CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Iulian BOLDEA (coordinator) Date: 00/00/00 COMMUNICATION, CONTEXT, INTERDISCIPLINARITY Studies and Articles Volume III Section: Political Sciences and International Relations ”PetruăMaior”ăUniversity Press 2014 1 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity – 3rd Edition ISSN 2069 – 3389 Edited by: The Alpha Institute for Multicultural Studies Moldovei Street, 8 540522,ăTьrРuăMure ,ăRomсnТК Tel./fax: +40-744-511546 Email: iulian.boldea@gmail.com Published by: ”PetruăMКТor”ăUnТЯersТtвăPress,ăTьrРuăMureş,ă2014 Nicolae Iorga Street, 1 540088,ăTьrРuăMureş,ăRomсnТК Tel./fax: +40-265-236034 Email: editura@upm.com Computer design: Carmen Rujan 2 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Table of Contents THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS IN THE ACCOMPLISHMENT OF GLOBAL SECURITY FХorТКnăR pКn,ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”DТmТtrТeăCКntemТr”ăCСrТstТКnăUnТЯersТtвăoПăBuМСКrest ............................................. 8 THE STATE-CHURCH RELATIONSHIP IN THE PRESENT GEOPOLITICAL CONTEXT VКsТХeăTТmТş,ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ................................................................. 18 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE FROM ROMANIA George B ХКn,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,ăEХenКăRoбКnКăStoТМК,ăStuНent,ăRomКnТКn-German University of Sibiu ...... 26 ROMANIAN-BRITISH COOPERATION IN SOLVING ISSUES OF MUTUAL INTEREST (19201936) MКrusТКăCьrsteК,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCrКТoЯК ................................................................................... 31 IDENTITлSăENăCONFLITă?ăL’ANALYSEăDUăDISCOURSăCONCERNANTăLAăGUERREă D’UKRAINE Paul Kun, Assoc. Prof., PhD, West University of Timișoara ................................................................................. 47 THE INFLUENCE OF THE MIGRATIONIST PHENOMENON ON THE NATIONAL SECURITY AND DEFENSE FХorТКnăR pКn,ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”DТmТtrТeăCКntemТr”ăCСrТstТКnăUnТЯersТty of Bucharest Dana-SТХЯТКăContТneКnu,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”CКroХăI”ăNКtТonКХăDeПenseăUnТЯersТtв,ăBuМСКrest................................ 57 THE SPACE MATTERS. IMAGINING AND MAPPING OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT MКrТКnКăCoУoМ,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”OЯТНТus”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăConstКnța, AnКăMКrТКăMunteКnu,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,”OЯТНТus”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăConstКnța ..................................................... 66 THE PROJECT OF EURASIAN UNION: THE POSITIONS OF RUSSIA, BELARUS, KAZAKHSTAN AND ARMENIA MКrТКăCosteК,ăReseКrМСer,ăPСD.,ă”GС.ăȘТnМКТ”ăInstТtuteăПorăSoМТКХăSМТenМesăКnНătСeăHumКnТtТesăoПătСeă Romanian Academy, Simion Costea, Assoc. ProП.,ăPСD,ă”PetruăMКТor”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăTьrРuăMureș..................................................... 76 3 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS POLITICAL MARKETING AND DEMOCRACY ArtСurăMТС ТХ ,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ................................................. 85 THE LINK BETWEEN INSTITUTIONS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPEMENT. A CASE STUDY FOR ROMANIA Claudiu ȚТР nКș,ăAssТstăProП.,ăPСD,ă”AХ.ăIoКnăCuгК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși AnКăIoХКnНКăVoН ,ăPСD,ă”GСe.ăAsКМСТ”TeМСnТМКХăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși DumТtruăFТХТpeКnu,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”GСe.ăAsКМСТ”TeМСnТМКХăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși FХorТnăLuМК,ăAssoМ.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”GСe.ăAsКМСТ”TeМСnТМКХăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși........................................................ 93 BIOLOGICAL SECURITY – AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY FХorТКnăR pКn,ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”DТmТtrТeăCКntemТr”ăCСrТstТКnăUnТЯersТtвăoПăBuМСКrest Dana-SТХЯТКăContТneКnu,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”CКroХăI” National Defense University, Bucharest.............................. 102 A BRIEF RESEARCH ON DISCRIMINATION ASPECTS FROM THE LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE ROMANIAN PARLIAMENT MКrМeХКăMonТМКăStoТМК,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă“DТmТtrТeăCКntemТr”ăCСrТstТКn University of Bucharest........................................................................................................................................... 108 THE DIVIDING REFERENDUMS OF THE PROVINCES FROM THE COUNTRIES: TOWARDS A NEW EUROPEAN POLICY DТКnКăForТs,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă“TrКnsТХЯКnТК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăBrКșov, MКrТusăV М reХu,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ăNКtТonal School of Political and Administrative Studies, Bucharest ................................................................................................................................................... 116 THE NEW ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT OF THE FIRST ROMANIAN IMMIGRANTS IN THE U.S.A IuХТКnКăNeКРoş,ăAssТstКnt,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”LuМТКnăBХКРК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăSТЛТu ................................................... 125 NATURAL RIGHT FROM HOBBES TO ROUSSEAU. POLITICAL, ETHICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND JURIDICAL CONSEQENCES Niadi-CorТnКăCernТМК,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”ȘteПКnăМeХăMКre”ăUnТЯersТtв of Suceava ................................................................................................................................................................ 