Scientia Horticulturae 112 (2007) 191–199
www.elsevier.com/locate/scihorti
Vermicompost as a substitute for peat in potting media:
Effects on germination, biomass allocation, yields and
fruit quality of three tomato varieties
Johann G. Zaller *
Institute of Organic Agriculture, University of Bonn, Germany
Received 8 March 2006; received in revised form 10 November 2006; accepted 6 December 2006
Abstract
Commercial potting media often contain substantial amounts of peat that was mined from endangered bog and fen ecosystems. The main
objectives of this study were to assess (1) whether the amendment of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% (v/v) of vermicompost (VC) to a fertilized
commercial peat potting substrate has effects on the emergence, growth and biomass allocation of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.) under greenhouse conditions, (2) whether possible impacts on seedlings can affect tomato yields and fruit quality even when transplanted
into equally fertilized field soil, and (3) whether effects are consistent among different tomato varieties. Amended VC was produced in a windrow
system of food and cotton waste mainly by earthworms Eisenia fetida Sav. Vermicompost amendments significantly influenced, specifically for
each tomato variety, emergence and elongation of seedlings. Biomass allocation (root:shoot ratio) was affected by VC amendments for two
varieties in seedling stage and one field-grown tomato variety. Marketable and total yields of field tomatoes were not affected by VC amendments
used for seedling husbandry. However, morphological (circumference, dry matter content, peel firmness) and chemical fruit parameters (contents
of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, L-ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose) were significantly affected by VC amendments in seedling substrates; these effects again
were specific for each tomato variety. Overall, vermicompost could be an environmentally friendly substitute for peat in potting media with similar
or beneficial effects on seedling performance and fruit quality. However, at least for tomatoes, variety-specific responses should be considered
when giving recommendations on the optimum proportion of vermicompost amendment to horticultural potting substrate.
# 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Soilless substrate; Peat moss replacement; Seedling husbandry; Earthworms; Solid organic wastes; Vermicompost
1. Introduction
Sphagnum peat moss is used extensively as a soilless potting
substrate in horticulture because of its desirable physical
characteristics and high nutrient exchange capacity (Raviv
et al., 1986). However, in recent years there has been increasing
environmental and ecological concerns against the use of peat
because its harvest is destroying endangered wetland ecosystems worldwide (Barkham, 1993; Buckland, 1993; Robertson,
1993). Several studies revealed that peat can be substituted by
various compost types without any negative effects on a variety
of crops raised in these substrates (e.g., Inbar et al., 1986;
* Present address: Institute of Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology
and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life
Sciences Vienna, Gregor Mendel Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Germany.
Tel.: +43 1 47654 3205; fax: +43 1 47654 3203.
E-mail address: johann.zaller@boku.ac.at.
0304-4238/$ – see front matter # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2006.12.023
Bugbee and Frink, 1989; Beeson, 1996; Eklind et al., 2001;
Hashemimajd et al., 2004).
Vermicompost, in contrast to conventional compost is the
product of an accelerated biooxydation of organic matter by the
use of high densities of earthworm populations without passing a
thermophilic stage (Domı́nguez et al., 1997; Subler et al., 1998).
Research has shown that different earthworm species are able to
consume a wide range of organic residues such as sewage sludge
(Mitchell et al., 1980; Domı́nguez et al., 2000), animal wastes
(Edwards et al., 1985; Chan and Griffiths, 1988; Wilson and
Carlile, 1989; Atiyeh et al., 2000b), crop residues (Mba, 1996;
Shanthi et al., 1993; Orozco et al., 1996) and industrial wastes
(Albanell et al., 1988; Kaushik and Garg, 2003; Maboeta and van
Rensburg, 2003). These earthworm-processed organic wastes are
finely divided peat-like materials with high porosity, aeration,
drainage, and water-holding capacity (Edwards and Burrows,
1988). Compared to conventional compost which passes a
thermophilic stage, vermicompost usually has a much finer
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J.G. Zaller / Scientia Horticulturae 112 (2007) 191–199
structure and larger surface area providing strong absorbability
and retention of nutrients (Shi-wei and Fu-zhen, 1991). Nutrients
in vermicompost are present in readily available forms for plant
uptake such as nitrates, exchangeable phosphorus, potassium,
calcium, and magnesium (Edwards and Burrows, 1988; Orozco
et al., 1996). Vermicompost additionally also contains substances
that stimulate and regulate plant growth (Krishnamoorthy and
Vajranabhaiah, 1986; Tomati et al., 1988). Accordingly,
vermicomposts have early been suggested to have a great
potential as plant growth media (Edwards and Burrows, 1988).
