This paper will give the reader an overview on post-Soviet anthropologies of Central Asia the way they are debated in 'European' or 'western' anthropologies, according to their literary output. It deals with the contemporary state of these anthropologies, affected by Soviet history, finding them being confronted with postimperial influences of European and/or US-American trends in anthropological knowledge production, nowadays. Taking hierarchies of knowledge into account, our focus lies on the view that European anthropologists have on these marginalized anthropologies of Central Asia. By following questions like `What means Anthropology today in this region and how is it seen from an outsider´s view?´, the research aims to examine the discipline in the sociocultural and political contexts of socialism and postsocialism in Central Asia.

The literature of what has been labeled “Central Asia” was produced in a variety of languages in a huge area which includes not only the five republics of the former Soviet Union (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan), but also Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of Russia and China (Uyghur Autonomous Region). Needless to say the literary works produced in this vast space represent a considerable amount of materials, both oral and written, which would maybe require more attention than they are actually given thus far, at least in the Western academic world. Given the scarcity of publications in the field, the fact that the Cahiers d’Asie centrale is devoting a single issue to this matter is something that deserves due attention. But this issue is certainly more than a contribution to the study of Central Asian literature. Actually, by aiming to focus on the societal challenges reflected by Central Asian literary production, this volume would like to bring answers, as well as new kinds of questioning regarding the way the various societies and peoples of this geographic area have depicted their time throughout their histories. Within the perspective of examining the way literature can be used as a source of historiography, and more generally speaking with the aim of assessing the interconnectedness of society and literature, the various contributors have devoted a specific attention to the issue of the relationships between culture and power. In this regard the historical timeline which is covered extends from the 15th century up to the present day. It begins with the end of the medieval times, when the Timurid Renaissance achieved the production of its finest hours, and ends with the situation of contemporary Kyrgyz literature, including in the period between the early modern times looked at from the point of view of the mystical writings of an Eastern Turkestanese poet, as well as the Russian colonization and the Soviet era. In this kind of endeavor it is important to hear the voices of readers who have a privileged access to Central Asian works. This is the reason why we are happy to say that nearly half of the contributors are scholars coming from Central Asia (Gulnara Aitpaeva, Aftandil Erkinov, Boris Koichuev, Zulkhumor Mirzaeva, Eleonora Proyaeva). The other contributors are researchers coming from different parts of “the outside world,” such as United State (Katharine Holt, Samuel Hodgkin), Germany (Ingeborg Baldauf), Italy (Michele Bernardini), and France (Alexandre Papas, Marc Toutant). This variety of academic backgrounds helps to provide a wide range of perspectives, all the more so that these authors employ, cite, and often synthesize a wealth of source materials, including manuscripts that have not been studied so far, local archives and other documents which remain unpublished, as well as more easily accessible written sources ranging from works composed by writers (playwrights, novels, short stories, poems, articles) to reports and contemporary texts published by the administrative authorities.

The Study of Parallels in the Development of Persian and Russian Folklore Vitaly N.Suprunenko & Julia P. Drobatuhina, Methodological Department for the School Program, LLC "Sun School", Russian Federation The present paper addresses the interrelation between folklore and literature in Iran and Russia in different periods of their cultural evolution, and identifies the commonalities and peculiarities of this development. The study of the interaction between Persian folklore and classical literature in the age of Persia's Islamization, has led to the hypothesis of similar processes taking place in the development of oral tradition in Russia. Using historical and typological research methods, this study refers to the Russian folklore of the 20th century and presents a contrastive-comparative analysis of small genres in the oral tradition, literature and their sources in folklore. Moreover, it calls attention to the specific features of new genres which are derived from the existing («classical») genres, and looks into the prospects for their further existence and research. Considering the experience of classical Persian literature and folklore this research identifies a number of identical features in the oral tradition of both countries, as well as common factors impacting the emergence of new genres in the so-called «post-folklore» in Russia. In this regard, it is necessary to draw attention to the specifics of West Asian culture: the common inherent features in the human worldview that clearly manifested in folklore. The knowledge of folklore and history of Iran would help the Russian citizens to bring the cultures closer together, to understand the worldviews of Iranian and Tajik people, to form new relationships with representatives of other nations in a multicultural world. Keywords: Persian folklore, Russian folklore; Islamization of literature; folklorization of literary texts; Iranian and Russian cultural cooperation The Seventh International Conference on Languages, Linguistics, Translation and Literature 11-12 June 2022 , Ahwaz For more information, please visit the conference website: WWW.LLLD.IR

AВSTRACT Shokan Ualikhanov is a scientist who made a huge contribution to the history of Central Asia. Shokan's works were not only known worldwide while he was alive but also were of great value to science these days. He was not only noticed by virtue of his special talent, knowledge, good observance and high intelligent skills and being an orientalist hopeful about the future among the highly-qualified Russian scientists but also on top of that he was the first Kazakh scientist who left a considerable mark on European science and culture. Followed by the outstanding Marko Polo, Shokan Ualikhanov's travel to Kashgar was the first brave deed by giving a many-sided discription of blind spots in Cetral Asia and introducing them to Europe. In this research Shokan Ualikhanov's contibution to the study of the history of Middle Ages in Cetral Asia was realized, his works in this field were analized. The research was carried out by comparing historic, many-sided analisis and combination, order and other scientific tutorial approaches on top. A great attention was paid to the worldwide developing science of biography. A scientic heritage of a person was analyzed, his contribution to science and art, while investigating, the development of the whole civilization was taken into consideration. Sh. Ualihanov widely put into practice different kinds of research methods, which are necessary now days too. For instance, Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison, нistorical research employs a number of methods and makes use of a wide range of source materials. These include oral sources in relation to the recent past, based on interviews in which respondents recall their own experiences as historical evidence. Nevertheless, analysis of documents has been the most characteristic and traditional method employed in modern historical research as distinct from social research. The established practices of working historians are therefore a key point of departure in addressing documentary research, although historians have tended not to reflect in detail or depth on this central aspect of their craft [1]. Also, you can not to write and to analyze information without the participant observation. As Harvey Russell Bernard said, more and more researches these days, across the social sciences, have learned what a powerful method powerful participant observation is it all stages of the research process. The method stands on its own, but it is also increasingly part of a mixed-method strategy, as researches combine qualitative data to answer questions of interest. The ethnography produced ideas for policy recommendations and for the content for the questionnaire. The questionnaire data illuminated and validated many of the things that the ethnographer learned during participant observation [2]. Shokan Ualikhanov was the first who established in the scientific circle a new type of historic data, oral folk traditions of Kazakh and Kirgiz people. Our research was mainly based on the works of Shokan Ualikhanov. Especially, Shokan Ualikhanov's works in the history of Central Asia were widely used in the research. These are: «Zhongar features», the legend «Manas», Sh. Ualikhanov's «Khan's orders» reviewed by Berezin I.N., «The remains of shamanism in Kazakhstan», «Kazakh genealogy», «Six spheres or Chinese province Nan-Lu (Small Bukhariya) about the life in six eastern towns between 1858 and 1859». Certainly, Shokan left works connected with the present time and we only worked by analyzing his works.