates her. 326 Archeologicke rozhledy XLIII, Pr2ha 1991 RESEARCH CENTRES: A RESEARCH PROJECT ON THE EARLY PRODUCTION OF IRON IN THE NETHERLANDS has been iniciatcd recently at the A.E. van Giffcn Institute for PTe- and Protohistory. the University of Amsterdam. Co-operating Institutions arc the Archaeological State Service (ROB) in Amersfoort and the Institute of Earth Sciences at the University of Utrecht (IvARUU). The project is entitled "The technology, organization, and socio-economic conditions of early iron production in the central and eastern parts of the Netherlands" and it is supported by the Dutch Organization for Scic!'tific Research (NWO) whicl. appointed an archaeologist (Dr. 111'. van Nie) and a geolo gist/ mineralogist (Dr . .M" . Elburg) for a period of four years. The project is headed by Prof. Dr. H. A. Heidinga (Unive .. ity of Amsterdam), Dr. H. KaTs (ROB) and Dr. J. B. H. jansen (Utrecht). The first results arc mentioned on p. 328. M. van Nie , Amsterdam CONFERENCES AND EXHIBITIONS: 54. SITZUNG DES GESCHICHTSAUSSCHUSSES DES VDEh, Diisseldorf, took place at Dillingen/Saar (23- 28 Sept. 1989). As to the early iron produetion we mention the paper by H. E. Biihler: Die Eisengewinnung im Saar-Hunsrtick-Gebict von der La Tene-Zeit his zum 16. Jahrhundert [The metallurgy of iron in the Saar-Hunsriick arca from the La Tene period up to the 16th century]. A part of the conference was the excursion to the Musee du Fer, Nancy-Jarvillc (where a paper was read by E. Necker: Aufgaben und ZicIc des Musee du Fer). 55. VOLLSITZUNG DES GESCHICHTSAUSSCHUSSES DES VDEh, Dusscldorf, was Ofganized in Wiehl, Germany (20- 22 Sept. ＱＹＰＩｾ＠ entitled "2500 Jahre Eisen in Mitte1europa". From the programme we indicate the following papers dea]jng with the early history of iron: H ...L. Knau: Htitten und Hammer - Entwicklungsgeschichte im Bergisch-Markischen Raum [Smelting plants and hammer-nlills in the region of Berg and Mark]; H. Laumann: Archaoloｬｩ ｣ｨ･ｮ＠ Westfalen; D. Horsrmann: gische Siedlungsforschung zur vorromischen Eisenzeit im ｾｩ､ Zusammensetzung und Aufbau historischel' Schlacken [Composition of historical slags]; A. Espelund: Romerzcitliche und mittclaltcrlichc Eiscngewinnung [Rcman period and medieval smelting of iron]; H.wL. Knau: Ortung von RennfeuerpIatzen im Bergisch-Markisehen Raum [Localisation of bloomery sites in the region of Berg/Mark]; B. Steffcn: Rennfeuerversuch an einem Munsteraner Gymnasium [A smelting tTial at the Gymnasium in Munster]. Excursions: Olchellsharruner near Bickenbach. performance of forging; Loope valley (medieval and post-medieval smelting. sites, headed by At". S6n.necken and H.-L. Knau). Exhibition: Luppen, Schlacken, Eisen [Blooms,. slags, iron] at the Rheinischcs Industriemuscum, ext. Engelskirchcn. EXHIBITION AND SYMPOSIUM "EXPERIMENTELLE ARCHAOLOGIE IN DEUTSCHLAND". Organized by the Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde und Vorgcschichte at Oldenhurg (Dr. M. Fansa), a great exhibition took place (May - October 1990) at the above named Museum. It covered experiments and their results appJied to many early technologies. among the iron smelting trials presented by F. Nikulka, H. Holsten and H.-V. GarbeTs (slag-pit furnaces of models uscd in northwest Germany, scc Bibliography 1990, p. 000 in this issue). In the final stage of the exhibition an international symposium was held at the Museum. The following contributions concerned the smelting experiments in bloofilery furnaces: R. Pleiner: Eiscn.. schmelzversuche in fruhmittelaIterl ichen Rennofen [Experimental E·m elts in early m.edieval bloomery furnaces], trials in underground SJavic models; R. Leineweber (Mr5): Langobardenwerkstatt in ZethIingen. lebcndiges Museunl in der Altmark [A Longobard workshop at Zcthlingen, a live museum in the AItmark], two £melts in slag-pit furnaces; A. Boonstra (Mrs); Experimentelle Archaologic im Freilichtmuscum Eindhoven [Experimental archaeology jn the open-air museum at Eindhoven, The Netherlands], an operation of a bloomery furnace ｭ･ｮｴｪｯ､ｾ＠ The ｳｹｭｰｯＸｩｵｾ＠ as well as the ｣＾Ｚ ｨｩ｢ｴｯｮ ｾ＠ offered a recent survey of widely applied experiments R. Pleiner, Prague in Germ.any and in some other countries. 