Several studies assessed the effect of vermicompost
amendments in potting substrates on seedling emergence and
growth of a wide range of marketable fruits cultivated in
greenhouses (Arancon et al., 2003, 2004a; Atiyeh et al.,
2000c,d), as well as on growth, yields (Mba, 1996; Karmegam
et al., 1999; Atiyeh et al., 2000a; Arancon et al., 2004b, 2005).
Effects of vermicompost applications on fruit quality of fieldgrown tomatoes have rarely been investigated (Premuzic et al.,
1998; Zaller, 2006). Providing that all nutrients are supplied by
mineral fertilization, studies show greatest plant growth
responses when vermicomposts constituted a relatively small
proportion (10–20%) of the total volume of the substrate
mixture, with higher proportions of vermicomposts in the
mixture not always improving plant growth (Subler et al., 1998;
Atiyeh et al., 2000d).
The main objectives of the current study were to assess
whether (1) the amendment of different proportions of
vermicompost to a fertilized commercial peat potting substrate
can affect the emergence, growth and biomass allocation of
seedlings of tomato plants under greenhouse conditions, (2)
whether possible effects on seedling performance can translate
into effects on yields and fruit quality even when these
seedlings were transplanted into equally fertilized field soil, and
(3) whether effects are consistent among different tomato
varieties. It was hypothesized that if vermicompost amendments are affecting seedlings this should also be manifested in
their yield and fruit quality. Results should help to answer the
question whether peat in potting media could be replaced by
VC and should additionally stress the importance of substrate
quality in seedling husbandry for fruit quality.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Experimental setup
The experiment was conducted in 2003 using the greenhouse
and field facilities of the certified organic research farm of the
University of Bonn, Germany (65 m a.s.l.; 78170 E, 508480 N).
Long-term mean annual air temperature at this location is
9.5 8C, mean annual precipitation is about 770 mm. The year
2003 was exceptional warm (mean annual air temperature:
10.2 8C) and dry (annual precipitation: 708 mm). Three,
classical globe-shaped, medium-sized (mean fruit fresh mass
85–90 g) tomato varieties (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
with red, three to four chambered fruits and medium shelf life
were used: cv. Diplom F1 (cv. D) is a very early maturing hybrid
with medium yields, cv. Matina (cv. M) is very early maturing
and high yielding, cv. Rheinlands Ruhm (cv. RR) is
characterised by mid-season maturation with high yields.
2.2. Substrate mixtures
Six substrate mixtures were used by substituting a
commercial peat medium with vermicompost (VC) in the
proportions of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% (v/v). Commercial
peat substrate consisted of about 70% peat moss, 20% green
waste compost and additional organic fertilizer in its
formulation (Klasmann BioPotgrond, Groß Hesepe, Germany;
average nutrient concentrations pH 5.8, N = 100 mg L 1,
P2O5 = 300 mg L 1, K2O = 400 mg L 1, Mg = 150 mg L 1).
Vermicompost was produced from organic food and cotton
waste using Eisenia fetida in windrows (Tacke Regenwurmfarm, Borken, Germany; average nutrient concentrations pH
6.5, N = 640 mg L 1, P2O5 = 1600 mg L 1, K2O = 6000
mg L 1, Mg = 710 mg L 1).
2.3. Seeding, seedling emergence and growth
In a greenhouse, for each substrate mixture twenty seeds of
each tomato variety were sown into cell plug trays filled with
the particular substrates and arranged in a randomized design.
Seedling emergence was monitored on average every second
day after seeding and was expressed as number of seedlings
emerged relative to number of seeds sown per tomato variety.
Seedling elongation was measured on average every 3 days
from soil surface until maximum height of the plant.
After growing in plug trays for 32 days, dependent on the
emergence rates at least five seedlings per variety and treatment
were transferred into 11 cm diameter plastic pots containing VCpeat mixtures corresponding to those in plug trays again in a
randomized design. Of the potted plants, growth, number of
leaves, number of flower buds and flowers were measured weekly.
