Love spell

Editors Karl-Heinz Leven and Nadine Metzger Preview Encyclopedia of Medicine in the GrecoRoman World Contents of this Preview From the Publisher ........................................................................................................................ 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... 5 Sample Articles ............................................................................................................................. 14 From the Publisher Brill’s Encyclopedia of Medicine in the Greco-Roman World is a translation and significantly revised, updated, and expanded edition of the acclaimed reference work Antike Medizin: Ein Lexikon (2005), edited by Karl-Heinz Leven and published by Verlag C.H. Beck. The encyclopedia will be published as a fully searchable online resource (which will also contain the complete German-language original) and as a bound print volume. In this way, the German-language work will be made available to a much wider international readership, while simultaneously being expanded to add hundreds of new articles by renowned experts in the field. These new additions will provide coverage of more recent research, as well as filling in gaps in the original edition. The Encyclopedia of Medicine in the Greco-Roman World will prove an indispensable resource for scholars and students of medical history, classics, and archeology. Similarly, scholars working in neighboring disciplines, such as Arabic and Byzantine studies, will benefit from this reference work. Online publication is expected to commence in 2024, leading to the project’s completion and the publication of the print edition in 2025. General Editors Advisory Board Karl-Heinz Leven Nadine Metzger Giulia Ecca Philip van der Eijk Vivian Nutton Caroline Petit Evelyne Samama Laurence Totelin John Wee © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2023 | doi:10.1163/0000000000000_001 Introduction For most of Western history, medicine has been ‘Hippocratic,’ that is, based on the tradition of ancient Greek medicine. Since Hellenistic times, it has been closely linked to the figure of the ideal physician, Hippocrates. Modern scientific medicine began to take shape in the second half of the 19th century and has come to dominate how questions of health, sickness, the body, and the psyche are interpreted. It stands in stark contrast to the original framework of ‘Hippocratic’ medicine, though some connections to Greek and Roman antiquity remain. For example, Greek and Latin vocabulary continue to dominate modern medical terminology, as they have for over 2,000 years. Furthermore, there is a persistent belief that ancient medicine should still be regarded as a precursor to contemporary scientific medicine, though it differs greatly both in its methods and its conclusions. This attitude projects the interpretive power of modern medicine onto the past and can lead to fundamental misconceptions about medical theory and practice in Greek and Roman antiquity. Ancient medicine did not share the societal esteem of modern medicine, and physicians worked in entirely different theoretical and social contexts. The highly complex myth of modernity has strongly shaped our expectations of medicine. In the Encyclopedia of Medicine in the GrecoRoman World, the editors aspire to offer a comprehensive picture of ancient medicine. Hippocratic medicine certainly played a major role in the ancient world, but the body, health, and sickness were also topics of concern in ancient healing cults, while religious concepts, magical practices, and other everyday customs also played important roles. Medical services were not only provided by ‘physicians’ (Greek iatroi, Latin medici), but also by healers of various qualifications, origins, and genders. Midwives, drug dealers, magicians, purifiers, and mendicant priests all competed in a diverse medical marketplace. Each perceived illness, health, and the inner workings of the body and the soul according to their own lights. Their interpretations of these phenomena spanned natural history systems such as humoral pathology; pre-Socratic physical theories; magical efficacy principles; philosophical tenets; and demonological