- Greek Epigraphy, Ancient Anatolia, Strabo, Greek and Roman Religion, Ancient Greek and Roman literacy, Greeks in Occident, and 34 moreAncient Greek education, Ancient Greek Literature, Archaeology, Ancient History, Latin Epigraphy, Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, Ancient Greek Law, Ancient Greek Epigraphy, The Orphic Hymns, Ancient Sicily, Ephesos, Ancient Literacy, Lydian, Phrygian Art, Greek Papyrology, Ancient Religion, Asia Minor, History of Late Classical and Hellenistic Asia Minor, Religious Rhetoric, Greek and Roman School and Education, Phrygian, Classics, Greek Literature, Connections between roman imperialism and greek culture, Education in antiquity, Ancient Greek Rhetoric, Second Sophistic, Avant-garde and modernist music, Aelius Aristides, Ancient Graffiti (Archaeology), Anthropology of Death, Graffiti, Graffiti in history, and Latin graffitiedit
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In the Ancient Graeco-Roman East different types of cultural interactions between the Greek and the local cultures took place. The present book analyses them from different viewpoints in their different manifestations (education,... more
In the Ancient Graeco-Roman East different types of cultural interactions between the Greek and the local cultures took place. The present book analyses them from different viewpoints in their different manifestations (education, language, literature, etc.), and in different geographical areas: Egypt, Syria, Pontus, Cappadocia, Propontis, Bithynia, Phrygia, Pisidia or the whole of Asia Minor. Did the Greek paideia intermingle with local traditions in the education of the local ruling classes? Did that have an impact on their prestige? Did this affect other social classes? What was the extent and consequences of the linguistic contact between Greek and the local languages? Were there phenomena of Greek – Local cultural translations or adaptations? What was the degree of penetration of the Greek literary models or topoi? How was the interaction of Greek paideia and the ancestral (local or regional) religions? What was the role of the Greek paideia as a signpost of identity? How did Greek and Latin coexist in this context? To answer questions such as these ones, the different papers in the current book analyse each of them from a particular point of view paying attention to the evidence available.
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Anatolia is an area of the Ancient world with a remarkable borderland-character between the Greek and the Oriental world. The present book studies several ancient Anatolian cults and sanctuaries, focusing on the process of interaction... more
Anatolia is an area of the Ancient world with a remarkable borderland-character between the Greek and the Oriental world. The present book studies several ancient Anatolian cults and sanctuaries, focusing on the process of interaction between indigenous cultures (Lycian, Carian, Pisidian, Cilician, Lydian, Pontic), Persians, Greeks, and Roman. Which Greek practices did the natives adopt as part of their own tradition, especially in far-flung regions such as Pontus or Pisidia? How did these practices together with the survival, or even revival, of ancient traditions help forge a sort of regional identity in local sanctuaries? Which were the different roles played in this process by the local elites and the rural indigenous populations?
To answer such questions, each specific contribution presents a case-study with a thorough analysis of the available epigraphic, numismatic, literary, and archaeological evidence from a linguistic, historical, and religious perspective. Gathered from a vast geographical area – from Ionia to Cilicia –, this book explores different examples of these interactions expressed through local versions of major Greek and Anatolian deities: the Xanthian Leto, Ma of Comana, the Carian Sinuri, Men Askaenos, Men Axiottenos, Apollo Syrmaios, Artemis Sardiane, Meter Sipylene, a Cilician Zeus Ceraunius and the river-gods.
To answer such questions, each specific contribution presents a case-study with a thorough analysis of the available epigraphic, numismatic, literary, and archaeological evidence from a linguistic, historical, and religious perspective. Gathered from a vast geographical area – from Ionia to Cilicia –, this book explores different examples of these interactions expressed through local versions of major Greek and Anatolian deities: the Xanthian Leto, Ma of Comana, the Carian Sinuri, Men Askaenos, Men Axiottenos, Apollo Syrmaios, Artemis Sardiane, Meter Sipylene, a Cilician Zeus Ceraunius and the river-gods.
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Corpus of the Greek inscriptions of Spain and Portugal
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Resumen: las inscripciones griegas prerromanas halladas en la Península Ibérica son un testimonio valioso para conocer diversos aspectos del contacto entre griegos e íberos y la posible influencia del uso epigráfico griego en el ibérico,... more
Resumen: las inscripciones griegas prerromanas halladas en la Península Ibérica son un testimonio valioso para conocer diversos aspectos del contacto entre griegos e íberos y la posible influencia del uso epigráfico griego en el ibérico, pero también para proporcionar posibles paralelos y vías de interpretación en el estudio de las inscripciones ibéricas.
