(2012) Mensa ponderaria from Emona

1 monografije cpa Scripta in Honorem Bojan Djurić uredniki / editors: Branka Migotti, Phil Mason, Barbara Nadbath, Tadeja Mulh tehnična urednica / technical editor: Vanja Celin oblikovanje in prelom / design and typeset: Nives Spudić mmxii Monograije CPA 1 Scripta in honorem Bojan Djurić oblikovanje in prelom/design and typeset by Nives Spudić izdajatelj/issued by Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije Metelkova 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana http://www.zvkds.si tisk/printed by Littera Picta, d.o.o. uredniški odbor/editorial board Barbara Nadbath, glavna urednica / editor in chief Tadeja Mulh, odgovorna urednica / associate editor Maja Jerala, tehnična urednica / technical editor dr. Bojan Djurić, član / member dr. Matija Črešnar, član / member dr. Špela Karo, članica / member lektoriranje / proof-reading angleščina / english – Phil Mason, Branka Migotti slovenščina / slovenian – Gabrijela Lavrinc hrvaščina / croatian – Branka Migotti srbščina / serbian – Branka Migotti CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 902(497.4):929Djurić B.(082) 903/904(497.4)(082) SCRIPTA in honorem Bojan Djurić / uredniki, editors Branka Migotti ... [et al.]. - Ljubljana : Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, 2012. - (Monograije CPA ; 1) ISBN 978-961-6420-88-4 1. Migotti, Branka 261356544 fotograija na naslovnici / cover photograph by Matjaž Zupanc, Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije naklada/printrun 400 Vse edicije zbirke Monograije CPA so brezplačne. / All copies of CPA monograph series are free of charge. © 2012 Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije Vse pravice pridržane. / All rights reserved. Tisk je podprla družba PJP, d.o.o. / Print sponsored by PJP, d.o.o. Vsebina Contents 17 Bibliograija Bibliography Manca Vinazza 33 Odstiranje prostora in zgodovine Revealing Space and History Mitja Guštin 51 The „German School“ and its inluence on the national archaeologies of the Western Balkans „Nemška šola“ in njen vpliv na nacionalne arheologije zahodnega Balkana Predrag Novaković 73 Od črk na papirju do prezentacije arheoloških ostalin. Konservatorski postopki za ohranitev arheoloških ostalin na mestu odkritja na primeru Celja From letters on paper to the presentation of archaeological remains. Conservation approaches to the on-site preservation of archaeological remains: the case of Celje Danijela Brišnik 93 Genius loci ali Žabji grad in kulturna krajina Ljubljanskega barja Genius loci or Žabji grad and the cultural landscape of Ljubljansko barje Barbara Nadbath, Gašper Rutar 101 Podvrtano arheološko najdišče Bobovo pri Ponikvi Horizontal drilling under the Bobovo pri Ponikvi archaeological site Maja Bricelj 111 Arheologija kot neizčrpen vir znanja o preteklosti in sedanjosti Archaeology as an inexhaustible source of knowledge about the Past and the Present Verena Perko 123 Čebelice: življenjska zgodba nekega mozaika The Bees: the life story of a certain mosaic Bernarda Županek 133 Bronastodobna enoročajna skodelica na nogi iz Podsmreke pri Višnji Gori A Bronze Age Single-handled Footed Cup from Podsmreka near Višnja Gora Ida Murgelj 143 Sites in the Landscape or the Landscape as Site Najdišča v pokrajini ali pokrajina kot najdišče Phil Mason 159 Nekaj novosti o mlajši železni dobi v severovzhodni Sloveniji Some New Data on the Late Iron Age in North-eastern Slovenia Matija Črešnar 169 Singa v situlski umetnosti ob severnem Jadranu in njegovem zaledju The sphinx in Situla Art in the northern Adriatic region and its hinterland Biba Teržan 197 Mensa ponderaria from Emona Mensa ponderaria iz Emone Andrej Gaspari, Matjaž Novšak 205 Ančnikovo gradišče – nekaj novosti o naselbinski podobi Ančnikovo gradišče – New Insights