Discover Geoscience Case Study Revitalizing Golshan and Sharifieh caravanserais: a study in adaptive reuse and urban preservation Faezeh Hoursan1 · Mehranoosh Mofidi1 Received: 7 February 2024 / Accepted: 9 July 2024 © The Author(s) 2024 OPEN Abstract The inefficient urban textures often turn into hotspots of social anomalies, leading to depressed, insecure, and nonparticipatory spaces. The issue of preserving historic urban textures and their dynamic evolution is essential for sustainable urban development. This research delves into the potential for adaptive reuse of the Golshan and Sharifiye caravanserais in the Hamadan city in Iran. These historically valuable structures previously helped in the facilitation of trade and travel; now, they need regeneration. The research, therefore, aims to harness the tourism and functional capacity of the abandoned Sharifiye caravanserai by linking it with the more popular Golshan caravanserai. This link will prevent abandonment and the deterioration of the Sharifiye caravanserai through the creation of an in-between space since it revitalizes both sites. The study emphasizes preserving cultural heritage while at the same time accommodating modern amenities to meet present needs. Therefore, the proposed adaptive reuse method would focus on preserving historical integrity while enabling the building to have a contemporary use. The method then proposes the creation of a transitional zone that transits the historic fabric to modern interventions. The revitalization and reuse of these caravanserais should be able to attract traders, generate hospitable conditions for residents, and increase local income through the tourism generated and the commerce of handicrafts and traditional arts. Effective principles of adaptive reuse are needed to maintain stability in the structure and function of these buildings. The study concludes that a balanced and thoughtful adaptive reuse approach with in-between space can bring transformation in the abandoned space into a lively cultural hub that would contribute both towards economic and cultural development in Hamadan. Keywords Adaptive reuse · Abandoned spaces · Golshan caravanserai · Sharifieh caravanserai · Urban development 1 Introduction Without a doubt, the old, ineffective texture of the city becomes the cradle of social anomalies and creates depressed, confused, insecure, non-participatory places. The need for targeted intervention while maintaining the identity of the historical texture and its development and dynamics to maintain the structure of the city raises the need to study the issue (Mohammad Salehi et al. [18]). In addition to the existence of physical issues and problems, these textures have led to the degradation of urban spaces and the problem of human presence in them (Mehdizadeh [17]). Urban renovation and improvement measures, therefore, are measures aimed at achieving sustainable urban development. Based on this, it is necessary to examine the theory of sustainable city and sustainable urban development in the process of urban renovation and improvement (Turner, 1376:180 [31]). From historical times to nowadays, the preservation of historical structures has always been considered, as these works, in addition to displaying the culture, history, and identity of each * Faezeh Hoursan, Faezeh.hoursan@gmail.com | 1Faculty of Architecture, Soore University, Tehran, Iran. Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Vol.:(0123456789) Case Study Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 country, provide considerable income to the inhabitants of the region each year by attracting visitors. Caravanserais are outstanding edifices of the Middle Ages, which reflect the historical and cultural background of each country. Besides, each year, they become a profitable source for the native people due to the great number of people who visit them to get a full concept of these countries. From the point of view of history, caravanserais played a vital role in facilitating trade and travel along olden routes. Such remarkable, architectural constructions provided support, security, and commerce for traders, travelers, and their caravans (Farshchi and Zamani [8]). Maintaining cultural heritage can keep a connection with the past and help to engender a sense of self. Historic buildings like caravanserais also testify to the economy and social dynamism of their times. It is important to develop a sustainable strategy with the conservation of the original features of the caravanserais with contemporary functionality (Bleibleh and Awad [3]). On the other hand, adaptive reuse can infuse important modern amenities that are needed to serve modern purposes without compromising the integrity of the caravanserais. This process should be done in a very sensitive way in line with the historic structure of the caravanserais. There is huge potential for this development plan to preserve cultural treasures while adapting them to modern needs. With careful consideration of the concept of adaptive reuse and the balancing act between preservation and innovation, these abandoned spaces can be revitalized and live as vibrant cultural hubs attracting visitors and contributing to the local economy. Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais are two old caravanserais in Hamadan, Iran. Due to their great cultural and historical background, nowadays, there is considerable interest in preserving and reviving these caravanserais, while their use become adapted to the needs of contemporary people. Golshan Caravanserai is located in the middle of Hamadan City, on the old Ekbatan Street, and in the central 400-year-old bazaar of the city. The Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts organization of Hamadan province plans to revive this precious treasure. According to the deputy head of the organization, the caravanserai has undergone repairs, such as roof, excavation, lighting, and insulation, and the brick bodies of the damaged areas have been repaired, but there is still the need for adaptive reuse and revitalization of this valuable site for its vitality. This research aims to analyze the potential for the adaptive reuse of Golshan and Sharifiye Caravanserais in the Hamadan city in Iran, through the use of in-between space. It aims to leverage the tourism and functional capacities of the abandoned Sharifiye caravanserai by establishing a relationship with the more popular Golshan caravanserai. This linkage has the intention to cease the abandonment and decay of Sharifiye caravanserai, by the creation of an in-between space that enlivens both sites. It has a due emphasis on the balance between the preservation of the historical and cultural integrity of these caravanserais and the inculcation of modern amenities to cater to the present needs of users, ultimately leading to sustainable urban development and an increase in local economic opportunities. 