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Las colonias jonias en Iberia y Galia tienen unas particularidades en su hábito epigráfico que resultan sorprendentes y que ya han sido objeto de discusión por los investigadores. Lo más destacado de ese hábito son precisamente sus... more
Las colonias jonias en Iberia y Galia tienen unas particularidades en su hábito epigráfico que resultan sorprendentes y que ya han sido objeto de discusión por los investigadores. Lo más destacado de ese hábito son precisamente sus ausencias: no hay inscripciones oficiales relativas a la administración y actuación política de la ciudad; tampoco hay normas cultuales; las inscripciones en piedra, aparte de escasas, no son anteriores al s. III-II a.C. con sólo tres excepciones, una de ellas dudosa y otra consistente en marcas de construcción; y más sorprendente aún, no hay epigrafía funeraria ni cultual hasta esta misma fecha a excepción de las dos en piedra mencionadas, encontradas en Massalia. En este artículo se propone una explicación de estas particularidades mediante el análisis del hábito epigráfico en la Jonia de la metrópolis y mediante la comparación con el hábito de las otras colonias jonias del mar Negro y de Magna Grecia.
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El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el uso del griego en verso en Hispania y Galia, tanto en inscripciones monolingües como bilingües grecolatinas, independientemente de que el texto latino esté escrito en prosa o verso, con el fin de... more
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el uso del griego en verso en Hispania y Galia, tanto en inscripciones monolingües como bilingües grecolatinas, independientemente de que el texto latino esté escrito en prosa o verso, con el fin de comprender desde una perspectiva social y cultural la práctica bilingüe en estas áreas donde el latín era la lengua dominante.
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Research Interests: Culture, Linguistics, Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, Ancient Greek Epigraphy, Institutions, and 15 moreEpigraphy, Cultura, Asia Minor, Ephesus, Language Studies, Ephesos, Instituciones, Epigrafía, Historical Studies, Greek education, Ancient Greek education, Gymnasium, Emerita, Asia Menor, and educación griega
Graffiti written on ceramics are almost the only epigraphic evidence in Emporion from Archaic times, and the main evidence available until the 2nd century BC. The first part of this paper analyses the information that Greek graffiti... more
Graffiti written on ceramics are almost the only epigraphic evidence in Emporion from Archaic times, and the main evidence available until the 2nd century BC. The first part of this paper analyses the information that Greek graffiti provide on these first centuries regarding the custom of the symposion and gift exchange related or not to it; the presence of women in the colony-also related or not to the symposion; and the presence of foreigners. It further studies problems concerning the Emporitan origin of ownership and trade graffiti departing mainly from linguistic and alphabetic features, and the lack of other types of epigraphic habits. In the second part, the paper applies the conclusions of the first part to study, on the one hand, the link between Emporion and the motherland, and on the other, its connection to the rest of the Greek world, especially with Athens. The aim of the analysis is to seek an explanation for this particular epigraphic habit in the colony until Hellenistic times, and trace its origin to previous models. * This paper has been prepared with financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project: FFI2011-25506). I want to thank Javier de Hoz and Madalina Dana for their comments on a previous version of this text.
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Elements in Roman Anatolia that can be traced back to ancient Phrygia are concentrated in an area that does not include the whole territory called Phrygia at certain moments and by certain authors. The aim of this paper is to identify... more
Elements in Roman Anatolia that can be traced back to ancient Phrygia are concentrated in an area that does not include the whole territory called Phrygia at certain moments and by certain authors. The aim of this paper is to identify that territory, to see its possible relationship with the real ancient presence of Phrygians-not just Phrygian domination and influence-and to consider if these traces in Roman times should be considered a voluntary revival of identity or survival through the centuries.
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Not only does the Phrygian language have a particularly close kinship with Greek, but its testimonies in Hellenistic and Roman times must be contextualised with regard to its contact with this language and alphabet. My intention here is... more
Not only does the Phrygian language have a particularly close kinship with Greek, but its testimonies in Hellenistic and Roman times must be contextualised with regard to its contact with this language and alphabet. My intention here is to approach Phrygian from the point of view of the Greek language, and in the context of the Greek–Phrygian bilingualism attested in inscriptions in Asia Minor during Roman times. This approach, which is largely sociolinguistic in nature, has already been dealt with in particular by Brixhe, whose work is an essential starting point for any analysis of this subject. Some observations will be made along these lines, which I believe support the idea that Phrygian was still a spoken language in Roman times. Some of them are of a historical nature, and others deal with literacy and linguistic matters.