cosmologies. The Encyclopedia of Medicine in the Greco-Roman World maps this world of ancient ‘medicine’ across more than 1,000 articles. It discusses, for example, ancient physicians, philosophers, and authors working in various literary genres, as well as a variety of rulers with a connection to medicine. Topics include anatomical structures and organs (“kidney”), diseases (“epilepsy”), symptoms (“fever”), therapeutic methods (“bloodletting”), and pharmaceuticals (“theriac”), as well as explanations of ancient medical (“crasis”) or philosophical (“teleology”) concepts. Other entries are devoted to the broad sphere of healing cults and their gods (“Apollo”), sanctuaries (“Pergamum”), and archaeological evidence (“iamata”), or engage different magical measures (“incantation”). Furthermore, everyday health practices concerning food and drink (“wine”), gender and sexuality (“birth control”), and birth (“childbirth”) and death (“funeral”) are explored. Moreover, the encyclopedia addresses different age groups (“elderly”), professions (“wet-nurse”), ethnic communities (“Scythians”), and particular patients (“eunuchs”). In the field of natural history, the encyclopedia covers not only different areas of study (“alchemy”) and philosophical topics (“harmony”), but also animals (“dog”), substances (“amber”), and environmental phenomena (“seasons”). A number of articles deal with various research topics, such as text genres (“doxography”), epochs (“Byzantine medicine”), scholarly and scientific approaches (“authenticity criticism,” “paleopathology”), and reception history (“humanism”). While the encyclopedia focuses primarily on the Greco-Roman world from the archaic to the later ancient period, articles on Byzantine and Arabic reception, as well as survey articles on other medical cultures of the © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2023 | doi:10.1163/0000000000000_002 4 ancient Mediterranean, are also furnished in order to provide valuable context. In addition, the articles discuss ancient Greek and Roman terms, outline the ancient positions on each subject, provide precise citations of the ancient sources, and address the main research questions. The bibliographies provide an updated Introduction overview of text editions, translations, and essential secondary literature. The (online) accessibility of the articles is optimized by means of a dense network of cross-references, search filters, and an intuitive thematic ordering of the contents. Karl-Heinz Leven Nadine Metzger Table of Contents The following table of contents is preliminary and subject to change. A capite ad calcem Abortion Abscess Abstention from treatment Abu Bakr al-Razi Academy (of Plato) Aconite Addiction aDNA Aegae Aelianus Aelius Promotus Aeschylus Aetius of Amida Africa Agathangelus Age Agnellus of Ravenna Agnodice Air Aktuarios Alchemy Alcmaeon of Croton Alcohol Alexander of Aphrodisias Alexander of Tralleis Alexander the Great Alexandria Allergy Amazons Amber Amphiaraus Amputation Amulet Analogy Anamnesis Anatomy Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Andreas of Carystus Androgyny Andromachos of Crete Anesthesia Aneurysm Angina Animal experimentation Anonymus Londiniensis Anonymus Parisinus Anthimus Anthologia Palatina Anthrax Anthropology Anthropomorphism Anthropophagy Antidote Antiochis of Tlos Antonius Musa Antyllus Anus Aorta Aphorism Aphrodisiac Apicius Apollo Apollo Grannus Apollodorus of Alexandria Apollonides of Cos Apollonius Mys Apollonius of Citium Apollonius of Tyana Apollophanes of Seleucia Apoplexy Apostasy Apotheca Appendix Apuleius Arabia © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2023 | doi:10.1163/0000000000000_003 Arabic medicine Archaeology Archagathus Archiatros Archigenes of Apamea Aretaeus of Cappadocia Aristides, Aelius Aristophanes Aristotelianism Aristotle Arrow Arsenic Artemidorus Capiton Artemidorus of Daldis Artemis Artemius Artery Arthritis Asceticism Ascites Asclepiades Asclepiades of Bithynia Asclepieum Asclepius Asparagus Asphodel Asthma Astronomy/astrology Atheism Athena Athenaeus of Attalia Athenaeus of Naucratis Athens Athlete Atomism Augurs Augustinus Augustus Authenticity criticism 6 Authority Autobiography Autopsia cadaverum