Avempace’s Îsâghûjî

Contents publìshed by THE AVICENNA INSTITUTE OF MIDDI..E EASTERN STUDIES 2087 PILISCSABA, P.O.BOX 61, HUNGARY e-mai!: ｡ｶｩ｣･ｮＮｫ｀ｸｾｬｲｯｨｵ＠ " " --' © THE AVICENNA INSTITUTE OF MIDDI..E EASTERN STUDIES ｾＮＧＬ＠ . .. " • :. ｾＧＺ＠ " H MIKL6s MAR6TH HANS DAIBER: director , ...... ,:.' , • " : .. ,•..•. 1:;.1' ＬｾＧＴｩﾷＡＮ＠ .: Problems In ArablC Phtlosophy ..... • ' .," . i ,f\", t:-ì."'V . . . . . . . . . . . . .; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ｾＮ＠ .' , ....... ｾｴ＠ ｯｾＬ＠ , # ' "f '.-' ＢｾＧＺ＠ •• ", .. ,' , ｾ＠ ,-. , .' - .... , "U ' •• " , . " ,. , . ' . ' ＱＢＧｾ＠ '.' ｾＮ､＠ ｵｷ･ｬ｣ｾ＠ｺ ｅｮ､ｾ＠ ｳｾ､ｩｲｴ＠ ｭ｡ｾＮ ｇＷｳ｣ｨｩｾ･＠ ｾ＠ ｩｳｬ｡ｭ｣ｾＺｊ［Ｎ＠ ,,":'as ｨ･ｪｾｴ＠ Phtlosophle .. - Zur Geschlchte emer vemachlasslgten Dlszlplm ................ MIKL6s MAR6TH: , • . . . : l, ,. ｾＮｴＡｩ＠ ＬｾＮ［＠ ,.' ｾ＠ . Ｎｾ［Ｂ＠ " {I,"";' -", r :!(,": ,'. .' LoglC and Styhshcs ... HO.:;:: ..:..Ｌｾ＠ .......................: •• ｾ ..........:...;....... ｾ＠ ..... :.....;.........::.•.ＺＮｾＧ＠ JULES JANSSENS: __ , •" ,1.' "'''''.''.. l,!, ", 'l'; . . .,( ì.''t \, ," Ｌ［ｾＺＢＧ＠ .. VIl ; i l t'., ',' L·. . . l ｩＮＬｾＧ＠ ｪｊＬｬＺＮｾＱＢ｟ﾷ＠ .. 25 ..' 'wp..':i.i ＬｾＧＩ＠ AI-Òazzah, and HIS Use of AVlcenman.Texts ................................. ;............. .' ' ,.' JOSEPH PUlG MONTADA: " , , .,,'. - _ .. ___ ＮｹＬｴﾷｾｦｬ ....· ),.', i,. . ,,' ': ＺＧｻｲ［ｾＮｌ＠ ' " ｾＧＮ＠ . ＺｷﾷｾＬ［＠ ',,:. 37 ';,. ＢＧＱｉｊＺ｜＼ｈｾｬ＠ _", .. ', , Avempace s Isagugl ............................. ［ｾＺ￬ .. i.·,;................................................. ｾＮＺ＠ 51 ｊｴＢｾｉ［Ｇ＠ Ｎ｜Ａ＾ＺＱｾ［ｦＧｲｉ＠ ｾ＠ {'." , . , '. 'er" IDIT DOBBS-WEINSTEIN: ,.. . !<;;>'i . ' '" '.' . • .;: • i':'!""; ':. ｾＺＧＮ＠ , . ＱｾＧ＠ ,"';' i: ' ＼ﾷｾｴｩｈＨｻ GersOntdes: the Last Exphclt Helr of, A..'verroes ............................................. . 69 '),' .' • f ') " : ,. .', l '." . j • l', ISBN 963 86359-24 . A... MI KL6 S M ARvlH, . ., ISSN 1785-0894 {, • . . ...... Ｌ［ｾＺ＠ . .';-i,' ﾷＭＺｾＧＵ［ｬｴＬｪｦ＠ ,," • . " . . . . • l .,.:'\:,j .. ＬｾＮＧ＠ Greek LoglC and Arablc StyItsttcs .. · .. ·;:;;·H:!·......·.. ｷｾ , ';' DANIEL BuéAN: ...' ＢＬｾＧ｛ｉ［＠ •• : .. . 0.-' .l!. -' o ., - ｾＺ＠ ":'4"{' ｾ＠ I . " "J ＬﾷｾｴＢｪ＠ ｾ＠ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .: . . . . . . •• ••. , . o,· ,'"V'i . l. ｾ＿＠ , : ....,. ,.,' ,.' .,..' ."" • - Arabic Philosophic Tenns and Their Tmi1s1ation ......::..................................:..• '109 CLAUDE GILLIOT' . . Design of series: Janos FIohe :. -" AI-Qahabi contre la pensée ｳｰ￩｣ｵｬ｡ｴｩｶｾﾷ［ＺｲＮ＠ "/.:>\'7!"),. ｜ｻＺ［ｋｾＧ＠ ＺＱｾ［＠ . J J7 DTP: Erzsébet T6th ｾＯｩＬＡｲＧ＼Ｚ＠ Printed in Hungary eFo Kiad6 és Nyornda Kft., Budapesç, / Manager: Orr6 Fony6di ( " ｾ＠ :'. Avempace's lsagug) JOSEPII PUlCi MONTADA (Madrid) \':) ()q was. the Iirst to in a!-Anùalus, Ibn Among lhose who cultivatcù dea! with Aristotle's corpus, and tile aUachcù introùuction by Porphyry, although opcnly confessed his admiratìon fòr al-Fàrabi, lo whom he rclt decply indebtcd. Abi:! Bakr MuhammaJ ibn Yal!yà ibn al-$ii'ig lbn Biigga al-Tùgibi, known as Avempacc in thc Wcst, was born in Saragllssa in CI ycar betwccn 1085 anù 1090, Al thc Saragossa was thc capitai 01' tbc kingùol1l of thc Banu Hud who stayeù inpowcr unti! 1110, wbcn its king CImaci al-Dawla Ibn Hud was ovcrthrown by the North African or the A lmoravids, by thG Almoravid govThc intclcctually giftcd young Avcmpacc was bGttcr known CIS IbnTitilGrnor, Abu Bakr or Abù Yahyii ibn lbràhim , who appointcd him as a vizicr. Howcvcr, 011 Dcccmbcr 18, 1118, Alfons r 01' conqucreù Saragossa and Ibn Biigga had lo lcavc iL Hc rcmaincù within [he Alrnoravid circle and, ifthe noticc supplicd by al-Maqqari is correc:t (or rcliablc),2 hc scrvcd for about twcnty ycars as a vizjer or Yal!ya ìbn Yihuf fbn Tàsufin,3 Wc c:ertainly know that in 1136 lbn Biigga was in Seville anù tbat his disciplc, Abu 1- I Ibn Tililwit was mC\rricd lo onc or the duughters or YliSlIf Ibn Tflsufìn, thc tirs! sultan, and was brothcr in I.\w 01' '·AIì ibn Yllsuf Ibn TiiSutìn, who arflointcd hil11 as Saragossa bcforc 1114; he helli tbis rositlOn until bis death in 1116 or 1117. Scc J. Bosch·Vilà, LIJ.'· alllw/'avides Tetuàn, 1956, 190 ami 193; Francisco Codcra, Filmi/ia l'I:u! dI! los Benilexujill, Madrid, 1917, 116. 'Natb o/-{ih mi/I {:;l/.IIJ III-AI/da/us Il/-ralìh. Ed. l. Ｇａ｢￠ｾＬ＠ voI. 7 Beirut, 1961\,28.· Yal)ya l11ay be a son of Ibn Tifilwll unti thus be Yal)yii ibn Abi Bakr al- Salm.wì, gr::mdson of YùslIflbn Tàsufin, and l'or some months thc last Almoravid sliltan (d. 114g). [3osch, Lo,\' ulnl!!t'éll'ide.>,2gl 2K2; COtkrJ, F'llIIi/i" 1'1'<1/,154-164. 1 Prohll'J1/s in /\mhic P/ti!oso/Jhv, cd. by MIKI.(lS 2003. J()SEl'H PUI(; M(JNTADA Ｍｾ｟Ｎ＠ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _" •. _ _ __ ｾ ｾ .