327 SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY: Excavations: ROMANO-BARBARIAN BLOOMERY FUl\NACES AT KUTNA HORA, BOHEMIA. Recent excavations in 1989 at the site of Karlov, near Kutna Hora in central Bohemia, r evealed five slag-pit furnaces, dating from the period about 200 AD. Interesting is that at the furnace hearths there was found fine magnetite ore (showing a mineralogical admixture: a garnet of the glossular type from the area of Malesov). The question is if this magnetite wns actually smelted in the furnaces excavated? Analyses are being carried out. . D. Pechockovd, Kutna Hora OPEN-CAST PELOSIDERITE MINING AT JENISUV UJEZD, NW BOHEMIA, IN THE IRON AGE. The Field Research Station at Most (Archaeol. Inst. Prague) carried out rescue excavations within the village area of leniSuv Ujezd, having been d es troyed by contemporary mining operations. Onc of the large sections (12 m long and 3 m high) has shown a trace of a long :flat pit, cutting a deposit of limonitic sandstone with enriched nodules and lumps of limonite and tertiary pelocarbonate iron ore. Samples of this mineral werc scarcc at the very bottom of the pit, but they were abundant in the above filling layers and, moreover, in the covering debris consisting of bloomery slag, extended over the top and originating in smelting activity somewhere in the vicinity. Also, the fragments of the limonitic sandstone were scattered in the pit-filling, apparently as result of quarrying operations in the deposit; they arc poor in iron and represent the sorted-out waste. It is supposed that the goal was to obtain the enriched ore pieces from the sandstone table. There is no absolute evidence for the immediate connection of the mining pit with the subsequently deposited slag layer on its top, although it seems to b e very probable. Some sherds iudicate a date from the Iron Age. presumably from the Late La Tene and Early Romano-Barbarian period. The rescue dig wiJ} be continued and completed by carrying out necessary analyses. J. Benes, Most MONUMENTS OF EARLY MINING AND METALLURGY OF IRON IN THE NETHERLANDS. Within the recently startcd rcscarch, nlcntioned abovf:, on the early iron production in The Netherlands (see p. 327) there have been carried out some trial exca,·ations. One of them concerned a mining site (Dalfsen) with the so-called ｾｩｪｺ･ｲｫｵｬｮﾷ＠ (iron pits) where a nedular limonitic ore (lepidocrite, ｾｫｬ｡ｰ･ｲｳｴｮＧＩ＠ used to be quarried. Originally, a large trench had been dug to exploit the ore, apparently having been sorted out before transportation, as a thin layer of orc nodules shows at the bottom of one trench bank. The OIe must have been already crushed. Preliminary chemical analyses indicate that this orc was substantially lower in arsenic than the bog ores which might help, later, to trace back the composition of iron artefacts. The analyses arc b eing carried out at the department of geochcmistry, University of Utrecht. The other excavation took place that is nowadays the largest slag heap in the country (Emmen). Despite its disturbed state of preservation it measures 20 ｾ＠ 35 rn , being 1.2 m high. It consisted originally of three or four separate heaps, covered by a thin slag layer deposited during the final stage. Underneath, remains of a bloomery shaft furnace (45 cms in dia.) have been discovered. It was slightly embanked and cut by other two furnaces (30-4.0 ems in dia.) which were disturbed by the fourth unit, which had been completely destroyed. The furnace walls were partially built of old t ap slag, local quartzite and imported flagstones, joint with loam. No tuyeres have been found until now. The activities of that region within the central part of the Netherlands are supposed to he dated to the 7th - 11th centuries AD. A smaller area close to German border also shows remains of a large-scale production of iron of the 10th - 14 th centuries AD. Both 'klapperstenen' arc and local bog iron ore may have been used as raw material for the smelting. Little information is available until present time. In the province of Overjissel, also in the east (Appeldoorn), some indications have been found of the use of slag-pit furnaces. In the sixties three furnace residues were excavated, dating from the Late Romano-Barbarian period. Recently, a piece of n heavy slag block was discovered. M. van Nie, Amsterdam 328 Slag investigations INVESTIGATION INTO IRON-RICH SLAGS FROM LORESTAN, IRAN. Archaeological reconnaissances of the ｰｲ･ ｾ ｉｳ｡