132 SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEO-POPULIST DISCOURSE RКгЯКnăVТМtorăPКnteХТmon,ăAssТst.ăProП.,ăPСD,ă”OЯТНТus”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăConstКnța, Assoc. Prof., PhD, Institute of History, Pontificial Catholic University of Valparaiso, Chile ........................................................... 136 4 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS LATIN AMERICA BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION MODEL AND THE NORTHAMERICAN PROJECT OF FREE EXCHANGE Alexandru Mihai Ghigiu, PhD Student, National School of Political and Administrative Studies, Bucharest 147 MUSLIMS IN THE ROMANIAN MEDIA, AFTER 2011 A FRAME FROM INSIDE OF A REVOLUTION Ana-Maria Gajdo, PhD Student, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy ................................................................ 159 EUROPEAN SOCIAL UTOPIAS FROM THE GNOSTIC PERSPECTIVES OF ESCHATOLOGICAL GEOPOLITICS Antoniu Alexandru Flandorfer, PHD Student,ăUnТЯersТtв㔪teПКnăМeХăMКre”ăoПăSuМeКЯК................................. 171 EU LOBBYING – HISTORY AND MAIN ACTORS CКmeХТКăNТstor,ăPСD,ă”BКЛeș-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ..................................................................... 179 RAMBURSAREAăPRESTA IILORăSOCIALEăDEăS N TATE ÎNTREăSTATELEăMEMBREă– CADRUăJURIDICăŞIăAPLICAREăAăACESTUIA Dana – Silvia Contineanu, PhD Student, Romanian Academy, Institute for the Research of the Quality of Life ........................................................................................................................................................................... 188 COSMOPOLITANISM AND THE ETHICS OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY C t ХТn-ConstКntТnăDТКМonu,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”AХ.ăIoКnăCuгК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКși ................................................. 193 THE IMPACT OF DELIBERATIVE PEDAGOGIES ON THE CIVIC COMPETENCES AND VALUES OF YOUNGSTERS IN ROMANIA. CКrmenăGКЛrТeХКăGreКЛ,ăReseКrМСăAssТstКnt,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”BКЛeș-BoХвКТ” University of Cluj-Napoca ...................................................................................................................................... 200 HOW WELL DOES POLITICAL CORRECTNESS SELL? PORTRAYING RACISM FOR THE MASSES IN THE HELP (2011) AND DJANGO UNCHAINED (2012) IoКnКăBКМТu,ăPСD,ăStuНent,ă‘AХeбКnНruăIoКnăCuгК’ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКşТ ............................................................... 212 THE RELATION BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS AND THE LOBBYING ACTORS AS PART OF THE EU DECISION-MAKING PROCESS CКmeХТКăNТstor,ăPHD,ăBКЛeş-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca ........................................................................ 220 ROMANIA, BETWEEN TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY AND CONSOLIDATED DEMOCRACY Iulia Anghel Postdoc, Researcher, University of Bucharest................................................................................. 228 5 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE INFLUENCE OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE EUROPEAN CULTURAL IDENTITY LКuren ТuăPetrТХК,ăPСDăStuНent,ăBКЛeş-Bolyai University of Cluj Napoca ......................................................... 241 SOLDIERS TO LEASE PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES STATUTE IN THE XXI CENTURY TТЛerТuăPopК,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”BКЛeș-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca TünНeăNКРв,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”BКЛeș-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ............................................................ 252 EFFECTS OF EUROPENIZATION. INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT FOR THE ABSORPTION OF STRUCTURAL FUNDS IN ROMANIA DURING 2007-2013 FINANCIAL PERIOD LumТnТ КăPСТХТpe,ăPСD,ă”AХ.ăIoКnăCuгК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКşТ ................................................................................. 259 THE FUTURE OF RUSSIA AS AN EMERGING POWER MКrМeХКăMТСКeХКăStКnТşte,ăPСDăStuНent,ă„BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ...................................... 269 HOАă“GLOBALăCAREăCHAIN”ăAFFECTSăTHEăTRANSNATIONALăFAMILY MКrТКăPetroneХКăMunteКnu,ăPСDăStuНent,ă”AХ.ăIoКnăCuгК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăIКşТ ................................................... 279 CONSTITUTIONALISM - THE DEMOCRATIC PATH Mihai Lupu, PhD, Romanian Academy, Iași Branch ........................................................................................... 288 MAKING THE NEW ROMANIAN. AN OUTLINE OF THE NATIONALIST AND THE LEGIONARY PROGRAMS OF POLITICAL ANTHROPOGENESIS MТСКТăSteХТКnăRusu,ăPostНoМăReseКrМСer,ă”BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ..................................... 296 THE PUBLIC IMAGE OF THE BILATERAL ROMANIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS DURING THE PERIOD 2005-2007 MТrunКăM Н ХТnКăIКnМuă(TrКnНКПТr),ăPostНoМăReseКrМСer,ăPСD,ă”PetruăMКТor”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăTьrРuăMureş, ... 309 WHO IS AFRAID OF AFRICA? NТМoХКeăMeХТnesМu,ăDr.,ă”AnНreТăȘКРunК”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăConstКnța .................................................................... 318 A THEORETICAL INCURSION IN THE EVOLUTION OF CONTEMPORARY CONFLICTS OХeseКă КrКnu,ăRomКnТКnăAМКНemв,ăIКşТăBrКnМС ................................................................................................ 