•• ＬｯＧｾ｟ﾷ •••• ｾ｟＠ 4 I;Iasan Ibn al-Imàm, also a vizier, accompanied him. Ibn B8gga was poisoned in Fez in May 1139 (Ramadiin 533 H.)5 For more details about his life may I rcfer IO M 7 Asin Palaciosl> and 1. Lomba. Concerning Avempace's background, what must be noted is that the Almoravids bestowed favor on Ibn Biigga and other scholars, among them Miilik Ibn Wuhayb,X who was his main teacher, so that the indisputable ascendancy of the jÌlqaha', Uurisprudents and theologians) was nevcr an obstacle for this positive relationship. Additional information abouI Avempace's philosophical background is found in an elaborate study of Ibn Biigga's writings by the late Gamiil al­Din al­"Alawi'J who reacl1ed some conclusions regarding their chronology, and then he developed a theory on the stages of his thought. AI­ c Alawì took into consideration a letter which Ibn Biigga sent to his friend Abù Ga"far Yùsuf ibn Hasday'o in which he explained that he first learned music and astronomy, both mathematical scienees. He went on with the study of logie aeeording to the books 01' al­Fàràbi and tìnally devoted himself to physics, thc pbilosophy of nature. Although the lraditional order or lcarning puts before mathematics, Avempace l'ollows a similar path to that of A viccnna, who learned logic, mathematics, physies and metaphysies in this order,11 On the basi:; of 12 his order oI' learning, al­" Alawi classi fied Ibn Bagga' s writings in thrce stages. His writings on musi c, astronomy and logic belong to the first stage; thase on natural philosophy IO the second; and those mosl representative oI' his thinking as the CondUCI o[ Ihe Solitary, the Epislle a[ Conjunclion or the Farewel/ Message to the third and last stage. 4 Ibn al­Imiim had been vizier of Abii Tahir Tamim ibn YOsuf Ibn TiiSufin al­Mu'izz, Almoravid governor of Grenade sinee 1106 and later of ali al­Andalus until his death in 1126. AbO Tàhìr was brother of the second sultan, 'Ali ibn YOsuf Ibll Tasufin. Bosch, LO.I· ull11oravides. 177 and 237; Codera, Fal11ilia reul, 99­­104 and 122. 5 See my paper 'Aristotelismo en al­Andalus (A través del De genera/ione)'. Revis/a deI Inslitu/II Egipcio de E'l. I",Jul11iCfls 26 1993­94,49­52. (, 'El filòsofo zaragozano Avempacc: Rel'isw de Aragill1 7 1900. 193­197, 234-23R, 278· 281, 300­302, 338­340 and 81900.241­­246,301­302,348­350. 7 Avempllce, Zaragoza 1989, especially 31­­44. 'Vizier of'AIi ibn Yiisuf and laler judge 01' Marrakesh ! 120. Bosch. Lo", ull11o/'Ul'ides. 205. " Mu 'ulluliillhn Biiggu. Beirut­Casablanca, 1983. III Rasli 'il/alsa)ò'a li-Ahi Bakr /hl! Biigga, ed. al­'Alawf (Beirut­Casablanca. 1983), 78­81. I:lasday, his farher, is mcntioned by Sii'id 01' Tolcdo (d. 1070) for having read ArisAbii ｉＭｆ｡ｾＱｬ＠ IOtlc's Physit-s and De melo. Ti/I,iil/iil al-Wl/Wl! (Beirut, 1985),205­206. Il D. Gutas, Al'icennu all/llhe Arìsloleliilll Trudilio/l Leidcn, 1988, 149­159, hé1s analyzcd Avicenna's curriculum. Mli 'ul/uliil, 164--166. I, 52 With respect lO loglc, lbn l::Sagga slmply eonsidered himself a disciplc of al­Farabi and wrotc only cOlmnentaries, taeòliq, to al­Farabi's logieal writings, whichin their turn often werc commentari es on many parts of Aristotle'g Orgallon. Thosc ta'à/iq whieh are extant, are Avempace's annotations on the Categorie,I', De interpreta/ione and on boLh Analy/ics, besides his /aedi/q to the Introduction and Five .éìections. two short texts of Alfarabi, the firsl of which summarizes Porphyry's Porphyry's is no doubt the mo"t inf1uential sample a genre to whicb Mikl6s Mar6th has devoted a monograph U extending t'rom Hellcnistic authors to lbn ljaldùn. Mar6th has showed how tbc geme did noI restrict itsclf to bring a Ì'irst stc[l for tbc study 01' the Aristotclian categories but father devcloped into widel' those of the definition 01' philosophy and tbe classificatioh 01' tb"e sciences. s Eisagoge was translated into Arabic by Abu ｣ｕｾｭ｡ｮｙｃｱｵ｢＠ al­Di(flomit 302/914) and this translation l4 was used by al­Faràbì (d. ca 950) in his that he also calls Kitiih a/-madLI(II (Introduction). 15 AI­Faràbi' s contri­·. Kitcih al Icast thrcc l'urthcr writings: the so callcd Fivl.' bution IO tbe gemc lx O/t/II..' SCiences,17 and an intrnductorv Ri.\iila or simileir Sections, Il, thc content to the former. annotations are preserved in two rnanuscripts: OxI'ord Pocockc 206 and, tu a largcr extcnt, Escorial Dercll1bourg 612. Thosc annotations on thc thrée books belonging to tbc introductory geme are often interminglcd and may offer difl'erent versions. 10 Majid Fakhry dccided to print the annotations rcferring to the ｅｩｳ｡ｾ＠ goge contained on folios 6 recto through 13 verso of thc Escorial ri1anuscript, in onc chaptcr.211 He nublishcd those {·"m'YlrntinlJ' 1m the Cateuories· (fols. l iv" . 19r") aD­, Die Amher 11m/ diI' anrike Wissensc!wjlslileo/'le. Budapest, Akadémìai Kiadò, l' Edited by 'A. Badawi in MUI!!Ìi/ Aris!!;. voI. 3 Kuwait­Bcirut. 1980, 1055·1104. Fìrst cdite, 13 by A. F. al­Ahwiini, al­Qiihira. 137111952. 15 Edition and English tfans\. by D. M. Dunlop in: Tlle i.I/UIIlÌL' Quurlaiy 3 (1956) 117­138.. 1(, Edition anti Englìsh transl. by D. M. Dunlop, 'AI­Fiirabj's IntroductOlyScctions 011 Logic' in: Tlle Islamie Quarleriy 2 (1955) 264­282. There are some varialiol1s of the titlc, lhc beg1l1nìn; of DUl11op's edition says: "Scetions whiçh comprìsc ali the knowlcdge ìndispcnsable for the nel' in the art of Logic, flvc In numbcr." 17 ＯＡｬＮｾｩﾷ＠ ul-"ultim, cd. & Spanish trans!. by A. Cionzàlc2 Palcncia. Madrìd­Grcnade, 1953. translation by D. M. Dunlop, 'At­Fiidibi's Inlroductory Rislilah Edi!ìon an'c! " Th<l IslwlIic Quarlerlv 3 (1956) 224­2)5. Cf. AI­'Alawl, "'·fu'alfa/iil. XI-X3. l'or thc Escorial man\lsCr.lpL ｂｬｩＬｾＡ｡＠ '"Iii kiltih li-Ahi Na.yr a/-Funi"/. First in: AI-Ah/Iii} (Arncncan Univcrsity. Beirut) 23 (1970) 33­54, aml later ihn Bii[;g,u 'olil mUll!ù/ al-Fcìriihi: Beirut, 1994,26­­51. '''/1 by Majid Faklll withi'n Ilis Tu' iili s JIlSEPII PUI(i MONTAnA ｾＭＢＧ ＢＧＭｾ other,21 and a serics of annotatians on the Five Sections found on folios 19r"-23r'\ in a third chapter. 