Seedlings grew in pots for 24 days before they were transplanted
into field soil in a randomized design (soil type: fluvisol, row
distance: 0.8 m, within row distance of plants: 0.4 m).
Tomato plants in plug cells, pots and field were watered
when needed using a drip irrigation system. No additional
fertilizer was applied to seedlings in plug trays and pots,
whereas all field plants were fertilized weekly with 10 g (fresh
mass) of VC applied on the soil surface near each plant
followed by a subsequent watering (amounting to an
application rate of 600 g VC m 2 for the field period).
2.4. Biomass allocation and yields
Biomass allocation was determined on five subsamples per
substrate mixture and tomato variety before seedlings were
transplanted from plug cells into pots and before plants were
transplanted from pots into the field. For field plants biomass
allocation was determined at the end of the experiment by
cutting aboveground parts at soil surface and by determining
root biomass on a defined 20 cm 20 cm 20 cm soil volume
excavated around each plant. Data of aboveground biomass
production also include shoots regularly clipped during the
J.G. Zaller / Scientia Horticulturae 112 (2007) 191–199
growing season necessary to produce high yields and fruit
quality. Harvested plant biomass was dried at 80 8C for at least
24 h and weighed.
Marketable yield was calculated per tomato plant as the sum
of orange and red fruits successively harvested until the end of
the experiment. Total yields additionally include green and lowquality fruits present at the end of the experiment or harvested
at an earlier date.
2.5. Morphological and chemical parameters of fruit
quality
Fruit quality was assessed on fully orange and red fruits
harvested from similar heights of insertion on the tomato plant on
three harvesting dates during the experiment. After harvesting,
the following morphological properties were measured on at
least five fruits per plant: circumference at the fruit equator, peel
firmness on three randomly chosen places along the fruit equator
using a mechanical hardness tester with a Shore A hardness scale
ranging from 0 to 100 units (Type HP; Bareiss, Oberdischingen,
Germany), fruit volume was calculated by water displacement.
After the morphological measurements, fruits were chopped
thoroughly using a household mixer. About half of these fruits
were then used to determine ascorbic acid, the remaining half
was freeze dried for further analyses. Ascorbic acid was
determined on fruit sap of filtered and homogenized fruit
material based on the formation of formazan (Deneke et al.,
1978) using continuous flow analysis (Photometer 6000, Skalar,
Breda, The Netherlands; Brunsch et al., 2000). All other
chemical fruit parameters were determined on the freeze-dried
material. C and N content was measured using a CHN-analyzer
(type NA 1500N; Carlo Erba Instruments, Rodano, Italy).
193
Nitrate-N, ammonium-N and P concentrations were analyzed
using a continuous flow method on a photometer (type 6010;
Skalar, Breda, The Netherlands). K, Ca, Mg concentrations were
determined on an atomic-absorption-spectrometer (type 2380;
Perkin Elmer, Wellesley, MA, USA) after microwave extraction
(type MLS 1200; Milestone S.r.l., Sorisole, Italy). D-Glucose and
D-fructose was determined on enzymatically produced NADPH
(Schmidt, 1961) using an UV spectrophotometer (Lamda 2,
Perkin Elmer, Wellesley, MA, USA). Because there was little
variation of fruit quality data between sampling dates, averages
across dates were used for statistical analyses.
2.6. Statistical analyses
Data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA with tomato
variety and VC proportion as the two factors by using the general
linear model approach in SAS (Version 8.02, SAS Institute, Cary,
NC, USA). Time course data on seedling emergence and
elongation were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVAs
using the GLM approach. In addition to the overall analysis, ttests on the effects of vermicompost proportion were carried out
separately for each variety to determine the response patterns in
more detail. All ANOVA analyses were performed using Type III
sums of squares and were followed by Tukey’s least squares
means test for multiple comparisons.
3. Results
3.1. Seedling emergence and growth
Seedling emergence was significantly different between
varieties and VC amendment (repeated measures ANOVA
Fig. 1. Seedling emergence (relative to number of seeds sown) and elongation of three tomato varieties (cv. D, cv. M, cv. RR) grown in plug cells with substrate
mixture containing different proportions of vermicompost. P-values derived from repeated measures ANOVAs for individual varieties. Means (n = 15–20).
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J.G. Zaller / Scientia Horticulturae 112 (2007) 191–199
results; variety effect: P < 0.001, VC effect: P < 0.001;
VC variety interaction: P = 0.052). While the 100% VC
substrate led to earlier emergence than other VC proportions in
two varieties (cv. D, cv. M), emergence of the third variety (cv.