Avicenna Babylon Bacchius of Tanagra Baldness Balsam Barbarian Basil of Caesarea Baths Bean ban Beard Bed Beer Belladonna Benedict of Nursia Bible (New Testament) Bible (Old Testament) Biology Birth control Bladder Bladder disorders Bladder stone Blindness Blood Blood flow Blood vessels Bloodletting Body Bone fracture Bones Botany Boxing Brain Branding iron Bread Brothel Bull’s blood Byzantine medicine Cabbage Caelius Aurelianus Caesar Table of Contents Caesarean section Caligula Callimachus (Herophilian) Camel Cancer Cantharides Cardamom Cardinal direction Care for the elderly Care for the poor Care of the sick Caries Case history Cassiodorus Cassius Cassius Dio Cassius Felix Castration Catacomb paintings Catheter Cato the Elder Cauterization Celsus Character Chastity Cheese Child Child mortality Childbirth Childhood diseases Childlessness China Chiron Cholera Christianity Christians Chronicle Chrysippus of Cnidus Chrysippus of Soli Church Cicero Cinnamon Circumcision City Claudius Claudius Ptolemy Clemens of Alexandria Cleopatra Climate Climate changes Climate history Clitoris Club foot Clyster Cnidus Coagulation Colleague Color Columella Comedy Comet Commentary Conception Confidentiality Conjoined twins Conservation Conspiracy Constantine the Great Constantine VII Porphyrogennetus Constantinople Consultation in conference Contagion Coproscopy Coptic medicine Corpse Corpus Hippiatricorum Graecorum Corpus Iuris Civilis Cos Cosmas and Damian Cosmetics Cosmology Coughing Counterfeiting of medicines Court physician Crateuas Creation Crucifixion Ctesias of Cnidus 7 Table of Contents Cuisine Culpability Cupping Curative travel Cure Curse Cyranides Damocrates Death Deformity Degeneration Delirium Delphi Dementia Demeter Demetrius Pepagomenus Democedes of Croton Democritus Demography Demons Demosthenes Demosthenes Philalethes Dental care Dentistry Deontology Diabetes Diagnosis Diagnosis, retrospective Diaphragm Diarrhea Dietetics Digestion (humoral pathology) Digestion (metabolism) Dihairesis Diocles of Carystus Diodorus Diogenes Laertius Diogenes of Apollonia Diogenes of Oenoanda Diogenes of Sinope Dioscorides Dioscorides Phakas Dioscuri Diphilus of Siphnos Diphtheria Disability, physical Disease, seeds of Disease, transformation of Dislocation Diuretic Divination Dodona Dog Dogmatic school Doxography Dream Dreckapotheke Dropsy Dwarf Dying Dysentery Ear Earth Eating Ecstasy Editions, modern Education Egg Egypt Egyptian medicine Eileithyia Eisagogē Elderly person Element Elephantiasis Embalming Embryo Embryology Embryotomy Emotions Empedocles Emperor Empiricists Encyclopedia Endemic Environment Ephesus Epic Epictetus Epicurus Epidaurus Epidemic Epigram Epilepsy Epimenides Epiphany Epistle Erasistrateans Erasistratus of Ceos Ergotism Eros Erotapokrisis Erotianus Erotomania Eryximachus Ether Ethics Ethiopia Etiology Etruscans Etymology Eudemus [1] Eudemus [2] Eudoxus of Cnidus Eunuch Euphemism Euripides Eusebius of Caesarea Eustathius of Thessalonica Euthanasia Evil eye Examination Exanthem Exercise (therapy) Exercise, passive Exhibitionism Exotic drugs/spices Experiment Expert witness Eye Fable Facies hippocratica 8 Famine Famine Fasting Fat Fatigue Female doctor Fever Fire Fish Fistula Fixatio Flatulence Foetor Foot Fragment collection Fruit Fumigation Funeral Fungi Galen Galenism Galenism, AntiGall (bile) Gangrene Gargalismos Gargilius Martialis Garlic Gauls Gellius Gemstone Gender fluidity Genitalia Germani Gesius Gladiators Gladiators’ physician Gland Glass Glaucias of Tarentum Glaucoma God Goiter Gorgias Table of Contents Gout Grain Grave Gregorius of Nazianzus Gregorius of Nyssa Gymnastics Gynecology Hades Hair Hammurabi Hand Harmony Haruspices Head Headache Healing cult Healing deities Healing power Healing principle Health Healthcare Hearing Heart Heathens Hecataeus of Miletus Heliodorus Hellebore Hellenistic medicine Hemlock Hemophilia Hemorrhoids Hemp Henbane Hera Heraclides of Tarentum Heraclides Ponticus Heraclitus Herbs Hercules Heredity Hermogenes Hero Herodicus of Selymbria Herodotus [1] Herodotus [2] Herophileans Herophilus Hesiodus Hiccough Hiera Hieronymus Hippocrates Hippocratic Corpus/Corpus Hippocraticum Hippocratic Oath Hippocratic pseudepigrapha