into the Form of the Settlement Mira Strmčnik Gulič 215 Raziskave antičnih ostankov na najdišču Groblje (Log pri Sevnici) Archaeological research on the Roman site of Groblje (Log near Sevnica) Gašper Rutar, Mateja Ravnik 231 Pogled na Petovionsko arhitekturo – Gubčeva ulica, Ptuj An overview of the architecture of Poetovio – Gubčeva ulica, Ptuj Mojca Vomer Gojkovič 249 The Topography of Finds of Marble Sculptures in Sirmium Topograija najdb marmornih skulptur v Sirmiju Ivana Popović 265 Perirrhanteria stands from Krševica Kamniti bazi oltarjev Perirrhanteria iz Krševice Petar Popović 271 Dragonera South, The Planimetry of the Villa Maritima Dragonera Jug, načrt vile maritime Alka Starac 285 Prilog proučavanju pitosa/dolija s otoka Visa, Biševa, Sveca i Palagruže A contribution to the study of Pithoi/Dolia from the Islands of Vis, Biševo, Svetac and Palagruža Branko Kirigin 305 Votivna ploča iz Čortanovaca (Srem) A votive relief from Čortanovci (Srem) Velika Dautova Ruševljan 313 Vrhniški skarabej The Vrhnika Scarab Mija Topličanec, Jožica Hrustel 319 Hot, cold or mixed? A Roman mixer tap from Hoogeloon (The Netherlands) Vroče, mrzlo ali toplo? Rimska vodovodna pipa iz Hoogeloona (Nizozemska) P. A. C. Schut 329 Čaša za posebne priložnosti. Odlomka čaše bogov iz Celeje A beaker for special occasions. Two fragments of a mythological beaker from Celeia Irena Lazar 337 Pasna garnitura VTERE FELIX iz severne emonske nekropole The VTERE FELIX belt accoutrements from the Northern Cemetery of Emona Tadeja Mulh 345 Gema z Ančnikovega gradišča in drugih poznoantičnih naselbin na območju Slovenije The Gem from Ančnikovo gradišče and other Late Antique Fortiied Hill-top Settlements in Slovenia Aleksandra Nestorović 351 Sidrasti ibuli iz zakladne najdbe Drnovo 2 Two anchor-shaped ibulae from the Drnovo 2 hoard Gojko Tica 361 Upodobljena oblačila na rimskih nagrobnih spomenikih iz območja mest Petovione in Celeje ter njunih agrov Depictions of Costume on Roman Funerary Monuments from the Area of the Towns and Territories of Poetovio and Celeia Metka Šajn 387 Rimski nadgrobni reljef iz Križovljana u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj The Roman funerary relief from Križovljan in North-western Croatia Branka Migotti 399 Eastern Alpine marble and its use for the Roman capitals from Sirmium Vzhodnoalpski marmor in njegova uporaba za rimske kapitele iz Sirmija Andreja Maver 411 Die Werkstatt des Meisters von Celeia Delavnica mojstra iz Celeje Erwin Pochmarski 421 Akroteriji sarkofaga Valerija Dinensa iz Salone The Acroteria on the Sarcophagus of Valerius Dinens from Salona Nenad Cambi 427 Ein ungewöhnlicher Sarkophag aus der Nähe von Dokimeion Nenavaden sarkofag iz okolice Dokimejona Guntram Koch 435 Zur Darstellung der Hasen in Oberitalien und in den östlich angrenzenden Provinzen Upodobitve zajca v zgornji Italiji in njenih vzhodnih mejnih provincah Monika Verzár 447 Herkulovo svetišče v Celju: pregled raziskav in prezentacije The Temple of Hercules in Celje: an overview of the excavations and presentation Maja Jerala Scripta in honorem Bojan Djurić Mensa ponderaria from Emona Mensa ponderaria iz Emone Andrej Gaspari, Matjaž Novšak Abstract: An interesting stone monument was found during the excavation of the remains of Roman Emona in 2005. It proved to be a weights and measures bench for testing capacity. It is a rectangular oblong limestone slab, measuring 180 × 50 × 26 cm, with six differently sized cavities, used by merchants and their customers for testing capacity of bulk foods (cereals etc.), i.e. whether they are in accordance with the oficial standards of the Roman state. The discovered fragments of the bench, two smaller and one larger, were found in the ill of a Late Roman pit cut into the cloaca at the eastern part of the crossroads