327 6 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SOCIAL MEDIA INTELLIGENCE-A RADIOGRAPHY OF THE NEWEST INT Raluca Lu КТ,ăPСDăStuНent,ă“BКЛeş-BoХвКТ”ăUnТЯersТtвăoПăCХuУ-Napoca ........................................................... 339 PATTERNS OF RECRUITMENT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE Roxana Marin Doctoral felХoа,ăRomКnТКnăAМКНemв,ăIКşТăBrКnМС PhD Student, University of Bucharest ................................................................................................................... 345 PUTIN AND UKRAINE; BACK TO THE USSR? TünНeăNКРy, Ph.D. Student, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca Tiberiu Popa, Ph.D. Student, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca................................................................. 358 7 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NEO-POPULIST DISCOURSE Razvan Victor Pantelimon,ăAssist.ăProf.,ăPhD,ă”Ovidius”ăUniversityăofăConstanța, Assoc. Prof., PhD, Institute of History, Pontificial Catholic University of Valparaiso, Chile Abstract: This article tries to analyze some of the characteristics of the populist and neo-populist discourse in actuality. In the beginning we present a very short description of the neo-populism, and some of the famous definition of this concept. The second part of our paper is dedicated to analyze the neo-populist discourse in order to clarifying his characteristics and build a possible pattern of analyze of this type of discourse. In the last part of our work we applied the theoretical model of the neopopulist discourse on the Latin American case, especially on some discourses of Hugo Chavez in order to see if we can speak, in his case, of a neo-populist discourse. Keywords: populism, neo-populism, discourse, charismatic leader, Hugo Chavez. Populism is one of the categories used extensively by sociologists, historians, political analysts and economists who study societies. There is no doubt about the importance of the concept for the social sciences, and especially for the political ones1. Resurgence of populist practices (political movements, speeches, symbols and mythology) is seen by some analysts as the main feature of the politics after the Cold War2. Populism is one of those concepts (the other is for example democracy) commonly used in the study of politics and has different meanings depending on the context or the author3. All experts recognize the difficulty, if not the impossibility of finding a definition capable to cover the common characteristics of some very different events in time and space4. Meanwhile, exactly this possibility to define different realities, often contradictory, mКНeătСeătermă “populism”ătoă ЛeăuseНăТntensТЯeХвă КnНă to gain popularity among researchers. Only a concept as vague and indefinite as populism can give us the ability to perceive and analyze the radical political transformations that take place in a lot of places in the world. More than any other concept frequently used today, populism captures the type of trials (tests) through which is crossing democracy today5. AnotСerămКУorăНТППТМuХtвăТnăНeПТnТnРătСeătermă“populist”ăТsătСКtătСТsăМonМeptăКmЛТРuousă and evasive sometimes becomes an anathema, being perceived as pejorative connotations6. The first systematic theoretical work dedicated to populism is edited by Ghita Ionescu and Ernest Gellner in 1969, being today also the fundamental referent study of populism. In Ghi ăIONESCU,ăErnestăGELLNERă(eНs.)ăPopulism. Its Meanings and National Characteristics, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969, p. 1 2 VХКНТmТră TISM NEANU,ă “HвpotСesesă onă PopuХТsm:ă TСeă PoХТtТМsă oПă CСКrТsmКtТМă Protest”,ă East European Politics and Societies, vol. 14, no. 2, 2000, p. 10 3 RoЛertă H.ă DIБ,ă “PopuХТsm:ă AutСorТtКrТКnă КnНă DemoМrКtТМ”,ă Latin American Research Review, vol. 20, no.2, 1985, p. 29. 4 Guy HERMET, Les populismes dans le monde. Une histoire sociologique XIX – XX siècle, LТЛrКТreăArtСчmeă Fayard, Paris, 2001, p.19 5 IЯКnă KRASTEV,ă “MomentuХă popuХТst”, CriticAtac, 13 of January 2011, avaible at http://www.criticatac.ro/3817/momentul-populist/. 6 Alexandre DORNA, Le Populisme, PUF, Paris, 1999, p. 4 1 136 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS the chapter on Latin American populism is defined Кsă “an organizational weapon that synchronizes divergent group interests and applies to any movement that is not based on a specific social class.”7 InătСeăsКmeăаorФăPeterăАТХesăЛeХТeЯesătСКtăpopuХТsmăТsănotăКăНoМtrТneăЛută“all faiths or movement based on the following major premise: virtue is rooted in ordinary citizens, who are the vast majority, and its collective traditions.” 8 As such for Wiles populism is more of a syndrome than a doctrine or concept. Populism tends to put leaders in mystical contact with the masses, while having an unorganized and undisciplined character.9 Recent analyzes generally use the same terms to define this concept. Thus Vladimir TТsmКneКnuăНeПТnesăpopuХТsmăКs:ă“A political strategy that generates mass mobilization and enthusiastic support for a leader and a party (or movement) among heterogeneous social groups in opposition to the existing political establishment, demanding its regeneration, often on the expense of the human rights and freedoms or a minority, of the political, social and economic life.”10 AnăeбperТenМeНăsoМТoХoРТst,ăКsăAnНrцăTourКТneăstКtesătСКtă“populism is the call made by a leader towards the people against politicians and intellectuals who betrays them. A call to the simple people against evil representatives; the evocation of what defines and unites against what divides and against the oblivion of what is essential.”11 We can see that this definition of