Hippocratism Historiography History of medicine Hittites Holism Homeopathy Honey Horatius Hospital Human experimentation Humanism Humor (wit) Humoral pathology Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq Hunger Hygieia Hygiene Hypatia Hypochondriac Hypospadias Hysteria Iacobus Psychrestus Iatromantis Iatromathematics Iatrosopheion Iatrosophistes Ice Ichor Ileus Iliad 9 Table of Contents Illness Illness, acute Illness, chronic Illustrations Imhotep Immortality Immunity Impotence Incantation Incest Incubation (ritual) Incubus Incurability India Indian medicine Infant Infant exposure Infibulation Inflammation Inscriptions Insects Insomnia Inspection Instruments Intestine Intubation Invective Iohannes Alexandrinus Iohannes Chrysostomus Iohannes Philoponus Iohannes Zacharias Actuarius Iosephus Flavius Iris Iron Isidorus of Seville Isis Isolation Isonomia Isyllus of Epidaurus Iustinianus I Iuvenalis Jaundice Jaw Jesus Jewish medicine Joint Julius Firmicus Maternus Kairos Kataplasma Katastasis Katharsis Kausos (ardent fever) Kidney Kidney ailments Kidney stone Klepsydra Komnenoi Krasis Krisis Labor (childbirth) Lactantius Latrine Laws Laying-on of hands Lead Lead poisoning Learning disability Leech Leo the Physician Leontiasis Leprosy Lethargy Letters of the alphabet Lexicography Libanius Liber Byzantii Library Life Life expectancy Liver Livius Lizard Lochia Louse Love Love spell Lucianus of Samosata Lucretius Lunatism Lung Lycanthropy Lycium Lymph Lysias Machaon Madness, Caesarean Magic Magical papyri Magician Magnet Magnus of Nisibis Malaria Male Malingering Malpractice Mandrake Manetho Mania Manuscripts Marcellus Empiricus Marcellus of Side Marcus Aurelius Marcus Manilius Marinus of Alexandria Marital age Marriage Martialis Martyrs Mass grave Massage Mastic Masturbation Materia medica Maternal impression Maternal mortality Mazaris Meal Meat 10 Medea Medical corps Medical critiques Medical marketplace Medical school Medicine Medieval medicine Melancholy Meletius Memory Menecrates (called ‘Zeus’) Meninges Menopause Menstruation Mental illness Mercury Mesopotamian medicine Mesotes Metaphor Meteorology Methodic school Metrodora Miasma Midwife Military medical personnel Military physician Milk Miracle healer Miracle healing Miracle of punishment Misanthropy Miscarriage Misdiagnosis Mithridates Mithridaticum Mnesitheus Monastery Monk Monkey Moon Mosaic Mosquito Mother’s milk Mouse Mouseion Table of Contents Mouth Mulomedicina Chironis Multiple birth Mummy Mumps Muscle Muses Music Mustio Myrrhe Myth Natural disaster Nature Nemesius of Emesa Nepenthes Nero Nerve Neurology Newborn Nicander of Colophon Nicephorus Blemmydes Nicolaus Myrepsus Night blindness Nose Nosebleed Nosology Novel Nudity Numbers Numisianus Numismatics Nursing period Nutrition Obesity Obstetrics Occupation Occupational diseases Odyssey Oedipus Oil Old age Onion Ophthalmology Oracle Organ Oribasius of Pergamum Origin of life Orthopedics Ovidius Paean Paidotribes Pain Painting Palaestra Palaiologoi Paleogenetics Paleopathology Palladius [1] Palladius [2] Palynology Panacea Pancreas Pandora Papyrus Parabalani Paralysis Parasite Parenchyma Parmenides Pathology Pathology of solids Patient Patristics Paulus Nicaeus Paulus of Aegina Pearl Pelagonius Pepper Pergamum Periodic fever Persia Petronius Phallus Pharmacist Pharmacological theory Pharmacopoeia Pharmacy 11 Table of Contents Pharmakos (human scapegoat) Philagrius Philanthropy Philaretus Philinus of Cos Philo of Alexandria Philosophy Philostratus, Flavius Philumenus Phlegm Phrenitis Phthisis Physician Physician as patient Physicians, training of Physicians’ burials Physicians’ fees Physiognomy Physiology Pindarus Placenta Plague Plague of Antoninus Plague of Athens Plague of Justinian Planet Plaster Plato Plautus Play Plethora Pleuritis Plinius the Elder Plinius the Younger Plutarchus Plutus Pneuma Pneumatic school Pneumonia Podalirius Poetry Poison Poison, murder by Poisoning of wells Polemic Polemon of Laodice Pollution Polybius of Megalopolis Polybus Polydactyly Pomegranate Pompeii Poppy Popular medicine Porphyrius of Tyre Poseidonius of Apamea Possession Praxagoras of Cos Prayer Pregnancy Prescription Pre-Socratics Priapus Priest Prisoner Procopius