22 He added thase found on folias 24r"-28r" to thc eammcnts on thc Eisagoge and gave them the title "Purpose of Abi ｎ｡ｾｲ＠ (al-Fiinibl) in the ....... " 23 Muhammad Ibrahim al- Wizad proceeded in a different way: he in one sCdion. 24 M. through 19r" (Ivii{;ligi and ｃ｡ｴ･ｾｯｲｩｳＩ＠ also publishcd Avempacc's commentaries on Five Sections, f'.lm'>f)OP ries in this order within his al-Man!iq()Jviit li-I-Fiiriibi. 25 1. l. Avempace Iikely saw al-Fiinlbi's books lntroduction, Oassification DI Sciences, and Five Seclìons as linkcd togelher and a conneetion between the tìrst two books, Introductio/1 and Classifìcatìoll, shows elearly al the bcginning of his Taciili(j. Let us reeall Ihat Alfarabi ooened his Introduction - Kìtiib al-madhal ay wÌlh statemenl: Qur purposc in this book is thc enumeration of the things of which judgements are eomposed and inlo which they are divided, viz. the parts of parts of thc svlloaislic exprcssions el11ployed in generai in ali tbc svllogistie arts. are eomposed of scntences, or judgements; sentcnees again are made out of subjeet and predicate. Aristotle derìved ten universal eatcgories, literally cates", how predicates can be lìnked to a subject: what it is, how big, what sort, related lo what, wherc, when, in what positìon, in what condìtion, what it is doing, and 27 what il is undergoing. Later, Porphyry, in the Eisagnge. worked on this conncction 100 and cstablishcd five universal "mcanings,,:2K genus, spedcs, differenlia, property, and accidenl. Avempace, bowevcr, goes in the opposite direction: he is more eon- " Ibn Bàgga 'u/ij kitiib al-MaqiWit li-J-Faràbi". A/-Ah!ui124 191 (bn Biigg3 'uM ｉＭｦｵｾｬｩ＠ al-bamsa h-I-Farabi", Al-Ah!ui! 35 19R7. 54 65. Reeditcd in: /hl1 B,i/jgu 'uILi 1/1lI11!iq Ari.lf/i. 63-76. 2.' Ta'ii/rq 11m B,iggll '"iti mUlI!il{ Aris!I!. 52·62. ;" M. I. al-Wizad. 'At-Ta'<iliq al-manliqiya li-Ibn Bàgga', MlIglllla! KlIlli)'a/1J/-,;diih hl-I-Fiis, Numéro spécial 3 (l9BB) 241-297, text oftlle on f.\,ugligi251-274. I quote this cllition as Ta'iiliq and Fakllry's Beirut edition as B. ,; VoI. 3 Qum. 1410/1989-90,3 127. ｾＶ＠ 'AI-Fariibi's Ei.wgoge: 127: Arabic texI, 118: 3-4. 4, I b 25-27. "The Grcek word is ed. H. Bu),se. Commel/lurio iII Arislolelem Grueca. val. 4, pars I Berlin, 1887. 13:9. The Arnbic Iranslalion is lali bui Avempace in generai spcaks afille "five universals", "1//-1.:111111'111 ol-U <111/.\ (/ ". 54 cerned with the arts scicnces before the syllogiSl11S, ami places his own classitìcation of tbc tìvc univcrsals: are assemblcd ami 01' the arts to employ the syllogism once they antl notto ha ve any action as thcir ,- "._.2'1 The syllogistic seiences are lì ve, )<1 thc fhst anu most im[1ortant is phi losophy, since a;; il knows thcm with certain seienec,,3! Thus two it embraees ali beings "as ｪｾｬｲ＠ requirements are to be followed: certainty in thc knòwledge and uni versalitv in the sto[1c, notwithstanding ils division into five scicnecs: melaphysics, philosophy, mathcmatics ami aims at thosc beings tha! are the utmost causes; they arc ncìtber ti nor in a body. or natural seiencc aim$ al tbc natural bodies, thc existenee of which does not dC[1cnd on human \Vill at aH. Practical ph illlSOphy - Avempaee calls it "voluntary science" aim;; a beings produeed by the human wil) and choice. Mathematics dcal;; with beinL!:s abstract l'rom their matters and divides into (wcighing astronomy, I11USIC, scìence ol' the and engineering, tbc "scienee 01' deviccs": How lo bring into cxisknec many of tbc things proved tbeoretically in thc mathematics, wbcrc tbc worth or tbe device consistsin removing tbc drances that perhaps hindcreu thcir existencc. There are numcrical deviccs lìkc thc algebra O/m 1l1-gahor wa-I-mllqàbala), geometrica I ones like thosc for measming thc surfacc of bodics impossiblc to access, astronomical dc12 optical- like the art 01' mirrors, musical, and mechanical. Logic ìs thc sixth anci last divisìon of philosophy and rocuses On thc properties that bcinus acquire in the human mind and "becausc of such nronerties and their (logic) bccomes an ìnslrumcnt for a[1prcbcnding tlie A vempaee rcmarks that l'or thiil reaSOI1 sumc pcoplc do not consìdcr as a part of philosophy bui only its instrumcnt, howcvcr, as far as thcsc :?') lo 252 11-·12. B. 27: 8.. 9. Tdd/ill. 252: 12. B, '27: IO. Thc four olher art, are dialectic, sophistie, rhetoric, <Imi poclry, as wc shall sec. \I Tu',;I/(I, 252: 13, B, '27: IO. .12 Ta',il/q, 253: 7-11. B, 2K: 9-11. u To'àlù/.25114.B,:21ì: 14 15. 55 JO",EPII PUI(i MONTA ilA have an existenee, logie ean be integrated into philosophy. His eomments refer to an old discussion,J4 but they are not explieit enough to let us identify his immediate sources. He concludes that logic is both: part as well as instrument of philosophy. Since a distinguishing feature of philosophy is the use of the apodictic syllogism, bllrhan, the only one giving certainty to human knowledge, not ali syllogistic sciences can be considered as parts of philosophy. Avempacc enumerates four other kinds of such arts: Dialectie relies only on opinion, and negates or asserts somethìng through methods of generai aceeptance. 