2 Literature review Caravanserai is a portmanteau of the term caravan (Kariyan), which refers to group travelers, and serai, which refers to a dwelling or location, both derived from the Pahlavi language (Kiani [13]). Both Serai and travel have long recognized the human need for refuge. Most works of intermediate resorts can be observed in Iran dating back to the distant past; many may be called architectural masterpieces of their period in the building style. Caravanserai has a long history in Iran, and its construction on caravan routes for rest and shelter has been of particular significance in various ages, especially during the Islamic era. This is all because caravanserais gathered people from the hinterland towns to some moments of truce, turning them into points of communication and sharing ideas, which dramatically affected the lives of people. In former times, caravanserai had a remarkable system. For instance, when the first caravan would stop, it was parked at the first corner of the caravanserai so that it would be the first caravan to leave the next morning. The caravanseries are essential examples of culture, art, and architecture. The issue of their preservation has been widely discussed in recent years, and the question of renewing these structures has become more and more crucial in the last decades. Since these urban symbols are represented as being parts of a nation’s history and identity, it isn’t just an issue of rebuilding and restoration, but it is trying to make a creative link between what happened in the past and what has to remain in the future (Majidi [15]). Because there are no community demands addressed in the usage of these buildings, most of them remain underused after renovation. The fact that abandonment of ancient structures hastens their deterioration, bringing the destruction and degradation closer. Erosion is one of the most pressing problems of today’s cities as it increases disorganization, imbalance, clumsiness, the erasure of communal memory, and decay. By Vol:.(1234567890) Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Case Study consciously intervening, revitalizing stops erosion (Homayouni [10]). This can be done through the expansion of the complex and a change of its usage to meet the needs of residents. Indeed, this potential to enhance the quality of architectural spaces has been the subject of many studies in adaptive reuse and in-between spaces. Meanwhile, it is already clear that in-between spaces play a multi-faceted role and highly affect the architectural and urban environments. However, with this invaluable perception, a huge gap remains to be filled in understanding how to make effective use of these in-between spaces in case studies of adaptive reuse and avoid their historical and valuable buildings being abandoned and left in dilapidated conditions. Shahlaei and Mohajeri [28] asserted that the dialectic between interior spaces and their relationship with the exterior environment is critical and the in-between spaces serve as mediators. Several factors have been recognized that affect in-between spaces: architectural functions, climate, culture, lifestyle, and aesthetics. In-between spaces offer enjoyable physical or visual access to the outside and shield from undesirable environmental factors: severe radiation and wind. The thoughtful concern of the above-mentioned factors helps develop the quality of architectural spaces by creating enjoyable and functional transitional areas. Rembeza and Sas-Bojarska [25] focused on the changing character of in-between spaces in the transformation of the city. The identification of how these spaces can act, in terms of function, space, economy, the environment, image, and social problems has been investigated in their study. Their research demonstrated the potential ability of in-between spaces to create attractive and safe public areas that deal with urban change and upgrade the overall urban experience. The results of studies carried out by Farboud and Shah-Hosseini [7], showed that historical caravanserais were mostly used as inns by travelers. The use of such historical and valuable buildings can avoid their deterioration. It was emphasized that the interior architect and restorers should work in collaboration in the adaptation of the traveler’s visual preferences without damaging the texture and the historical formation of the structure to ensure the sustainability and usability of the structure for generations. Dagnino [5] focused on the societal need to provide future caravanserais as transcultural hubs of hospitality. These would be “homes away from home”, fostering inclusive and participative modalities of living together to improve urban cohabitation. Nouri [20] addressed the role of in-between spaces in achieving sustainable architecture. She mentioned that these spaces could either connect or disconnect various spaces. She believed that well-developed joints and connections could be developed to offer a sustainable relationship between the built environment and the context. She proposed that this could be achieved through open and semi-open spaces, successful past models, and technological or indigenous methods that optimize the use of space and prevent energy wastage. Odegard and Rossholt [21] and also, Savvides [27] asserted that adaptive reuse is a tool for hybrid environments. These environments blend old and new elements to realize unique spaces, where past and present come together. However, Andreas Savvides, in particular, focused on regenerative design in historic city centers, explaining how adaptive reuse can create new urban revitalization and sustainable design. Al Braifkani and Günçe [1] have conceptualized a theoretical framework for architectural adaptation and argue that a hybrid interpretation should be adopted, seeking to position diversity as generative to the human experience. The approach emphasizes the interrelation between architecture and society. Here, adaptive reuse is promoted as a way of integrating existing structures with new functions and meanings. Matteis [16] similarly, discussed affective adaptation in adaptive reuse, pointing out how in-between spaces can stir up shared emotions and one-of-a-kind experiences and how this can contribute to the development of a sense of community and economic revitalization. Clayton and Shuttleworth [4] also focused on the affective and communicative nature of in-between spaces. They investigated the creative usage of in-between spaces in adaptive reuse projects. The studies have proven the underestimated potential of transitional spaces to further creativity and engagement. These well-rounded studies have only one loophole—a profound gap between knowledge and practice concerning the practicality of in-between spaces within adaptive reuse projects to curb the menace of desertion and degeneration of historical and valuable buildings. The understanding of how these spaces can best be put to use could potentially preserve and revitalize many valuable building structures. Considering the building adaptation on a hybrid base, Al Braifkani and Günçe [1] conclude that this process creates new understandings of the relationships between architecture and society. Also, the visual preferences of travelers in historical caravanserais make one consider that converting these buildings into inns can prevent them from being unsafe ruins, as Farboud and Shah-Hosseini [7] affirm. However, there is a lack of more focused research on the concrete application of such a concept to