Greek Philology

K Biblické řečtině. Str. 144 - 150 (Problems with the Biblical Greek)

I believe that the increased emphasis on the semiotic reading of the text with
E-
dem on internal formal grammatical construction, we can free ourselves from excessive reductionism (e.g.: in genre typology and genre criticism, or strict philological analysis genetic morphological z{consistencies of the text), but also from reductionism (regardless of non-narrative ro ofreasure of text and semantic text evidence, which are represented by reductive models). It is ultimately true that both the structuralist model and ultimately hermeneutics emphasize the fact that it is necessary to perceive and read contextually (i.e.: the entire text), not a text divided (many times violently) into one tloose parts subject to partial interpretations. On the contrary, the interpretation of individual parts of the text must be perceived with regard to the whole, not at the expense of the total and those messages of the entire text.

During the Roman empire many Greek speakers learned Latin. Their books and exercises, which survive in medieval manuscripts and in papyri from Egypt, show that some of their language-learning techniques were similar to ours and others very different. Some students, interested only in oral proficiency, learned Latin using materials in Greek transliteration. Others learned the Roman alphabet and then read not isolated sentences but complete texts, in a special bilingual format, while learning grammar and syntax from materials composed entirely in Latin. At more advanced levels students used monolingual Latin literary texts, which they read aloud and translated into Greek ; they also translated Greek literature into Latin.

Après avoir exposé sa théorie du désir mimétique dans Mensonge romantique et vérité romanesque (1961), René Girard s'attaque aux fondements de l'ordre social au travers d'une fine analyse des rapports entre violence et sacré, mêlant avec habileté ethnologie, ontologie, psychologie et philologie entre autres. L'auteur traite avant tout la question du sacrifice, centrale car la violence sacrificielle constituerait la base du sacré qui lui-même permettrait l'existence de la société en régulant la violence humaine. Soumis à l'influence du désir mimétique, les individus qui convoitent un même objet sont enclins à développer mutuellement de l'animosité : le désir mimétique devient rivalité mimétique ; jalousie, haine et envie s'installent de façon insidieuse. Les conflits alors à même d'éclater entre membres d'une même tribu primitive ont un potentiel extrêmement destructeur car la mimesis est particulièrement présente quand il s'agit de violence ; un cycle interminable de vengeance peut s'enclencher.

Comment empêcher alors l'anéantissement total du groupe?

This article investigates Paul’s use of the term οἱ δοκοῦντες in the letter to the Galatians. Firstly, the term is considered from the standpoint of lexical semantics. Secondly, select relevant parallels from Ancient Greek literature are adduced and studied comparatively. Based on these considerations, it is argued that Paul uses οἱ δοκοῦντες as a rhetorical device whereby he distances himself from the Jerusalem leaders and, in so doing, turnes his opponents’ argument against them. 

An in-depth study of MSS Vat. gr. 704, Oxon. Bodl. Barocci 48 and some other later manuscripts, such as MS Vat. gr. 1444, provides a new reconstruction for both the authorial composition of the Solutiones quaestionum and the De numero septenario by Nikephoros Gregoras, and the manuscript tradition of the two treatises.

El estudio de los epítetos divinos permite ahondar en diferentes aspectos que conforman las características y ámbitos de acción de dichas divinidades. Los epítetos pueden relacionarse con las historias míticas de los dioses, con sus atributos iconográficos o con alguna faceta concreta. En este trabajo vamos a analizar algunos testimonios de dos epítetos de Dioniso, Cadmeo y Coreo. Cadmeo se considera un epíteto topográfico porque se asocia a una ciudad concreta, Tebas, y además, al ser este su lugar de nacimiento, también hace referencia a los orígenes del dios. Coreo, ‘el que se ocupa de los coros’, subraya la vinculación de Dioniso con la música y los coros, pero además puede ayudar a entender algunos cultos.

Nell’arco di un cinquantennio, l’itinerario di ricerca di Néstor Cordero ha ruotato prevalentemente intorno al pensiero di Parmenide di Elea. Oltre ad alcuni libri capitali, Cordero ha dedicato all’Eleate numerose pubblicazioni, alcune delle quali oggi non più facilmente reperibili. Questo volume raccoglie venti scritti di Cordero (tra articoli, contributi a volumi collettivi e conferenze) nelle versioni originali in francese e in spagnolo, dedicati sia alla ricostruzione del testo del poema di Parmenide, sia all’interpretazione del suo pensiero e di quello dei suoi cosiddetti “eredi”. Ritornando su questi testi, sarà possibile misurare quanto la storia della tradizione testuale abbia compromesso la comprensione del pensiero parmenideo, e scoprire non solo come sia necessaria una messa in discussione dell’interpretazione classica di Parmenide, ma anche come sia in fondo scorretto ritenere che sia effettivamente esistita una “scuola” eleatica.