35 Sophistry aims at beings insofar as it misrepresents them and deceives us: it makes the false look true, and the tfue, false. Following the tradition initiated by the Greek commentators on Aristotle,J6 Avempace includes the Rhetoric and the Poelic in the logico The Rhetoric aims at pcrsuasion by using wcll­liked means!7 and what is evident, and moves the soul to have faith on the subject; the Rhetoric teaches the eommon people what they are not able to understand and bclievc through apodictic proofs. Finally, the Paelie aims at beings insofar as they are objects of imagination and imitation; it also teaches the common people what thcy arc not able to conceptualize. The Poelic 's worth consists in comparing tbc object with its image "Iike looking at Zayd's image in the mirror"]X Besides these differences between the five arts, whieh correspond to the different kinds of syllogisms employed by the arts, Avempace finds a major difference according to the aìm men want to achìeve by employing them. While the iour other arts only intends to persuade the listeners, philosophy seeks lO discover the truth. 39 Nevertheless the classification of the seienees is not complete because the aforementioned art:,; are al! theoretieal and arts like medicine or agriculture were not considered. Ibn B,igga does not admìt these practìcal arts as syllogìstic scienees, although they make use of syllogisms. Because of a lacuna in the manuscript, I have to guess the main reason for their exclusion, neither medicine nor agrìculture, in their final shape, can be build on syllogisms; by contrast, Avempace believes, the rules of optics or mechanics ean be organized by means of syllogisms. What he clearly says is that medicine and agrieulture employ syllogisms only "for the purpose of some op­ M,: Pclcr Lang, Cf. Christcl Hcìn, Defini/Ion Ulld Eil/leifung de/' 985, 153­162: 1st di!' L()gik eill Tei! "dI'/' eil!, Il1s//'IIlIIen/ der rtl/JIJ.l'IJjJ/J/e: .H Al-i!hl// lVu-l-ih!ul hi-I-!uruq ul-mu.ila/m, Ta' (iliq, 253: 20. B, 28: 2 I. J" Especially Ihose of the fifth cenlury. I. Madkur, L 'Organol! d'Ari.l'lole dUIl.\' le mOllde aruhe H erations".4tl Bis master al­FàràbI had excluded medicine, agneulture and because an art beeot11es syllogistic only when "it!> aetion, after (the art) being constituted, is the employment of syllogism".41 To sum up, aecording la Avempace, sciences are t'irst divided into those build 011 sytlogisms and those organized without syllogisms. Syllogistic sciences divide into philosophy, dialectic, sophistic, rbetoric and poetico Philosophy subdivides int0 monstrative logic (Ana/ytica I antl 11), matbematics, natural nhilosOphy, metaphysics, and practical philosophy. This classi1ìcation is quite differcnt from tbat of Alfarabi in bis treatise ' al-, 'uh'im. There, al­Fàr5bi classified the sciences into five categories: l. sciences oì languagc, 2, logic, 3. mathematics, 4 philosophY, and 5. political scicnee, fìqh and ka/iim. The sciences 01' language include the traditional branches or thc Arabic national gram , although al­Fàrabi maue a first distinction betwcen sciences ()ì mar the mcanings, lexicology, and sciences of laws or rules, such as grammar or As l'or logic, al­Fiiriibi: arrangeu its parts acconling to ali thc bùoks or the and addcd to them thc Rhetoric and Poctic. Mathcmatics consists or the ,mmc subjects as in Avempaee. Philosophy is divided also according to Aristotlc's books 011 Nature, the Soul, and Melaphysics. The last set of scicnee;; combines Greek Plato's Repllb/ic unti Aristotle's Politics, witb the othe!' Ｑｾｉ［ｬｩ｣＠ sciences, dence and theology. AI­Fadibi' s classification in the introduetory RisaIa is s0!11ewhat different. tre: di vide;; the arts into syllogistic and non­syllogistic and trusts the artof logic with ing the rules for thc use of syllogisms. Bul logic is not philosophy; and consisti> of four sc\cnces: mathematics, natural science, theology and , There are obvious influence:; 01' al­Fàrabi.upon Avempace. Ifwe look at the Cla\ sifìcatioll (l/ the Sciences and the Rìsala, it is evidcnt that Alt'arabi preferred thc scc ond. The I!l.?à' al-' ll/iim is an enumeration of the seienccs existing in his timc, ar ranged widely according to their subjeets; the Risò/a is based on tbc principle the arts into sy\logistic and non­sy\logistie ones. A vempaeeadopted this proceeded consequently, so that he. indllded thc Analylica in cluded dialectic, sophistic, rhetoric and l'v.... "',.. · 1.2. Avempacc ha;;, thercforc, inscrted his classilicatioll of Ihe scienccs into tli F-isagog , a treatise the aim or which is lo discover tbc simple univér,;al e underlying (he parts of the sentence;;, but lo which al­Fariihì had addcd thc on definition, bOlTowed from the Il "II/v/ica posteriara. al­Farabi had also 969,13. )X al-l1luqhujul. TU'l/lil/, 253: 26 Tu' lÌlil/. 254: 6. B. 29: 12­ 13. 254: I. B, 29: 5­6. N Al-mub(i/uhu \\'(I-I-is/ll1h,;/. Ti/'lill'l. 254: 8­10. B. 29: 15­17. 411 Ta' li/ii!, 254: ＱＭｾ＠ 12. B. 29: 19­20. 41 'AI­Li.rabi's Introductory Ri,,'i/l1h', 231: Arabic lext, 226: 5. 