RR) was highest in substrate containing 20% VC and lowest in
the 100% VC substrate (Fig. 1). Seedling elongation of the
three varieties was significantly different (repeated measures
ANOVA results; variety effect: P = 0.043) and affected by VC
proportion (VC effect: P = 0.021; Fig. 1). For two varieties (cv.
D, cv. M) pure commercial peat substrate showed highest
elongation, one variety (cv. RR) showed highest elongation at
100% VC amendment (Fig. 1). All varieties showed lowest
elongation with VC amendments between 2 and 60% (Fig. 1).
3.2. Biomass allocation
Shoot mass was significantly different between varieties for
tomato plants in plug cells, pots and the field (variety effect:
P < 0.001, P = 0.010 and P = 0.038 for plug cells, pots and
field, respectively). Across varieties VC amendment did not
affect shoot mass in plug cells, pots or in field grown plants.
Seedlings in plug cells also showed a significant interaction
between variety and VC proportion (P = 0.004; Fig. 2). When
the varieties were tested individually, only shoot mass of
seedlings in plug cells of cv. D and cv. M was significantly
affected by VC proportion (Fig. 2) while shoot mass of plants in
pots or field remained unaffected.
Fig. 2. Above- and below-ground biomass production of three tomato varieties (cv. D, cv. M, cv. RR) growing in plug cells and pots containing substrate mixture with
different proportions of vermicompost and of plants which have been transplanted into equally fertilized field soil. P-values derived from ANOVAs for individual
variety, R/S indicates tests of root–shoot ratios. Different letters above and below bars indicate significant differences at P = 0.05 (Tukey LSD test). Means S.E.
(n = 3–5). Small error bars are not depicted.
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J.G. Zaller / Scientia Horticulturae 112 (2007) 191–199
Table 1
Marketable yield and mass per fruit of orange and red fruits and total yield (marketable plus green fruits) of three field-grown tomato varieties (cv. D, cv. M, cv. RR)
raised in commercial peat potting substrate with different portions of vermicompost (VC). Means (n = 2–3). Different letters after means indicate significant
differences at P < 0.05 (Tukey LSD test)
VC (%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Marketable yield (g plant 1)
Total yield (g plant 1)
Mass per fruit (g fresh mass)
cv. D
cv. M
cv. RR
cv. D
cv. M
cv. RR
cv. D
cv. M
cv. RR
3184 1391
3512 803
3121 475
2286 949
2321 233
2040 227
3329 1000
1513 645
662 317
2856 721
1979 761
1449 567
2923 1772
612 234
1651 229
3150 1095
3326 890
762 245
95 7 ab
112 8 a
97 10 ab
86 15 ab
86 13 b
93 7 ab
69 10
51 11
67 11
75 3
61 7
55 19
77 27
63 2
76 14
95 9
96 16
59 11
4734 1846
4912 957
4835 686
3964 1604
3621 51
3605 468
4484 1515
1744 484
2283 413
4111 1004
2986 949
2164 902
4693 3040
2433 312
2932 258
5338 2073
5390 1613
1183 378
Root mass varied significantly between varieties in plug
cells, pots and the field (variety effect: P < 0.001, P = 0.001
and P = 0.008 for plug cells, pots and the field, respectively).
Across varieties, VC proportion affected root mass in plug cells
and pots but not in the field (VC effect: P = 0.047, P = 0.017
and P = n.s. for plug cells, pots and field, respectively). Only
root mass of seedlings in plug cells showed a significant
interaction between variety and VC mixture (P = 0.015; Fig. 2).
When the variety responses were tested individually, only root
mass of potted plants of cv. M were significantly affected by
vermicompost proportion (P = 0.029; Fig. 2). Root masses of
cv. M grown in plug cells and cv. RR in the field were nonsignificantly affected by vermicompost proportion.
Root–shoot ratio was significantly different between
varieties in plug cells (P = 0.010) and the field (P = 0.002;
Fig. 2) but not for potted plants. Across varieties, VC proportion
in substrate mixture affected root–shoot ratios of tomato plants
in all three developmental stages (VC effect: P = 0.029, P = n.s.
and P = 0.018 for seedlings, potted plants and field plants,
respectively; Fig. 2). In the overall analysis, plants in pots and
the field also showed a significant variety VC proportion
interaction (P = 0.014, P = 0.017 for potted and field plants,
respectively). Individual analyses showed that root–shoot ratio
was significantly affected for seedlings in plug cells of cv. M
(P < 0.001) and cv. RR (P = 0.038) and field plants of cv. M
(P = 0.011, Fig. 2).