ｭｩ｣＠ metallurgical sites in Iran yielded some interesting slag ｣ｯｽＮｾ＠ lections which have been investigated by the Archaeometallurgienl Group of the Institut fiir ｇ･ｯｷｩｳｾ｣ｨ｡ｦｴｮＬ＠ University of ,Mainz. Chemical as well as mineralogical examinations of 33 samples show that all of them were rich in FeO (38-51 %), fayalitic in texture, in general. There were stated wustite? magnetite, and klinopyroxenes, as well. Metallic iron occured as minute particles revealing carburized structures. An interpretation is suggested to sce these slags as the waste of smelting iron ore, reflecting a rather primitive technology. However, the site is not yet known to have a connection with athe metallurgy of iron; it was beHeved that non· ferrous metallurgy was carried out in that region. Curiously enough, the sIngs contain some 0.3-0 .6 ppm of gold. ' Z. Zolgharian, I. K eesmann (Mainz) and M. Momenzadeh (Tehran) BIBLIOGRAPHY 1987 (Supplement) C. FORRIERES: Etude par microscopic elcctronique de structures de trempe ､ｾｵｮ｣＠ lame d'epee de Luristan. fIn ｬＧ ｾ ｲ･ｮ｣ｨＺ＠ Electron microscope investigations of hardened structures of a sword blade of Luristan]. Revue d'Areheometrie, 11, 1987, 17-29. The blade no. 13 of a set formerly ｣ｸ｡ｭｩｮｾ､＠ by Francc-Lanord has been submitted for detailed studies. It is made of hypereutectoid steel. The author suggests 4 phases of forging, followed each time by quenching at low temperatures. Typologically the examined sword differs from the famous short swords with decorated hilts - this blade is simple and two rivet holes near the missing hilt. BmLIOGRAPHY 1988 (Supplement') C. BARTOLONI see The First Iron, below. P. CRADDOCK, dtto. THE FIRST IRON IN THE MEDITERRANEAN - IL PRIMO FERRO NEL MEDITER· RANEO. Proceedings of the Populonia/ Piotnbino 1983 Symposium (G. Sperl cd.). Council of Europe, PACT 21, Strasbourg 1988, 199 pp. A very belated volume having been distributed during 1990 and containing papers of the San Vinccnzo symposium, Italy 1983. 1. Foreword (T.IIa,ckcns); Introduction; List of Participants; Saluti. n. The Coming of Iron in the ｍ･､ｩｴ｣ｲｾ＠ ranean. J.-R. Marechal: 11 passagio della metallurgia del ramc a quella del ferro [The transition of the metallurgy of copper to the metallurgy of iron], 25-32. R. PI.iner: Investigation 'into the Quality of the Earliest Iron in Europe, 33-36. Analysis of a steel knife from Radzovee (wrongly printed as Padzove), 8th century BC and the problem of early oceurenee of steel. J. Pia.kowsl,i: The Earliest Iron in the World, 37-46. Chalybeans claimed to b e the first smelters of iron. F. Delpino: Prime tcstimonianzc deU'uso del ferro in Italia [First evidences of the use of iro:n in Italy], 47-68. A survey of earliest iron objects having been dated to the 10th century BC, except of a ring from Castellueio, Sicily (about 1400 BC). Ill. History ofIron in the Mediterranean. G. Bartoloni: Insediamenti dclla tarda eta del bronzo nel distretto mincrario toscano [Settlements of the Late Bronze Age in the Metal District of Tuscany], 71- 82. F. 10 Schiavo (Mrs): 11 Primo FerIO nel Sardegna [First Iron in Sardinia], 83-89. Phoenician and Cypriote influences into the Nuraghic culture, 6th century BC, 13 items. O. Voss: The Iron Production in Populollia, 91-100. A smelting furnace from the early 2nd century BC discovered under the remains of slag heaps at the Baratti bay at Populonia. J. Go",ori: The Szakony Bloomery Workshops, 101-110. Discovery of 22 bloomery furnaces from the 7th-10th centuries AD in Hungary. B. G. Scott: Some References to the Mining of Iron Ores in Early Irish Texts, 111-116. Discussion on terminology. IV. Metallurgical Investigation of Iron. P. T. Craddoek N. D. M ••ks: Iron in Copper, 119-131. Intentional copper-iron alloys (up to 30 % Fe) in shape of the ramo seeco in Italy (6th- 3rd centuries BC), experiments. See the same authors in Archaeo .. 329 metry, 29/2, 1987. cf. our Conun. 45. L. Folio et al.: Mctallographical Invcstigation on Some Iron Objects of Particular Archaeological Interest, 133- 14·7. Results of examination of several objects (fibula, dagger, sword) from Italian sites of the 6tb - 3Td centuries BC. R. F. Tyleco ..: Oxidation Enrichment Bands in Wrought Iron, 149- 161. Not only phosphorus and arsenic hut also copper and nickel may reveal ｳｯｾ｣｡