between the main town street in a north-south direction (cardo maximus) and the main town street in an east-west direction (decumanus) J. Key words: Slovenia, Ljubljana, Emona, Roman Period, measurements, mensa ponderaria Izvleček: Med izkopavanji ostankov rimske Emone na lokaciji Šumi v Ljubljani leta 2005 je bil odkrit tudi zanimiv kamniti spomenik – merna miza za preverjanje prostornin. Gre za pravokotno podolgovato ploščo iz apnenca dimenzij 180 × 50 × 26 cm s šestimi vdolbinami različnih velikosti, ki so jo uporabljali trgovci in kupci za preverjanje prostornine sipkih živil, t. j. če le te ustrezajo uradnim standardom rimske države. Odkriti odlomki mize, dva manjša in eden večji, so ležali v zasutju poznorimskega vkopa v kloako na vzhodnem delu križišča med glavno mestno ulico v smeri sever–jug (cardo maximus) in dekumanom (decumanus) J. Ključne besede: Slovenija, Ljubljana, Emona, rimsko obdobje, mere, mensa ponderaria This ind is dedicated to Dr. Bojan Djurić on the occasion of his anniversary. It is a complement to the corpus of a man who has devoted the larger part of his professional career to researching the production and trade of Roman stone products, whose professional work has contributed to the formation of generations of archaeologists, who has helped to create the conditions for their professional development, and who has encouraged, with a visionary strategy, the formation of research teams. archaeological practice Arhej, d.o.o., an interesting stone monument was discovered. It proved to be a weights and measures bench for testing capacities. It is a rectangular oblong limestone slab measuring 180 × 50 × 26 cm, with six differently sized cavities, that was used by merchants and customers for checking capacities of bulk foods (cereals etc.), i.e. whether they are in accordance with the oficial standards of the Roman state. Circumstances of the discovery Introduction During the excavation of the remains of Roman Emona at the Šumi site in Ljubljana, conducted between 2005 and 2007 by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia and the commercial The discovered fragments of the bench, two smaller and one larger, were found in the upper part of the illing of a Late Roman pit dug into the cloaca at the eastern part of the ill of a Late Roman pit cut into the cloaca at the eastern part of the crossroads Andrej Gaspari, Matjaž Novšak between the main town street in the north-south direction (cardo maximus) and the main town street in an east-west direction, i.e. decumanus J (Fig. 1). This pit (L: 3.15 m; W: 2.25 m; H: 0.6 m; Context no. 5004) had been dug from an unidentiied surface above the last complete reconstruction of the road (Context no. 571), 1 m east of the original access shaft into the cloaca, which was covered by a rectangular stone slab (L: 0.97 m; W: 0.75 m; H: 0.17 m; Context no. 5356). The outline of the pit was identiied after the removal of a 0.4 m thick layer of black silty clay (Context no. 5000), the so-called „dark soil“, deposited on the abandoned surface in the time when the road was no longer in use, until the area was built up in the 17th century. According to preliminary determination of the coins from the sediments, the last reconstruction of the roadway can be dated approximately in the mid 4th Figure/Slika 1 A plan of Emona with the site where the mensa ponderaria was found / Načrt Emone z najdiščem merne mize (by/izdelal A. Gaspari). 