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Literatura e Historia mantienen desde la Antigüedad una muy estrecha relación, hasta el punto de que sin la primera no es posible el conocimiento cabal de la segunda. La Historia se muestra como un artefacto literario que interpela... more
Literatura e Historia mantienen desde la Antigüedad una muy estrecha relación, hasta el punto de que sin la primera no es posible el conocimiento cabal de la segunda. La Historia se muestra como un artefacto literario que interpela emocionalmente al lector de manera similar, y a la vez diferente, a como lo hace, por ejemplo, una novela. Podría, incluso, admitirse que la Historia es una forma de Literatura, algo cierto en el caso del Mundo Clásico. Esa dialéctica entre Literatura e Historia, ya presente en la Antigüedad, tanto en la forma de transmitir los sucesos históricos a través de la poesía o la retórica, como en la teorización de lo que era o debía ser la Historia por autores como Tucídides, Aristóteles, Polibio, Cicerón o Quintiliano, nos lleva ineludiblemente al planteamiento de los conceptos de verdad y verosimilitud.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze all the evidence from Asia Minor with references to Mouseia. Mouseia from Asia Minor are not attested in the literary sources, but they appear in inscriptions from Ephesus, Pergamum, Smyrna, Magnesia on... more
The aim of this paper is to analyze all the evidence from Asia Minor with references to Mouseia. Mouseia from Asia Minor are not attested in the literary sources, but they appear in inscriptions from Ephesus, Pergamum, Smyrna, Magnesia on the Meander, Mylasa, Stratonicea, Antioch in Pisidia, Perge, Side, Halikarnassus, and Tavium in Galatia. The evidence is analyzed to determine which of the Mouseia may refer to the Alexandrine Mouseion and which of them to local Mouseia; and if the local Mouseia are institutions, public spaces, associations or something else. The evidence will be set against the intellectual context of the different cities in the time of Hadrian's philhellenism and the second sophistic movement.
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Este texto de homenaje a Jaime Siles es un recuerdo, a través de la propia figura del homenajeado y de uno de sus recientes libros de poemas, de los antiguos poetas y maestros que, sobre todo en época helenística, deleitaban y enseñaban... more
Este texto de homenaje a Jaime Siles es un recuerdo, a través de la propia figura del homenajeado y de uno de sus recientes libros de poemas, de los antiguos poetas y maestros que, sobre todo en época helenística, deleitaban y enseñaban en los gymnasia de las ciudades y en los grandes santuarios con obras de su tradición griega y sus propias recreaciones basadas en aquellos.
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El estudio del material epigrafico griego en Lidia revela que la helenizacion cultual fue en realidad muy escasa, excepto en la zona mas occidental. Tampoco la presencia persa produjo un cambio decisivo en este aspecto, y los paralelos... more
El estudio del material epigrafico griego en Lidia revela que la helenizacion cultual fue en realidad muy escasa, excepto en la zona mas occidental. Tampoco la presencia persa produjo un cambio decisivo en este aspecto, y los paralelos formales entre los cultos indigenas y el judaismo se explican por coincidencias en su concepcion religiosa y un uso comun del griego. Las tendencias generales de la filosofia y la religion del momento simplemente estimularon las lineas de evolucion de la religion autoctona.
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The city of Priene, in the Western coast of Asia Minor, has left us two mural archives from the Hellenistic period that constitute a true reflection of the city’s political and social history. After presenting the two archives, the one... more
The city of Priene, in the Western coast of Asia Minor, has left us two mural archives from the Hellenistic period that constitute a true reflection of the city’s political and social history. After presenting the two archives, the one belonging to Athena’s temple and the other to the sacred stoa, the latter’s decrees will be analyzed, with special attention paid to the institution of the gymnasion as an optimal case study for the purpose of understanding the aim of the publication of certain texts in relevant places of the city, being intended to be read and discussed, and to be preserved everlastingly. The information provided by the honorary decrees will be contrasted with that of the gymnasia’s mural inscriptions –which notably differ in character from the former’s–, with the aim of reconstructing, insofar as possible, the history of the two Hellenistic gymnasia of Priene as well as their importance as euergetic objects.