ｮ･､＠ white lines in the microstructure of early steel artefacts. G. Sperl: Ein Fund aus Gumia (Kreta) und das Problem der Schlackenbeurteilung [A find from Goutoia, Crete, and the problem of slag identification], 163-167. An analysis of an unstratified slag lump. H. Killus: The Problem of Early Gypsum Bakers to Recognize the Correct Temperature, 169. J. Piaskowski: Pliny's Historia Naturalis, 173-175. Remarks. G. Magnusson: Lapphyttan, 177-195. A survey of results of the excavated early Massenhiitten in Sweden. D. A. Maggiani: Isola d'Elba: Scbeda informativa, 197-199. - The volume contains some additional papers sent later to the editor, especially in the last section.' L. FOLLO ct aI., see The First Iron, above. C. FORRIERES: Examen des vestiges d'industrie metallurgique provenant des habitats hallstattiens de Bruebach "Rennwasen" et Bruebach "auf der Burner" [In French: Analysis of the evidence of the metallurgical production in the Hallstatt period settlements near Bruebacb]. Cahiers de r Association pour la promotion de la recherche archeologiquc en AJsace, 4, 1988, 88. Some iron rich slags indicate an iron-working process, other samples represent rather burnt and slagged clays. J. GOMORI, see The First Iron, above p. 329. T. HACKENS, sce The First Iron, above p. 329. H. KILLUS, see The First Iron, above. M. LEROY: Un atelier siderurgique du haut Moycn Age decouvert a Ludres (Meurthe-et-Moselle) [In French: A high medieval bloomary work discovered at Ludres, Meurthe-et-Moselle]. Annales de l'Est, No 2, 1988, 151-167. Local evidence of iron production rellected in written sources of the 12th century. Two bloomery furnaces of a shaft type were excavated (720-960 AD) being outside the ferrier of Ludres (12th- 13th centuries). D. A. MAGGIANI, see The First Iron, above p. 329. G. MAGNUSSON, see The First Iron, above. J.-R. MARECHAL, see The First Iron, above p. 329. N. D. MEEKS, see The First Iron, above p. 329. J. PIASKOWSKI (bis), see The First Iron, above. R. PLEINER, see The First Iron, above p. 329. I. POPOVIC (Mrs): Anticko orude od gvozda u Srbii. Summary in French: Les outils antiques en fer de Serbie [The ancient iron implements of Serbia], Monograph of the National Museum, No 5, Beograd 1988, 300 pp., 65 plates, 36 drawings. The volume comprises, apart of the introduction, a chapter devoted to the geographical scene and comments on the crafts reflected, a catalogue of agricultural implements and craftsmen' tools (747 items) dating from the 3rd - 4th centuries AD (with some categories surviving until 6th-8th centuries). On plates 27-30 there are depicted blacksmith's tools (hammers, chisels, tongs, anvils, drawing dies) from Karatas, Caricin Grad, Boletin and Saldun. J.-L. REMY: Developpement d'Wlc base de donnes darchcomctrie metallurgiquc ct mini ere novo 1987. ｎ｡ｮ｣ｹｾｊｲｶｩ･＠ 1988. In French: The development of a data-base concerning the mining and metallurgy archaeometry B.A1'tcmis--Seories" 1986-1987. Comments on slag types, sampling, analytical methods, and a catalogue UArtemis_Scories H , Convention, 86. 69, 1986 - 330 comprlsmg 211 chemical analyses of materials, principally slags, obtained during excavations of French archaeometallurgical sites, made by the laboratory at Jarville. B. G. SCOTT, see The First Iron, above p. 329. G. SPERL, see The First Iron, above p. 330. J. STANKUS: Ge1ezies dirbniq metalografine analize [in Lithuanian with a summary in Russian: Metallographic analyses of iron objects). In: Obeliq kapinynas [Obeliq cemetery) , Lietuvo. Archeologija, Vilnius 1988, 65- 76. From the above named cemetery there have been investigated 134 iron objects from periods of the 5th - 6th, 13th - 14th, and 15th centuries AD. Tbe ironｾ ｡ｮ､ｷｳｴ･ｬ＠ composite artefacts are well represented during all periods. The classical sandwich three-layer scheme of blade building still occnrs dnring the 13th - 14th centuries. All-steel blades are quite common. R . F. TYLECOTE: see The First Iron, above p. 330. O. VOSS, see Tbe First Iron, above p. 329. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1989 A . Specialized items !VI. N. AGREDE, see Mineria (below p. 332). T. AMANO, see Tatara Kenkyu (below p. 333). W. BIRKE, s ee Mineria (below p. 332). B. BOULOUMIE, see Mineria (below p. 332). C. CAMPOREALE, see Mineria (below p. 332). S. CAUET - S. MATHIEU: Un centre siderurgique romain 11 Sautour (province de Namur): Contribution geochiroique a l'origine du minerai.