198 Mensa ponderaria from Emona Figure/Slika 2 A view of the surface of the last reconstruction of the decumanus J in the Late Roman period with the break in the arch of the cloaca, which was illed with fragments of the mensa ponderaria / Pogled na površino zadnje obnove dekumana J iz poznorimskega obdobja s prebojem oboka kloake, ki so ga zadelali z deli merne mize (photo/foto J. Bregar). century AD. It was also probably one of the last times when this part of the cloaca was emptied. So far, the latest identiied ind from the penultimate layer in the 0.5 m thick sequence of sediments in the cloaca (internal height of the cloaca at this spot is 1.3 m) is an AE follis of Galeria Valeria, coined between the years 308 and 311 (SF 1009). Recent research of the decumani F and K has conirmed the indings of dr. Plesničar, who posited that the maintenance and cleaning of the cloacas was slowly abandoned during the second half of the 4th century AD (Plesničar 1999, 56). The pit Context no. 5004 was most likely a consequence of either an extraordinary cleaning of the sediments or of a repair, although neither of the two options has been proven. It was illed with a homogenous mass of unworked fragments of limestone and sandstone, while the spaces between the stones were illed by very dark grey-brown silty clay with brick fragmens, mortar and charcoal (Context no. 5003). Four bronze coins were found in the ill, which reached to the top of the sediments in the cloaca. Most likely, these coins originate from the time between the mid 4th century AD and the second quarter of the 5th century AD (SF 5139, 5141, 5143), which indicates that the arch of the cloaca only collapsed after the aforementioned reconstruction of the roadway. The two smaller fragments of the weights and measures bench (SF 5133, 5134) were found in the upper part of the ill, whilst the larger fragment was leant at an oblique angle directly over the opening in the arch of the cloaca (Fig. 2). The missing part of the bench might be located in the as yet uninvestigated part of the ill, in the section of the western edge of the excavation area, in direct proximity to the modern eastern pavement on the Slovenska cesta road. The discovered pits and (mostly provisional) reconstructions of the arches indicate that repairs were undertaken on virtually all of the cloacas in Emona in the time frame implied (mid 4th century AD–second quarter of the 5th century AD). However, the collecting channel under the decumanus, was the one that was subject to one of the greatest reconstruction interventions. Part of the damaged arch directly adjacent to the original access shaft in the crossroads at the north-west corner of Insula XVIII (east of the Early Christian centre in Insula XXXII) were replaced by transversely-placed semicircular stone partitions from grave lots, probably brought from the northern cemetery of Emona (Plesničar Gec 1999, 42, 186, Figs. 44, 269, 272). In that period, older cemetery elements were occasionally used as building material, as shown by the stele of Exoratus found in the Late Roman pavement and two boundary stones from a grave lot (cippus terminalis), which were used as pillar bases in Insula XI (Schmid 1913, 102–103), as well as by the early imperial tombstone of L. Cantius Fidus, built into the impluvium of an atrium during the inal renovation of Insula XIII, dated into the end of the 4th or the beginning of the 5th century AD (Lovenjak, Gaspari 2012). Description The bench from Emona (Fig. 3–4) is made out of a single piece of white local limestone. The conically rounded cavities, chiseled into the upper surface, decrease in size from the largest to the smallest. All the cavities except the smallest one were made in an approximate ratio 1 (diameter of the lower opening) : 199 Andrej Gaspari, Matjaž Novšak 2 (diameter of the rim) : 2 (depth). The internal surfaces are rough and show densely scattered pointed chisel marks. Only a 6 cm area under the rim of the largest cavity is more carefully carved. The dimensions of the cavities are as follows: I – vol. 13670 ml (1.566 of a modius); rim diameter: 32 cm; depth 27 cm; apperture