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There are a great number of metric dedications to the gods in Asia Minor that are worth studying in order to document the level of dispersal of Greek paideia in the different areas of that vast territory, as well as the level of survival... more
There are a great number of metric dedications to the gods in Asia Minor that are worth studying in order to document the level of dispersal of Greek paideia in the different areas of that vast territory, as well as the level of survival of ancient local cults. Some verse dedications from late-Hellenised settlements and rural areas of the interior of the Peninsula will be presented in this paper, and analysed as example of the interaction between both phenomena. The cult content of the dedications will be compared with local, prose inscriptions that seem to be made by roughly Hellenised persons who maintained their ancestral religious customs and beliefs. The conclusion is that metric dedications in the rural centre of Asia Minor adapted the Greek paideia to their own religious world. At the same time, the religious elements we find in these dedications demonstrate that oriental religions are the main origin of a new religious koine that was being created in the Greek world from at least the end of the Hellenistic period. Some of the religious elements of the dedications analyzed in this paper are surely local, but they belong at the same time to this religious koine that returns to the East integrated in the Greek paideia.
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(Artículo de divulgación) En la cima del Nemrut Dag, actual Turquía oriental y antiguo reino de Comagene, el rey Antíoco I se hizo levantar un enorme recinto funerario en el s. I a.C. con la intención de que se celebrara todos los años en... more
(Artículo de divulgación) En la cima del Nemrut Dag, actual Turquía oriental y antiguo reino de Comagene, el rey Antíoco I se hizo levantar un enorme recinto funerario en el s. I a.C. con la intención de que se celebrara todos los años en el futuro un culto en su honor y el de los dioses patrios de su doble linaje griego e iranio. Una inscripción de más de 200 líneas explica todo el programa funerario e iconográfico, y presenta unas normas sagradas para la observación del culto.
At the top of Nemrut Dag, today's eastern Turkey, Antiochus I, King of the Comagene, had a huge burial site built in the 1st century BC with the intention of having a cult held every year in his honour and that of the patriotic gods of his dual Greek and Iranian lineage. An inscription of more than 200 lines explains the entire funeral and iconographic program, and presents sacred rules for observing the cult.
At the top of Nemrut Dag, today's eastern Turkey, Antiochus I, King of the Comagene, had a huge burial site built in the 1st century BC with the intention of having a cult held every year in his honour and that of the patriotic gods of his dual Greek and Iranian lineage. An inscription of more than 200 lines explains the entire funeral and iconographic program, and presents sacred rules for observing the cult.
Research Interests: Hellenistic History, Greek Epigraphy, Hellenism, Hellenistic and Roman Asia Minor, History of Late Classical and Hellenistic Asia Minor, and 9 moreAncient Greek Epigraphy, History of the Hellenistic World (Focus: Seleucid Empire), Greek and Roman Epigraphy, Commagene, Epigraphy, Epigrafia Griega, Epigrafia, Nemrut Dağ, tumulus, Kommagene, and Antiochos I of Commagene
The aim of this paper is to offer a new approach to the study of Dionysius’ regulations for his private association or cult in Lydian Philadelphia (TAM V 3, 1539). Instead of seeing these regulations as a strict sectarian moral code or as... more
The aim of this paper is to offer a new approach to the study of Dionysius’ regulations for his private association or cult in Lydian Philadelphia (TAM V 3, 1539). Instead of seeing these regulations as a strict sectarian moral code or as a peculiar normative system directly and mainly motivated by philosophical or medical theoretical concerns, they are analysed within their own cultural context as a statute set in a society with shared values. The regulations concerning the use of magic drugs, abortion, and adultery, as well as complicity, connivance or knowledge with concealment of these acts, are compared to laws in force at the time. These provisions, and the religious strategies of Dionysius to achieve the moral purity of the association’s (or the cult’s) members are compared with epigraphic and literary evidence of the same chronological period. The conclusion is that the goal of Dionysius as an educated and influential person was to contribute to society by creating a well-ordered community where respect to the gods and respect to civil laws went hand in hand.
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In Greek inscriptions on cult foundations and regulations from the Hellenistic period onwards it is possible to see the development of an especial religious discourse that includes ancient and new hymnic elements, in addition to new topoi... more
In Greek inscriptions on cult foundations and regulations from the Hellenistic period onwards it is possible to see the development of an especial religious discourse that includes ancient and new hymnic elements, in addition to new topoi that do not belong to the Hymn tradition. This new religious discourse develops incorporating new features of Greco-Roman religion, strongly influenced by oriental cults, and at the same time well aware of the new philosophical trends that very much pervaded religion at this time. Some sacred inscriptions from the third century BC onwards show precedents of elements well attested in the sacred literary prose of the second century AD. In this paper, the main topoi that constitute this new religious discourse will be analyzed looking specifically at the topoi concerning the founder of the sacred institution or norms, the god or gods worshipped and the worshippers,
and also the topoi concerning the content of the foundation norms and the resources used to force the observance of the norms.
and also the topoi concerning the content of the foundation norms and the resources used to force the observance of the norms.