[In French: An iron smelting centre of the Roman period at Sautour, Namur province). Helinium, 29/ 2, 1989, 239- 251. Huge accumulations of bloomery slag in the region near N alUur et Dinant. From Dve kinds of iron ore deposits in the vicinity, the analysis of Ph isotopes indicate that the tentative source was a kind of hematite in the sowcalled Fammenien schists near Villerswen-Fagne. Dating: early years AD. S. DUSANIC, see Mineria (below p. 332). C. FORRIERES - J.-P. PETIT - J. SCHAUB: Une metallurgie artisanale du fer dans le vieus gallo·romain de Bliesbruck (Moselle). [In Frencb: The metallurgy of an iron-artesan's workshop in a Gallo-Roman vieus of Bliesbruck, Moselle). Archa. ologia Mosellana, 1,1989, 67-87.Within the vicus area were discovered two groups of workshops , explained as simple smithies, and features representing the blacksmith's work, as well as ·small scale bloomery activity. This conclusion is b ased on the interpretation of slag analyses and metallographic investigation of blooms. Dating: 2nd - 3rd centnries AD. C. FORRIERES, see A. Ploquin (below p. 333). B. HELLERMANN, see I. Kccsnlann (below). N. KAKUDA, see Tatara Kenkyu (below p. 333). N. KARIGAWA, see Tatara Kenkyu (below p. 333). I. KEESMANN - B. HELLERMANN (Mrs): Mineralogische und ehemische Untersuehungen an Schlacken von Mono de Mezquitilla. [In German: Mineralogical and chemical analyses of slags from Morro de Mezquitilla). Madridcr Mitteilungen, 30, 1989, ＹＳｾＱｬＷＮ＠ A set of Phocnieian 331 slags, including pIano-convex hearth bottoms: has been investigated by ｹ｡ｲｩｯｾｳ＠ micro analytical methods as well as by chemical bulk analyses and Dlineralogy. Most of the slags represent iron· working waste (30 % of wustite, up to 80 % of fayaBte), having heen formed under reJatively low temperatures. No traces of the metallurgical activity have-been observed on the site. A ｭｩｉｴｇｾ＠ rity of slags indicates non-ferrous metallurgic"al operations. 1. KEESMANN ct aI., sec Mineria (below p. 332). W. KRAMER: Das eisemc Ross von Manching - Fragmente mittellatenezeitlicher Pferdc· plastik. [In German: The iron horse of Manching - Fragments of a middle La Tene period sculpture]. Germania, 67/2, 1989, 519. Three dispersed fragments of an iron sheet horse statue were discovered in pits in the central part of the oppidum ill Manching, Bavaria. Although no technological investigation has been carried out until now, it is evident that thc parts - a horse head and fragments of legs - represent rare evidence of the blacksmith's skin in hammering and rivetting iron sheet. The parts are dated by pottery to the Middle La Tene period. S. lI1ATHIEU, see S. Cauet (above p. 331). CH. MeLEES: A metal working complex in the medieval city of Trondhcirn, Norway. Medieval Archaeology, 33, 1989, 156- 159. In connection with this abstract we have to quote the short report by A. Espelund, published in our Comm. 45, 1990, 311. Tbe artiele deals with tbe preliminary results of a dig in the Mellager area at Trondheim (medieval Nidaros) which has revealed traces of several buildings with ｨ･｡ｲｴｳｾ＠ plano·eonvex smithing ｳｬ｡ｧｾ＠ furnace lining fragments, moulds and crucibles for casting of bronze, iron hammerscale. All data indicate the activity of blacksmiths and bronze workers. The strati graphical sequence indicates a long .lasting activity (second half of the 12tb up to the mid· 14th centuries AD). A. MADRONERO DE LA CAL, see Mineria below. M. MANGIN, sec Mineria below. MINERtA Y METALLURGIA EN LAS ANTIQUAS CIVILIZACIONES lIfEDITERRANEAS Y EUROPEAS. Coloquio Internacional Asociado Madrid 24- 28 Oct. 1985, Madrid 1989. Volume I. The most important papers on iron technology appear in the part 2 entitled El Hierro: I. Kcesmann - H. G. Niemcyer - Chr. Briese - F. Golschani - B. Schulz-Bobrick: Un centro primitivo de la elaboraei6n de hierro en la faetoria Fenicia des Toscanos [An iron , ..'orking centre and a Phoenician workshop of Toscanos], 99- 108. Destroyed remains of a furnace. tuyeres, mineralogical and chemical analyses of iron slags. A. Madroncro de la Cal-A1. N. Agrede: Los bierros de la Espaiia preromana [Irons of pre-Roman Spain], 109- 118. M. Mangin - W. Birke: Le fer en Bourgogne, mines, ferriers, foumeaux dans le Morvan septentrional a l'epoque Romaine [Iron in Burgundy: mines, bloomeries, furnaces in the North 'M:orvan during the Roman period], 119-135. Underground mines in the Thoste region, bloomery furnaces at Ll Boche-en· ｾｂｲ･ｮｩｬ＠ etc. R. Pleiner: Lovosice: A Romano-Barbarian iron smelting plant in Northern Bohemia, 137-140. A sunken-floored bloomery work with 3 slag-pit furnaces, Ca·rich bloomery slags, ｴｵｹ･ｲｳｾ＠ 1st century AD. G. Camporeale: Gli Etruschi e ]c risorsc mineralic: aspctti c problcmi [The Etruscans and the mineral resources: aspects and problems], 205-212. B. Bouloumi€: Les sources complementaircs ､ｾ｡