Touraine emphasizes the discursive conflict component of populism. This raises the dual character of the popuХТstăpСenomenon,ăonăoneăСКnНăСeăsepКrКtesămКssesăКnНă“trКТtor”ă elite and on the other hand is used as a mean to identify belonging to a large community, it is about people. For political analysts populist are those leaders who achieved political campaign built on populist premise, so this term is associated more with a style of doing politics and with a style of discourse, than the politic itself.12 In the present it often talks about populist style of some leader or politician, even if he is not ideologically or programmatically a follower of this phenomenon. For the purposes of this study we believe that the most relevant meaning is the one that identify populism as a heterogeneous political movement without a well-defined social base, characterized by the existence of a leader more or less charismatic, trying to make a direct contact with the masses by applying a particular style of politics that combine the call to the people as a whole with criticism and rejection of existing political establishment and with the promise of dealing with various problems, especially social ones. Otherwise 7 AlistКТrăHENNESSY,ă“LКtТnăAmerТМК”ăТnăGСТtКăIONESCU,ăErnestăGELLNERă(eНs.),ăop. cit., p. 29 PeterăАILES,ă“AăSвnНrome,ănotăКăDoМtrТne:ăSomeăEХementКrвăTСesesăonăPopuХТsm”ăТnăGСТtКăIonesМu,ăăErnestă GELLNER (eds.), op. cit., 1969, p. 162 9 Idem, pp. 167 – 171. 10 VХКНТmТrăTISM NEANU,ăop. cit., p. 11. 11 AnНrцăTOURAINE,ăLa parole et le sang, Jacob Odile, Paris, 1988, p. 117. 12 PКtrТМТoă NAVIA,ă “PКrtТНosă PoХítТМosă Мomoă AntíНotoă МontrКă eХă PopuХТsmoă enă AmцrТМКă LКtТnК”,ă Revista de Ciencia Política, vol. XXIII, no. 1, 2003, p. 20. 8 137 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS expressed, in populism the leader turns to the people against the existing political system in order to achieve a utopian project13. Pierre-AnНrцă TКРuТeППă ЛeХТeЯesă tСКtă tСeă mКТnă “condition for the emergence of a populist mobilization is a crisis of political legitimacy that affects the whole representative system.”14 AХeбКnНrцă Dorna interprets psychologically the factors that led to the populist processes because, in his view, the emergence of this phenomenon is generally associated with a syndrome of disappointment. When you reach a certain cultural exhaustion, lack of confidence in the future when traditional markers are no longer functioning, and the great national institutions (government, parliament, political parties, etc.), are drained of contents, then appears the possibility of a populist current development. The same author notes that populism is associated with the failure of democratic regimes, therefore the democratic disillusion push the masses to choose other ways, one of which being populism.15 Despite all the differences and difficulties in analyzing the concept of the populism there are however a number of common elements which can be applied to all populist discourses which, by their frequency can be seen as some exclusive characteristics of a populist discourse. AămoreăМompХeбă“sФetМС”ăoПăpopuХТstăНТsМourseăТsăМonНuМteНăЛвăAХeбКnНreăDornКăТnăКă series of papers dedicated to this topic.16 The fact that the main feature of populism is the existence and the active presence of the charismatic leader whose personal style marks his situation and his era, him incarnating the providential man, the savior, the mythical hero, is undoubtedly. His relationship with the people is direct, warm, spontaneous, making him not only his speaker, but also its vivid symbol. His style is rhetorical, but not demagogic, because his speech links a real diagnosis with an emotional vision which offers hope. For most researchers this charismatic character is a sine qua non condition of the existence and definition of the concept of populism The most important characteristics of this charismatic populist leader are the critic discourse against the status quo and the establishment. When the citizens realize the gap between reality and the speech of those who govern, when they feel that they have no effective way to be listen, when realizes that elites do nothing to alleviate their changing situations, then the number of unsatisfied people increases until reaches a critical mass capable of erupting. It is not necessary that this eruption to occur, more often populism is just a warning and not a violent explosion against authority. Razvan Victor PANTELIMON, “PopuХТsmă şТă Neo-popuХТsm.ă ConМeptă şТă prКМtТМТ”ă Тnă Tendin e Actuale în Filozofia Politică, EНТturКă InstТtutuХuТă Нeă ŞtТТn eă PoХТtТМeă şТă ReХК ТТă InternК ТonКХeă КХă AМКНemТeТă Romсne,ă BuМureştТ,ă2006,ăp.ă223. 14 Pierre-AnНrцăTAGUIEFF,ă“LeăpopuХТsmeăetăХКăsМТenМeăpoХТtТqueăНuămТrКРeăМonМeptueХăКuбăЯrКТsăproЛХчmes”,ă Vingtième Siècle, no. 56, Oct. – Dec. 1997, p. 10. 15 Alexandre DORNA, Le Populisme, PUF, Paris, 1999, p. 8. 16 See Alexandre Dorna DORNA, Le Populisme, PUF, Paris, 1999; Alexandre DORNA, Le Neopopulisme et le charisme, TeбtăМoХХoqueăUnТЯersТtцăНeăGrenoЛХe:ăLКătentКtТonăpopuХТste,ăSeptemЛeră2001;ăAХeбКnНreăDORNA,ă La democracia: un espejismo?, Lumen, Buenos Aires-MeбТМo,ă2003;ăAХeбКnНreăDornК,ă “QuКnНăХКăНцmoМrКtТeă s’КssoТtă sură Нeă ЯoХМКns:ă Х’цmerРenМeă Нesă popuХТsmesă МСКrТsmКtТques”,ă @mnis Revue de Civilisation Contemporaine de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, no.5, Caen, 2005. 