56 '. JOSLPH PUlii MON l'ADA at the beginning and in his presentation of the parls of the sentence, the distinction belween "sound" and "meaning,,42 and said: whereas one sound can signify different objeets of thc ftrst kind. Avcl11fJace's interpretation leads to a distinction oftwo levels in "meaning"; one signifying suhstanccs, Every predicate and every subject is either a sound signifying a meaning or a meaning signified by a certain sound, and every meaning signified by a 4J sound ìs either univcrsal or individual the other substantive names, Avempace deals witb the five Porphyrian predieables in a suml1lary way; in thc second part he treats the question in greatber deplh sincc he needs lo account l'or tbeir being five in number, aftcr he has applied eight categories to the narts of thc scn­' tence, be gives the following explanation: Avempace obscrvcs that "subject" and "predicate" are ambiguous terms be cause they may refer to meanings as well as to sounds, and what al-Fanlbl considers "in this book are the meanings not the sounds".44 According to their meaning, both parts of the sentence are eìlhcr universal or individuaI. Avempace then follows al-Farabì and divides universal parts into simple and (,'tlmposite (words); simple parts of the sentenee are genus, spccies, spccific differcnee, property, and accidenL Composite parts are the definition, the description, and "anexpression composed by binding (qualities), which is neither a definition nor a description".45 The difficulty Avempace here faces, arises from al-Farabi's addition of the Aristotelian chaptcrs on the dcfinition to thc Porphyrian universal predicables. Avempace simply adheres to al­Fàriibi's solution: Ali these categories are used as parts 01' the sentence, and while the Porphyrian predieables are single words, tbe Aristotelìan definition, description, and what is "composed by binding" are phrascs made up of several words. Such a solution is purely linguistic and does not justify Avempace's statement that the matter of this book concerns the contents, or meanings, of tllese expressions. In the text ol' al­Farabi quoted above, he emphasizes that part 01' the sentence can be "a meaning signi fied by a certain sound", i.e, by a particular sound. Avempace explains that there are two kinds of ma'no: the self subsisting substanee (literally, essenee), the image of which impresses the senses, and the ma'nti in whieh mental properties inhere, 8uch as the property to be subject and predicate, or to be grammatically determinate, etc. Only the second kind is signitied by a particular sound,46 " ｌＢｦｾＬ＠ "sollnd" translate, thc Greck ""/lluilllm nod m,{nù, "mcaning" the Greek sèJJ1l1il1()me!lOl1, Cf Benson Matcs, SlUic Logic. California U. 1973,2 cd., 11­­26. 4; 'AI­Fiìr5bì's Ei,\lIgoge,' 121L Arabic text, 119: 1-·2. 14 TU'l/Nq, 254: 19, B. 30; 5. 45 TdiiJ/q, 255: 6­7. B. 30: 16­17. al­Farabi's states that this exprrssion "is made up ofspecies und un accident, as when we say of Zayd that he is a whitc man. Somctimes it ìs made up of aeddenls, as whcn wc say 01' Zayd tha! he Ìs un cxccllent secrc!ary". Dunlop, 'AI­farab!' s Eisl/goge,' 58 The criterion ehosen by Avempace ìs purcly formai but allows bit,n to juslìly lìve universal predicables, as the criterion of simplc or composcd cxpressions abQve allowed him to obtain one set 01' ftve universals and another one or.tbree. Tbe resulting classifieation is an instanee of a Porphyrian Iree: I. Universals are divided into something which unites or separate:';. la. What unites is divided into extcrnal (aceidens) or internaI. la I. What internally unite:; is divided into more generai (genus) or more particular (species). l b. What separate:; is di vided inlo substantial (snecific ditTcrencc) or non­subslantial (propcrty). Avempace's annotations on al­Fàrabì's Kitiib al-madbal are intetTllpted shortly hereafter and the eopyist sets forth his work by presenting Avcmpace's annotation" 4K on tbe FU,SlJ/ a/-tawti', the Fivc SeclÌof/s. al­Fiirabi' s Five Sections are intendee! for the beginner in logic, who bas thc traditional education in Arabic gt'ammar ctnd is làmiliar with its concepts,49 and they prepare him by cxplaining logical concepts, many ofthem paraHcl to grammatical ones. Avempace takes as thc initiallemma thc title of al­Fadibl's work "Scctiohs which cOl11prise aH tbc knowledge indispensable l'or the beginncr in the art or Logic_ nvc ilÌ numbcr". He observes tbal other people than alcFariibl havewrittcn 011 lhese although they did not systcmatize them. al­Fàràbi lirst gathcred thcsc conccpls " 4' 137. jr, Among the universals tbere is something that A shares with 13 and ;;0111C,thing in whìcb A diffcrs lì­om R What A sbares with B reveals either what A is or what is outside of A What reveals what is outside A, is called an accircveàldenL What reve,lls what A is, if it is more generai than somcthing ｣ｬｾＬ＠ ing A, is called gcnus, and il' il is more particular, iS.callcd speeies. A (lIffers t'rom B insomething that may or may noI befound ,in its substancc; if il' is found, it eallcda specific difTerence, and ifit is oot, is cali cd a propcrty47 255: 10­­12. B, 30: 20­22. 49 256: o­II. B. 31: 16­24. 257; 9­2()6; o. B, 32: 20­42: 6. Cf Dunlop, 'Inlroductory Scctions.' 264. '.' JOSEPfl PUI(i MONTAflA enumera!cd them, nO( to integrate them into the logic as one of its parts, but as "an account and a summary 01' those things which have to be known before starting with the art of logic".50 We should consequently excludde them from the first core of Avempace's philosophy and include them in the Eisagoge and the Classifìcation Dj the Sciences. II. In the Escorial manuscript, the annotations on the Five Sections are followed, in an abrupt way, by new ones referring to the classes ofintelligibles. 