Conteúdo de Direito Tributário

Resumen ENARM

The Vlochos Archaeological Project (VLAP) is a three-year collaboration between the Ephorate of Antiquities of Karditsa and the Swedish Institute at Athens, involving a team of archaeologists from Greece, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The focus of the programme is the archaeological site at the modern village Vlochos, in the municipality of Palamas (prefecture of Karditsa); a fortified urban site of the Classical-Roman period known from previous archaeological work in the region. The objective of VLAP is to record the totality of the visible ancient structures as well as to conduct a geophysical survey of the buried remains, aiming at understanding the diachronic use of the site and its phases of habitation. Consequently, the data will contribute to a broader understanding of the urbanisation processes in this part of ancient western Thessaly. The programme is fully non-invasive, utilising both traditional documentation as well as modern digital methods of surveying. The preliminary results of the first two field-seasons indicate that the remains at Vlochos belong to several chronologically distinct urban-like settlements, covering the Late Classical period until Late Roman period. With parallels in both Thessaly and Boeotia, the site displays several characteristics of ancient urban environments in Central Greece, linking it with the general socio-political developments in the region.

American tv domestic sitcoms - data set 1948-2018 The Sitcom Project: Class Representations 1975 to 2020 Richard Butsch Data sources on prime-time American domestic sitcoms Over the decades of this project, the conception of working class has been debated and shifted. In the 1970s, preceding deindustrialization, the standard operational definition identified working class as those engaged in manual labor occupations and typically blue collar. Today the definition has shifted to a distinction in education between those with or without college education, typically without a bachelor's degree. This reflects increased required education for occupations and incomes. A few scholars/researchers have delved further to include autonomy as a factor reflected by both measures. Throughout this research, for consistency, I have kept with occupation as the principal factor, distinguishing those occupations in terms of manual labor and autonomy. In the increasingly service-oriented economy, I have included lower-paid, less-autonomous, and often surprisingly deprived of mental labor, service occupations, such as retail clerks, as working class. The analysis and conclusions in publications from this project were based upon the most successful prime-time sitcoms, lasting 5 seasons or more - although sometimes discussing sitcoms that had not yet released for that long at the time of publication – since those shows reached the largest audiences and became ‘household names.’ However, in addition to that, I compiled a list of all network sitcoms, some of which lasted less than one season and for which I have only partial information. Nevertheless from that information, the representations in these less successful shows appear consistent with what was found in the more successful ones. One discovery from this was that working-class families were seldom represented even among short-lived sitcoms, despite the fact that they had a higher rate of success than the many middle-class sitcoms. This observation then led to a study that I presented in 1984 examining decision-making at the pilot stage before any broadcasts, which found similar representations in pilots. Nowadays a great deal about American sitcoms is available on-line. But when the project began there were no encyclopedias of tv shows and very little tv history, let alone episodes available on tv or videotape. I was at the mercy of the syndication market to view actual episodes of old tv shows. Consequently, I relied on several major sources for documenting the representations of class, gender and race/ethnicity, including Vincent Terrace’s The Complete Encyclopedia of Television Programs (1976), Tim Brooks and Earl Marsh’s Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows (editions from 1979 to 1999), as well as TV Guide and television review columns in the New York Times and New Yorker magazine from Philip Hamburger in the early 1950s through Nancy Franklin to Emma Nussbaum in 2019. These provided not only the basic format of each show, but in several cases, summaries of specific episodes. On the internet, epguides.com helped me locate new series, as did tvguide.com. Imbd.com was useful for episode storylines. For further history I traveled to archives to find episode summaries, old TV Guides and scripts. Among the more useful collections were the NYPL Theater Collection at Lincoln Center, University of Pennsylvania Annenberg School Library script collection, Wisconsin Historical Society at Madison (especially the NBC papers), The Writers Guild West in Los Angeles, and collections at UCLA and at the Thousand Oaks Public Library, California. For documentation of sitcom production and the television industry I relied principally on Variety and Broadcasting trade magazines as well as on articles identified through Readers Guide, many of which I list in the accompanying bibliography. The complete citations of my publications and presentations of research from this project are: Publications 2018 “Why television sitcoms kept re-creating male working-class buffoons for decades” in Gail Dines, Jean Humez, Bill and Lori Bindig Yousman, eds., Gender Race and Class in Media 5th ed. Sage 442-50. 