diameter: 16 cm; II – vol. 4320 ml (0.495 of a modius); rim diameter: 19 cm; depth 18 cm apperture diameter: 11 cm; III – vol. 1860 ml (0.213 of a modius); rim diameter: 15.8 cm; depth 15.2 cm; apperture diameter: 7 cm; IV – rim diameter: 2.1 cm; depth 12 cm; apperture diameter: 6 cm; V – rim diameter: 9.1 cm; depth 9.1 cm; apperture diameter: 4.8 cm; VI – rim diameter: ca. 4 cm; depth 5.4 cm. On the lower side, under the cavities II–VI, the bench has a V-shaped groove (W: 25 cm; H: 7.5 cm). Three side surfaces of the bench are carefully worked, whilst Figure/Slika 3 The discovered parts of the mensa ponderaria / Odkriti deli merne mize (photo/foto J. Bregar). 200 the longer, roughly chiseled side was probably placed against a wall. When it was in use, the slab cracked through the middle of the upper surface along a natural issure with calcite crystals and the damage was repaired with an oblong iron cramp (L: 10.5 cm; W: 1.6 cm; H: 1.1 cm) fastened with lead, and another lead illing in the shape of a double swallowtail (L: 6.4 cm; W: 4.4 cm; see Adam 2007, 55), decorated with carved lines. Commentary The expressions mensa ponderaria or tabula mensaria have been used for weights and measures benches by modern researchers, while the authentic Greek equivalent referring to them is secoma (σήχώμά). They are known from many Greek and Roman towns in the Mediterranean (Frayn 1993, 113). Some of the best known Roman examples include the bench from Pompeii (CIL 10, 793 = ILS 562), situated in a nar- Figure/Slika 4 The mensa ponderaria. A – upper surface; B – lower surface / Merna miza. A – zgoraj; B – spodaj (drawing/risba M. Zorovič). Mensa ponderaria from Emona row niche in the portico of the forum, not far from the temple of Apollo (Corti 2001, 220–221; Fig. 5), as well as two benches from a building speciically intended for keeping oficial measurements (ponderarium) in the Roman Tibur district, the modern Tivoli near Rome (CIL XIV 3687–3688). A geographically close example is that of the fragmented bench from the forum in Asseria (Podgrađe near Benkovac) in the vicinity of Zadar (Jeličić 1980; Kurilić 2007), which has a greater number of cavities than the benches from Pompeii and Emona. The surface of the cavities is usually rough and when determining their capacity it should be noted that the cavities were usually a little larger than the associated bronze or brass measuring vessels (mensurae). Particularly large and more carefully chiseled cavities have wide openings or metal tubes at the bottom, so that it was possible to pour the content directly into containers (bags, amphoras or other vessels), while cavities with no outlets indicate the use of removable measuring vessels. With the exception of the Emona example, all the above-mentioned benches bear inscriptions, even though the great majority of the known benches are non-epigraphic. The inscriptions on the front sides usually mention the magistrates whose task it was to control and test public trafic (cura urbis), trade and especially weights and measures. When they took up ofice, they set up these benches, either of their own volition or following instructions. They were also in charge of coordinating weights and measures (mensuras exaequandas), which – according to the inscription from the bench of Pompeii – helped to consolidate the unity of the state. The magistrates most often mentioned in this context by early imperial inscriptions are the aediles. However, the task was often assigned also to the duumviri. Inscriptions on the upper surface apply to either the type of the liquid or substance (e.g. FR(umentum)) which could be measured in the belonging cavities, or denote their capacity. In the Roman period, the basic unit of measure for liquid capacity was the quadrantal (2 urnae or 8 