ｰｲｯｶｩｳｴｮ＠ Cll mctaux de IIEtrurie orientalisantc et archalque [Supplem.entary sources for metal supply in Etruria during the orientalizing and archaic periods] . 213- 221. - Volume n. In this volume iron is mentioned in connection with written sources of classical antiquity. P. Rosumek.: Die Epithctc metalIischcr Stoffe im Lateinischen [EpitJlCts of metallic materials in Latin], 63- 67; J. M. B16squez Martinez: Administracion en las minus en epoea Rrimana. Su evolucion [Administration in the Roman pericd mines. Its evolution], 119-1 :-32. S. Dusanit: The Roman mines of Illyricum: organization and impact on provincial life, 14.8- 156. Coins in the ferrariae. R. Sabla),rolles: L'administration des mines du fer en GauIc romainc [The administration of the iron mines in the Roman Gaul] , 157-162. Three basic forms of the organization of iron mines: imperial, private and nntive of the Ganls. 332 E. MURAKAMI, see Tatara Ktmkyu (below). E. N. NOSOV - L. S. ROZANOVA (Mrs): Tekhnologiya obrabotki .helez., na poseleniyakh PriTmcntya v IX-X vv. [In Russian: Technology of iron working in settlements in the n'men region during 9th-10th centuries]. Kratkiye ｓｏ｢Ｕｨｴ｣･ｮｩｹｾ＠ 198, 1989, 102-106. It is int{;resting that some sites in the vicinity of Novgorod Velikiy in northern Russia (t110 exce}(·nt iron objects of which were investigated by the latc Professor KoJchin) yielded in the immediately proceeding period just simple, mainly wrought iron ware of low quality. Mctallographic analyses of 40 objects from sites of Zolotoye Koleno, Scl'co, Cholopiy gOlodok. J.-P. PETIT, see C. Forricres (aboye p. 331). V. C. PIGOTT: The Emergence of Iron Use at Hasanlu. Expedition, 31 (2- 3, 1989, 67- 79. There were ahout 2000 iron objects excavated at the NW Iranian site of Hasunlu, flourishing about 800 BC and having hOllsed an Assyriun garrison dluil1g the IV B period. Since no evidence of local iron smelting has been stated, the author considers several possibilities of iron supply (trade, booty, Assyrian equipment). ｃ｡ｳｴｩｮｧｾｯ＠ of bronze parts onto iron daggers and spear heads as wel1 as metallographic<lJ investigation of some corroded iron artefact!: discussed (residual cementite in the iron oxide matrix indicating the use of mild pearlitic steel). R. PLEINER, sce Mineria (above p. 032). A. PLOQUIN - J.-L. REMY - C. FORRIERES: Dcveloppement d'ulle base de donnes areheometriques 88.18 - Catalogue des analyses du fer (minerais, scories et produits m:socies), Mai 1989. [In French: The development of an archaeometrieal data-base concerning the metaHurgy of iron, analyses of iron ores, bloomery slags and relatiw! materials]. With contributions by G. Drcux and E. Boymond. The list of analyses of archaeometallurgical specimens from the Burgundy, Franchc-Comtc, Lorraine, Bray, Vosg(!S, Rhone Alps and some African regions comprising data about the site type, map co-ordinates, type of sample, dating, project. The fund of 572 analyses has been compiled by the Centre de Recherches Petrographiques et Gcochimiques at ｖ｡ｮ､ｯ･ｵｶｲｾ＠ -les-Nancy, Laboratoirc d 'Archeologic des Metaux at Jarville and Laboratoilc d'Areheologie Antique at Besan<;on. J.-L. HEMY, see A. P10quin (above). P . ROSUMEK, see Mineria (above p. 332). L. S. ROZANOVA, sec E. N. Nosov (above). H. SABLAYROLLES, sce Miueri. (aboye). K. SAITO, scc TataI3 Kenkyu (below). M. SERIZAW A , sce Tatara Kenkyu (below) . .T. SCHAUB , sec C. Forrieres (above p. 331). TATARA KENKYU [Journal of the Historieallroll and Steel], 30, 1989, sine loco. The vo:cme contains several articles on carly iron in Japanese but wilh titles added in Engli!:h ＨｳｪｾＩＮ＠ T. Amano: On the quality of iron-tools imported to Hokkaido is1. in Satsumon (prc-Ainu) period, 1-8; E. Murakami: Iron price and its ratio to various Metals of Japan in the 8th century, 9- 18; K. Saito: Iron mine pollution of Hakilloke Han in Echi pcriod, 19-26. N. Karigatt'a: Metallurgical investigation of steel slab (Hoehou-tetsu) in the middle Meiji pericd, 27-33. N. K. ree: Archaeological !:;igllificance of nc'w -discovercd iron pick-dDggcrs in Korea, 34- 45; AI. Scrizaua: A report on the investigation of the terms of ancient iron-making by questions, 4·6-49; IV. Kakuda: An iron-smelting furnace of Kofun period at Imasayma site in Shirnana ｰｲ･ｦ｣ｴｵｾ＠ 50-61. 