prevent neglect and abandonment of historical sites like Golshan and Sharifiyeh Caravanserais. Vol.:(0123456789) Case Study Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Future research should develop strategies for integrating in-between spaces in adaptive reuse projects to ensure that these historic buildings can remain vital and functional parts of the urban fabric. This gap in research should be addressed to enhance its capacity to integrate in-between spaces in projects dealing with adaptive use strategies in the improvement of the built environment. As has been demonstrated throughout the discussed literature, in-between spaces, and adaptive reuse have a significant role in improving the quality of architectural space. Addressing functional, environmental, cultural, and emotional aspects, they contribute to the sustainability, historical enhancement, and rejuvenation of urban environments. To achieve the aforementioned, there is a need for more targeted research on the use of in-between spaces to prevent the abandonment and neglect of historical buildings to ensure their continued function and relevance within contemporary society. 3 Case study Hamadan province is located in the western part of Iran, between 33 degrees and 59 min to 35 degrees and 48 min north latitude and 47 degrees and 34 min to 49 degrees and 36 min east longitude of the Greenwich meridian with a total area of 19,493 square kilometers. This province is limited to the north by Zanjan and Qazvin provinces, to the south by Lorestan province, to the east by the Markazi province, to the west by the Kermanshah province, and to the north by the Kurdistan province (Rezayi-Hamedani [26]). One of the reasons for the creation of the Hamadan town settlement is that the town is located along the west–east trade route. This road traditionally connected the Mesopotamian Plain with Iran’s high plateau (Le Strange [14]). The vast and affluent bazaar of Hamadan was full of English and Indian goods, and caravans carrying the goods went from Hamadan to Tehran and then through Aveh to Rasht. The bazaar is the main axis and the commercial heart of Hamadan, holding most of the great warehouses, manufacturing, and distribution centers for a lot of goods, in addition to money exchanges. Previous to the establishment of the square and its streets, the Hamadan bazaar had a coherent and linked fabric and was an important region of the city’s texture, notably Sheverin, Ekbatan, and Babataher (Zarei [35]). Fig. 1 Location of Hamadan bazaar and Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais following the construction of squares and streets. The 200-year-old Golshan caravanserai is next to the 400-year-old Ekbatan bazaar on Ekbatan street (one of six streets branching from Imam Khomeini square). The adjacent Sharifiyeh caravanserai has fallen out of use due to neglect and its smaller size than Golshan (Biglari [2]) Vol:.(1234567890) Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Case Study Fig. 2 The ground and first floor plans of the four-iwan Golshan caravanserai in Hamadan before the revitalization and adaptive reuse measures, which is about 3400 square meters in size and has 70 chambers (Authors 2024) In recent years, the 400-year-old city of Hamadan has sustained losses to its history and culture as it has allowed partial demolition of the Javaheri mansion, the Badi-al-Hokama garden, and the historical texture of the Kababian (Nazari-Arshad et al. [19]). As Hamadan is the center of history and civilization in Iran and was named the tourist capital among Asian nations in 2018, more significant attention should be paid to this important city to prevent further damage and neglect. Therefore, the development of sustainable tourism, harnessing the cultural power of caravanserais, and reviving and repurposing these ancient structures may be a substantial step in this regard. One of the greatest assets of the historical backdrop in the Hamadan province, considering the historical backdrop of the city, is the caravanserais that exist both in-town and out-of-town. Still, Hamadan province has been incapable of attaining the advantage and prosperity regarding the tourism attraction of this asset. The 200-year-old Golshan Caravanserai is a caravanserai in the city of Hamadan that is located on the eastern side of the Sahhaf-khane row. It is constructed in four-iwan (four-part) planning and is located next to a 400-year-old bazaar, known as Ekbatan bazaar (Fig. 1). The Golshan caravanserai encompasses about 3400 square meters and has 70 chambers. The creation of this caravanserai dates back to the early Qajar dynasty. At present, it is employed partially as a market for kilims, carpets, and fabrics (Jamebozorg and Najafi [12]). For the reason of its history and location, this caravanserai has always been significant to the people of Hamadan and tourists worldwide. It has been the commercial center of provinces like Zanjan, Kurdistan, and Kermanshah. Since it is located at the heart of the historic bazaar of Hamadan, merchandise like carpets and fabrics used to be brought from this caravanserai. This caravan-commercial caravanserai has worked as a halt for caravans and as a venue for marketing goods related to carpets and fabrics. One of the entrances of Golshan caravanserai leads to the Sahhaf-khane row. Sharifiyeh caravanserai was also one of the famous caravanserais of Hamadan, in which many merchants resided. Being thrown out of operation because of negligence and due to its small size in comparison with Golshan caravanserai and a large number of clients, this caravanserai, an in-town commercial inn with many clients, is abandoned now (Taherkhani [29]). The four-iwan Golshan caravanserai in Hamadan (Fig. 2) is located next to the Ekbatan bazaar on Ekbatan street, in front of the Haj-Mirza-Kazem caravanserai. Its other entrance is connected to the Sahhaf-khane row from the middle of the western side (Piri and Afshari-Azad [23]). The building’s entry vestibule features lovely brick ornamentation on the inside, while the brick facade adorns the outside. The Restoration efforts have been finished at this caravanserai, and the damaged regions’ brick bodies have been repaired, according to the deputy head of the organization (Jamebozorg and Najafi [12]). Figure 3, shows a diagram of the architectural function of this caravanserai (Fig. 3). The Sharifiyeh caravanserai, meanwhile, dates back to the Qajar period and is situated in the middle part of the Hamadan bazaar, on Ekbatan Street, limited to Nokhod-berizha, Halabisaz-khane, Sahhaf-khane, and Alaghbandha rows. It was inscribed in 1998 with the number 2087 on the National Heritage List. Vol.:(0123456789) Case Study Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Fig. 3 Illustration of the architectural design of Hamadan’s four-iwan Golshan caravanserai. Upon entering the building, visitors are greeted by arched corridors that lead to the inner courtyard. These corridors encompass the chambers, each meticulously designed to surround and provide access to the central yard (Authors 2024) Sharifiyeh caravanserai is a four-iwan structure, with two levels and an area of about 2000 square meters. The fire destroyed the building in 2007, but it was restored and reopened after two years. Based on the head of the general directorate of the Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts organization of Hamadan, the broken and shabby arches of the building, cracked brick bodies, and docks were rebuilt and the roofing and installation of metal fences with the original design were performed. Currently, most parts of the Sharifiyeh caravanserai are used as warehouses, but the organization states that a Hamadan handcraft market may be established here with the help of store owners. Sharifiyeh caravanserai has a unique design with wooden columns, vaults, and arches, which give a breathtaking image to this caravanserai, and it may be a tourist attraction for Hamadan residents (Farahani [6]). Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais in Hamadan have substantial cultural, architectural, and historical importance. Historically, both the caravanserais played a key role in acting as hubs along ancient trade routes, providing accommodation and other vital facilities for merchants, other travelers, and their caravans. Each of these caravanserais has a different architectural style and particular historical context. These caravanserais consist of an enclosed courtyard with an arched entrance gate and have a lot of chambers which are located around the central space. However, with time, they became neglected and considerably dilapidated. Revitalization and adaptive reuse approach would develop these caravanserais into vibrant cultural and commercial spaces while respecting their historical and authentic character. 4 Methodology This study employs a mixed research approach to meeting its purpose, using theoretical frameworks and data gathered from the field. The data was gathered from books by historians, publications by recent researchers, articles, historical photographs, aerial photographs, and maps of the National Mapping organization, and, most importantly, the information from Hamadan province’s Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts organization. The various aspects of the study enable a holistic understanding of the subject, using both descriptive and analytical approaches to fill a gap regarding the adaptive reuse of abandoned urban settings and aid practical means of revitalization. The study commences with an in-depth literature review, related to the subject through books and articles authored by historians or recent researchers. This has been done to understand the historical and cultural significance of the Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserai and the revitalization approaches in this regard. Similarly, the historical, aerial photographs and maps from the National Mapping organization were used for visual and cartographic analysis of the physical evolution and present situation of both caravanserais. Additionally, the information from the Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts organization of Hamadan province was used to gain an official and institutional understanding regarding the subject and its approach toward the possible revival of the subject. Fieldwork involved interviews with residents and merchants of and within the Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserai. These interviews helped in qualitative data regarding the present situation, issues, and requirements in the area, as well as a scope for these destinations, and hence aided in understanding the socio-economic influence of the existing situation of the caravanserai upon the community and their approach toward the same in its revival. Vol:.(1234567890) Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 Case Study | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Table 1 The theoretical framework of this research proposes measures for revitalizing the Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais Concept Dimensions Standards Revitalization Functional Aesthetic Perceptual Proposed measures Liveliness Giving life to the use of chambers The active presence of merchants and visitors in the environment Attractiveness Variety in use and variety Creating a shopping and tourism Environment Creating cultural facilities Workshops Literary and artistic circles Museums Creating spaces for spending leisure time Handicraft exhibitions Shops and ethnic galleries Visual imporCreate spatial geometry tance Combining water and green space in the inner yard by recreating the destroyed pool Preventing further dampness and erosion by taking care of the building Fix visual barriers Organizing the green space Communication Creating an in-between space Creating a spatial connection between two and access caravanserais More access to both caravanserais in the complex Identity Restore the original identity of the The view created by the activity of the chambuilding bers Commuting and welcoming people by creating suitable uses Reduce erosion risk Using the building and maintaining its functional nature Security Existence of lighting at night Round-the-clock activities of the service, entertainment, and tourism sectors No secluded spaces Reducing unnecessary accumulations around Convenience No noise pollution Presence of guards in the complex The theoretical framework of this research proposes measures for revitalizing the Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais, focusing on functional, aesthetic, and perceptual dimensions. The measures are constructed upon the defined standards for each of the dimensions, aiming to enhance the overall utility, visual appeal, and sensory experience of the caravanserais (Authors, 2024). Mapping and analysis involved reviewing the maps of both caravanserais, using the information of the Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicrafts organization and, similarly, regional uses and needs by using maps from Hamadan Municipality. This is a vital step toward gaining an understanding of the various spatial dynamics and functional integration that both caravanserais might form with the main urban fabric. The analysis was followed by a comprehensive site survey of both the caravanserais and their neighborhood, entailing detailed observations and documentation of the physical conditions, spatial configurations, and existing uses of the caravanserais. The on-site data collection helped form a grounded understanding of the current challenges and opportunities for adaptive reuse. Descriptive analysis was adopted to systematically describe the current condition and historical evolution of the caravanserais, using the collected data. Analytical techniques were further used to interpret theacquired information and develop a strategic framework for the adaptive reuse of the caravanserais (Table 1). The analysis involved the identification of potential new uses, compatibility assessment with historic features, and proposing practical interventions to improve functionality and appeal. Three dimensions—functional, aesthetic, and perceptual—along with various standards, helped in assessing the vitality of the site. Accordingly, specific measures have been proposed in the theoretical framework. By integrating these methods, the research proposes to implement a sound theoretical approach to the empirical