51 They are found in the Oxford manuscript too, whcre they were considered by Hs copyist as an independent writing thal he entitled Wa-min qaw/i-M ra(liva Allah "anhuJi.>'adr al-fsagiigi: 52 "Avempacc's discourse about thc beginning of the Eisagoge". As "beginning" we should understand thc second paragraph of al­Fiirabi's fsiigt'igi: The universal is such (mcl ia'nuhu) that two or more resemble it, while the individuaI is that in which there cannot be resemblance between any two. FurIher thc univcrsal is such that it can be predicated of more than one, while the individuai is not such thal il can be predicalcd of more than ｯｮ･ＮＵｾ＠ IL2a. Arìstotle, howcver, had dcfincd tbc universal as tha! "tbc nature 01' wbìch i, . such that it ean predicatcd 01' many" (De interp. 17 a 39­40). AI­Farabi ùc/lncd il above under two aspects, tbc Aristotclian and tbc aspect ofresemblanec, "thàt two or more rescmblc it." Avempaee docs not see any contradiction but, on tbc contrary, thc aspect "that it ean be predicated ofmany" complements (mLlrdif) thc tirst. Avcmpacc reasons that, were it not l'or tbis second dcfinirion, the class of thc uni:vcrsal wouldbc only that containing "many individuals atthc same time",5X so that al­Farabi addèd this second phrase to rebut the objeetion by means 01' "explaining and indicating thc ｭ･｡ｮｩｧＢＮＵｾ＠ II.2b. Aristotle' s De interpretatione .is also in tbe background ｯｦａｶｾｭｰ｡｣Ｇ s seeond attempt to clarify thc meaning of "uni versai" in the abovc mentioned tcxt of alFaràbi, ji :jadr al-hagiigi. As wc bavc just scen, Aristotlc detìncd the univcrsal.as that "the nature of which is such that it can predicated of many" (De interp. 17 a 39:40). The expression "its nature is such that" translates tbc Greek pcrfect tense péphy61l ke and was rendered as min l:a'nihi in Arabic AI­Fiirabi employs above thc COI1struction mci .ça 'nuhu. and ma min Ｎｾ｡Ｇ nihì, and Avcmpace focusses on it for 11is ncW· ma interpretation: The passage is related to Aristotle' s analyses in chapter VII 01' De interpreta/ione, a book that was translated into Arabic by Istaq Ibn I:Iunayn (d. 911 ),54 and that alFiiriibi commented upon extensivcly.55 IL I. Avcmpacc's annotations begin with a division 01' thc sounds here employed into "intclligibles" and "individuals" ("proper names"). Intelligibles are threefold: one class contains many individuals at the same time, a second class contains many individuals although not at tbe sa me ti me, such as the eclipses, and a third ela:,;s contains only one individuai, sueh as the sun or the moon. "Universal" is properly said only 01' the first two classes,56 and futhermore has to "be an affirmative predicate and true".57 51 The horse is not Imnl'l­Qais and thc donkey is not Imru'I­Qais, and there are cndless negalive sentenees in which Imru' I­Qais is the predicate, so that they ·rcsult in affirmalivc sentences such every man is Garir and evcry 110rse is AI­Ab!a!. Thcse affirmative sentcnces are going to be (nlse and negative, and the individua! ìs going to be tha! which is oredìcutcd of several Tu' il/i,/. 267: 16 5" Oxford. Pococke 206. folio 20. B, 43: 14­44: I. 5" 257: 19­20. B, 33: 7­10. Recall the existence of another series of annotations on the FiFe Seclion.\, see Note 22. 7(/iiliq, 206: 7­274: Il, B, 42: 7­51: 16, corresponding to Escorial, folios 1 1'''­13 v". 189 v". L 8. 53 • AI­Fariibi's EÙ·agoge.' 128; Arabic text, 119: 3­4. 54 Ed. I. Pollack, Die Hel'lI1enl!l/lik de.1' ArislOlele.\· iII del' arahi.l'chen Uherselz!llIg de.\' f.l'llllq lhn HO/laill. Lelpzig, 1913. ! follow the edition by 'A. Badawi in: Mall!Ìq ArLl·!ii. voI. 1 Beirut, 1990, 105­108. 55 51\ 51 Sur!l kiliih Ari.\!ii!ii/isji-/-'ihiira. Ed. W. Kutsch & S. Marrow. Beirut. 1960. Tu'ii//c/. 267: 15­16. B, 43: 12­13. Ta',i/ù/. 268: I. B. 44: 2. Avempacc introduccs this rcquirement to tllrn away following ob­ Jection: 60 (al­Hirabi) intcndcd with the expression "its nature is sueh that", the natural (character of [he univcrsal) and its disposition to rescmblc more than onc, that the rcsemblaricc cxists in its actualization. For Il is not Imposslblc tor wc cclipsc, insofar it is intclligible, lo have a rcscmblancc; 1'01' the eclinsc to be predicated of many. ,1' Te/iii/I.{, 268: 17­269: 3. il, 45.2­5. AvclTIpace turns so away Similarity (!ala/hl/h) is Cl rclation bctwecn two. Therc cannot be any similarity in aC!lIalìzatiol if do not exist thrce things in actualization: thc similarity, which is the lIniversalll1canir).g, and things keeping thc sìmilarity, This descripllon applìcs (only) to the univcrsals 5' more than j9 Olle individuai at the samc time, Ta'tili,/, 269: IO­II. B. 45: \3­14. (,I) Kiliil> a/-'i",/!''', ed. 'A. Badawi in: MIII1!Ù/ Anl'll. voI. I Beirut, l'ISO, IOS: 7. l,I Tu' ,/lit/, 269: j(1­270: I. B. 46: 5­{1. 