333 S. TEODOR (Mcs): Consideratii a supra metalurgici in epoca Latene la est de Carpafi. Summary: Considerations sur la metallurgie du fer de l'epoque Latene a l'est de Carpates [Reflections on the La Time period metallurgy of iron cast of the Carpathians]. Thraco·Dacica, 10/1- 2, 1989, 67-73. Slag occurrence in some Gcto·Dacian centres like ｓｴｩｮ･ｾ＠ and Bune!?ti, primitive furnaces (not described), hoards of ingots (Negri, Oniceni). Ore supply from Moldavia is suggested. Some of the production plants are situated close to cult places. A Jist of 34 sites with evidence concerning the production of iron. Dating: 5th - 1st centuries BC. M. M. TOLMACHEV A (Mrs): Kuznechnye izdcliya saltovo-mayackoy kuYtury po matcrialam yutanovskogo mogilnika. [In Russian: Blacksmith's products of the Saltovo-Mayack culture as seen in the cemetery of Yutanovka]. Kratkiye soobshtchcniya, 198, 107-112. The site is famous for its underground bloomery furnaces of the 8th - 9th centuries AD (see Comm. 31, 1983, 338). The roughly contemporary grave field yielded a number of iron artefacts. 28 of which have been submitted for metallographic investigatiolls (especially axe heads, ｢｡ｴｬ･ｾｸｳＬ＠ adzes/ fhocs, knives). ｉｲｯｮｾｴＭｳ･ｬ＠ welding used to be widely applied in yarious constructional schemes. Interestingly, the horse gear (rings, bridle bits) were made of heterogeneously carburized steel rcaching 0.7 % C. V. I. ZAV'YALOV: 0 regionaInych razlichiyakh y vostochnoyevropeyskom kuznechnom reJnesle X- XIV v. [In Russian: On the regional differences within the east European black .. smith's work of the 10 th - 14th centuries AD]. Kratkiye soobshteheniya, 195, 1989, 20-25. Respecting the analyses by the late B. A. Kolchin and considering further 500 investigation nsults from different sites in Russia, the author comments on the techniques applied in the Middle Ages in some of the northern regions and in the south. He points out the frequency of the sandwich scheme of the blades (iron-steel-iron) in the northern regions of Korela, Ves' etc., in comparison with regions of Ryazan" Belgorod, Serensk etc. where the butt-welding of the steel edges prevails. A special position in this respect is to be ascribed to the Mnrorn area of the Volga Bulgarians in the east, where welded-jn steel ｣ｵｴｪｮｧｾ･､ｳ＠ dominate among the construction schemes. Quench hardening was usual in all regions. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1990 <a, in October 1990). A . Specialized items. O. P. AGRAWAL et aI., sce Historical Metallurgy (below p. 335). ARCHEOMATERIALS, 4/ 1, 1990. Following papers concern the early iron production. J. E. Rehder: Pressure Drop in Air Flow through Beds of Charcoal, 105-109. Calculations of power required for blast into charcoalpcharged iron smelting furnaces. D. B. Wagner: Ancientn Carburization of Iron to Steel. A Comment, 111- 117. Comments on the article by Rchdcr (1989) quoting Sven Rinman's and Ole Evenstad's work (late 18th century) on carburization techniques. D. BICK, sce Historical Metallurgy (below). G. ENDLICHER, sce Historical Metallurgy (below p.335). V. D. GOPAK - V. E. RADZIYEVSKAYA (Mr,): Knznechnoye remcslo Kolomakskogo gorodishtcha v VI- Ill vv do . n.e. Summary: Blacksmith's craft in the hillfort of Kolomak during the 6th - 3rd centuries B.C. Sovetskaya arkhcologiya, I, 1990, 199-212. From the above named Scythian site there were investigated 76 iron artefacts (the majority knives) in two categories according to their quality: the bulk of simple objects made of heterogeneously carburized mild steel or wrought iron and a Dlinority of composite ｪｲｯｮｾ｡