congii), and the main unit of dry measure was the modius (1/2 semimodius – 4.47 l; 1/16 sextarius – 0.54 l; 1/32 hemina). A modius was one third of a quadrantal and corresponds to 8.73 litre. Conclusion Figure/Slika 5 The mensa ponderaria from Pompeii / Merna miza iz Pompejev (after/po Mazois 1812–1838, vol. III, t. XL; Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali della Repubblica Italiana / Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze). The worn-out slab, which can be only approximately dated to the imperial period, was used to cover an opening in the arch of the cloaca after the mid 4th century AD. Originally, it was probably located in the forum, the centre of administration and trade in the town, perhaps even in the basilica itself or in its vicinity. It is also possible that the bench served its purpose near the northern town gate, which is approximately the same distance away. Benches for testing length measurements (mensae mensuariae) were also placed at such locations. The tradition of testing measures at public places has been preserved through the Middle Ages (Darrou 1994) to the present day, 201 Andrej Gaspari, Matjaž Novšak while the continuity of the shape of weights and measures benches, and to a lesser extent of old Roman measures can be traced in the coastal and inland towns of Istria and Dalmatia (Sekulić-Gvozdanović 1995) (Fig. 6). Figure/Slika 6 A medieval weights and measures bench from the town hall in the town of Piran (Kovič, Pahor 1960, 32). The carefully worked stone of an irregular pentagonal shape was in 1477 placed at the foot of an external staircase. On its front side there are the Venetian winged lion with an open book, both coats of arms of Piran, and the year when it was placed there. There are three cavities carved in the upper surface, with their associated escape holes on the sides. According to B. Kovič and M. Pahor these are capacity measures for liquids, based on the urna of Piran and the Venetian pail (photo A. Preložnik). Srednjeveška merna miza iz mestne hiše v Piranu (Kovič, Pahor 1960, 32). Natančno obdelan kamen nepravilne petkotne oblike je bil leta 1477 postavljen ob vznožje zunanjega stopnišča. Na njegovi čelni stranici so upodobljeni beneški krilati lev z odprto knjigo, oba piranska grba in letnica postavitve. V zgornjo ploskev so vklesane tri vdolbine, ki imajo pripadajoče izpuste na stranskih površinah. Po B. Kovič in M. Pahorju gre za količinske mere za tekočine, osnovane na piranski urni in beneškem vedru (foto A. Preložnik). Povzetek Med izkopavanji ostankov rimske Emone na lokaciji Šumi v Ljubljani, ki jih je v letih 2005–2007 izvajal Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije s sodelovanjem podjetja Arhej, d. o. o., je bil odkrit tudi zanimiv kamniti spomenik – merna miza za preverjanje prostornin. Gre za pravokotno podolgovato ploščo iz apnenca dimenzij 180 × 50 × 26 cm s šestimi vdolbinami različnih velikosti, ki so jo uporabljali trgovci in kupci za preverjanje prostornine tekočin (olje, vino itd.) in sipkih živil (žito ipd.), t. j. če le te ustrezajo uradnim standardom rimske države. Odkriti odlomki mize, dva manjša in eden večji, so ležali v zgornjem delu zasutja poznorimskega vkopa v kloako na vzhodnem delu križišča med glavno mestno ulico v smeri sever–jug (cardo maximus) in dekumanom (decumanus) J (sl. 1). Omenjeni vkop (d. 3,15 m; š. 2,25 m; gl. 0,6 m; SE 5004) je bil izkopan 1 m vzhodno od originalnega dostopnega jaška v kloako, ki ga je prekrivala pravokotna kamnita plošča in sicer iz neugotovljene površine nad zadnjo generalno prenovo cestišča, okvirno datirane v sredino 4. stol. Oba manjša odlomka merne mize sta bila najdena v zgornjem delu polnila, večji pa se je poševno naslanjal neposredno na odprtino v oboku kloake (sl. 2). Manjkajoči