Plutarch's Mulierum virtutes, aims to demonstrate the unity and identity of male and female virtue, by providing examples of 'virtuous' women and groups of women from the past. This volume is a critical edition of Mulierum virtutes, accompanied by an introduction, an Italian translation and commentary. In addition, some introductory chapters provide an overview of the work's literary models, textual transmission, reception, style and gender thematics throughout Plutarch's Moralia. The volume represents an important contribution to the philological, literary, historical and philosophical analysis of Plutarch's Mulierum virtutes and its textual transmission and reception throughout the centuries.

Nel Mulierum virtutes Plutarco intende dimostrare unità ed identità della virtù maschile e femminile e, per sostenere l'assunto, adduce esempi storici di atti 'virtuosi' femminili compiuti collettivamente ed individualmente da donne del mondo antico. Questo volume contiene edizione critica, traduzione italiana e note di commento al Mulierum virtutes. Il testo tradotto e commentato è preceduto da un'introduzione generale sull'opuscolo e da alcuni capitoli dedicati alla tradizione testuale, alla fortuna, allo stile e al rapporto con i modelli letterari, i Moralia e la tematica femminile dell'opera. Il volume ofre un signicativo contributo scientico di natura lologica, letteraria, storica e losoca allo studio del Mulierum virtutes di Plutarco e della sua tradizione testuale e fortuna nel corso dei secoli.

Although scanty, the tradition on the Persian king Cyrus II “the Great” found in the Patmut‘iwn Hayoc‘ (History of the Armenians) by Movsēs Xorenac‘i provides us with an original narrative, often contrasting with the events as related by Greek and Latin sources. Such a narrative is usually regarded as the result both of bad understanding and voluntary alteration by Movsēs Xorenac‘i of the account in the classical sources, with the main goal of exalting the role of Armenia in ancient Near East history. Despite these difficulties, in this paper we re-examine two episodes of the Patmut‘iwn Hayoc‘ concerning Cyrus (1.24–31, 2.11–13). Making careful use of cross-comparison with the Greek tradition, we hope to show that it is possible
to extract from Movsēs Xorenac‘i’s text some pieces of original historical information, if not about events as they took place (but the Patmut‘iwn Hayoc‘ could be helpful to corroborate some historical hypotheses recently made concerning the Median kingdom on other bases), certainly about the formation of Iranic tradition on the events in question throughout the centuries.

The purpose of the paper is to compare aims and objects of both Greek Philology and Byzantine Studies, paying special attention to the present needs of the Spanish Universities. The focus will be on developing common strategies concerning the study of the Greek language and the history of its literature.

Erasmus's 1516 Latin–Greek New Testament edition differed from the Latin Vulgate in several ways. A small number of textual variants with doctrinal implications involved Erasmus in considerable controversy. Medieval Western theologians had often relied on the " Johannine Comma " (the long reading of 1 John 5.7-8), established in the Latin Vulgate during the late Middle Ages, as an important scriptural foundation for the doctrine of the Trinity. However, when Erasmus showed that this variant was not present in the Greek manuscript tradition, he was accused of promoting Arianism. Eras-mus's debates with the cleric Edward Lee and the textual critic Jacobus Stunica exposed tensions between theologians, jealous of their authority in scriptural interpretation, and humanists, who claimed to understand the Bible better than theologians by virtue of their philological skills. This article concludes by exploring the Inquisition's failed attempt to find a consensus on this issue in 1527.

SI CONSIGLIA DI LEGGERE LA VERSIONE CORRETTA. Uno studio storico e filologico su un errore di trascrizione, in un episodio del libro quinto delle “Storie”, nel quale Erodoto parla di Dorieo, che ha trasformato per secoli un fiume della Magna Grecia in una città Sicana.
Lo studio vuole inoltre rendere omaggio (in parte anche critico) a Luigi Tirrito e agli studiosi dei tempi nei quali rimanere documentati era una operazione estremamente difficoltosa. Comprare libri era molto costoso (oggi i libri si comprano o si scaricano con poca o nessuna spesa), consultarli richiedeva molto tempo perché ci si doveva spostare tra le poche biblioteche esistenti o rivolgersi a studiosi amici (oggi i libri si leggono online), così come molto tempo richiedeva la ricerca all’interno del testo (oggi questa operazione richiede pochi secondi). Nel caso specifico forse qualche leggerezza è stata commessa ma, considerato il contesto, si può anche comprendere e, in qualche modo, giustificare.