3.3. Yields
Marketable yield (no variety effect, VC effect: P = 0.040),
fresh mass per fruit (variety effect: P < 0.001, no VC effect)
and total yield (variety effect: P = 0.047, no VC effect) were
different between tomato varieties and affected by VC
proportion of substrate mixture (Table 1). Analysis for
individual variety showed that only fruit mass of one variety
(cv. D) was affected by VC proportion in the substrate
mixture (P = 0.038, Table 1). All other parameters
were unaffected by VC proportions of substrate mixture
(Table 1).
3.4. Fruit quality
Fruit circumference was significantly different between
varieties (P < 0.001) however was across varieties unaffected
by VC proportion in substrate mixture (Table 2). Individual
analysis of each variety showed that VC proportions in
substrate significantly affected circumference of cv. D
(P = 0.003) and cv. RR (P = 0.003) but did not affect cv. M
(Table 2).
Fruit dry matter content was significantly different between
varieties (P < 0.001) and across varieties not affected by VC
proportions in substrate (variety VC interaction: P < 0.001,
Table 2). Individual analysis showed that peat substitution
significantly affected dry matter content of cv. D (P = 0.029)
and cv. M (P = 0.002) and not significantly affected cv. RR
(Table 2).
Peel firmness was significantly different between varieties
(P < 0.001) and varied significantly between different levels of
peat substitution (P < 0.001; variety VC interaction:
P < 0.001; Table 2). Individual analysis showed that peel
firmness was significantly affected by peat substitution for cv. D
(P = 0.004) and cv. RR (P = 0.003) but not for cv. M (Table 2).
Table 2
Circumference, dry matter content and peel firmness (Shore A scale: 0 . . . soft, 100 . . . hard) of three field-grown tomato varieties (cv. D, cv. M, cv. RR) raised in
commercial peat potting substrate with different portions of vermicompost (VC). Means (n = 5–8). Different letters after means indicate significant differences at
P < 0.05 (Tukey LSD test)
VC (%)
Circumference (cm)
cv. D
0
20
40
60
80
100
18.1 0.2
18.7 0.3
18.0 0.3
17.7 0.3
17.7 0.3
18.1 0.3
ab
a
ab
ab
b
b
Dry matter content (%)
cv. M
cv. RR
15.9 0.3
14.3 0.2
14.9 0.2
16.0 0.2
15.3 0.2
15.1 0.3
16.5 0.3
16.8 0.1
17.2 0.4
17.7 0.3
16.3 0.3
16.2 0.3
cv. D
ab
ab
ab
a
b
ab
6.6 0.2
6.0 0.3
6.4 0.2
7.3 0.4
6.0 0.2
5.9 0.2
Peel firmness (Shore A scale)
cv. M
ab
ab
ab
a
b
ab
6.7 0.4
7.9 0.2
8.5 0.6
7.1 0.3
8.1 0.4
6.1 0.2
b
ab
a
ab
a
b
cv. RR
cv. D
7.0 0.2
6.4 0.6
6.2 0.1
6.4 0.2
5.9 0.6
8.3 0.1
31.8 1.9
44.3 1.3
36.1 2.0
36.7 3.9
42.1 1.4
42.5 2.9
b
a
ab
b
ab
ab
cv. M
cv. RR
37.8 2.2
32.4 0.8
31.9 1.0
36.8 1.9
35.9 1.5
37.9 2.7
27.1 3.1
38.5 3.8
52.9 5.4
54.0 3.3
46.5 3.8
36.8 2.2
b
b
ab
a
ab
ab
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J.G. Zaller / Scientia Horticulturae 112 (2007) 191–199
Table 3
Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration in marketable fruits of three field-grown tomato varieties (cv. D, cv. M, cv. RR) raised in commercial peat potting
substrate with different portions of vermicompost (VC). Means (n = 2–4). Different letters after means indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 (Tukey LSD test).