6 I jUSEPH PUI(i MONTAf)A As for the individuai it eannot resemble more than ilself. According lo Avempace, al-Fi'iriihi bere introduced the eoncepts of possibility and impossibility and defined the universal as having the possibility to resemble more than one, "the possibility inhering in the meaning insofar as it is intelligible",li2 On the eontrary, the individuai laeks such possibìlìty, rather it is ìmpossible for the individuai to resemblemore than one, He denies the individuai that natural (charaeter: ,ça'n) that he has "posited in the first discourse",63 beeause of the subjeet, not be cause of the predicate: Any relation, i,c, the Aristotclian categOly, in order lo cxist, necds two possibilities, one for each subject of the relation, in contrast to the other nine categories,64 in which one possibility in one subject is sufficient. Resemblance is a relation, since it is to be predicated fo two, and both are properties of the classes of intclligibles as well as of their individuals, But only becausc of the ìntelligibles relations exist in tbe categories, not because of lheir own essence, To sum up, only the intelligiblcs possess the possibility to resel11ble more than one and to be predicated ofmany, Therefore, A vempace gives two possible interpretations of the construction min sa 'nihi (el11ployed by Aristotle and by al­Fiiriibi at the beginning of the Madbal), According to the fin;t interpretation (2a), the expression "its nature is SLlch that" gives us only indications and ealls om attention until the power of the sentence (qawl) becomes thc power of our uni versai sentence: we employ the meaning as a predicate of many, The individuai, in contrast, is something we cannot el11ploy HS such a predicate, The second interpretation (2b) of min §a'nihi gives us "H complete and reversible deseriptìon": Tbe power of the sentence ìs the power of our unì versai sentence, but Ìnsofar as it is not impossible to be predicated of many.65 Avcmpace is clcarly awarc of the faet that this sccond interpretHtion is difficult to grasp and gives following instanee: Wben the sun is once and Hgain predicated of ils individuality, in different sentenees, then it does not make any differenee if the first individuality is the second or another one, Avempaee considers the Jìrst, the propHedeutie interpretHtion of min .ça 'nihi. more adequatc for tbe Kitiib al-madLwl. since the purpose of the Eisagoge is lo teach those things thal enable us to enumerate the ten categories, The lHadbal contains a parti al arc "the first intelligiblcs and thcir action follo\ the order that was explained in the Categories" ,bi> ' The second interpretation is ofno avail for this purrose because the Aristotel i; categories do noI comprehcnd ali beings, and they comrrehend beings not insofar they are really existent but insofar HS the nature of these beings is to appear in ti 67 mind, althougb they are sustained by tbe determinate IL3, How is thc proccss of clahorating tbc ten categorie;;') According to Avei generally accepted by the C0111111 011 vie pace, we start with concepts ＨｵｬＮｾＧｭｶｷｊＯＢ｛ｴＩ＠ of any man endowcd with a mind natmally disposed, and wc ascend to the utml levels, Wc resort lo definitions and descriptions "generally accepted" lo lÌnd out thl genuses, species amI As a rcsult wc bave tive prcdicables intervcning, the same tive Eisagoge, Neverthcless, definitions and descrirtions are decisive in80fHr they revc the parts 01' which categorìes are compositc('X For Avempace sueh a Kitiib al-mod[wl constitutes a partieular scicnce, whieh divided into [wo main classes, ranking first in .thc knowledge 01' tbc livc the simple ones, and,second, that or tbc comrosite concepts, a division alrcady n)(; tioned on page 9, A vempace faces again the issue 01' the addition by al­Fiiriibì of chapters on definition to the Eisagoge and gives now a more reDective answcr. Mor over he addrcsses a second issue, thc ten categorie:; and their trcatment in an depcndent book, which prcciscly opens the Organon, For this reason hc ha;; dcclal!' that the purpose or the Kiliib al-mad{wl exeecds the aecount of the fìvc universals and comprises "the first intclligibles ami their action" with an fcrence to tbc Aristotclian book or thc Categorie." as a guide, Avempace' s solution consists in a new division of his l\"lJgiiiF into rour ｾ｣ｴｩｯｬ￬＠ 1. PUl'rOse of the book, 2, Universals and indiviùuals, 3, Simple un al 4, COlllrosite universals, lf anyonc limits thc Eisagoge fo the account of "tbc fi' prorcrtics", as 1'0rphyry di d, hc tums it into an ｩｮｴｲｯ､ｵ｣ｾｭＬＶＧＡ＠ containing unly II instruments employed by "thc interprctative faculty", ami rorgets that il should corree t logical scicncc, A vempace honors al­Fiiriibi as the first thinkcr who su' (,::; 270: 6, B, 46: 10··11. (" QU\1"I,'1 undcrstand thc argument in 2a, {u'li/iq. 270: 7, B. 46: 12, M The Escorial manuscript reads "ninc intelligibles (mu'qiì/lit)" ano thc Oxford manuscript "scven categories (lIJaqliliiL)", The Aristotclian categories are ten, ＨＬＵｾＢ＠ ',­ 271. I· 5, B, 47: 9­14, (,(0 (;7 48:7­8, 271: ＵＭｉｾｂＬ＠Ｑ A/-mll.\'/allida ìflll-mu.l-llri/ayhi. Tu',IIic/, 271: 18, B, 4R: 10·-11 '" Ta'llli", 272: 1­6. B, 48: IO­Il, ,." Tall'!i'Ii, 272: 18, B, 49: 15. 62 "I ---- JOSEPH PUlli MONTADA proof of this is that he (al-Fàriibì) the Five Sections as an introduction before this book, and it bccomes more clear because he again explained the individuai at the beginning ＨｾＧ｡､ｲＩ＠ of this book, and in his discourse on the 7U genus and the species Avempace probably refers by "beginning" to the beginning ofthe Kitiib al-lsàgugi, wherc al-Farà bI dcfincd the universal and thc individuai, as considered above on page 13, which definition motivated Avempace's exposition on the tÌrst intelligibles. 