of Caesarea Procreation Prodicus Prognosis Progress Prophet Prosthesis Prostitute Prostitution Protagoras Pruritus Prussic acid Psellos, Michael Psychoanalysis Ptolemaic Dynasty Puberty Public physician Puerperal fever Puerperium Pulse Pupil Purgative Pus Putrefaction Pythagoras Pythagoreans Quack Qualities Quintilianus Rabies Race Racism Rape Rat Ravenna Relief Religion Res non naturales Research Resin Respiration Rhetoric Rheumatism Riding Rod of Asclepius Roman medicine Rome Rome, fall of Root-cutter Rufus of Ephesus Sacred Disease Saint Salerno Saliva Salt Salus Satire Satyriasis Schools of medicine Science Scorpion Scribonius Largus Sculpture Scurvy Scythians Seasickness Seasons 12 Seleucids Semen Semiotics Seneca the Younger Senses Sepsis Septuagint Serapis Sermon Serpent of Asclepius Seth, Symeon Sewerage Sex (gender) Sextus Empiricus Sexual intercourse Sexuality Sexuality, same-sex Sexually transmitted diseases Shame Short-sightedness Sin Skeleton Skin Skin colour Skin diseases Skull Slave Sleep Smallpox Snake Sneezing Socrates Sophist Sophocles Soporific Soranus Sortes Astrampsychi Sortes Sangallenses Soul Specialist literature Specialist physician Speculum Spices Spleen Squint Table of Contents Staple foodstuff Statilius Crito Stephanus of Athens Stoa Stomach Straton of Lampsacus Stratonice Street cleaning Stroke Stylite Suda Suffocation Sugar Suicide Sulfur Summaria Alexandrinorum Sun Superfetation Superstition Suppository Surgeon Surgery Swaddling Sweat Swimming Swoon Sylphium Sympathia Symptom Syphilis Syrian medicine Tacitus Taster Tatianus Techne Teething Teleology Telephus Telesphorus Temple Terminology Tertullianus Tetanus Teukros of Babylon Thales Theater Themison of Laodicea Themistius Theoderic the Great Theodorus Priscianus Theophanes Chrysobalantes Theophilus Protospatharius Theophrastus of Eresus Therapy Theriac Thermae Thessalus of Cos Thessalus of Tralles [1] Thessalus of Tralles [2] Thirst Thucydides Timaeus Timarion Time measurement Tin Tisane Tissue Tongue Tonsillitis Tooth Tourniquet Trachea Tradition Tragedy Translation into Arabic Translation into Latin Translation into Syriac Travelling Tree Trepanation Trial and error Tumor Twins Tzetzes, Iohannes Ulceration Umbilical cord Unicorn Ureter 13 Table of Contents Urethra Urine Uroscopy Valetudinarium Varicose vein Varro Vegetable Vegetarianism Vegetius Vein Vergilius Vespasianus Veterinary medicine Vindicianus Vinegar Virginity Virtue Virus Visiting round Vitruvius Vivisection Vocal exercises Vomiting Votive gifts Warfare, biological and chemical Water Water supply Wet-nurse Widowhood Wig Winds Wine Woman Womb Worms Wounds Written form Xenocrates of Aphrodisias Xenophanes Xenophon of Athens Xenophon of Cos Yawning Yellow bile Youth Zeno of Citium Zeno of Elea Zeus Zoonosis Zopyrus of Alexandria Brill’s Encyclopedia of Medicine in the Greco-Roman World is a translation and significantly revised, updated, and expanded edition of the acclaimed reference work Antike Medizin: Ein Lexikon (2005), edited by Karl-Heinz Leven and published by Verlag C.H. Beck. The encyclopedia will be published e published as a fully searchable online resource (which will also contain the complete German-language original) and as a bound print volume. In this way, the German-language work will be made available to a much wider international ernational readership, while simultaneously being expanded to add hundreds of new articles by renowned experts in the field. These new additions will provide coverage of more recent research, as well as filling in gaps in the original edition. ME The Encyclopedia of Medicine in the Greco-Roman WorME will prove an , classics, indispensable resource for scholars and students of medical history, classics, and archeology. Similarly, scholars working in neighboring disciplines, such as Arabic and Byzantine studies, will benefit from this t from reference this reference work. work. Online publication is expected to commence in 2024, leading to the project’s t’s completion and the publication of the print edition in 2025. General Editors Karl-Heinz Leven Nadine Metzger Advisory Board Giulia Ecca Philip van der Eijk Vivian Nutton Caroline Petit Evelyne Samama Laurence Totelin John Wee