13 138 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The main ideological orientation of populism can be considered the one that is his “neРКtТЯe”ă nКtureă аСТМСă mustă Лeă unНerstooНă Кsă totКХă reУeМtТonă oПă КХХă tСoseă аСoă eбerМТsesă Кă different credo, seeking dialog partners just inside its loyal audience. Populist discourses reject almost all principles, institutions or political and social practices existing in that society. No specific political practice is challenged or a political leader but rejects in its entirety the existing system and challenge the legitimacy of the existing political and social order. In general, in its essence, the populist speech is one of complete renewal: political system cleaning; corrupt and mediocre politicians elimination; anti-bureaucratic revolution; the emergence of a new really popular order thanks to the efforts and merits a providential leader, selfless, heroic and patriot.17 From this absolute and utter denial results another ideological feature of populism its anti-elitist attitude, targeting bureaucrats and technocrats, held responsible for a number of problems in the functioning of that society. Appears also an anti-intellectual attitude, ТnteХХeМtuКХsăЛeТnРăseenăЛвăpopuХТstăКsă“serЯТХeăКnНăperПТНТous”ăpropКРКnНТstsăаСoăpropКРКtesă an orientation in favor of the interests and desires of those which represents the rejected system. Although enemies of the existing administration, populists are at the same time, ЛeМКuseă oПă tСeТră muХtТpХeă МХКssă nКture,ă supportersă oПă Кă “ХКrРeă nКtТonКХă unТonă НТsМourse”ă tСКtă would bring together all social classes and strata, the only ones to be really excluded being the corrupt politicians and the inefficient and incompetent bureaucrats. The populist movements are not anti-state nor in ideology nor in action, they oppose the state in its current forms, especially the type of specific parliamentary system policies. 18 A feature of populism is that addressing the entire nation, by necessity has to use each nation's great founding myths, so the symbols and collective imagination itself plays a definite role in a populist speech. Often the populist discourse is a short-term one, their programs supporting immediate objectives, tangible and rapid gains being of a greater interest than major structural changes or the proposal of a well defined project for development or modernization of the society. Besides, although often populist movements were considered as modernizing, in most cases they self-proclaim their major affinity to traditional political culture of those countries. There are also situations where populist movements attempts to outline a rational program of economic, social and political development.19 Another dimension of populist discourse is the solidarity, nationalistic and moralistic one, which has as a corollary the support of the existence of a perpetual conspiracy against the people, which implies and justifies the establishment of a state of emergency, which actually hide the authoritarian temptation of populism. The appeal to the people, as holder of sovereignty that needs to be protected, has as real aims legitimizing negative and critical messages towards the existing structures and institutions, because speaking on behalf of the people, populist deemed to have a superior authority to that of their opponents. One last feature of populist discourse is given by its futuristic, utopian, even millenarian nature. All populist discourse is based on the promise of a bright, positive future VХКНТmТrăTISM NEANU,ăăop. cit., p. 12 AnРusăSTEАART,ă‘TСeăSoМТКХăRoots”ăТnăGСТtКăIonescu, Ernest Gellner (eds.) op. cit., p. 192 19 Robert H. DIX, op. cit., p. 40. 17 18 139 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS in which all society's problems will be solved and all the people's hopes will be fulfilled. Populist utopia constitutes as an ideal of life, social justice, respect of the other, security and especially as a founding national unity ideal.20 АețЯeătКХФeНăЛeПoreăКЛoutătСeăМonМeptăoПă“popuХТsm”ăКnНăКЛoutăЯКrТousăКspeМtsăoПătСeă populist discourse and will continue with analyzing the concept of neo-populism. This concept should not be understood as totally different and independent from previous populisms, but as an evolution of those from which varies in some aspects. We do not talk about a complete break from previous experience and about a totally new form of politics, so our analysis will focus on those issues in which the new manifestations of populism differs ПromăаСКtăаeămТРСtăМКХХă“classic populism”. One of the results of the political and cultural transformation of the last decade of the XX century was the emergence of new political leaders, anti-political leaders, outsiders, etc. They seek to build a political space in which the fundamental separation will be the one between the political class and the people, supporting the people and presenting themselves as the incarnation of the popular will, as saviors of the nation, etc. Therefore one of the main features of these leaders is authoritarian trends, messianic and paternalistic attitudes, Manichaeism and opposition to all forms of organization with precise rules. They try to obtain the support of the masses through a speech which is messianic, protector, interpersonal, directly and without intermediaries.21 The neo-populism is seen as a high form of political voluntarism and decisionism, developed in the context of a weakening of institutions and decadence of politics, rooted in a deep crisis of democratic institutions (political parties, the executive and parliament etc.). This phenomenon exacerbates an authoritarian and anti - institutional style of politics, which in turn derives from a paternalistic political culture which feeds undoubtedly from the presidential regime type.22 A synthetic definition of neo-popuХТsmă“a style of action perceptible through specific forms that assume speech and political action: a primacy of personal charisma in political representation, poor formal institutional mechanisms, the influence of cultural factors in political changes and ideological precariousness.”23 It can be seen that on defining the neopopulism, compared with populism, the emphasis is put on the idea that this phenomenon is a style of politics, characteristic of certain political leaders. Other definitions of neo-populism focus on how the politics is made through the use of media and other modern techniques. Thus Guy Hermet believes that this term designates “populist electoral techniques on the political marketing level, but liberal and fair to democratic orthodoxy in which regard the intentions of the leaders who use them. This media marketing is the common denominator of a neo-populism media-liberal which is only a 20 See Alexandre DORNA, Le Populisme, PUF, Paris, 1999, p. 45 MerМeНesă GARCÍAă MONTERO,ă “LКă НцМКНКă Нeă FuУТmorТ:ă КsМenso,ă mКntenТmТentoă вă МКíНКă Нeă ună ХíНeră КntТpoХítТМo”,ăAmérica Latina Hoy, no. 28, Salamanca, August 2001, p. 52. 