study of the potential adaptive reuse of Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais. The integration of theoretical knowledge and the implementation of empirical data will ensure that the proposed strategies for revitalization are both well-informed and practical, contributing, finally, to the sustainable development of the urban heritage of Hamadan. Vol.:(0123456789) Case Study Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 5 Results Revitalization of Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais can involve several aspects. These can range from historic restoration of architectural features to contemporization and adaptive reuse of spaces for contemporary businesses. In doing so, this approach seeks a balance between historic preservation on the one hand and the needs of contemporary users on the other, hopefully fostering a dynamic and inclusive environment. However, one of the proposed measures is the development of an in-between space to leverage the tourism and functional capacities of the abandoned Sharifiye caravanserai by establishing a relationship with the more popular Golshan caravanserai. This linkage has the intention to cease the abandonment and decay of Sharifiye caravanserai by the creation of an in-between space that enlivens both sites. It has a due emphasis on the balance between the preservation of the historical and cultural integrity of these caravanserais and the inculcation of modern amenities to cater to the present needs of users, ultimately leading to sustainable urban development and an increase in local economic opportunities. The main factors influencing contemporization are social and economic indicators, followed by intervention (Fig. 4). The poor methodological and identity indicators show that the modernizations made in the areas of planning, principled operations, and fundamental actions in the sites were inadequate (Yari and Ghorbani [34]). Contemporizing and changing the long-term use of historic buildings can have a significant effect on the texture of the neighborhood and its demographic and social makeup, making substantial contributions to social satisfaction. Adaptive reuse of a deteriorated site is the best approach for the long-term revitalization of that site. The possibility of changing the use might bring advantages in social terms and could also be economically profitable provided that action, intervention, and reuse of these buildings are planned. Modernization has always been economical in all aspects in achieving the goals and enhancing the economic value of the site (Tavakoli and Hedayati-Marzbali [30]). In developing nations such as Iran and India, where there are numerous historical and cultural monuments, altering the use of historic buildings requires measures for acceptable and planned adaptive services. For various reasons, several of them have lost their previous function, and their restoration will be resurrected by altering their proper and appropriate use. It may also be a conservation effort in which all of the principles of cultural development and modernization are followed while protecting these buildings’ uniqueness, and survival, and moving towards the goals of cultural heritage sustainability. All tools and materials, cultural, practical, and emotional values should be dealt with while altering suitable usage (Vatankhah and Razani [32]). Fig. 4 The effect of contemporizing on demographic and social context, as the optimal intervention strategy in urban settings. By combining contemporization with revitalization, a balance can be achieved between historic preservation, and the needs of contemporary users, which aims to foster a dynamic and inclusive environment. Considering the cultural, economic, and social indicators, it contributes to a sense of vitality, social satisfaction, and enhancing the life quality of the neighborhood (Authors 2024) Vol:.(1234567890) Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Case Study Fig. 5 The role of in-between spaces in organizing components and elements. These spaces serve multiple functions, including facilitating social interaction and communication, as well as acting as meeting points. They create a vital linkage between two areas, enhancing spatial connection. In-between spaces are crucial for connecting architectural elements or urban elements, thereby integrating the overall design (Authors 2024) If the principles of adaptive reuse are correctly implemented, it can also protect the building body while ensuring its functional durability. In the historical setting of ancient cities, there were areas of connection between numerous components with varying forms, purposes, and meanings, which played a significant role in the spatial linkage of architectural and urban features. In-between spaces (Fig. 5) organize components and pieces in any building or urban environment and are used as containers for various activities (Vosoughi et al. [33]). Along with reflecting the formal and semantic characteristics of the need, the boundary between the two elements reveals the communicative characteristics of the need since a man needs both elements, as well as the ability to move between them. Consequently, the two are never fully separated, and there is always a strong link between them (Grutter [9]). In-between spaces act as thresholds between architectural or urban elements, dividing and connecting areas to allow for continuous interaction (Table 2). Physically, they create tangible connections and establish boundaries, indicating territorial control. Semantically, they enhance understanding and introduce new meanings to the surrounding spaces. Functionally, they organize spatial transitions and support communication, acting as hubs for interaction. These versatile spaces bridge private, public, and semi-public spaces, integrate different spatial realms, and influence human perception and emotion, thereby enhancing meaningful spatial connections (PeyroOliya and Soheili [22]). In the dual-system approach, the space created by the juxtaposition of the two systems is hugely more extensive than that offered by a single system. In painting, the in-between idea is presented as a two-system tactic. In The Large Glass, Marcel Duchamp introduced dual-system work (1915–1923). The interfacing of two glass pieces was the object of study. "The value of objects is just a measure of their operations." Prestinenza Puglisi quotes. The convergence of the two systems approach in architecture was substantially affected and created memorable spaces of modern architecture in successive decades of the twentieth century. The space between the two systems is common to both and belongs to no specific system. We feel free and do not belong to any of these systems, while we are in the middle of them (Raisi et al. [24]). Golshan caravanserai is among the commercial caravanserais with a volume of a square cube. This caravanserai is especially famous due to its location and historical period. In addition to this caravanserai’s location and historical period, the architect has observed Iranian architectural principles by highlighting the order of the central courtyard of the building. Even if the architect of this structure is not known, it