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A new lead tablet with Greek text, possibly a letter from the 4th c. BC, is published here. The edition and partial translation is accompanied by a chronological, paleographic and linguistic study, and a comment that includes some... more
A new lead tablet with Greek text, possibly a letter from the 4th c. BC, is published here. The edition and partial translation is accompanied by a chronological, paleographic and linguistic study, and a comment that includes some hypotheses about its interpretation within this special genre of documents, whose number and significance are continuously
increasing.
increasing.
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Ramsay's interpretation of some Greek funerary inscriptions from Roman Phrygia Epictetus as referring to a prayer dedicated to Zeus Bronton and at the same time to the deceased has been rejected by Waelkens. Following him, these are now... more
Ramsay's interpretation of some Greek funerary inscriptions from Roman Phrygia Epictetus as referring to a prayer dedicated to Zeus Bronton and at the same time to the deceased has been rejected by Waelkens. Following him, these are now normally interpreted as prayers made only to the god in order to protect the grave and/or as ex-votos to the god. this paper returns to ramsay's interpretation and, though not necessarily accepting the idea of a divinisation of the deceased in Roman Phrygia Epictetus, it does accept the idea of a cult to the deceased, and the role of the deceased as an intermediary between gods and men. Other particularities in the epigraphy of this same area are adduced as proof of an especial Phrygian hierarchical conception of the divine world and of the especial relations between gods and men.
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Distinguishing between private and public responsibilities in Greek education from as early as Archaic times on is a difficult task. From the beginning, education was conceived of mainly as civic education, the education of youths as... more
Distinguishing between private and public responsibilities in Greek education from as early as Archaic times on is a difficult task. From the beginning, education was conceived of mainly as civic education, the education of youths as citizens of a Greek community. The objective of this contribution is to analyse professional associations dealing with education in Asia Minor, focusing on their private/public character and their relationship with the state, and comparing them with other professional associations.
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Epigraphic, numismatic, literary and archaeological sources do not seem to agree in the identification of the main goddess of Imperial Sardis. The traditional Artemis Sardiane disappears from the epigraphic evidence in the 1st century AD,... more
Epigraphic, numismatic, literary and archaeological sources do not seem to agree in the identification of the main goddess of Imperial Sardis. The traditional Artemis Sardiane disappears from the epigraphic evidence in the 1st century AD, and it is not attested on coin legends, although her temple undergoes reconstruction in the time of Antoninus Pius. The Chrysanthina games and an archaic Anatolian cult image appear
from the 1st century AD onwards as city symbols. Late in the 2nd century AD the image is accompanied by the legend Koraia Aktia on a coin, and other epigraphic evidence related to a goddess named Kore surfaces. Demeter is called the goddess of Sardis by Apollonius of Tyana; she symbolises the fertility of the city on coins of the 1st century AD in relation to the image of the emperors, and the Eleusinian myth
becomes a usual coin-motif. This paper re-evaluates the existing material and concludes that Artemis Sardiane is still the main goddess of Sardis in the Imperial period, while it tries to explain the relation between the three goddesses and the apparent inconsistencies in the sources, focusing on the use of ancient traditions, Hellenic identification and cult syncretism by the self-representation politics of the city.
from the 1st century AD onwards as city symbols. Late in the 2nd century AD the image is accompanied by the legend Koraia Aktia on a coin, and other epigraphic evidence related to a goddess named Kore surfaces. Demeter is called the goddess of Sardis by Apollonius of Tyana; she symbolises the fertility of the city on coins of the 1st century AD in relation to the image of the emperors, and the Eleusinian myth
becomes a usual coin-motif. This paper re-evaluates the existing material and concludes that Artemis Sardiane is still the main goddess of Sardis in the Imperial period, while it tries to explain the relation between the three goddesses and the apparent inconsistencies in the sources, focusing on the use of ancient traditions, Hellenic identification and cult syncretism by the self-representation politics of the city.
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"La filiación en las inscripciones griegas de Asia Menor", en P. de Navascués-M. Crespo- A. Sáez (edd.), Filiación. Cultura pagana, religión de Israel, orígenes del cristianismo vol. III (Actas de las V y VI Jornadas de estudio. La Filiación en los inicios de la reflexión cristiana), Madrid: Trotta 2009 [2011], pp. 85-105 more
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Geographia Antiqua XIV-XV 2005-06 [2007], 77-88