22 Renцă MAYORGA,ă Antipolitica y Neopopulismo, Centro Boliviano de Estudios Multidisciplinarios, La Paz, 1995, pp. 17 – 20. 23 FernКnНoăMAYORGA,ă“NeopopuХТsmoăвăНemoМrКМТКăenăBoХТЯТК”,ăRevista de Ciencia Política, vol. XXIII, no. 1, 2003, p. 99. 21 140 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS technical resource. This neo-populism merely cultivates a citizenship based on facile emotions using seductive proposals and particularly photogenic candidates for election.”24 Perelli believes that the emergence of the outsiders can be explained by the following factors: the crisis of political parties, the lack of confidence in prior political leaders, the need of a large part of the population to receive a message of hope, the existence of a person who can easily communicate with the masses, mainly by means of mass communication and proposing vague actions involving especially a symbolic activity oriented towards taking into consideration the interests of the people.25 Analyzing the neo-populist phenomenon from a psychological perspeМtТЯe,ăAХeбКnНrцă Dorna believes that among the causes of this phenomenon are: the absence of a joint project for the future of humanity, the failure of both liberal and communist explanatory theories, the monopolistic presence of a neo-liberalism at the governmental level, the erosion of solidarity bases, the increasing demand for security in an more dangerous world, plus the demand for providential leaders and charismatic figures able to oppose the status quo that oppresses the silent majority.26 In neo-populism the leader stands and wins elections by the intrinsic attraction it possesses and which is reflected in a stunning over the masses. As we have seen in most studies, the populist leader is presented as a self-made man27 who needs no outside power structure except his unshakable conviction. His attitude is that of a close older brother, who seek direct contact and dialogue with everyone. Communication is horizontal, which gives the illusion of natural and direct approach. Dialogue is always accompanied by big open gestures and charming words, spoken with vivacity and spontaneity often worthy of a renowned actor, which leaves, even in the memory of unknown interlocutors, a lasting impression of sympathy. Enthusiasm is continually revived due to the multiple forms of contact: from the blinking of an eye or friendly handshake to direct interpellation28. A very important role in this equation lies in the massive use of mass-media communication. The main vector of the new populism is the perverse use of the media and especially television, the use of new techniques and of the media is one of the defining characteristics of the new populism, constituting also an important element of differentiation from previous populist experiences.29 But neo-populist strategy seeks to overcome the elective routine so that once in power the neo-populist leaders have the ambition to retain a wider audience relying on a personal style, on bringing in the public discussion of issues rejected or not addressed by the previous political parties.30 24 Guy HERMET, op. cit, p. 147. CКrТnКă PERELLI,ă “LКă personКХТгКМТяnă Нeă ХКă poХítТМК.ă NueЯosă МКuНТХХos,ă ŢŢoutsТНers>>,ă poХítТМКă meНТпtТМКă вă poХítТМКă ТnПormКХ”ă Тnă CКrТnКă PereХХя,ă SonТКă PТМКНoă КnНă DКnТeХă ГoЯКtto,ă (eНs.), Partidos y clase política en América Latina en los 90, IIDH-CAPEL,ăSКnăJosц,ă1995,ăpă.192 26 AХeбКnНreă DORNA,ă “QuКnНă ХКă НцmoМrКtТeă s’КssoТtă sură Нeă ЯoХМКns:ă Х’цmerРenМeă Нesă popuХТsmesă МСКrТsmКtТques”,ă @mnis Revue de Civilisation Contemporaine de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, no.5, Caen, 2005, p. 12. 27 Alexandre DORNA, Liderul carismatic, Ed. CorТnt,ăBuМureştТ,ă2004,ăp.ă58. 28 Idem, pp. 58-59. 29 Diana BURGOS-VIGNA,ă “AХЛertoă FuУТmorТ:ă Хeă popuХТsmeă Нeă Х’eППТМКМТtц”,ă @mnis Revue de Civilisation Contemporaine de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, no.5, Caen, 2005, p. 2. 30 Idem, p. 6. 25 141 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Neo-populist leader now relies heavily on the use of the innovations in the field of mass communication and, in particular, that of television. But it required that the leader know how to use these tools to meet their interests, how to makeătСemă“аorФ”ăПorăСТmăКnНăСoаătoă be always vigilant in order not to let the media turn into a double-edged weapon. Given this interdependence between the leader and the media, especially television, many experts have labeled as neo- populism, in fact, a tele-populism.31 We observe, therefore, that the neopopulism has made the transition from a direct address to one mediated by technical means from new technologies of mass communication. Neo-populist leader is presented generally a simple man of the people, who tries to establish feelings of camaraderie and closeness to the people, which often makes the language and speech to be of a low level, perhaps even vulgar, to