L a Storia è fatta dagli uomini e gli uomini sono il risultato della Storia. Muovendo da tale consapevolezza, il presente lavoro ripercorre la vita e le imprese di quei personaggi della storia greca e romana che hanno impresso con tanta forza la propria personalità sugli eventi da divenire eterni. Remo, Romolo, Silla e Teseo prendono vita dalle pagine di Plutarco, Sallustio e Tito Livio per svelare un volto inedito, umano e "partecipato" della storia. Ne deriva un affascinante viaggio attraverso i secoli, utile per approfondire alcuni aspetti dell'antichità e per comprendere meglio la natura, il carattere e le azioni dei protagonisti che hanno costituito l'arché della nostra civiltà, contribuendo con il loro modus vivendi a illuminare e a guidare i nostri giudizi e le nostre scelte, quindi il nostro modo di essere.

Previous scholarship on Procopius' imitation of Thucydides has focused on his use of Thucydidean 'stock phrases' in his 'Wars of Justinian' or allusions on a more literary level.  This paper instead explores the extent to which Procopius imitates specific linguistic features of Thucydides' Greek, finding that he selectively adopts a Thucydidean sentence structure in passages that are self-consciously imitative of Thucydides, such as his Prologue or account of the Plague, while elsewhere using a sentence-structure more typical of Byzantine historiography.

In 2016 E.M.M. Wels-Heinrich received the first edition of the Daidalosaward from the VCN (Vereniging van Classici in Nederland or Association of Classicists in the Netherlands) for her work on Petronius. Her material consists of a manual for teachers and a student's textbook (both in dutch), designed for use in the classroom (4th grade year gymnasium / Grammar School).

Concerne modi e canali che nel III-I secolo a.C. consentirono agli scrittori di Roma di conoscere gli autori greci e li influenzarono nella scelta dei modelli e nel confrontarsi con essi. La posta in gioco è comprendere se e quanto la filologia ellenistica, in particolare alessandrina, abbia svolto una mediazione fra gli scrittori latini e i modelli greci.
Indice del volume: http://www.carocci.it/index.php?option=com_carocci&task=schedalibro&Itemid=72&isbn=9788829009381

"This special issue of Comparative Literature Studies brings together talks, some extensively revised, others virtually unchanged, that were delivered at a conference entitled "What is Philology?" The gathering took place on Saturday, March 19, 1988 at Harvard University under the aegis of the Center for Literary and Cultural Studies. The depth and breadth of interest in the conference was deeply gratifying. I had not experienced another occasion when so many scholars from different language and literature departments gathered at Harvard, and I hope that publishing the proceedings will benefit a larger community outside the University.

By way of introduction I will describe how the event originated. My description will explore a few of the reasons why an interdisciplinary conference of a dozen speakers and respondents attracted an audience of more than two hundred, and why a topic that 'may sound rarefied drew participants whose main fields of research and teaching interests ran the gamut from the most ancient Indo-European languages to the most recent African American literature. In short, I will offer tentative explanations for the urgency of the topic to students, professors, and independent scholars who engage in philology, linguistics, literary history, literary criticism, and literary theory."

The letters of the kingss of the Hellenistic period are interesting for
their content and for their language. In both fields they are primary
historical sources. They show the Hellenistic states as they actually
functioned, their administrative and diplomatic dealings wim subjects
and with officials and occasionally with neighbors. They are not the
products of historians writing for posterity and interested according to
their bent in suppressing either the favorable or the unfavorable aspects
of their subject. Their authors were the principals themselves, concerned
of course with presenting thieir actions in a favorable  light but occupied
only with the execution of a particular design. They deal with details
and they are avowedly biased, but their bias cannot extend to obscuration
of the transaction. By showing the administration of details, they
make it possible to see behind the generalities of political historians and
to form a conception of the Hvins conditions wimin the Greco-oriental
kingdoms of the heirs of Alexander.

The book analyzes a passage from Sophocles ("Trachiniae", vv. 153-160) and another from Plutarch ("De genio Socratis", 5, 577 F) in which two tablets inscribed in "mysteric" characters are cited, in all probability documents, instead, written in Linear B, the syllabic Aegean writing used for the transcription of the (already Greek) Mycenaean dialect. Basing his research on the analysis of these two passages, the Author elaborates a new theory regarding the perception of the ancient Greeks about their past before the so-called 'Dark Ages'. The essay is, therefore, a contribution - in the field of Mycenaeology - to the study of the issue of the origins of Greek populations and it approaches for the first time, in this interpretive key, the two quoted passages. The book is accompanied by chronologies, by a set of illustrations, by a detailed and updated bibliography on the subject, and by maps.