del merne mize se morda nahaja v še neraziskanem delu polnila v proilu zahodnega roba izkopnega polja, tik ob današnjem vzhodnem pločniku Slovenske ceste. Odsluženo ploščo, ki jo zgolj okvirno datiramo v cesarsko obdobje, so enkrat po sredini 4. stol. uporabili za prekrivanje odprtine v oboku kloake. Prvotno je bila najverjetneje nameščena na forumu kot upravnem in trgovskem središču mesta, morda celo v sami baziliki ali njeni bližini, ni pa izključeno, da je svojemu namenu služila v bližini približno enako oddaljenih severnih mestnih vrat. Na takih mestih so se nahajale tudi mize za preverjanje dolžinskih mer (mensae mensuariae). Miza iz Emone (sl. 3–4) je izdelana iz enega kosa belega gliniškega apnenca. Konično zaobljene vdolbine, ki so vklesane v zgornjo ploskev, se zmanjšujejo od največje proti najmanjši. Pri izdelavi vseh vdolbin z izjemo najmanjše so približno sledili razmerju 1 (premer spodnje odprtine) : 2 (premer ustja) : 2 (globina). Notranje površine so grobe in kažejo gosto posejane vertikalne sledove koničastega dleta. Natančneje je poklesan le 6 cm visok pas pod ustjem največje vdolbine. Dimenzije vdolbin znašajo: I – vol. 13670 ml (1,566 modija); pr. ustja 32 cm; gl. 27 cm; pr. odprtine 16 cm; II – vol. 4320 ml (0,495 modija); pr. ustja 19 cm; gl. 18 cm; pr. odprtine 11 cm; III – vol. 1860 ml (0,213 modija); pr. ustja 15,8 cm; gl. 15,2 cm; pr. odprtine 7 cm; IV – pr. ustja 12,1 cm; gl. 12 cm; pr. odprtine 6 cm; V – pr. 9,1 cm; gl. 9,1 cm; pr. odprtine 4,8 cm; VI – pr. ca 4 cm; dok. gl. 5,4 cm. Miza je na spodnji strani pod vdolbinami II–VI strehasto izžlebljena (š. 25 cm; v. 7,5 cm). Tri stranske ploskve mize so natančno obdelane, z daljšo, grobo poklesano stranico, pa je bila verjetno prislonjena ob steno. 202 Mensa ponderaria from Emona V času uporabe je plošča po sredini zgornje ploskve počila v osi naravne razpoke s kalcitnimi kristali, poškodbo pa so popravili s podolgovato železno spojko (d. 10,5 cm; š. 1,6 cm; deb. 1,1 cm), zalito s svincem, ter še eno svinčeno plombo v obliki dvojnega lastovičjega repa (d. 6,4 cm; š. 4,4 cm), okrašeno z vrezanimi črtami. Merne mize, ki so jim moderni raziskovalci nadeli imeni mensa ponderaria ali tabula mensaria in na katere se nanaša avtentični grški ekvivalent secoma (σήχώμά), so znane iz številnih mest antičnega Sredozemlja. Med najbolj znane rimske primere sodi miza iz Pompejev (CIL 10, 793 = ILS 562), ki je nameščena v ozki niši v forumskem portikatu, nedaleč od Apolonovega templja (sl. 5), ter dve mizi iz posebej za shranjevanje uradnih mer namenjene stavbe (ponderarium) v antičnem Tiburju, današnjem Tivoliju pri Rimu (CIL XIV 3687–3688). Iz naše bližine izvira fragmentirana miza iz foruma v Aseriji v zadarskem zaledju, ki ima za razliko od primerkov iz Pompejev in Emone večje število vdolbin. Tradicija preverjanja mer na javnih prostorih se je ohranila skozi srednji vek vse do danes, kontinuiteti uporabe oblike mernih miz, delno tudi starih rimskih mer, pa je mogoče slediti v obalnih in zalednih mestih Istre in Dalmacije. Bibliography ADAM, J.-P. 2007, Roman building. Materials and Techniques. – London, New York. CORTI, C. 2001, Le misure di capacità. – In: C. Corti, N. Giordani (eds.), Pondera. Pesi e misure nell’antichità, Modena, 219–225. DAREMBERG, C. and E. 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SEKULIĆ-GVOZDANOVIĆ, S. 1995, Srednjovjekovni sustavi šupljih kamenih mjera u Istri, Hrvatskom primorju i kontinentalnoj Hrvatskoj (Medieval System of hollow stone measures in Istria, the Croatian Littoral and continental Croatia. Summary). – Prostor 3, 73–106. dr. Andrej Gaspari Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport Masarykova 16 SI-1000 Ljubljana andrej.gaspari@gov.si Matjaž Novšak Arhej, d. o. o. Drožanjska 23 SI-8290 Sevnica arhejdoo@siol.net 203