establish this connection and communion with people.32 The electoral campaign, especially how it is designed and conducted, is another expression of the neo-populist speech, because the crowd, however irrational and impulsive as it is today, is taken his few moments of reflection to discern between all the utopias and promises that are circulating. Therefore it is necessary for motivational speeches and vibrant leader of the neo-populist to be coupled with a continuous stream of information coming from the media to reiterate the words of the leader and fixed in the collective mind of this proposed new course. This idea is supported by Alexandre Dorna going up there saying that “technological innovation and mass-media communication are so commonly used in electoral campaigns of neo-populist orientation that it have become virtually inseparable one from each other.”33 Ideologically the neo-populist speech reveals itself as ambiguous and eclectic. It is a mixture of elements which appeal to the masses, to the oppressed people and to the nation threatened by internal and external enemies, and which at the same time show their support for neo-liberal values and economy transformation strategies based on the market economy. Neo-populist abandon themes like anti-imperialism, economy nationalization, development based on own resources and distributive ideas, to provide a set of policies which restrict the role of the state in the economy; which militate for privatization, the export orientation of the economy and towards the opening to world trade.34 Neo-populists leaders present themselves at the same time as the personification of order, of the ability to govern and to take decisions, but also as paternalistic protectors of the people, watching for those that represent and protect against the rigors of economists and technocrats (mostly brought to power by themselves), compared to a world insensitive to the suffering of people and a society where the inequalities have been deepened by the competition and free market and generalizing thus the feeling of uncertainty and personal insecurity.35 AХeбКnНreăDORNA,ă“FКut-ТХăКЯoТrăpeurăНuăpopuХТsmeă?”,ăLe Monde Diplomatique, November 2003, avaible at http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/11/DORNA/10680 32 Sergiu MIŞCOIU,ă“DeăХКăpopuХТsmăХКăneopopuХТsm?ăCсteЯКărepereăempТrТМeăpentruăoăНeХТmТtКreăМonМeptuКХ ”ă Тnă SerРТuă GHERGHINA,ă SerРТuă MI COIU,ă SorТnКă SOAREă (eНТtorТ),ă Populismul contemporan, Ed. Institutul EuropeКn,ăIКşi, 2012, p. 35 33 AХeбКnНreăDORNA,ă“FКut-il avoir peurăНuăpopuХТsmeă?”,ăLe Monde Diplomatique, November 2003, avaible at http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/11/DORNA/10680 34 RenцăMAYORGA,ăop. cit., pp. 17 – 20. 35 Marcos NOVARO, “Los populismos latinoamericanos transfigurados”, Nueva Sociedad, no. 144, July – Aug. 1996p. 15. 31 142 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS The neo-populists choose as the target of their speeches, which use considerable technological resources that are based on fears, anxieties and frustrations, of those that who now feel threatened their status and position due to globalization, the latest avatar of modernization, particularly the marginalized sectors, excluded and discriminated economic, political, racial, cultural, social, etc. This explains the importance gained in the neo-populist movements of social groups such as indigenous people, mestizos, immigrants, unemployed, etc.36 Despite the differences between various models of neo-populism, and also between neo-populist leaders, there are some recurring linguistic, behavior and semantics markers common to all these speeches. Thus neo-populist discourse is simple, with few technical terms, easily comprehensible for all. The style is direct, with a frankness which put in inferiority traditional wooden language used by politicians, officials and technocrats. Discursive logic is one belonging to common sense, the arguments used are not in any case abstract and the gestures are large and warm. There is a strong presence of promises, constructed in the passive voice, that describe with energy and passion a positive future. Speech is the bi-polarized type: we and the others, the latter often receiving negative connotations. People praise and identification, sometimes folkloric, of its roots, is crossing permanently the speech. Criticism of the ruling elite becomes a leitmotif correlated with it fight against the status quo imposed by the establishment, by the political class and the illegitimate forces that have seized people power. The main terms used are: nation, people, “аe”,ă tСeă eХТteă (аТtСă neРКtТЯeă МonnotКtТon),ă tСeă motСerХКnН,ă oură Мountrв,ă tСeă poаerПuХ,ă tСeă rich, the weak, the poor, work, family, national effort, sovereignty, traditional values, individual security and so on. Heavily use of rhetorical figures such as: repetition, metaphor, allegory, irony, antithesis, parable, permanent reference nation's history to emphasize the participation to a community, the call to national cohesion around the symbols and the keywords that refer to the old ideological cleavages, the evocation of the great founding myths and the skillful exploitation of legends and popular imagery. The vocabulary, grammar and semantics are so used to produce a musicality of speech, an exhilarating rhythm. We will try to see how the elements of neo-populist speech, previously mentioned, mКвăКppХвătoăCСКЯТsm.ăHuРoăCСпЯeгțsăstвХeăаКsăПromătСeăЛeРТnning the rupture candidate, of a person who was not part of the ruling elite and which is different from it. His speech claimed, in a revolutionary logic, the destruction of a system perceived as negative, to rebuild a new and just society. To make him easier to understand he used metaphors that refer to popuХКră oră tСeă sportă МuХture.