has created a beautiful mixture that has boosted its value. The building opens to the Sahhaf-khane row from the west and to the Kaffash-ha row from the north. It has orthogonal ground close to the square and a very regular but simple plan. This plan centers around a vast eight-and-a-half-octagonal courtyard with similar chambers on two floors with equal spans. Vol.:(0123456789) Case Study Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Table 2 Features and function of in-between spaces. The in-between spaces serve as thresholds between architectural or urban elements, dividing and simultaneously connecting two areas to enable continual contact and exchange. Their physical features facilitate this role by creating tangible links. Semantically, these spaces enhance the understanding of surrounding areas and introduce new meanings, complementing the existing spatial context. Functionally, in-between spaces contribute to the spatial hierarchy, organizing the transition between distinct realms and supporting their communication and interaction In-between space features Shape-physical As a threshold between the architectural space and the surrounding environment Dividing the two places creates connections and continual contact and exchange Semantic Better introduction of surrounding spaces Contains a new semantic load in the semantic complement of the surrounding spaces Communication-functional The notion of spatial hierarchy is used to organize space between distinct spatial realms In-between space function in architectural and urban spaces Shape-physical It is encircled by physical components that signify the establishment of boundaries Territorial and ownership control The semantics Within that focus is meaning Receive, interpret, modify, and combine information and concepts Becomes the place of interaction Communication Creating a connection between private and public and semi-public spaces This is the meeting point of internal and exterior functions and the outcomes of internal and external forces It establishes a meaningful form and permits it to interact with its surroundings A combination of parts and whole A combination of inside and out A combination of urban and architectural space A combination of private, semi-public, and public space A container that serves several purposes and serves as a hub for activity It comes in a variety of forms, scales, and functions Influence on human perception and emotion in the creation of spatial connections The in-between spaces serve several critical functions as well. These spaces are encircled by physical components that establish boundaries, signifying territorial and ownership control. They delineate areas and create a sense of enclosure and definition. They act as zones where meaning is concentrated. These spaces receive, interpret, modify, and combine information and concepts, enriching the semantic load of the surrounding areas. As places of interaction, in-between spaces serve as meeting points for the functions and outcomes of internal and external forces. They bridge private, public, and semi-public spaces, facilitating a seamless connection. They integrate parts and wholes, inside and outside, urban and architectural spaces, and various levels of privacy. These spaces act as versatile containers and hubs of activity, varying in form, scale, and function. They significantly influence human perception and emotion, enhancing the creation of meaningful spatial connections (Peyro-Oliya & Soheili [22]) The portico evolves from a sequence of internally linked stoops that tie the four corners of the caravanserai to the upper chambers, hollowing down the volume of the courtyard and reducing the homogeneity. The chambers are pretty much the same size, and when practicable, another chamber has been placed behind. On the lower level, the three center rooms on the north front are interlocked from the inside and the middle chamber takes the shape of a short hallway with chambers on each side so that a passage takes place in the center of this front, in the horizontal part. On both floors and at every corner of the courtyard, there is a stoop where the upper-floor staircases are placed and access to the corner chambers is provided. The vestibules on the northeast and southeast corners are simple but beautiful. Vestibules in a plaza style, with an octagonal foundation and arches, and chambers on two stories surrounding them. The dock, on the other hand, which has a northern Iranian architectural influence and is also referred to as the porch, is built in front of all the chambers and is 20 cm in height (Fig. 6). Around the courtyard, there have been canopies constructed up to the height of the ceiling of the ground floor over the dock, which appears to have been added later to the building to protect commerce from the city’s heavy rains (Authors 2024). Vol:.(1234567890) Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Case Study Fig. 6 The figure illustrates different architectural elements in the Golshan caravanserai. Visible are the aluminum panels installed beneath the wooden beams, highlighting the contrast between modern and traditional materials. The supporting structure is also shown, providing stability to the entire construction. The incongruous aluminum doors, which contrast sharply with the original wooden doors, are prominently displayed. In addition, the dock height is demonstrating the practical design aspects of the caravanserai (Authors 2024) Four rows of bazaar encircle Sharifiyeh caravanserai. An intersection has emerged from the junction of Kaffash-ha row in the north and Sahhaf-khane row in the east of the caravanserai, which, while not leading to it, has an effect in the northeast corner of the plan. It is not unlikely that these two rows, intersections, and caravanserai were all designed at the same time. The caravanserai plan’s main axis is north–south, and it has three major centers (three courtyards): north courtyard, apron, and south courtyard. The northern courtyard and its adjacent areas serve as the caravanserai’s entrance. This rectangular courtyard is joined to the Kaffash-ha row by a single door and corridor, and it is bordered by a simple wooden porch and chambers on two levels, which are accessed from the courtyard by a short, one-story corridor. The north and the south courtyards share common axes of confluence, although their longitudinal axes extend in opposite directions. The south courtyard is similar in design to the north courtyard: a rectangular foundation with two floors, a simple wooden porch, and similar chambers throughout. There has been no noticeable change at the central entrances of the courtyard. Except for the middle opening of the southern front, which is a bit narrower than the others, the apertures are nearly equal. If we exclude the porch, the foundation of the courtyard is such that it takes the form of a Kashkul (Authors 2024). Several important points were revealed during the interviews with the merchants of Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais. According to the merchants, one of the major problems that the merchants mention is the lack of specialized space for storage, which leads to inconsistency in the caravanserai