7I AI-Fàràbi' s discourse on the genus and the species is found in the same book; 72 there he treated the individuaI in its relation to both prcdicables, but did no! make any statemcnt that warranties Avcmpace's rcading of this text. We should be cautious, then, when A vempace ascribcs lo him such interpretation. What matlers is A vernpace' s tenet that the essence of the Kitiib al-madbal is a theory of the individua! and the universal, which develops into an ana!yses of the simple and the composite universal meanings, or intelligibles, and that, as a coro 1lary, the Kitiib al-mad{JQI paves the way for the Categories. In defcnse of the tenet, A vernpace shows that the five prcdicables are no! utmost irreducib!e conccpts, but constilule "a relation between two universals",73 falling within the rules of individuals and c1asses. Genus, species, property and accident are relations which are property of 74 the intelligiblcs conccrning the quantity oftheir subjects. The specitìc difference is a difference in relàtion to another uni versai, and it docs not need either thc individuai (mcmbers) ol'the uni versai nor the of thei!' 75 Although tbe five uni versai meanings are attaebed to some categories, l'elatil and quantity, we should not see the universals as subordinated to the categories. J. us reluro lo Avempace's precise words, in the first part 01' his annotations, on ti issue of the genus and tbe species: They both are rdated terms, but the rclation lini . them does not fall within the category or relation because: To be a eategory evetything has lo be sustained by the sensible, but this relation is not, since the entity orbeing genus or species is a menfal property7(, Avempace's annotations 10 al-Fàriibi's Kitiib al-l/Uult!Cl1 show much more nality than one would notiee at tirst sight. He was very conscious to point out that ti Eisagoge should not be limited to the exposition ofthe five "sounds" . maybe six, the individuai is added 77 - and that a science was needcd to lay the foundations f, , the Ol'gallon. He conceived this sCÌence as a fOfmaltheory of individuals and classl integrated into it the Porphyrian division and thc principles of definìrion and descri, tìon and, resortìng especially to the later one5, wanted to establìsh thc ten A vempace, however, was a busy man and unfortunatcly did not carry out li project, likc his nlher bright ideas, is Madhal remained 11 skctch of il formai elcments amI sets. Avempace is not sufficiently explicit in his explanation. Ile eomments that thc differences belween genus, species and property are eaused by how they exisl in subjects whìch they share. These three universals are essenees (miihiyyat) inhering the same subjects; in contrast, the accident is noI an essence and exists outside the subject. As for the role of the relation found in the specific difference, he says: 7i1 273: 4-5, B. 49: 19 ..20. Therc ìs a similar sentcncc in the introduclory treatise of al-Fiirabi: "That by whieh no two things resemble cach other is callcd the individuai. as Zayd and 'Amr". Dunlop, 'AI-Fiiràbi's IntroduclOry Risu/u!l.' 233: Arabic lext, 228: 17-18. "Dunlop, 'AI-Fariibi's Ei.wgoge,' 128-130: Arabic lext. 119: 21-121: IO, B Tu'iili'l. 273: 8, I follaw Fakhry (B, 50: 3) and chose the reading of Ihe Oxford manuscript. folio 191 v", linc 6. " Ｎｾ＠ ,-,- 273: 8-9. B, 50: 3-5. 71 64 7j 7f, 77 Tu'liliq, 273: 17-18. B. 50: 13-14. Ta',il/q. 256: 1-3. B, 31: 12-14. Al-gìnsiYYlI WlI-I1-l1l1W'iYYlI mil1/1I-luWli!ìiq ,tl-tiih!liyya,' Thc addition 01' Ihis sixth lcnn is attribulcù to thc Ibwan al-Snfjj'. I. R. Nettan, MlIl'lim plalllni'l'\" (Edinburgh Univ, l'ress, I INj l, 47-A8. JOSl'l'l1 PUI(; MONTADA Table II Table I [ AI-Fiiriibi, Languagc Logie ＱＡＬｾｩＧ＠ Philosophie Logic Categorics Interprctation Syllogistic _Apodcictic Non-phi!osophic Logie Dialectie Sophistic Rhctoric . Poctics Lcxicology Grammar Logic Categories Interprctation Syllogistic _Apodeietie Apodeictie Dialcctic Dialectic Sophistic Rhetorie Poeties Sophistic Rhetorie Poeti es IMathcmaties Arithmetic Geo!1letry I I Mathematies Arithmetic Geometry Opti es Astronomy rMusie Meehanies Engineering Arithmetie Geometry Opties Astronomy Musie Meehanies Engineering Mathematies Philosophy Physies Hcavcns Coming-to-be L Metcreologica II-III. Mctcor. Minerals Plants Animals, and Soul Not s[leeified Natural Phìlosophy Metaphysics Metaphysies Metaphysies Polities, etc. Polilies Jurisprudenee Theology NoI speeified Praetieal 66 Avcmpace AI-Fiirabi, Risò/a Avcmgaec Astronomy Music l I Natura! Philosophy Not spccificd \ Metaphysics Polities Philosophic I Logic Apodcictic ! Dialcetic Sophistie Rl1c t o ric Pocties Arithmetic Geometry IOptics Astronomy Music Mcchanics Engineering Not specificd Non-phdosophic Logic Mathematies Natural Phi losop Metaphysies Practìcal JOSEPH hJl(; M()NTADA ＭｾＮ＼｟ Table 11 Table I Avemoace Language Grammar Logic Categories Ilnterpretation Syllogistic Apodcictic Oialcclic AI-Fàriibi, Risaia '-.-"',,,!Su, Ｇｾ＠ Intcrprctation Avcmpace Il Philosophic Logic ILogic Anodeictic Oialectic Rhcloric Poctics Non-philosophic 1 - - - - - - ' - - - - - j / - - - - - - - - - 1 1 Logic Mathematics --lI' .. " ..... - .. - I Mathematics Arithmclic Gcomctry Mathcmatics Astronomy Music Natural Philosophy I Not specifico ";;':":=-"-_-11 Natura! MClaphysics Practical etc. Theo!ogy /16 (,