､Ｍｳｴ･｣ｬ＠ artefacts, even quench-hardened, of foreign origin. HISTORICAL METALLURGY, 24/ 1, 1990. Relating to early iron technology there are the 334 following papers: O. P. Agrawal et at.: Lamination technique in iron artifacts ill ancient India, 12- 26. Metallography of iron artifacts from seven early Indian cClltres, dating fron, the 1200 BC up to 600 AD; all of the objects reveal different systems of piling and welding. D. Rose - G. Endlicher - A. Mucke: The oecurence of 'Iscorite' in medieval iron sing, 27- 32. A rather rare silicate phase as revealed in slags found during the excavation of 8th - 9th ecntury layers in the cathedral area at Rcgensburg. Germany. R. F. 7Ylecote: Oxidation eUIichment bands in wrought iron, 33-38. Sec the same title sub: The First Icon in the M(ditcrranean, p. 330 in this issue. D. Bick: Early iron ore production from the Forest of Dc an and District, 39- 42. Short notes of some two nlillions tons of bloomery slag within the Ariconium, Peterstown and Whitchurch areas, indicating the exploitation of about 274 000 tons of ore. H . L. KNAU • M. SONNECKEN: Die mittelalterlich·friihneuzeitlichen Eiscnhiittengebi ete VOIl Loope und Kaltenbach bei Engelskirchen - Ein Beitrag zur jahrhundcrtaltcn Tradition des Eisenhiittenwesens im bergisch-markisehen Wirtschaftsraum. [In Gmrnan: The iron smclting regions of the medieval and early post-medieval periods in the Loopc and Kaltc.nbach "'Valleys near EngcIskirchen, Western Germany]. Der Marker, 39/4, 1990, 155-166. A list of field re· connaissances and small excavations of bloomery sites and the "Massenlriittcn"-works in the region of Engelskirchen (114 bloomcries, 23 Masscnhiitten, 2 mines at IlTW\erkopf, both open-cast and underground). The medieval bloomery production (11 th - 15th centuries) was quite intensive and directed to wider consumption areas. J.·P. MOHEN: Metallurgie prehistorique. Introduction a la palccmHallurgie. [In French: Prehistoric Metallurgy - Introduction into the palaeometallurgy]. Paris - MiJuno - Barcelona - Mexico 1990,230 pp., numerous illustrations. This concise survey consists of following chapters devoted to the early metallurgy: I Aspects of the palacometallurgy, 2 Ores and native metals in the societies of the Stone Age, The beginning of the metallurgy in the HCC)pper Age'\ 5 Regional aspects of the Bronze Age metallurgy, 6 The metallurgy of the terrestric iron and the Iron Age, 7 The prehistoric societjes and the metals. Maps. ｃｨｲｯｮｾｬｧｩ｣｡＠ table. Biblicgraphy. Index. Within chapter 6, dealing with the metallurgy of iron, there are discussed the follC)wing topics: the principles of smelting iron ore, Hittite iron and diffusion of iron technology, introduction to Europe, hronze-, brass and gold-working in the Iron Age; notes on the metaUurgy of iron in Asia (China involved) and Africa. A useful and well equipped volume for archaeologists who need information on basic arehaeometallurgical data. A. MUCKE, see Historical Metallurgy, above. V. E. RADZIYEVSKAYA, see V. D. Gopak, above 1'.334. J. E. REHDER, see Archeomaterials, above p. 334·. D. ROSE, sce Historical Metallurgy, above. M. SONNECKEN, see H. L, Knau, above. R. F. TYLECOTE, see Historical Metallurgy, above. D. B. WAGNER, sce Archeomaterials, above p. 334. B. History of iron as mentioned in other publications (1990). EXPERIMENTELLE ARCHAOLOGIE IN DEUTSCHLAND. Archiiologisehe Mitteilungcn aus Nordwestdeutschland, Beiheft 4 (M. Fansa et a1. cd.), OIdenburg 1990. The book is, in fact, a guide to the large exhibition devoted to experimental archaeology in Germany which took place at Oldenburg, NW Germany, during summer 1990. From the contents, the following contributions deal with thc experiments relating to iron technology: F. Nikulka: Eisenverhiittung im Experiment, 377- 379. General remarks; H. Holsten - F. Nikulka: Eisenverhiittung 335 <lIs Forschungsprojckt: Planung, Durchfiihrung, Auswertung [Smelting of iron as trial: projecting, performance, evaluation], 379-393. Comments of experiments as carried out with slag-pit furnace models at Kukate, Hitzacker, and Gross-Mackelsen (induced as well as forced draught; yield: globular iron embedded in the slag block); H.-V. Garbers: Experimentelle Eisenverhiittung oder der Versuch den aIten Schm:eIzern auf die Schicke zu koromen [The experimental smelting of iron or a trial how to be up to early smelters' tricks], 394- 4·04. Experimental smelts in a slag-pit furnace of the Romano-Barbarian period in the NW Germany; E. Giese: Rekonstruktionsversuch einer friihmittelalterlichon Esse [Reconstruction of an early medieval blacksmith's hearth], 405-408. A hearth with twin bellows inspired by the Scandinavian icono .. graphical sources. Acknowledgement: The editor wishes to express his thanks to Dr. P. Crew, Maentwrog for his kindly reading the manuscript of this issue.