interior. Furthermore, the chambers of the three-span have not been used properly, and a lot of chambers are not in a good condition to be used, which leads to a waste of space and, in some cases, the creation of warehouses, but without a planned arrangement, so it is not a pleasant space. The Sharifiyeh caravanserai is so unpopulated that most of the chambers are vacant. The exclusion of visitors has drained the life out of the caravanserai. Some vendors have used the first-floor chambers for shops. Some were found to be empty. On the other hand, Golshan caravanserai has undergone significant changes with the dismantling of the central pool, thus changing the characteristics of the caravanserai, and has poor maintenance and inapt pruning of the trees, leading to an obstacle in the proper view in the courtyard. The disproportionate adjustment in the air conditioning system and the closure of catwalks caused most of the chambers to lack suitable ventilation, resulting in dampness. The Golshan caravanserai has turned into a rendezvous for retired and elderly people because of its seclusion and the lack of public visitors to some paths that connect caravanserais with the adjacent bazaars, which are blocked and shuttered. Vol.:(0123456789) Case Study Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 6 Findings and Discussion Based on the results, it can be concluded that Sharifieh caravanserai can be introduced to the general public by creating an in-between space between that and the Golshan caravanserai (Fig. 7) so that Sharifieh caravanserai’s unique spatial potentials and qualities can be utilized to the fullest. Since Golshan caravanserai was a caravanserai-commercial establishment and Sharifiyeh caravanserai was a commercial establishment, creating a suitable communication joint not only meets the requirements of today’s people but also gives them a feeling of belonging thus, an environment with identity can be realized. Considering that these two caravanserais are located in the most visited region of Hamadan by tots and the residents, they can be rejuvenated and reused by the revitalization process. The Adaptive reuse and revitalization of these two important hubs lead to the reappearance of the merchants to these caravanserais. The growth in the population and revenues of the people in that region and the increase in tourism through the display and the selling of hand-made products, the addition of the pottery industry, and the handicrafts will be very helpful. No tourists and visitors can stay in this location because, in the vicinity of this old caravanserai, no guest houses or hotels have been built, and it is not included in the detailed plan of the area (Fig. 8). Therefore, people need to drive many kilometers to visit this location. Nevertheless, the historical value of this region has gone up, and more tourists and visitors will arrive to visit this region with the recent discovery of two Parthian Empire ceramic coffins, Seleucid Empire pottery, and historical structures from the Medes period in Hamadan’s Imam Khomeini square. Based on our research, we propose a comprehensive scheme to revitalize the two caravanserais in the most visited region of Hamadan. This plan aims to meet the needs of both residents and visitors. The Necessity of the proposed utilization is detailed further in Table 3. Our approach focuses on adaptive reuse and revitalization to preserve the historical integrity of these structures while accommodating modern amenities. Key components of the proposed design include: • • • • • Inns for accommodation Exhibition and pottery workshops Booths for Hamadan handicrafts and souvenirs Ethnic Gallery Carpet Gallery Due to the presence of the guesthouses in the new design and the temporary habitation of people in this area, additional spaces such as teahouses, restaurants, service and art sections must be considered. The connectivity diagram for the identified areas and purposes is shown in Fig. 9: Fig. 7 The horizontal and vertical alignment of the inbetween space, connecting the Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais of Hamadan. The figure depicts the underground-level pathway linking the two structures and showcases the vertical connectivity across the floors. (Authors 2024) Vol:.(1234567890) Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Case Study Fig. 8 This figure highlights the utilization of buildings around Imam Khomeini square, Ekbatan bazaar on Ekbatan street, and the Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais. It demonstrates the absence of tourist accommodations close to Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais, as no guest houses or hotels have been established nearby. Consequently, proper accomodations are not included in the area of city’s detailed urban plan. Visitors must travel many kilometers to reach this site and can only spend a limited time enjoying its rich ambiance due to the lack of nearby lodging options (Iran Ministry of Roads and Urban Development [11]) Incorporating guesthouses, provides accommodation for visitors, promoting longer stays and deeper engagement with the site’s cultural heritage. Adding teahouses and restaurants to these sites offers visitors a taste of local cuisine and a place to relax, further enriching their experience. Creating dedicated art sections, as well displays local artworks and crafts, highlighting the region’s artistic heritage and supporting local artisans. Figure 10 demonstrates how some of the proposed utilizations integrate with the existing structure to create a cohesive and vibrant cultural hub. Establishing a connection between these two caravanserais and creating an in-between space in the underground level can be realized in the first place by using a guard structure suitable for the type of soil (after conducting soil mechanics test, soil sampling, determining the type and strength and working method with it). At this stage, it must be determined to what height the soil is falling so that a suitable structure can be designed accordingly to make sure that no damage is caused to the texture and other parts of the complex. The proposed revitalization plan is illustrated in Fig. 11, with detailed sections shown in Fig. 12. These figures demonstrate how the in-between space integrates the two caravanserais, featuring six carpet panel exhibition stands, management offices, security areas, and changing rooms. Vol.:(0123456789) Case Study Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Table 3 The necessity of the proposed utilizations to revitalize and preserve the historical integrity of the Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais, based on the city’s detailed urban plan and the utilization of buildings around the area. This table outlines the necessity of the proposed features for the revitalization project, including guesthouses, a pottery workshop and exhibition, a Hamadan handicrafts and souvenirs gallery, and an ethnic and carpet gallery. Respectively, to accommodate visitors and travelers interested in historical architecture, teach and preserve the pure and unique art of pottery of Lalejin urban village, display the pottery pieces, promote local art and culture, showcase handicrafts