VC (%)
Nitrogen content (g kg 1)
cv. D
0
20
40
60
80
100
27 2
28 1
26 1
26 1
21 1
23 1
cv. M
ab
a
b
b
b
b
27 1
21 1
23 1
26 1
24 1
25 1
Phosphorus (mg kg 1)
cv. RR
a
b
b
ab
ab
ab
25 2
22 1
22 0
27 1
24 0
18 2
a
ab
ab
a
ab
b
cv. D
cv. M
52 2
51 2
51 3
50 2
51 3
50 3
48 2
44 0
43 1
48 1
46 1
49 2
Chemical composition of marketable fruits varied significantly between varieties and across varieties substrate mixtures
significantly affected fruit nitrogen (P < 0.001, Table 3), Lascorbic acid (P < 0.001, Fig. 3), glucose and fructose
(P < 0.001, Fig. 3), and did not affect phosphorus (Table 3),
Potassium (mg kg 1)
cv. RR
a
a
b
a
a
a
48 0
48 1
47 1
46 2
45 1
40 2
a
a
a
a
a
b
cv. D
cv. M
cv. RR
501 25 a
441 13 b
505 6 a
446 17 b
453 12 b
446 17 b
475 12
444 37
447 23
463 17
474 34
488 8
433 20 a
459 17 a
432 9 a
444 25 a
400 7 b
419 6 a
potassium (Table 3), calcium (Fig. 3), magnesium (Fig. 3) and
carbon concentrations (Table 3). When the response of each
variety to peat substitution was analyzed individually most
parameters on fruit quality tested showed highly significant
differences in all three varieties (Table 3, Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Calcium, magnesium, L-ascorbic acid and sugar (glucose + fructose) concentrations of marketable, field-grown fruits of three tomato varieties (cv. D, cv. M,
cv. RR). Plants were raised in substrate mixture with different proportions of vermicompost until the flowering stage and have been transplanted into equally fertilized
field soil. P-values derived from ANOVAs for individual variety. Different letters above bars indicate significant differences at P = 0.05 (Tukey LSD test).
Means S.E. (n = 2–3). Small error bars are not depicted.
J.G. Zaller / Scientia Horticulturae 112 (2007) 191–199
4. Discussion
4.1. Seedling emergence and growth
Generally the results of this study show that a substitution of
fertilized commercial peat potting substrate with vermicompost
is possible without detrimentally affecting emergence and
growth of seedlings of the three tomato varieties tested.
However, the tested varieties differed greatly in their response
and no general relationship between proportion of vermicompost amendment and seedling emergence and growth could be
detected. Studies on the effect of VC amendment to growth
media for tomatoes in greenhouses either showed a maximum
growth at VC proportions of around 20% in the growth mixture
(Atiyeh et al., 1999, 2000a) or a steady increase in growth with
increasing VC amendment (Arnold et al., unpublished data).
This discrepancy between findings in the literature could be
explained by the use of different tomato varieties and by the use
of VC of different origin which has been shown to cause great
differences in vermicompost quality (e.g., Atiyeh et al., 2000d;
Domı́nguez, 2004; Edwards, 1988). An additional explanation
for contrasting results in the current study might also be that no
additional mineral fertilization was supplied during the course
of the experiment. This however also indicates that vermicompost contains a well-balanced composition of nutrients and at
least for tomato seedling husbandry no additional supply of
mineral nutrients seems to be required. Recent work confirmed
this by showing that the quality of tomato transplants cultivated
in vermicompost was only slightly reduced (tested only up to
20% amendment) compared to media containing no VC with no
negative effects in the performance of field tomatoes (Paul and
Metzger, 2005).
4.2. Biomass allocation of seedlings, potted plants and
field plants
It is well established that changes in allocation patterns
largely determine the ability of plants to capture resources
(Poorter et al., 1990) and that plants may change their allocation
patterns in response to the environment and especially to the
availability of soil nutrients (Brouwer, 1962). In the current
experiment shoot and root biomass production of seedlings and
potted plants was significantly altered by peat substitution
through vermicompost and different between tomato varieties.