2017 “Class and gender through seven decades of American television sitcoms” in June Deery and Andrea Press, eds., Media and Class: TV, Film and Digital Culture Routledge, 38-52. 2016 “Six decades of social class in American sitcoms,“ in Nicole Cloarec, David Haigron and Delphine Letort, eds. Social Class on British and American Screens: Essays on Cinema and Television MacFarland,18-33. 2014 “Ralph, Fred, Archie, Homer, Family Guy and Cleveland: Re-creating the male working-class buffoon, 1950s to 2010s” in Gail Dines and Jean M. Humez (eds.), Gender, Race and Class in Media, 4th edition. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage Publishing February 2011 “Ralph, Fred, Archie, Homer and the King of Queens: Why television keeps re-creating the male working-class buffoon,” in Gail Dines and Jean M. Humez (eds.), Gender, Race and Class in Media, 3rd edition. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage Publishing, 101-109. 2005 “Five Decades and Three Hundred Sitcoms about Class and Gender,” In Gary Edgerton and Brian Rose eds., Thinking Outside the Box: Television Genres in Transition University of Kentucky Press, 111-135. 2005 “A half century of class and gender in American TV domestic sitcoms” in Tracy E. Ore, ed., The Social Construction of Difference and Inequality McGraw Hill, 3rd edition. Reprint from Cercles: Revue Pluridisciplinaire du Monde Anglophone No 8 on-line journal, Special issue on American TV sitcoms. 2003 “Ralph, Fred, Archie and Homer: Why television keeps recreating the white male working class buffoon”, in Tracy E. Ore, ed., The Social Construction of Difference and Inequality McGraw Hill, 2nd edition, 376-385. Reprint from Dines and Humez, Gender, Race and Class in Media 1st edition, 1995. 2003 “A half century of class and gender in American TV domestic sitcoms” Cercles: Revue Pluridisciplinaire du Monde Anglophone No 8 on-line journal, Special issue on American TV sitcoms. 2002 “Why television keeps re-creating the white male working-class buffoon” in Gail Dines and Jean M. Humez (eds.) Gender, Race and Class in Media. 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 575-585. 2001 “Ralph, Fred, Archie and Homer: Why television keeps recreating the white male working-class buffoon”, in Tracy E. Ore, ed., The Social Construction of Difference and Inequality McGraw Hill. Reprint from Dines and Humez, Gender, Race and Class in Media, 1995. 2001 “Industry and image: television and the working class buffoon in domestic sitcoms,” in Lee Artz, ed., Communication and Democratic Society, second edition, Harcourt, 173-83. Reprint from Dines and Humez, Gender, Race and Class in Media, 1995. 1997 "Ralph, Fred, Archie and Homer: Why Television Keeps Recreating the White Male Working Class Buffoon" in Lee Artz, ed., Communication Practices and Democratic Society (Kendall Hunt), 213-220. Reprint from Dines and Humez, Gender, Race and Class in Media, 1995. 1995 "Ralph, Fred, Archie and Homer: Why Television Keeps Recreating the White Male Working Class Buffoon," in Gail Dines and Jean M. Humez (eds.) Gender, Race and Class in Media. Thousand Oaks, Cal.: Sage, 403-412 1992 "Class and Gender in Four Decades of Television Situation Comedies: Plus Ca Change Plus C'est Le Meme Chose" Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 9, December, 387-399. Nominated for the Donald H. McGannon Award for Social and Ethical Relevance in Communication Policy Research. 1989 "How Does it Happen: The Television Industry, the Production Process, and Images of Class." In Levon Chorbajian (ed.), Introduction to Critical Sociology Boston: Ginn, 25-34. 1983 "Social Class: Trends in Prime Time, 1946-78." With Lynda M. Glennon. Journal of Broadcasting, 27:1, Winter, 77-81. 1982 "The Family as Portrayed on Television." With Lynda M. Glennon. In David Pearl, Lorraine Bouthilet, and Joyce Lazar (eds.), Television and Behavior: Ten Years of Scientific Progress and Implications for the Eighties, Volume II, Technical Reviews. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIMH, 264-271. 1980 " Families on TV: Where was the Working Class?" With Lynda M. Glennon. Televisions, 7:2/3, February, 11-12. Papers Presented 2013 “Class and gender in six decades of American sitcoms” Conference on Representing Social Classes, University of Rennes, France, October. 2008 “Representations of class and gender in five decades of American sitcoms” Eleventh International Lab Meeting of the European PhD on Social Representation and Communication, Rome, May. 1991 "The Blue Collar Sitcom: Plus Ca Change, Plus c'est la Meme Chose." International Communication Association Annual Meeting, Chicago. 1991 "Class and Gender in Four Decades of TV Families." American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, August. 1984 "Minorities from Pilot to Series: Network Biases in Programming." Society for the Study of Social Problems, San Antonio, August. 1981 "How Does it Happen: The Television Industry, the Production Process, and Images of Class." Eastern Sociological Society, New York. 1977 "The Working Class Family on Television." With L. M. Glennon. Popular Culture Association, Baltimore.