and souvenirs for sale, enhance the cultural experience, celebrate the diverse ethnic groups residing in the province’s suburban cities, fostering unity and cultural appreciation, and to respect the neighborhood’s existing businesses and prior identity by incorporating a traditional and culturally significant element, thus maintaining a harmonious blend with the new utilization (Authors, 2024) The utilization Necessity Due to the building’s position in Hamadan’s 400-year-old historical bazaar and the establishment of a site museum in Hamadan’s Imam Khomeini square, this structure is ideal for visitors and travelers interested in historical architecture Pottery workshop Lalejin urban village is one of the functions of Bahar city in Hamadan province. It teaches the pure and unique art of pottery Pottery exhibition To exhibit the works created by domestic workshop students or to purchase additional pottery works made in Lalejin workshops Hamadan handicrafts To respond to the demands of visitors and tourists and to amass a cohesive selection of local handicrafts and souvenirs for sale and souvenirs gallery Ethnic gallery For the unification of numerous ethnic groups residing in this province’s suburban cities, including the Azeri, Lori, and Kurdish ethnic groups Carpet gallery To avoid alienating the people of the neighborhood and the existing business with a new composition and usage and respect for the prior identity and nature acceptable Guesthouse Fig. 9 Diagram of the proposed revitalization design for the Golshan caravanserai of Hamadan. The new design includes guesthouses to accommodate temporary visitors, necessitating additional spaces such as teahouses, restaurants, service areas, and art sections. The connectivity and arrangement of these areas are shown in the diagram (Authors 2024) By applying careful and proper methods, we can revitalize the two caravanserais by creating an in-between space without damaging these valuable sites. This adaptive reuse approach will transform the abandoned space into a vibrant cultural hub, attracting traders, generating hospitable conditions for residents, and increasing local income through tourism and the commerce of handicrafts and traditional arts. Effective principles of adaptive reuse are essential to maintaining the structural and functional stability of these sites, ensuring their preservation while adapting them to contemporary needs. Vol:.(1234567890) Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Case Study Fig. 10 Examples of proposed changes to the present plan of the Golshan caravanserai. This figure showcases some proposed improvements to the existing status towards revitalization of Golshan caravanserai. The proposed changes aim to preserve the historical integrity of the caravanserai while introducing modern amenities to enhance its functionality and appeal (Authors 2024) Vol.:(0123456789) Case Study Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Fig. 11 The Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais of Hamedan after implementing the proposed adaptive reuse and revitalization plan, showcasing the seamless integration facilitated by the in-between space, which connects the two caravanserais without compromising the integrity of this historically significant area (Authors 2024) Vol:.(1234567890) Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Case Study Fig. 12 The detailed sections of the Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais of Hamedan after implementing the proposed adaptive reuse and revitalization plan. These figures show the integration of the two caravanserais through the in-between space, illustrating the harmonious blending of historical preservation and modern functionality (Authors 2024) 7 Conclusion The conversational Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais’ revitalization effort in Hamadan is a way of making old buildings useful without destroying any of the culture they carry or their history. The research aimed to harness the tourism and functional capacity of the abandoned Sharifiye caravanserai by linking it with the more popular Golshan caravanserai through an in-between space. The in-between space harmoniously mixes the historical texture of the caravanserais with contemporary interventions in providing modern amenities. The Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais are unique architectural sites with great historical importance. This makes the project even more substantial. By connecting the two caravanserais, the spatial potential of the Sharifiyeh caravanserai will be fully exploited and exposed to the public, thus increasing its visibility and usefulness. According to the proposed measures provided for each dimension with the defined standards in the theoretical framework of the research, the functional, aesthetic, and perceptual dimensions considered for the revitalization process have been covered in the proposed adaptive reuse and revitalization plan of these sites. The proposed plan will attract the arrival of merchants, make them a more hospitable environment for residents, and increase the local revenue in this busy location of Hamadan. Moreover, activities like displaying and selling the products of handicrafts, familiarizing the pottery industry, and exhibiting the arts belonging to the traditional culture will certainly help promote tourism in the region as well. It is necessary to apply good principles of adaptive reuse in restoring these textures and monuments, providing the structural stability and functionality of the building for future users. It is crucial to maintain the essence, value, and integrity of the caravanserais in architectural intervention; new constructions have to take place to create a holistic structure in symbiosis with the existing features, avoiding a general overwhelming effect on the historical context. Ultimately, the revitalization and adaptive reuse of the Golshan and Sharifiyeh caravanserais express a balanced and well-thought-out strategy in the context of the restorative approach to abandoned spaces. With the successful integration of old with new, these caravanserais can regain their prominence as important cultural hubs, adding to both the economic and cultural growth of Hamadan. That not only preserves the historical essence of the sites but also gives an airtight guarantee of their relevance and functionality to modern urban landscapes. Author contributions Faezeh Hoursan and Mehranoosh Mofidi wrote the main manuscript text and prepared figures and tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript. Vol.:(0123456789) Case Study Discover Geoscience (2024) 2:48 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-024-00041-1 Funding The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. The authors have no relevant financial or nonfinancial interests to disclose. Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at the General Directorate of Cultural heritage, tourism, and handicrafts of Hamedan province (https://hamedan.mcth.ir/.) Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. References 1. Al Braifkani E, Günçe K. Hybrid space as a conceptual framework for adaptation. 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