THE ATTACHED FILE IS A SUMMARIZED VERSION OF A MORE EXTENDED WORK.

Short manual of GREEK PALEOGRAPHY (71 pages containing many illustrations). An overview on majuscule (Uncial) and minuscule Greek bookhands. Please send comments. It is also available a Spanish version of this manual. Last updated February 2024. Please LEAVE COMMENTS. Thanks in advance.

Those interested in reading a true treatise on Greek Paleography can find useful my book entitled "Manual ilustrado de PALEOGRAFÍA GRIEGA" (in Spanish), 556 pages containing more than 100 images, some of them in color, published by DYKINSON, Madrid 2017. Information here: http://www.dykinson.com/libros/manual-ilustrado-de-paleografia-griega/9788491480075/
You can have a look inside this book here:
https://www.academia.edu/31025310/Manual_ilustrado_de_PALEOGRAFIA_GRIEGA._Enero_2024

Στην παρούσα διατριβή εξετάζεται το μορφολογικό σύστημα της κρητικής διαλέκτου. Συγκεκριμένα, διερευνώνται οι μορφολογικές διαδικασίες της κλίσης και παραγωγής καθώς και τα μορφολογικής φύσης φαινόμενα που εμφανίζονται στη διάλεκτο από τον 14ο αι., δηλαδή τον αιώνα που εντοπίζονται οι πρώτες πηγές της διαλέκτου, έως και τη σημερινή εποχή.
Από τον 6ο αι. μ.Χ έως και τον 12ο αι. μ.Χ., γραπτές πηγές που να περιέχουν διαλεκτικά χαρακτηριστικά δεν έχουν διασωθεί, λόγω της παγίωσης του κινήματος του Αττικισμού (Browning 2008, Μπαμπινιώτης 2002, Horrocks 2010). Η στάση της βυζαντινής αυτοκρατορίας στο ζήτημα της γλώσσας ήταν συντηρητική και προέβλεπε την τήρηση της γλωσσικής παράδοσης, όπως είχε διαμορφωθεί από το αττικιστικό ρεύμα και είχε πάντοτε την αποδοχή και τη στήριξη των Πατέρων της Εκκλησίας (Μπαμπινιώτης 2002: 149, Horrocks 2010: 323). Το κύρος της λόγιας γλώσσας μειώθηκε σημαντικά μετά την Άλωση της Κωνσταντινούπολης από τους Φράγκους στα 1204, αφού το εκπαιδευτικό σύστημα του κράτους κατέρρευσε (Browning 2008: 99, Μπαμπινιώτης 2002: 150).  Με τη συρρίκνωση της βυζαντινής αυτοκρατορίας και την κατάρρευση του πολιτικού συστήματος, ξεκινά μία περίοδος στη λογοτεχνία όπου τα πρώτα διαλεκτικά στοιχεία λόγου είναι πλέον ορατά, ιδιαίτερα στις περιοχές που κατακτήθηκαν από τις δυτικές δυνάμεις (Horrocks 2010: 281, 323).
Υιοθετώντας το σύστημα χρονολόγησης της ελληνικής γλώσσας των Holton & Manolessou (2010: 540-541), οι οποίοι χωρίζουν την Ελληνική σε Πρώιμη Μεσαιωνική (500 – 1100), Όψιμη Μεσαιωνική (1100 – 1500) και Πρώιμη Νέα Ελληνική (1500 – 1700), προτείνω μία χρονολόγηση της Κρητικής με κριτήριο τόσο τις πηγές όσο και τα διαφορετικά στάδια εξέλιξης της διαλέκτου σε: α) Όψιμη Μεσαιωνική Κρητική (1300 – 1500), β) Πρώιμη Νεότερη Κρητική (1500 – 1700) και γ) Νεότερη Κρητική (1900 –) .