ă CСпЯeгă СКsă КНopteНă Кnă КntТ-system rhetoric, aggressive and sometimes martial, to distinguish himself better from other politicians, whom he accused of being at the origin of all evils suffered by Venezuela. He exploited popular resentment against the establishment, using a Manichaean rhetoric that opposes the one on the bottom against the one on the top. As such, he will favor the development of a strong antagonism in society. In this opposition the enemies (the opposТnРă poХТtТМКХă eХТtes)ă Кreă НesТРnКteНă Лвă tСeă pronoună “tСem”ă КnНă Кă serТesă oПă НeroРКtorвă terms;ă “trКТtors,ă oХТРКrМСs,ă Мounter-reЯoХutТonКrТes,ă Мorrupt,ă etМ.”ă аСТХeă ПrТenНsă (peopХeă КnНă MТМСКeХăL.ăCONNIF,ă“Neo-popuХТsmoăenăAmцrТМКăLКtТnК.ăLКăНцМКНКăНeăХosă90ăвăНespuцs”,ăRevista de Ciencia Política, vol. XXIII, no. 1, 2003, p. 32. 36 143 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS supporters) are defined by the pronoună “аe”ă КnНă tКФesă Кă numЛeră oПă posТtТЯeă ПeКtures:ă “motСerХКnНăresМuers,ăBoХТЯКrТКn,ăpКtrТot,ăЛrКЯeăpeopХe,ăРХorТousăКnНănoЛХeăpeopХeăoПăSТmonă BoХТЯКrăetМ”.ă ReПerrТnРătoăBoХТЯКrăКnНănКmТnРăСТmseХПăКsă“BoХТЯКrТКn”ăCСпЯeгăКppeКХsătoăoneăoПătСeă most powerful ПounНТnРă mвtСă oПă VeneгueХК,ă Кsă аeХХă Кsă Кă РoХНenă КРe,ă tСeă oneă oПă “РreКtă BoХТЯКr”,ă “PКteră PКtrТК”ă toă ХeРТtТmТгeă СТmseХП.ă Foră СТmă tСeă BoХТЯКrТКnă НoМtrТneă Тsă tСeă mКТnă source to which returns to discover remedies for current problems. Using permanent reference to Simon Bolivar and quoting from him, he stopped his opponents to criticize him, because suМСă МrТtТМТsmă МouХНă Лeă seenă Кsă Кnă ТnterПerenМeă аТtСă tСeă ПТРureă oПă tСeă oneă аСoă аКsă “EХă LТЛertКНor”. At the same time, to legitimize himself and to challenge the opponents had to advertisements as an emanation of an authority that cannot be challenged or denied. For this he appealed to the people, as the main factor of his legitimacy, the people being seen as the main protagonist and transformation agent that he wants to achieve. The call to the people is Лestă ТХХustrКteНă Лвă СТsă speeМСă uponă СТsă ТnЯestТtureă Кsă presТНentă аСenă Сeă sКТН:ă “Today I'm converted into your instrument. I exist only to fulfill the mandate you entrusted me. Get ready to rule!”ăTСeăroХeătСКtătСeă“peopХe”ăСКНăТnăХeРТtТmТгТnРăCСпЯeгțsă“BoХТЯКrТКnăreЯoХutТon”ătСКtă he was trying to put into practice, it is demonstrated also by the fact that in the new МonstТtutТonăКpproЯeНăЛвăreПerenНumăТnă1999,ătСeătermă“peopХe”ăСКsărepХКМeНătСeăoХНăМonМeptă of 'citizen'. Meanwhile his rage against political parties is reflected by the fact that in the same ConstТtutТon,ătСeătermă“pКrtв”ăneЯerăКppeКrs. He kept in touch with people particularly through television and other mass media. CСпЯeгțsăСКНăКăаeeФХвăproРrКmăonătСeănКtТonКХăteХeЯТsТonăМКХХeНă“Alo Presidente”ăаСereăСeă tКХФeНăПorăСoursăаТtСătСeăМТtТгens,ăsoăСeăМouХНăЛeenăМКХХeНăКă“TV-popuХТst”,ăМСКrКМterТгeНăЛвă emotional and media mobilization of the masses. We want to end this article with a few considerations from Ivan KrКsteЯ’ăКnКХвгeăonă EuropeКnă popuХТsms.ă AММorНТnРă toă KrКsteЯă tСeă “popuХТsm”ă Тsă oПtenă КssoМТКteНă Тnă Мurrentă НeЛКtesă аТtСă Кnă ТmpressТЯeă speeМС,ă sТmpХТstТМă КnНă mКnТpuХКtТЯe,ă КННressТnРă “prТmКrвă emotТons”ă oПă peopХeă аТtСă opportunТstТМă poХТМТesă КТmeНă Кtă “ЛuвТnР” support. But appeal to people's emotions is banned in democratic politics? Or who decides which policies are “popuХТst”ăКnНăаСТМСăКreă“reКsonКЛХe”?ăAsăRКХПăDКСrenНorПăoЛserЯeНă“the populism of one’s is the democracy of the others and vice versa.”ăTСus,ăКММorНТnРătoă IЯКnăKrКsteЯțsăЯТeаă“the core challenge is represented by the rise of populist political parties and movements that appeal to "the people" to the detriment of the alleged representatives of the people, thus threatening the political parties, the interests and values which are consolidated.”37 BIBLIOGRAFIE:  BURGOS-VIGNA,ăDТКnК,ă“AХЛertoăFuУТmorТ:ăХeăpopuХТsmeăНeăХ’eППТМКМТtц”,ă@mnis Revue de Civilisation Contemporaine de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, no.5, Caen, 2005. 37 Ivan KRASTEV, op. cit. 144 CCI3 POLITICAL SCIENCES AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS  CONNIF,ă MТМСКeХă L.,ă “Neo-populismo en AmцrТМКă LКtТnК.ă LКă НцМКНКă Нeă Хosă 90ă вă Нespuцs”,ăRevista de Ciencia Política, vol. XXIII, no. 1, 2003.  DIБ,ă RoЛertă H.,ă “Populism: Authoritarian and Democratic”,ă Latin American Research Review, vol. 20, no. 2, 1985.  DORNA,ă AХeбКnНre,ă “FКut-il avoir peur du populisme ?”,ă Le Monde diplomatique, November 2003, avaible at http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/11/DORNA/10680  DORNA, Alexandre, La democracia: un espejismo?, Lumen, Buenos Aires-Mexico, 2003. DORNA,ă AХeбКnНre,ă “QuКnНă ХКă НцmoМrКtТeă s’КssoТtă sură Нeă ЯoХМКns:ă Х’цmerРenМeă Нesă populismes charismatiques”,ă@mnis Revue de Civilisation Contemporaine de l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, no.5, Caen, 2005.  DORNA, Alexandre, Le Neopopulisme et le charisme, Teбtă МoХХoqueă UnТЯersТtцă Нeă Grenoble: La tentation populiste, September 2001.  DORNA, Alexandre, Le Populisme, PUF, Paris, 1999.  DORNA, Alexandre, Liderul carismatic, Corint, Bucuresti, 2004.  GARCÍAăMONTERO,ăMerМeНesă“LКăНцМКНКăНeăFuУТmorТ:ăКsМenso,ămКntenТmТentoăвăМКíНКă НeăunăХíНerăКntТpoХítТМo”,ăAmérica Latina Hoy, no. 28, Salamanca, August 2001.  GHERGHINA, Sergiu, MI COIU, Sergiu, SOARE, Sorina (editori), Populismul contemporan, InstТtutuХăEuropeКn,ăIК Т,ă2012.  HENNESSY,ă AХТstКТr,ă „Latin America”ă Тnă IONESCU,ă GСТtК,ă GELLNER,ă Ernestă (eНs.)ă Populism. Its Meanings and National Characteristics, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1969.  HERMET, Guy, Les populismes dans le monde. 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