Compared to the commercial peat mixture, shoot biomass of
seedlings was only lower in mixtures containing 80% (cv. D)
and 100% vermicompost (cv. M), while all other VC
amendments led to similar shoot biomass production than in
fertilized peat medium. Root biomass production seemed to be
mainly unresponsive to peat substitution with the exception of
one variety (cv. M) where seedlings in 100% vermicompost
showed 30% less root biomass than those in all other VC-peat
substrate mixtures. Shifts in biomass allocation to roots
(expressed as altered root–shoot ratio) occurred in seedlings
of two varieties (cv. M and cv. RR) when grown at VC
proportions higher than 40%. The absence of a clear
relationship between VC proportion in the growth media and
197
tomato biomass production also suggests that not only purely
physical and chemical properties of VC are stimulating plant
growth but there is also the possibility that indirect effects via
the inhibition of plant pathogen infection (Szczech, 1999;
Zaller, 2006), effects on the rhizosphere microflora (de Brito
Alvarez et al., 1995), nitrate uptake kinetics (Dell’Agnola and
Nardi, 1987; Muscolo et al., 1999), effects on beneficial
microorganisms (Atiyeh et al., 2000d), plant growth regulators
(Tomati et al., 1988) or mycorrhizal colonisation of roots
(Cavender et al., 2003) might override pure nutrient effects.
Clearly, more experimental research aiming to specifically
addressing interactions between VC applications, microorganisms and their consequences for crop plants seems necessary.
4.3. Yields and fruit quality
One of the central aims of this experiment was to test
whether tomato seedlings that were raised in different substrate
types have acquired some predisposition that affected yields or
fruit quality. In terms of marketable and total yields this was
clearly not the case; i.e. different VC proportions in seedling
substrates did not influence yields in the field. Fresh mass per
fruit, however, was increased by 18% for the hybrid tomato
variety (cv. D) when seedling substrates contained 20%
vermicompost compared to plants raised in 0, 40, 60 and
80% vermicompost; the other two varieties tested remained
unaffected.
Perhaps the most remarkable result of the current study is
that across tomato varieties nearly all determined parameters of
morphological and chemical fruit quality (circumference, dry
matter content, firmness of peel, contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg,
Vitamin C, glucose, fructose) were significantly affected by the
substrate mixture used to raise the seedlings. Among the
substrates containing vermicompost also the proportion of
vermicompost amended often correlated with certain fruit
quality parameters. Impact on fruit quality of vermicompost
could also be shown in comparison to hydroponic substrates
(Premuzic et al., 1998) or when applied as foliar spray (Zaller,
2006). Generally, ascorbic acid and sugar concentrations of
tomato fruits have been shown to be affected by plant nutrition,
water supply and light intensity (Neubert, 1959; Mozafar, 1993;
Veit-Köhler et al., 1999). Especially contents of ascorbic acid
and sugars are also directly linked to tomato flavour attributes
(Auerswald et al., 1999). Since effects on fruit quality do not
correlated with differences in growth or allocation patterns of
plants it can be assumed that vermicompost in the substrate
alters seedling performance and/or the above-mentioned
association with rhizosphere organisms that translate into
altered fruit quality. Although VC-induced alterations of
morphological and chemical fruit quality parameters were
not different for each variety it is noticeable that the only hybrid
tomato variety tested (cv. D) was the most responsive to
substrate mixtures.
In conclusion, results of the current experiment show that
firstly, vermicompost in potting media has no detrimental but
rather stimulatory effects on emergence, growth and biomass
allocation of tomato seedlings and has thus considerable
198
J.G. Zaller / Scientia Horticulturae 112 (2007) 191–199
potential for substituting peat in horticultural potting substrates.
Secondly, fruit quality of tomatoes can be altered by the
substrate mixture used to raise seedlings even when seedlings
were transplanted into equally fertilized field soil. This
influence of substrate quality may also have implications for
tomato pest and disease resistance (Hoffland et al., 2000, 1999;
Edwards et al., 2004) or its susceptibility to abiotic stress (e.g.
chilling; Starck et al., 2000). Finally, the current results also
highlight differences of vermicompost effects between crop
varieties, an aspect that has been ignored in the literature so far.
Especially the latter finding should be considered when giving
recommendations on the optimum proportion of vermicompost
amendment to horticultural potting substrates.
Acknowledgements
I am very grateful to Jorge Domı́nguez for critical comments
on the manuscript and to Alexandra Donati, Christina Günther,
Harriet Leese, Stephanie Lenzen, Sonja Reinhardt, Henning
Riebeling, Ute Schlee, Johannes Siebigteroth, Birgit Stöcker
and Dieter Zedow for their excellent help in the laboratory and
the field.
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