Αποτελεί κοινή διαπίστωση πως στη σημερινή εποχή απουσιάζουν μελέτες βασιζόμενες σε σύγχρονες γλωσσολογικές μεθόδους ανάλυσης που να περιγράφουν την κλίση της κρητικής διαλέκτου. Πληροφορίες για το ονοματικό και ρηματικό σύστημα της Νεότερης Κρητικής συγκεντρώνουμε κυρίως από παραδοσιακές περιγραφές της διαλέκτου (βλ., μεταξύ άλλων, Χατζιδάκι 1915, Αναγνωστόπουλο 1926, Πάγκαλο 1955, Κοντοσόπουλο 1969) και διαλεκτικά λεξικά/γλωσσάρια (Πάγκαλος 1955, Τσιριγωτάκης 2008, Ξανθινάκης 2009 κ.ά.) που αφιερώνουν ένα μικρό μέρος της ύλης τους στην παρουσίαση των μορφολογικών, φωνολογικών, σημασιολογικών και λεξιλογικών χαρακτηριστικών της διαλέκτου. Για τη Μεσαιωνική και Πρώιμη Νεότερη Κρητική έχουν εκπονηθεί φιλολογικές μελέτες (βλ., μεταξύ άλλων, van Gemert 1980, Bakker & van Gemert 2002), οι οποίες αφιερώνουν ελάχιστες σελίδες στη γλώσσα των λογοτεχνικών πηγών και δεν ξεπερνούν τα όρια μιας απλής περιγραφής.
Για το κεφάλαιο της κλίσης θέτω τα εξής ερευνητικά ερωτήματα: α) ποια ήταν η μορφή του ονοματικού και ρηματικού κλιτικού συστήματος της Κρητικής την περίοδο του όψιμου μεσαίωνα (1300 – 1500), β) ποια ήταν η μορφή του ονοματικού και ρηματικού κλιτικού συστήματος της Κρητικής την περίοδο των πρώιμων νεότερων χρόνων (1500 – 1700), γ) διαφοροποιείται η Νεότερη Κρητική από την Κρητική της περιόδου του 14ου – 17ου αι. μ.Χ., δ) κατά πόσο έχει επηρεάσει η Κοινή Νέα Ελληνική (εφεξής και ΚΝΕ) το ονοματικό και ρηματικό κλιτικό σύστημα της Νεότερης Κρητικής. Για την ανάλυσή μου υιοθετώ το μοντέλο της Ralli (2000) και Ράλλη (2005) και προτείνω ένα σύστημα κλιτικών τάξεων της Κρητικής ανά περίοδο, το οποίο, δε συμβάλλει μόνο στην περιγραφή του κλιτικού συστήματος, αλλά διαφωτίζει και τα διαφορετικά στάδια εξέλιξης της διαλέκτου. Συμπληρωματικά, εξετάζονται τα φαινόμενα και οι μορφολογικοί μηχανισμοί που προκαλούν αλλαγή στο κλιτικό σύστημα της διαλέκτου (π.χ. αναλογία, ετερόκλιση, παραδειγματική ομοιομορφία κ.ά.) υπό το πρίσμα των τελευταίων εξελίξεων της γλωσσολογικής θεωρίας.
Για τη διαδικασία παραγωγής λέξεων στην Κρητική οι αναφορές στη βιβλιογραφία εξακολουθούν να είναι πενιχρές. Το μοναδικό έργο που αφιερώνει ορισμένες σελίδες στην παραγωγή έως σήμερα είναι εκείνο του Πάγκαλου (1955). Ο συγγραφέας παρουσιάζει έναν μακροσκελή κατάλογο με παραγωγικά επιθήματα, ωστόσο, περιορίζεται σε μία απλή περιγραφή και σημειώνει τις περιοχές που αυτά εντοπίζονται. Στο κεφάλαιο της παραγωγής λέξεων θα επιχειρήσω να δώσω απάντηση σε μία πλειάδα ερευνητικών ερωτημάτων όπως: α) ποια είναι τα βασικότερα είδη παραγωγής λέξεων στην κρητική διάλεκτο, β) κατά πόσο διαφέρει η παραγωγή της διαλέκτου από αυτή της ΚΝΕ σε επίπεδο προσφυματοποίησης, γ) υπάρχουν περιορισμοί στην παραγωγή, οι οποίοι, αν και απαντούν στην ΚΝΕ, απουσιάζουν από την κρητική διάλεκτο, δ) παρουσιάζεται διαφοροποίηση μεταξύ των δύο κρητικών ιδιωμάτων (ανατολικού και δυτικού) σε επίπεδο παραγωγής, ε) παρατηρούνται μεταβολές ως προς τις παραγωγικές διαδικασίες της διαλέκτου από τον μεσαίωνα έως σήμερα. Για τη μελέτη της παραγωγής υιοθετώ το γενετικό μοντέλο της Ralli (1988) και Ράλλη (2005). Η διατριβή δεν περιορίζεται μόνο στη διαδικασία της προσφυματοποίησης που είναι το πιο κοινό είδος παραγωγής στην Ελληνική (βλ. Ράλλη 2005), αλλά και σε λιγότερο παραγωγικές διαδικασίες, όπως η μετάπλαση/μηδενική παραγωγή και η αναδρομική παραγωγή.